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Cañizares-Cooz D, García-Párraga D, Plá-González E, Rojo-Solis C, Encinas T, Morón-Elorza P. Fungal Diseases in Elasmobranchs and Their Possible Treatment with a Special Mention to Azole Antifungal Agents. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:43. [PMID: 38200774 PMCID: PMC10778029 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elasmobranchs currently constitute an important part of the animal collection of many aquariums worldwide. Their maintenance under human care has allowed us to describe and identify new pathogens and diseases affecting them, as well as to determine different treatments for these diseases. Great advances in elasmobranch husbandry have been developed. METHODS A search was performed on scientific databases as PubMed and other specialized sources (IAAAM archive). RESULTS Little information on pharmacotherapeutics is available in this taxonomic group, and treatments lack a scientific base and instead are frequently dependent on empirical knowledge. Pharmacokinetic studies are the first step to determining therapeutic protocols that are safe and effective. The available bibliography shows that a majority of the mycoses recorded in cartilaginous fish are severe, aggravated by the fact that the antifungal treatments administered, following the guidelines used for teleost species, are ineffective in elasmobranchs. Azoles appear to be a promising group of antifungals for use in treating systemic mycoses in sharks and rays. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this review, it is essential to investigate the pharmacokinetics of the different antifungals in these species in order to provide therapeutic options for fungal infections in cartilaginous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Cañizares-Cooz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.E.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Daniel García-Párraga
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (D.G.-P.); (E.P.-G.)
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Emma Plá-González
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (D.G.-P.); (E.P.-G.)
| | - Carlos Rojo-Solis
- Veterinary Services, Oceanogràfic, Ciudad de las Artes y las Ciencias, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Teresa Encinas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.E.); (P.M.-E.)
| | - Pablo Morón-Elorza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (T.E.); (P.M.-E.)
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat Valenciana, C/Eduardo Primo Yúfera (Científic) 1B, 46013 Valencia, Spain; (D.G.-P.); (E.P.-G.)
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Usman Z, Kanwal Z, Tayyeb A, Noshair I, Haider I, Ahmad N, Alomar SY. A Comparative Analysis on the Innate Immune Responses of Cirrhinus mrigala Challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fusarium oxysporum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12392. [PMID: 37569767 PMCID: PMC10419095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes are the most significant ubiquitous pathogens that cause serious infections in freshwater fish, leading to tremendous economic losses. The present study was designed to investigate the extent of changes in cytokine expression, hemato-biochemical parameters, and tissue histology of Cirrhinus mrigala (C. mrigala) challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum). Fish were divided into three major groups: control, P. aeruginosa-challenged, and F. oxysporum-challenged. The infection in both challenge assays was allowed to progress until 7 days post infection. Upregulated expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was found in blood, gills, livers, and kidneys of the challenged fish. Significant differences were noted in hematological parameters of challenged fish. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline aminotransferase levels also showed significant differences in infected and control groups. An increase in serum albumin and globulin and a decrease in total protein were noted in infected groups as compared to the control group. Severe histological alterations were noted in gill, liver, and kidney tissues of the infected groups as compared to control. The order of histological alteration index for P. aeruginosa challenge was liver > kidney > gills, and for F. oxysporum challenge it was kidney > liver > gills. These changes in fish infected by P. aeruginosa and F. oxysporum can be used as an effective and subtle index to monitor the physiological and pathological conditions of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaeema Usman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (Z.U.); (I.N.)
| | - Zakia Kanwal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (Z.U.); (I.N.)
| | - Asima Tayyeb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
| | - Iqra Noshair
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (Z.U.); (I.N.)
| | - Imran Haider
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1012 Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Naushad Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Suliman Yousef Alomar
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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Magray AR, Hafeez S, Ganai BA, Lone SA, Dar GJ, Ahmad F, Siriyappagouder P. Study on pathogenicity and characterization of disease causing fungal community associated with cultured fish of Kashmir valley, India. Microb Pathog 2021; 151:104715. [PMID: 33444698 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cultured fisheries of developing countries are continously challenged by a number of pathogenic microbes. Among microbial diseases, fungal and fungal like pathogen outbreaks lead to negative social and economic impacts on stakeholders. The cultured fisheries of Kashmir valley are also facing challenge from fungal pathogens, leading to tremendous socio-economic lossess to the fish farmer community hence, yearns to boost the sector with efficient management strategy. Our study was aimed at investigating the diversity of fungal communities infecting cultured rainbow trout and carp fish species. We employed classical microbiology, macro and micro morphological characteristics, and molecular analysis (multilocus typing) for fungal identification. Also histopathological approach was used to examine the pathogenicity patterns of diverse fungal groups. The study revealed that the infection in fish was predisposed to both superficial as well as visceral organs. However, skin, gills and head were predominantly infected compared to internal organs. The microbiological investigation of infected fish by culture dependent approach helped us to obtain the total of 250 fungal isolates. Out of these isolates, 21 different species were identified belonging to three diverse fungal groups which mostly included 14 species among Ascomycetes, 03 species of Oomycetes and 04 species of Zygomycetes. The majority of fungi which were infectious to cultured fish of valley are biotrophic or opportunistic soil fungi, and some of them being exclusive pathogens of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqib Rehman Magray
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Sabira Hafeez
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India; Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India; Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Showkat Ahmad Lone
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Gulam Jeelani Dar
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Fayaz Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India; Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Dawood MAO, Menanteau-Ledouble S, El-Matbouli M. The nature and consequences of co-infections in tilapia: A review. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:651-664. [PMID: 32315088 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Co-infections commonly arise when two or multiple different pathogens infect the same host, either as simultaneous or as secondary concurrent infection. This potentiates their pathogenic effects and leads to serious negative consequences on the exposed host. Numerous studies on the occurrence of the bacterial, parasitic, fungal and viral co-infections were conducted in various tilapia species. Co-infections have been associated with serious negative impacts on susceptible fish because they increase the fish susceptibility to diseases and the likelihood of outbreaks in the affected fish. Co-infections can alter the disease course and increase the severity of disease through synergistic and, more rarely, antagonistic interactions. In this review, reports on the synergistic co-infections and their impacts on the affected tilapia species are highlighted. Additionally, their pathogenic mechanisms are briefly discussed. Tilapia producers should be aware of the possible occurrence of co-infections and their effects on the affected tilapia species and in particular of the clinical signs and course of the disease. To date, there is still limited information regarding the pathogenicity mechanisms and pathogen interactions during these co-infections. This is generally due to low awareness regarding co-infections, and in many cases, a dominant pathogen is perceived to be of vital importance and hence becomes the target of treatment while the treatment of the co-infectious agents is neglected. This review article aimed at raising awareness regarding co-infections and helping researchers and fish health specialists pay greater attention to these natural cases, leading to increased research and more consistent diagnosis of co-infectious outbreaks in order to improve control strategies to protect tilapia when infected with multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Pękala-Safińska A, Jedziniak P, Kycko A, Ciepliński M, Paździor E, Panasiuk Ł, Kasprzak M, Jerzak L. Could mycotoxigenic Fusarium sp. play a role in ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN) of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta)? Mycotoxin Res 2020; 36:311-318. [PMID: 32372256 PMCID: PMC7359170 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-020-00395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium infections have been reported in aquatic animals, but are still poorly investigated in wild salmonids. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of the fungi and their toxins on the health status of brown trout (Salmo trutta morpha trutta) migrating from the Baltic Sea to the freshwater. Individuals from the wild brown trout population exhibiting ulcerative skin lesions were collected from the Słupia River in Poland and subjected to microbiological, histopathological, and hematological examinations, as well as toxicological analysis for a presence of mycotoxins. The results of microflora isolation from the brown trout skin samples revealed the presence of conditionally pathogenic bacteria and fungi classified by molecular techniques as Fusarium spp. Toxicological analysis allowed for detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract of the fish. In several cases, there was α-zearalenone (α-ZEL) identified at trace levels in the liver, as well as sterigmatocystin and enniatin B at low levels in the kidney and the liver. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of fungal hyphae disrupting the epidermis and penetrating into the necrotic dermis and hypodermis. The decreased values of the blood parameters, i.e., hemoglobin concentration (HGB), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and white blood cell count (WBC), were indicative of osmoregulation failure being a consequence of the skin damage. The results of the study provide new information regarding Fusarium sp. infection in brown trout and serve as the basis for further research on the potential impact of the fungi and their mycotoxins on the Baltic salmonid population, including their role in ulcerative dermal necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pękala-Safińska
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland.
| | - Piotr Jedziniak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ciepliński
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, ul. Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Ewa Paździor
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Łukasz Panasiuk
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantów 57, 24-100, Puławy, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kasprzak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, ul. Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Leszek Jerzak
- Department of Nature Protection, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, ul. Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Gora, Poland
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Brown T, Millar Z, Evans D, Pham PH, LePage V, Lumsden JS. Fusarium solani haplotype 12-b and aortic and branchial arteritis in Hippocampus erectus Perry. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:301-304. [PMID: 31770818 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tori Brown
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zach Millar
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Drake Evans
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - John S Lumsden
- Fish Pathology Laboratory, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Cafarchia C, Paradies R, Figueredo LA, Iatta R, Desantis S, Di Bello AVF, Zizzo N, van Diepeningen AD. Fusarium spp. in Loggerhead Sea Turtles ( Caretta caretta): From Colonization to Infection. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:139-146. [PMID: 31662046 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819880347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of evaluating the presence of Fusarium spp. in sea turtles with and without lesions and assessing the risk factors favoring colonization and/or infection, 74 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) admitted to rescue and rehabilitation clinics in Italy were analyzed. The study compared 31 individuals with no apparent macroscopic lesions and 43 individuals with macroscopic lesions. Shell and skin samples were analyzed using Calcofluor white with 10% potassium hydroxide, standard histopathological examination, and fungal cultures. Fusarium spp. were isolated more frequently from animals with superficial lesions (39%) than from those with no macroscopic lesions (16%). Isolates from animals with superficial lesions were Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) lineages haplotypes 9, 12, and 27 (unnamed lineages), FSSC-2 (Fusarium keratoplasticum), Fusarium oxysporum (27%), and Fusarium brachygibbosum (3%). In contrast, only F. solani haplotypes 9 and 12 were isolated from animals with no macroscopic lesions. The presence of lesions was identified as a risk factor for the occurrence of Fusarium spp. Of the 74 animals, only 7 (9.5%) scored positive on microscopic examination with Calcofluor, and histological examination of those 7 animals revealed necrosis, inflammatory cells, and fungal hyphae in the carapace and skin. The results of this study suggest that fusariosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of shell and skin lesions in sea turtles. Direct examination using Calcofluor and potassium hydroxide was not useful to diagnose the infection. Histopathological examination and fungal culture should be performed to ensure correct treatment and infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cafarchia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Romina Paradies
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Roberta Iatta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Salvatore Desantis
- Dipartimento dell'emergenza e dei trapianti di organi, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zizzo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Anne D van Diepeningen
- Wageningen University &Research, BU Biointeractions and Plant Health, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Shao P, Yong P, Wang X, Xie S, Fan Y, Zang L, Cui L, Sun J. Isolation, identification, and histopathological analysis of Vibrio tubiashii from lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2019; 133:195-205. [PMID: 31187734 DOI: 10.3354/dao03350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lined seahorse Hippocampus erectus is an economically important aquaculture species; however, the low survival rate of juvenile seahorses severely restricts their large-scale cultivation. According to previous research, dead juvenile seahorses (4-6 cm) showed symptoms of suspected enteritis, including abdominal depression, raised cloaca, partial hepatic congestion, and yellow sticky liquid filling the intestine. Here, we isolated a Gram-negative bacterium from diseased juvenile seahorses and tentatively named the strain HEL-5. Healthy juvenile seahorses were then challenged with the strain through intraperitoneal injection, with results confirming that HEL-5 was pathogenic for seahorses at a median lethal dose of 5.81 × 105 CFU g-1 fish weight. Based on morphological observations, biochemical characteristics, and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes (gyrB, ftsZ, and gapA), we identified HEL-5 as Vibrio tubiashii. Histopathological observations revealed that V. tubiashii was capable of causing lytic necrosis of hepatocytes and forming obvious necrotic foci, and renal pathology was characterized by tubular collapse and tubular epithelial-cell shedding into the lumen accompanied by a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrating the tissues of the intestines and kidneys. Antimicrobial-susceptibility testing showed that the strain was highly sensitive to macrolides, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, aminoglycosides, and cephalosporins. These findings represent the first report of isolation of V. tubiashii from diseased juvenile seahorses and provide a foundation for the prevention and treatment of vibrio disease in seahorse aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shao
- Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
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Sandoval-Denis M, Crous P. Removing chaos from confusion: assigning names to common human and animal pathogens in Neocosmospora. PERSOONIA 2018; 41:109-129. [PMID: 30728601 PMCID: PMC6344815 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The genus Neocosmospora encompasses highly prevalent and aggressive human and animal fungal pathogens. Here we assign formal descriptions and Latin binomials to some of the most clinically relevant phylogenetic species of the genus. Three new species, named Neocosmospora catenata, N. gamsii and N. suttoniana (previously assigned to the informal names 'Fusarium' solani species complex (FSSC) lineages, FSSC 43, FSSC 7 and FSSC 20, respectively) are described on the basis of multilocus phylogenetic analyses (using EF-1α, ITS, LSU and RPB2 loci) and morphological characters. Lineage FSSC 9 is conspecific with the ex-type strain of Cylindrocarpon tonkinense, thus the new combination Neocosmospora tonkinensis is proposed. In addition, and based on the latest taxonomy for this generic complex, new combinations are introduced for four medically important taxa: Neocosmospora keratoplastica, N. lichenicola, N. metavorans and N. petroliphila. The most significant distinctive features for all the clinically relevant species treated here are compared and illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sandoval-Denis
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - P.W. Crous
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
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Fusariosis in a Captive South American Sea Lion (Otaria flavescens): A Case Report. Mycopathologia 2018; 184:187-192. [PMID: 29761326 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-018-0270-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Superficial mycoses are commonly reported in captive pinnipeds, usually maintained in wet and warm environments, favorable to fungal growth. Most superficial mycoses in pinnipeds have been described as difficult to treat; however, the majority of the reports come from past decades. Cutaneous lesions associated with opportunistic Fusarium sp. infections have been previously recognized in this taxon. We described the clinical signs, associated lesions and diagnosis (thermography, imprint cytology, histopathology, culture, electron microscopy, PCR) of a fusariosis case by Fusarium sp. in the nails and skin of an adult male captive South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens) recently transferred from another zoological institution, and its successful long-term treatment with Ketoconazole PO (60 days) and Miconazole solution spray TO, followed by Itraconazole PO (30 days). Herein we provide a successful approach to the diagnosis and treatment of fusariosis.
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Stilwell JM, Boylan SM, Howard S, Camus AC. Gas gland adenoma in a lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, Perry 1810. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:171-174. [PMID: 28677159 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Stilwell
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S M Boylan
- Department of Husbandry, South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - S Howard
- Department of Husbandry, South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - A C Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Dill J, Sanchez S, McDermott A, Camus A. Disseminated nocardiosis associated with the isolation of Nocardia nova in a longsnout seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Ginsburg). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:1235-1239. [PMID: 28084628 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Dill
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S Sanchez
- Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - A McDermott
- Animal Health Department, Georgia Aquarium, Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Camus
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Reduced Multidrug Susceptibility Profile Is a Common Feature of Opportunistic Fusarium Species: Fusarium Multi-Drug Resistant Pattern. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3020018. [PMID: 29371536 PMCID: PMC5715927 DOI: 10.3390/jof3020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The resistance among various opportunistic Fusarium species to different antifungal agents has emerged as a cause of public health problems worldwide. Considering the significance of multi-drug resistant (MDR), this paper emphasizes the problems associated with MDR and the need to understand its clinical significance to combat microbial infections. The search platform PubMed/MEDLINE and a review of 32 cases revealed a common multidrug-resistant profile exists, and clinically relevant members of Fusarium are intrinsically resistant to most currently used antifungals. Dissemination occurs in patients with prolonged neutropenia, immune deficiency, and especially hematological malignancies. Amphotericin B displayed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentrarions (MICs) followed by voriconazole, and posaconazole. Itraconazole and fluconazole showed high MIC values, displaying in vitro resistance. Echinocandins showed the highest MIC values. Seven out of ten (70%) patients with neutropenia died, including those with fungemia that progressed to skin lesions. Clinical Fusarium isolates displayed a common MDR profile and high MIC values for the most available antifungal agents with species- and strain-specific differences in antifungal susceptibility. Species identification of Fusarium infections is important. While the use of natamycin resulted in a favorable outcome in keratitis, AmB and VRC are the most used agents for the treatment of fusariosis in clinical settings.
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Garcia-Hartmann M, Hennequin C, Catteau S, Béatini C, Blanc V. [Clusters of Fusarium solani infection in juvenile captive born Caretta caretta sea turtles]. J Mycol Med 2016; 27:113-118. [PMID: 28043787 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Various yeasts and filamentous fungi are described as the cause of infection in sea turtles. Among them, Fusarium solani is responsible both for superficial and invasive infection in weakened adults (capture, stranding), and wild nest contamination, causing massive losses during hatching. We illustrate the pathogenicity of this fungus in sea turtles, through our experience with the species Caretta caretta (loggerhead turtle) and its reproduction, which was obtained for the first time in 2010 at the marine park Marineland, Antibes and renewed in 2011 and 2013. The first generation (6 viable newborns e.g. 0.9% of the nest) was severely affected by an infectious agent causing skin and multifocal organ lesions. Microbiological samples allowed to establish F. solani as the etiological agent. Antifungal therapy with posaconazole cured 2 (33%) of the brood. Epidemiological investigations, infection control and hygiene measures as well as diagnosis criteria, preemptive and curative treatment procedures allowed better prevention and cure and finally higher survival rates in subsequent broods, in 2011 and 2013 (80 viable newborns e.g. 6.6% of the nest and 50% survival rate). F. solani appears as a major threat for the successful reproduction of sea turtles in the wild. As observed, this threat is also of concern during captive breeding. The conditions of transmission and pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. in these animals are discussed in light of the literature cases that occurred in adult sea turtles and in wild nests, and of our breeding experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garcia-Hartmann
- Centre de recherche pour la conservation, Marineland, 306, avenue Mozart, 06600 Antibes, France
| | - C Hennequin
- Service de parasitologie-mycologie, hôpital Saint-Antoine, 184, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France
| | - S Catteau
- Fondation Marineland, 306, avenue Mozart, 06600 Antibes, France
| | - C Béatini
- Service de biologie, centre hospitalier d'Antibes, 107, avenue de Nice, 06600 Antibes, France
| | - V Blanc
- Service de biologie, centre hospitalier d'Antibes, 107, avenue de Nice, 06600 Antibes, France.
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15
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Veterinary Fusarioses within the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2813-2819. [PMID: 27605713 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01607-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilocus DNA sequence data were used to assess the genetic diversity and evolutionary relationships of 67 Fusarium strains from veterinary sources, most of which were from the United States. Molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the strains comprised 23 phylogenetically distinct species, all but two of which were previously known to infect humans, distributed among eight species complexes. The majority of the veterinary isolates (47/67 = 70.1%) were nested within the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC), and these included 8 phylospecies and 33 unique 3-locus sequence types (STs). Three of the FSSC species (Fusarium falciforme, Fusarium keratoplasticum, and Fusarium sp. FSSC 12) accounted for four-fifths of the veterinary strains (38/47) and STs (27/33) within this clade. Most of the F. falciforme strains (12/15) were recovered from equine keratitis infections; however, strains of F. keratoplasticum and Fusarium sp. FSSC 12 were mostly (25/27) isolated from marine vertebrates and invertebrates. Our sampling suggests that the Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), with eight mycoses-associated species, may represent the second most important clade of veterinary relevance within Fusarium Six of the multilocus STs within the FSSC (3+4-eee, 1-b, 12-a, 12-b, 12-f, and 12-h) and one each within the FIESC (1-a) and the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (ST-33) were widespread geographically, including three STs with transoceanic disjunctions. In conclusion, fusaria associated with veterinary mycoses are phylogenetically diverse and typically can only be identified to the species level using DNA sequence data from portions of one or more informative genes.
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16
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Pirarat N, Sahatrakul K, Lacharoje S, Lombardini E, Chansue N, Techangamsuwan S. Molecular and pathological characterization of Fusarium solani species complex infection in the head and lateral line system of Sphyrna lewini. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 120:195-204. [PMID: 27503915 DOI: 10.3354/dao03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A severe fungal infection affecting the head and lateral line system was diagnosed in 7 captive scalloped hammerhead sharks Sphyrna lewini in an aquarium in Thailand. Extensive and severe necrotizing cellulitis was consistently observed microscopically along the cephalic and lateral line canals in conjunction with positive fungal cultures for Fusarium sp. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed from 3 isolates based on the nucleotide sequences containing internally transcribed spacer (ITS) and a portion of 5.8S and 28S rDNA. The fungus was highly homologous (100%) and closely related to F. solani species complex 2 (FSSC 2), which belongs to Clade 3 of the FSSC. Our results illustrate the histopathological findings and expand upon our knowledge of the prevalence of invasive fusariosis in the head and lateral line system of hammerhead sharks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopadon Pirarat
- STAR Wildlife, Exotic and Aquatic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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17
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Bolaños J, De León LF, Ochoa E, Darias J, Raja HA, Shearer CA, Miller AN, Vanderheyden P, Porras-Alfaro A, Caballero-George C. Phylogenetic Diversity of Sponge-Associated Fungi from the Caribbean and the Pacific of Panama and Their In Vitro Effect on Angiotensin and Endothelin Receptors. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 17:533-564. [PMID: 26026948 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-015-9634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fungi occupy an important ecological niche in the marine environment, and marine fungi possess an immense biotechnological potential. This study documents the fungal diversity associated with 39 species of sponges and determines their potential to produce secondary metabolites capable of interacting with mammalian G-protein-coupled receptors involved in blood pressure regulation. Total genomic DNA was extracted from 563 representative fungal strains obtained from marine sponges collected by SCUBA from the Caribbean and the Pacific regions of Panama. A total of 194 operational taxonomic units were found with 58% represented by singletons based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and partial large subunit (LSU) rDNA regions. Marine sponges were highly dominated by Ascomycota fungi (95.6%) and represented by two major classes, Sordariomycetes and Dothideomycetes. Rarefaction curves showed no saturation, indicating that further efforts are needed to reveal the entire diversity at this site. Several unique clades were found during phylogenetic analysis with the highest diversity of unique clades in the order Pleosporales. From the 65 cultures tested to determine their in vitro effect on angiotensin and endothelin receptors, the extracts of Fusarium sp. and Phoma sp. blocked the activation of these receptors by more than 50% of the control and seven others inhibited between 30 and 45%. Our results indicate that marine sponges from Panama are a "hot spot" of fungal diversity as well as a rich resource for capturing, cataloguing, and assessing the pharmacological potential of substances present in previously undiscovered fungi associated with marine sponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bolaños
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services, Bld. 219, City of Knowledge, Clayton, Panama, Republic of Panama
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18
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Cutuli M, Gibello A, Rodriguez-Bertos A, Blanco MM, Villarroel M, Giraldo A, Guarro J. Skin and subcutaneous mycoses in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) caused by Fusarium oxysporum in coinfection with Aeromonas hydrophila. Med Mycol Case Rep 2015; 9:7-11. [PMID: 26155462 PMCID: PMC4491647 DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous mycoses in freshwater fish are rare infections usually caused by oomycetes of the genus Saprolegnia and some filamentous fungi. To date, Fusarium infections in farmed fish have only been described in marine fish. Here, we report the presence of Fusarium oxysporum in subcutaneous lesions of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Histopathologic evaluation revealed granuloma formation with fungal structures, and the identity of the etiological agent was demonstrated by morphological and molecular analyses. Some of the animals died as a result of systemic coinfection with Aeromonas hydrophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Teresa Cutuli
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alicia Gibello
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Bertos
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - M. Mar Blanco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Morris Villarroel
- Department of Animal Science, E.T.S.I.A. Polytechnic University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Alejandra Giraldo
- Mycology Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Josep Guarro
- Mycology Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43201, Spain
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19
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Fernando N, Hui SW, Tsang CC, Leung SY, Ngan AHY, Leung RWW, Groff JM, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Fatal Fusarium solani species complex infections in elasmobranchs: the first case report for black spotted stingray (Taeniura melanopsila) and a literature review. Mycoses 2015; 58:422-31. [PMID: 26095191 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium species are environmental saprophytic fungi. Among the many Fusarium species, members of the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) are the most prevalent and virulent in causing human and animal infections. In this study, we describe the first case of fatal FSSC infection in a black spotted stingray and three concomitant infections in scalloped hammerhead sharks. In the stingray, cutaneous lesions were characterised by ulcers and haemorrhage of the ventral pectoral fin, or 'ray', especially around the head; while cutaneous lesions in the sharks were characterised by ulcers, haemorrhage, as well as white and purulent exudates at the cephalic canals of the cephalofoil and lateral line. Histological sections of the cutaneous lesions revealed slender (1-4 μm in diameter), branching, septate fungal hyphae. Internal transcribed spacer region and 28S nrDNA sequencing of the fungal isolates from the fish showed two isolates were F. keratoplasticum (FSSC 2) and the other two were FSSC 12. Environmental investigation revealed the FSSC strains isolated from water and biofilms in tanks that housed the elasmobranchs were also F. keratoplasticum and FSSC 12. Fusarium is associated with major infections in elasmobranchs and FSSC 12 is an emerging cause of infections in marine animals. DNA sequencing is so far the most reliable method for accurate identification of Fusarium species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chi-Ching Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Shui-Yee Leung
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Antonio H Y Ngan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Joseph M Groff
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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20
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Tuxbury KA, Shaw GC, Montali RJ, Clayton LA, Kwiatkowski NP, Dykstra MJ, Mankowski JL. Fusarium solani species complex associated with carapace lesions and branchitis in captive American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 109:223-230. [PMID: 24991848 DOI: 10.3354/dao02764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Captive American horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus housed at the National Aquarium presented with a variety of shell and gill lesions over a 3 yr period. Carapace lesions were located on both the dorsal and ventral prosoma and opisthosoma and included multifocal circular areas of tan discoloration, ulcerations, and/or pitting lesions, extending from superficial to full thickness. Gill lesions involved both the book gill cover (operculum) and individual book gill leaflets and included multifocal circular areas of tan discoloration, tan to off-white opaque proliferative lesions, and/or areas of black discoloration. Histopathology revealed fungal hyphae, with variable morphology throughout the thickened and irregular cuticle of the carapace and occasionally penetrating into subcuticular tissues, with associated amebocytic inflammation. Book gill leaflets were infiltrated by fungal hyphae and contained necrotic debris and amebocytes. Thirty-eight of 39 animals (97%) evaluated via histopathological examination had intralesional fungal hyphae. Fungal cultures of carapace and gill lesions were attempted in 26 tissue samples from 15 individuals and were positive in 13 samples (50%), with 10 cultures (77%) yielding identification to genus. Fusarium sp. was identified in 8 of the 10 cultures (80%) via culture morphology. The Fusarium solani species complex was confirmed in 6 of these 8 (75%) via polymerase chain reaction amplification of 2 different ribosomal-specific sequences of isolated fungal DNA. Ante-mortem systemic and topical treatments were performed on some affected individuals, but no appreciable change in lesions was observed. Mycotic dermatitis and branchitis are serious health issues for captive American horseshoe crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Tuxbury
- National Aquarium, Department of Animal Health, 501 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21202, USA
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