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Han F, Zhang Y, Song N, Gao T. TLR pathway signaling molecules in burbot (Lota lota): molecular characterization, basal expression, and their response to Poly(I:C). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108939. [PMID: 37451526 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Burbot (Lota lota), a fish species of economic and ecological significance found across northern hemisphere freshwater ecosystems, was the focus of this study. We characterized 19 Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes in burbot, tracing their expression patterns following pathogen exposure. TLR genes, crucial to the innate immune system, including TLR13-1/2/3, TLR2/2-2/2-3/2-4/2-5, and TLR22a/22b/22c/22d, were discovered to be tandemly repeated, signifying an evolution in the fish's immune system. Notably, different TLR subfamilies displayed tissue-specific expressions, with TLR1 primarily in spleen and head kidney, TLR13 in head kidney, trunk kidney, and heart, TLR22 in trunk kidney and liver, and TLR3 and TLR9 predominantly in spleen and head kidney, but also in trunk kidney. Further, we investigated the response of TLR genes in burbot to pathogen exposure using qRT-PCR. This involved measuring mRNA expressions of identified TLR genes in spleen and liver tissues after injecting Poly(I:C) to simulate a double-stranded RNA viral infection. The results revealed a time and tissue-specific expression pattern. Specifically, LoTLR3 reached peak expression in the spleen 12 h post-injection, declining thereafter, while TLR2 subfamily members only began expressing after 24 h. In the liver, activation of the TLR3-IRF7 and TLR3-IRF3 signaling pathways was noted. Integrating these results with transcriptomic data illuminated the pivotal role of TLR genes in the burbot's immune response. Such findings are vital in shaping future disease prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Fishery College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-Resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510301, China
| | - Na Song
- Fishery College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, 266003, China
| | - Tianxiang Gao
- Fisheries College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, China.
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2
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Vidal JM, Ruiz P, Carrasco C, Barros J, Sepúlveda D, Ruiz-Tagle N, Romero A, Urrutia H, Oliver C. Piscirickettsia salmonis forms a biofilm on nylon surface using a CDC Biofilm Reactor. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1099-1107. [PMID: 35543448 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research into Piscirickettsia salmonis biofilms on materials commonly used in salmon farming is crucial for understanding its persistence and virulence. We used the CDC Biofilm Reactor to investigate P. salmonis (LF-89 and EM-90) biofilm formation on Nylon, Stainless steel (316L), Polycarbonate and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces. After 144 h of biofilm visualization by scanning confocal laser microscopy under batch growth conditions, Nylon coupons generated the greatest biofilm formation and coverage compared to Stainless steel (316L), Polycarbonate and HDPE. Additionally, P. salmonis biofilm formation on Nylon was significantly greater (p ≤ .01) than Stainless steel (316L), Polycarbonate and HDPE at 288 h. We used Nylon coupons to determine the kinetic parameters of the planktonic and biofilm phases of P. salmonis. The two strains had similar latencies in the planktonic phase; however, LF-89 maximum growth was 2.5 orders of magnitude higher (Log cell ml-1 ). Additionally, LF-89 had a specified growth rate (µmax) of 0.0177 ± 0.006 h-1 and a generation time of 39.2 h. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the biofilm formation by P. salmonis and elucidates the impact of the biofilm on aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Vidal
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Ecombio limitada, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Carlos Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Barros
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Micbiotech spa, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nathaly Ruiz-Tagle
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, INCAR, Concepción, Chile
| | - Homero Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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3
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Echeverría-Bugueño M, Balada C, Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Evidence for the existence of extracellular vesicles in Renibacterium salmoninarum and related cytotoxic effects on SHK-1 cells. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1015-1024. [PMID: 33683739 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) in bacteria have been implicated in invasive and, through enzymes, infective processes. One Gram-positive bacterium lacking any EV research, despite having commercial impacts on the aquaculture industry, is Renibacterium salmoninarum. We addressed this gap in knowledge by utilizing scanning electron microscopy to provide the first reported evidence for the production of EVs by R. salmoninarum strain H-2. Dispersive light scattering detected that the EVs were heterogeneous in size, and the protein compositions were similar to the bacterial membrane and contained the virulent protein factors p22 and p57. The EVs additionally had a concentrated negative charge compared with R. salmoninarum H-2, as determined by Z potential. Finally, these particles seemed to play a role in host invasion in vitro in the salmon head kidney cell line, as demonstrated by the occurrence of a cytotoxic effect within the first 48 hr post-infection. Higher EV concentrations (i.e. 52.6 µg/ml) were more toxic than R. salmoninarum H-2. This information serves as a foundation to develop and test possible uses for R. salmoninarum EVs in salmon aquaculture, inspiring future advances against bacterial kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño
- Grupo de Espectroscopia Vibracional y Materiales Moleculares, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Balada
- Laboratorio de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigaciones Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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Santibañez N, Vega M, Pérez T, Yáñez A, González-Stegmaier R, Figueroa J, Enríquez R, Oliver C, Romero A. Biofilm Produced In Vitro by Piscirickettsia salmonis Generates Differential Cytotoxicity Levels and Expression Patterns of Immune Genes in the Atlantic Salmon Cell Line SHK-1. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1609. [PMID: 33092013 PMCID: PMC7594049 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative agent of Piscirickettsiosis, an infectious disease with a high economic impact on the Chilean salmonid aquaculture industry. This bacterium produces biofilm as a potential resistance and persistence strategy against stressful environmental stimuli. However, the in vitro culture conditions that modulate biofilm formation as well as the effect of sessile bacteria on virulence and immune gene expression in host cells have not been described for P. salmonis. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the biofilm formation by P. salmonis isolates under several NaCl and iron concentrations and to evaluate the virulence of planktonic and sessile bacteria, together with the immune gene expression induced by these bacterial conditions in an Atlantic salmon macrophage cell line. Our results showed that NaCl and Fe significantly increased biofilm production in the LF-89 type strain and EM-90-like isolates. Additionally, the planktonic EM-90 isolate and sessile LF-89 generated the highest virulence levels, associated with differential expression of il-1β, il-8, nf-κb, and iκb-α genes in SHK-1 cells. These results suggest that there is no single virulence pattern or gene expression profile induced by the planktonic or sessile condition of P. salmonis, which are dependent on each strain and bacterial condition used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Santibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Matías Vega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
| | - Tatiana Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Alejandro Yáñez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Roxana González-Stegmaier
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
| | - Jaime Figueroa
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enríquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; (N.S.); (M.V.); (T.P.); (R.G.-S.); (R.E.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4070386, Chile; (A.Y.); (J.F.)
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Echeverría-Bugueño M, Espinosa-Lemunao R, Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Identification and characterization of outer membrane vesicles from the fish pathogen Vibrio ordalii. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:621-629. [PMID: 32293041 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vibriosis outbreaks due to Vibrio ordalii occur globally, but Chilean salmon aquaculture, in particular, has suffered significant monetary losses in the last 15 years. Little is known about the virulence mechanisms employed by V. ordalii. However, most Vibrio pathogens (e.g., Vibrio anguillarum, a very close taxonomic species) present outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are released extracellularly and implicated in the delivery of virulence factors to host cells. This study provides the first reported evidence of the fish pathogen V. ordalii producing and releasing OMVs under normal growth conditions. Analyses were conducted with the V. ordalii strain Vo-LM-18 and the type strain ATCC 33509T . For comparative purposes, the reference strain V. anguillarum ATCC 43307 was employed. The average size for the three Vibrio strains was 0.215 ± 0.6 µm (via scanning electron microscopy) or between 0.19 and 1.8 µm (via dynamic light scattering), with each bacterium presenting a wide range. SDS-PAGE revealed similarities in OMV patterns, but neither total nor external proteins were identical. Comparing V. ordalii ATCC 33509T and Vo-LM-18, bands were most evident in the total proteins, and the greatest degree of similarity in OMV profiles was between 37 and 50 kDa. The purified OMVs demonstrated haemolytic enzyme activity, which could play a role during V. ordalii infection. These data represent an initial step towards gaining new insights into this virulence factor, of which a lot is known in other pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño
- Grupo de Espectroscopia Vibracional y Materiales Moleculares, Instituto de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Espinosa-Lemunao
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuicola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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Avendaño-Herrera R, Arias-Muñoz E, Rojas V, Toranzo AE, Poblete-Morales M, Córdova C, Irgang R. Evidence for the facultative intracellular behaviour of the fish pathogen Vibrio ordalii. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1447-1455. [PMID: 31418903 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio ordalii is an extracellular, Gram-negative bacterium that produces vibriosis in salmonids. While pathogenesis is not fully understood, this bacterium has numerous likely genes for adhesion, colonization, invasion factors and, as recently suggested, intracellular behaviour. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify possible intracellular behaviour for V. ordalii Vo-LM-18 and ATCC 33509T in the fish-cell lines SHK-1 and CHSE-214. Confocal microscopy revealed Vo-LM-18 and ATCC 33509T inside cytoplasm in both fish-cell lines at 4 hr post-inoculation (hpi). At 8 and 16 hpi, the proportion of fish cells invaded by both strains increased. Moreover, intracellular V. ordalii were observed after 8 hpi inside mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), demonstrating that entry was not due to a cellular phagocytosis process. Flow cytometry confirmed immunocytochemistry results, with both V. ordalii evidencing statistically significant differences in the number of infected cells between 8 and 16 hpi. Interestingly, V. ordalii infection did not significantly damage fish cells, as determined by LDH liberation. Viable counts at 8 hpi detected, on average for both lines, 176 ± 47 CFU/ml of culturable intracellular Vo-LM-18 and ATCC 33509T cells. These in vitro findings support the facultative intracellular behaviour of V. ordalii and may be of importance for understanding pathogenicity and survival in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Eloisa Arias-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Verónica Rojas
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alicia E Toranzo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología e Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Matías Poblete-Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Córdova
- Laboratorio de Estructura y Función Celular, Escuela Medicina Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Viña del Mar, Chile
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The Fish Pathogen Vibrio ordalii Under Iron Deprivation Produces the Siderophore Piscibactin. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090313. [PMID: 31484388 PMCID: PMC6780188 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio ordalii is the causative agent of vibriosis, mainly in salmonid fishes, and its virulence mechanisms are still not completely understood. In previous works we demonstrated that V. ordalii possess several iron uptake mechanisms based on heme utilization and siderophore production. The aim of the present work was to confirm the production and utilization of piscibactin as a siderophore by V. ordalii. Using genetic analysis, identification by peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) of iron-regulated membrane proteins and chemical identification by LC-HRMS, we were able to clearly demonstrate that V. ordalii produces piscibactin under iron limitation. The synthesis and transport of this siderophore is encoded by a chromosomal gene cluster homologous to another one described in V. anguillarum, which also encodes the synthesis of piscibactin. Using β-galactosidase assays we were able to show that two potential promoters regulated by iron control the transcription of this gene cluster in V. ordalii. Moreover, biosynthetic and transport proteins corresponding to piscibactin synthesis and uptake could be identified in membrane fractions of V. ordalii cells grown under iron limitation. The synthesis of piscibactin was previously reported in other fish pathogens like Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and V. anguillarum, which highlights the importance of this siderophore as a key virulence factor in Vibrionaceae bacteria infecting poikilothermic animals.
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Valenzuela CA, Zuloaga R, Poblete-Morales M, Vera-Tobar T, Mercado L, Avendaño-Herrera R, Valdés JA, Molina A. Fish skeletal muscle tissue is an important focus of immune reactions during pathogen infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 73:1-9. [PMID: 28279806 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle in mammals can express and secrete immune-related molecules during pathogen infection. Despite in fish is known that classical immune tissues participate in innate immunity, the role of skeletal muscle in this function is poorly understood. To determine the immunocompetence of fish skeletal muscle, juvenile fine flounder (Paralichthys adpersus) were challenged with Vibrio ordalii. Different Toll-like receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, Il-1β, and IL-8), and immune-effector molecules (NKEF and the antimicrobial peptides hepcidin and LEAP-2) were analyzed. Infection initially triggered IL-1β upregulation and P38-MAPK/AP-1 pathway activation. Next, the NFĸB pathway was activated, together with an upregulation of intracellular Toll-like receptor expressions (tlr3, tlr8a tlr9, and tlr21), TNFα production, and leap-2 expression. Finally, transcriptions of il-1β, il-8, tnfα, nkef-a, and hepcidin were also upregulated. These results suggest that fish skeletal muscle is an immunologically active organ that could play an important role against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián A Valenzuela
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Matías Poblete-Morales
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, 2520000 Viña del Mar, Chile.
| | - Tamara Vera-Tobar
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, 2520000 Viña del Mar, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
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Identification of chemotaxis operon cheYZA and cheA gene expression under stressful conditions in Piscirickettsia salmonis. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:436-441. [PMID: 28438636 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, which, as the main systemic disease in the Chilean salmon industry, causes significant economic losses. This bacterium can produce biofilm as a persistence and survival strategy in adverse conditions. In other bacteria, cheA is a key gene for modulating the onset of bacterial chemotaxis, as well as having a secondary role in biofilm production. Notwithstanding this association, the potential relationships between biofilm formation and genes involved in P. salmonis chemotaxis are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine P. salmonis cheA gene expression when grown in different culture media known to induce biofilm production. Piscirickettsia salmonis AUSTRAL-005 produced moderate/high biofilm levels after 144 h of incubation in the AUSTRAL-SRS and marine broths. In contrast, LF-89 biofilm production was weak/nonexistent in the aforementioned broths. Both assessed P. salmonis strains contained the cheYZA operon. Additionally, AUSTRAL-005 cheA transcripts increased in both culture media. In conclusion, these results suggest potential relationships between biofilm formation and genes related to chemotaxis in the fish pathogen P. salmonis.
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Ruiz P, Poblete-Morales M, Irgang R, Toranzo AE, Avendaño-Herrera R. Survival behaviour and virulence of the fish pathogen Vibrio ordalii in seawater microcosms. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 120:27-38. [PMID: 27304868 DOI: 10.3354/dao03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio ordalii, the causative agent of atypical vibriosis, is a Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacterium that severely affects the salmonid aquaculture industry. V. ordalii has been biochemically, antigenically and genetically characterized. However, studies on the survival behaviour of this bacterium in aquatic environments are scarce, and there is no information regarding its disease transmission and infectious abilities outside of the fish host or regarding water as a possible reservoir. The present study investigated the survival behaviour of V. ordalii Vo-LM-06 and Vo-LM-18 in sterile and non-sterile seawater microcosms. After a year in sterile seawater without nutrients, 1% of both V. ordalii strains survived (~10(3) colony-forming units ml(-1)), and long-term maintenance did not affect bacterial biochemical or genetic properties. Additionally, V. ordalii maintained for 60 d in sterile seawater remained infective in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. However, after 2 d of natural seawater exposure, this bacterium became non-culturable, indicating that autochthonous microbiota may play an important role in survival. Recuperation assays that added fresh medium to non-sterile microcosms did not favour V. ordalii recovery on solid media. Our results contribute towards a better understanding of V. ordalii survival behaviour in seawater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, 2520000 Viña del Mar, Chile
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11
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Ruiz P, Balado M, Toranzo AE, Poblete-Morales M, Lemos ML, Avendaño-Herrera R. Iron assimilation and siderophore production by Vibrio ordalii strains isolated from diseased Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in Chile. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2016; 118:217-226. [PMID: 27025309 DOI: 10.3354/dao02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio ordalii is the causative agent of vibriosis in several cultured salmonid species worldwide. Despite its impact on aquaculture, relatively little information is available about its virulence factors. The present study demonstrates for the first time that V. ordalii possesses different systems of iron acquisition, one involving siderophore synthesis and another one that uses direct binding of heme to use iron. Using 6 strains of V. ordalii from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and the V. ordalii type strain, we could demonstrate that all strains could grow in presence of the chelating agent 2,2'-dipyridyl and produced siderophores in solid and liquid media. Cross-feeding assays among V. ordalii strains evidenced variability in the siderophores produced. Bioassays and PCR data suggest that V. ordalii could produce a siderophore with a structure similar to piscibactin, although the production of a second siderophore in certain strains cannot be discarded. Furthermore, all strains were able to use hemin and hemoglobin as the only iron sources, although the cell yield was higher when using hemoglobin. A hemin-binding assay indicated the presence of constitutive heme-binding molecules at the cell surface of V. ordalii. Virulence tests using rainbow trout as a model of infection revealed a clear relationship between iron-uptake ability and pathogenicity in V. ordalii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
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