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Weingrill RB, Paladino SL, Souza MLR, Pereira EM, Marques ALX, Silva ECO, da Silva Fonseca EJ, Ursulino JS, Aquino TM, Bevilacqua E, Urschitz J, Silva JC, Borbely AU. Exosome-Enriched Plasma Analysis as a Tool for the Early Detection of Hypertensive Gestations. Front Physiol 2022; 12:767112. [PMID: 34970155 PMCID: PMC8712450 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.767112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are closely associated with prematurity, stillbirth, and maternal morbidity and mortality. The onset of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is generally noticed after the 20th week of gestation, limiting earlier intervention. The placenta is directly responsible for modulating local and systemic physiology by communicating using mechanisms such as the release of extracellular vesicles, especially exosomes. In this study, we postulated that an analysis of exosome-enriched maternal plasma could provide a more focused and applicable approach for diagnosing HDP earlier in pregnancy. Therefore, the peripheral blood plasma of 24 pregnant women (11 controls, 13 HDP) was collected between 20th and 24th gestational weeks and centrifuged for exosome enrichment. Exosome-enriched plasma samples were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and by proton nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics (1H NMR). Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to analyze the Raman data, from the spectral region of 600–1,800 cm–1, to determine its potential to discriminate between groups. Using principal component analysis, we were able to differentiate the two groups, with 89% of all variances found in the first three principal components. In patients with HDP, most significant differences in Raman bands intensity were found for sphingomyelin, acetyl CoA, methionine, DNA, RNA, phenylalanine, tryptophan, carotenoids, tyrosine, arginine, leucine, amide I and III, and phospholipids. The 1H NMR analysis showed reduced levels of D-glucose, L-proline, L-tyrosine, glycine, and anserine in HDP, while levels of 2-hydroxyvalerate, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were increased. 1H NMR results were able to assign an unknown sample to either the control or HDP groups at a precision of 88.3% using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis and 87% using logistic regression analysis. Our results suggested that an analysis of exosome-enriched plasma could provide an initial assessment of placental function at the maternal-fetal interface and aid HDP diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as well as to detect novel, early biomarkers for HDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barbano Weingrill
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil.,Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Sandra Luft Paladino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Matheus Leite Ramos Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil.,High Risky Gestation Ambulatory, Darcy Vargas Maternity, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Manoel Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Aldilane Lays Xavier Marques
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jeferson Santana Ursulino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça Aquino
- Nucleus of Analysis and Research in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Estela Bevilacqua
- Laboratory for Maternal-Fetal Interactions and Placenta Research, Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Johann Urschitz
- Institute for Biogenesis Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Jean Carl Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Joinville, Brazil.,High Risky Gestation Ambulatory, Darcy Vargas Maternity, Joinville, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Urban Borbely
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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2
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Sudarikova AV, Fomin MV, Yankelevich IA, Ilatovskaya DV. The implications of histamine metabolism and signaling in renal function. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14845. [PMID: 33932106 PMCID: PMC8087988 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential part of the immune response; it has been found to be central to the disruption of kidney function in acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy, hypertension, and other renal conditions. One of the well‐known mediators of the inflammatory response is histamine. Histamine receptors are expressed throughout different tissues, including the kidney, and their inhibition has proven to be a viable strategy for the treatment of many inflammation‐associated diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the current knowledge regarding the role of histamine and its metabolism in the kidney. Establishing the importance of histamine signaling for kidney function will enable new approaches for the treatment of kidney diseases associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail V Fomin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Irina A Yankelevich
- St. Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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3
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Menon K, Marquina C, Hoj P, Liew D, Mousa A, de Courten B. Carnosine and histidine-containing dipeptides improve dyslipidemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Rev 2021; 78:939-951. [PMID: 32594145 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Cardiovascular disease is a major public health problem and represents a significant burden of disease globally. Lifestyle interventions have their limitations and an intervention that will effectively address cardiovascular risk factors to help reduce this growing burden of disease is required. OBJECTIVE Carnosine and other histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) have exerted positive effects on cardiovascular risk factors and diseases in animal and human studies. The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the effects of HCDs on cardiovascular outcomes in line with the PRISMA guidelines. DATA SOURCES The Medline, Medline in process, Embase, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health, and All EBM databases were searched from inception until January 25, 2019, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effects of HCDs on cardiovascular outcomes, compared with placebo or controls. DATA EXTRACTION Basic characteristics of the study and populations, interventions, and study results were extracted. The grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation approach was used to assess the quality of evidence for each outcome. DATA ANALYSIS A total of 21 studies were included. Of these, 18 were pooled for meta-analysis (n = 913). In low risk of bias studies, HCD-supplemented groups had lower total cholesterol (n = 6 RCTs; n = 401; weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.32 mmol/L [95%CI, -0.57 to -0.07], P = 0.01) and triglyceride levels (n = 6 RCTs; n = 401; WMD, -0.14 mmol/L [95%CI, -0.20 to -0.08], P < 0.001) compared with controls. In studies using carnosine, triglycerides levels were also lower in the intervention group vs controls (n = 5 RCTS; n = 309; P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in blood pressure, heart rate, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or the total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio between groups. CONCLUSIONS Carnosine and other HCDs may have a role in improving lipid profiles. Larger studies with sufficient follow-up are necessary to confirm these findings and explore the use of HCDs in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. SYSTEMIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42017075354.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirthi Menon
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clara Marquina
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pernille Hoj
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Aya Mousa
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Wang W, Han Z, Guo D, Xiang Y. UHPLC-QTOFMS-based metabolomic analysis of serum and urine in rats treated with musalais containing varying ethyl carbamate content. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7627-7637. [PMID: 32897411 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the ethyl carbamate (EC) content in musalais on the metabolism of rats. Electron beam irradiation was performed to decrease the content of EC in musalais, and Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to intragastric administration of musalais with varying EC content (high, medium, and low groups). Control rats were fed normally without any treatment. Serum and urine samples were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed to detect changes in the metabolite profile in the serum and urine in order to identify the differential metabolites and metabolic pathways. The results demonstrated clear differences in the serum and urine metabolic patterns between control and treatment groups. Ions in treatment groups with variable importance in the projection of >1 (selected from the OPLS-DA loading plots) and Ps < 0.05 (Student t test) compared to control group were identified as candidate metabolites. Analysis of the metabolic pathways relevant to the identified differential metabolites revealed that high EC content in musalais (10 mg/kg) mainly affected rats through valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis and nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, which were associated with energy metabolism. In addition, this work suggests that EC can induce oxidative stress via inhibition of glycine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Wang
- College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alaer, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - ZhanJiang Han
- College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alaer, Xinjiang, 843300, China.
| | - Dongqi Guo
- College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alaer, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Yanju Xiang
- College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alaer, Xinjiang, 843300, China
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5
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Zhao JM, Chen X, Cheng K, Shi Q, Peng K. Anserine and glucosamine supplementation attenuates the levels of inflammatory markers in rats with rheumatoid arthritis. AMB Express 2020; 10:57. [PMID: 32198574 PMCID: PMC7083984 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-00987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the joint synovium. Anserine is a functional dipeptide containing methylhistidine and β-alanine, and is present in the brain and skeletal muscle of birds and mammals. Glucosamine is an amino sugar used in the synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. We evaluated the effects of anserine and glucosamine on RA. Rats were assigned into the control group, RA group, anserine group (1 mg/kg), glucosamine group (200 mg/kg), or anserine plus glucosamine group (anserine, 1 mg/kg + glucosamine, 200 mg/kg). Treatment was continued for 45 consecutive days and was administered orally. The serum levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, uric acid, nitric oxide, ceruloplasmin, zinc, copper, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were assayed. The mRNA and protein levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in synovial tissue were also determined. Anserine plus glucosamine significantly increased the catalase, SOD, Gpx, GSH, and zinc levels compared to the control, anserine, and glucosamine groups. Also, anserine plus glucosamine significantly reduced the PGE2, MMP-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels compared to the control, anserine, and glucosamine groups. Furthermore, anserine plus glucosamine significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB and iNOS compared to the control, anserine, and glucosamine groups. Therefore, supplementation of anserine plus glucosamine shows therapeutic potential for RA.
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6
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Wu G. Important roles of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline in human nutrition and health. Amino Acids 2020; 52:329-360. [PMID: 32072297 PMCID: PMC7088015 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02823-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Taurine (a sulfur-containing β-amino acid), creatine (a metabolite of arginine, glycine and methionine), carnosine (a dipeptide; β-alanyl-L-histidine), and 4-hydroxyproline (an imino acid; also often referred to as an amino acid) were discovered in cattle, and the discovery of anserine (a methylated product of carnosine; β-alanyl-1-methyl-L-histidine) also originated with cattle. These five nutrients are highly abundant in beef, and have important physiological roles in anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory reactions, as well as neurological, muscular, retinal, immunological and cardiovascular function. Of particular note, taurine, carnosine, anserine, and creatine are absent from plants, and hydroxyproline is negligible in many plant-source foods. Consumption of 30 g dry beef can fully meet daily physiological needs of the healthy 70-kg adult human for taurine and carnosine, and can also provide large amounts of creatine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline to improve human nutrition and health, including metabolic, retinal, immunological, muscular, cartilage, neurological, and cardiovascular health. The present review provides the public with the much-needed knowledge of nutritionally and physiologically significant amino acids, dipeptides and creatine in animal-source foods (including beef). Dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, anserine and 4-hydroxyproline are beneficial for preventing and treating obesity, cardiovascular dysfunction, and ageing-related disorders, as well as inhibiting tumorigenesis, improving skin and bone health, ameliorating neurological abnormalities, and promoting well being in infants, children and adults. Furthermore, these nutrients may promote the immunological defense of humans against infections by bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses (including coronavirus) through enhancing the metabolism and functions of monocytes, macrophages, and other cells of the immune system. Red meat (including beef) is a functional food for optimizing human growth, development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-2471, USA.
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7
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Metabolomic study reveals the acute hypotensive effect of S-1-propenylcysteine accompanied by alteration of the plasma histidine level in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 168:148-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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A carnosine analog with therapeutic potentials in the treatment of disorders related to oxidative stress. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215170. [PMID: 30964920 PMCID: PMC6456212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactive relationships among metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation at skeletal muscle level play a key role in the pathogenesis of disorders related to oxidative stress. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress result in cellular energy deficiency, inflammation and cell death inducing a vicious cycle that promotes muscle wasting. The histidine-containing dipeptides, carnosine and anserine, are carbonyl scavengers whose cytoprotective contributions extend beyond the antioxidant defence, but the physiological meaning of these capacities is actually limited. In the present study, we compared and investigated the potential protective effects of three different histidine-containing dipeptides: carnosine, anserine and carnosinol, a carnosine-mimetic new compound, against oxidative stress induction in rat L6 skeletal muscle cells. The hydrogen peroxide induced-oxidative stress significantly altered cell morphology, induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation, decreased mitochondrial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α)/sirtuin3 pathway and the antioxidant system. Notably, all three investigated dipeptides in the present study, with a different extent and in a concentration-dependent manner, reduced myotube oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. The present study underlined that carnosinol, maintaining the safety condition of carnosine and anserine, was the more efficient studied dipeptide in the preservation of mitochondrial environment mediated by PGC-1α and sirtuin3 expression and thereby in the reduction of oxidative stress-related alterations in this in vitro skeletal muscle model. Furthermore, we observed that carnosinol's antioxidant effects are not blocked inhibiting sirtuin3, but are maintained with almost the same extend, indicating its multiple capacities of reactive carbonyl species-scavenging and of mitochondrial modulation through PGC-1α. In conclusion, carnosinol retained and surpassed the efficacy of the well-known investigated histidine-containing dipeptides improving oxidative stress, inflammation and also cell metabolism and so becoming a greatly promising therapeutic carnosine derivate.
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9
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Eltahan HM, Bahry MA, Yang H, Han G, Nguyen LTN, Ikeda H, Ali MN, Amber KA, Furuse M, Chowdhury VS. Central NPY-Y5 sub-receptor partially functions as a mediator of NPY-induced hypothermia and affords thermotolerance in heat-exposed fasted chicks. Physiol Rep 2018; 5. [PMID: 29208684 PMCID: PMC5727273 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of chicks to a high ambient temperature (HT) has previously been shown to increase neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in the brain. Furthermore, it was found that NPY has anti‐stress functions in heat‐exposed fasted chicks. The aim of the study was to reveal the role of central administration of NPY on thermotolerance ability and the induction of heat‐shock protein (HSP) and NPY sub‐receptors (NPYSRs) in fasted chicks with the contribution of plasma metabolite changes. Six‐ or seven‐day‐old chicks were centrally injected with 0 or 375 pmol of NPY and exposed to either HT (35 ± 1°C) or control thermoneutral temperature (CT: 30 ± 1°C) for 60 min while fasted. NPY reduced body temperature under both CT and HT. NPY enhanced the brain mRNA expression of HSP‐70 and ‐90, as well as of NPYSRs‐Y5, ‐Y6, and ‐Y7, but not ‐Y1, ‐Y2, and ‐Y4, under CT and HT. A coinjection of an NPYSR‐Y5 antagonist (CGP71683) and NPY (375 pmol) attenuated the NPY‐induced hypothermia. Furthermore, central NPY decreased plasma glucose and triacylglycerol under CT and HT and kept plasma corticosterone and epinephrine lower under HT. NPY increased plasma taurine and anserine concentrations. In conclusion, brain NPYSR‐Y5 partially afforded protective thermotolerance in heat‐exposed fasted chicks. The NPY‐mediated reduction in plasma glucose and stress hormone levels and the increase in free amino acids in plasma further suggest that NPY might potentially play a role in minimizing heat stress in fasted chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem M Eltahan
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mohammad A Bahry
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Guofeng Han
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Linh T N Nguyen
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mohamed N Ali
- Agriculture Research Center, Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Ministry, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khairy A Amber
- Division for Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr-Elsheikh University, Kafr-Elsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mitsuhiro Furuse
- Laboratory of Regulation in Metabolism and Behavior, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Vishwajit S Chowdhury
- Division for Experimental Natural Science, Faculty of Arts and Science, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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10
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Alghamdi OA, King N, Andronicos NM, Jones GL, Chami B, Witting PK, Moens PDJ. Molecular changes to the rat renal cotransporters PEPT1 and PEPT2 due to ageing. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 452:71-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3413-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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11
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Peters V, Zschocke J, Schmitt CP. Carnosinase, diabetes mellitus and the potential relevance of carnosinase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:39-47. [PMID: 29027595 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carnosinase (CN1) is a dipeptidase, encoded by the CNDP1 gene, that degrades histidine-containing dipeptides, such as carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine. Loss of CN1 function (also called carnosinase deficiency or aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidase deficiency) has been reported in a small number of patients with highly elevated blood carnosine concentrations, denoted carnosinaemia; it is unclear whether the variety of clinical symptoms in these individuals is causally related to carnosinase deficiency. Reduced CN1 function should increase serum carnosine concentrations but the genetic basis of carnosinaemia has not been formally confirmed to be due to CNDP1 mutations. A CNDP1 polymorphism associated with low CN1 activity correlates with significantly reduced risk for diabetic nephropathy, especially in women with type 2 diabetes, and may slow progression of chronic kidney disease in children with glomerulonephritis. Studies in rodents demonstrate antiproteinuric and vasculoprotective effects of carnosine, the precise molecular mechanisms, however, are still incompletely understood. Thus, carnosinemia due to CN1 deficiency may be a non-disease; in contrast, carnosine may potentially protect against long-term sequelae of reactive metabolites accumulating, e.g. in diabetes and chronic renal failure.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/enzymology
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/epidemiology
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Animals
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/diagnosis
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/enzymology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/epidemiology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis
- Diabetic Nephropathies/enzymology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/genetics
- Dipeptidases/deficiency
- Dipeptidases/genetics
- Humans
- Mutation
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Prognosis
- Protective Factors
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Peters
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claus P Schmitt
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Tuna extract reduces serum uric acid in gout-free subjects with insignificantly high serum uric acid: A randomized controlled trial. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:254-258. [PMID: 27446553 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term reduction of serum urate levels is vital in the treatment of gout. However, it is difficult to convince gout-free individuals of the necessity of treatment as few appropriate over-the-counter remedies and dietary supplements are available. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the antihyperuricemic efficacy and safety of a tuna extract containing the imidazole compounds to evaluate its potential as a functional food ingredient. A randomized, 4-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted. A total of 48 male gout-free subjects with insignificantly high serum uric acid were randomly assigned to low- and high-dose tuna extract groups or a placebo group. The efficacy of the extract was assessed by measuring serum uric acid levels. Furthermore, a safety assessment was performed by physical parameters, hematology, blood biochemistry and urinalysis. The results indicated that the uric acid level was decreased at week 4 during the intervention in the tuna extract groups (low and high dose, -0.23 and -0.34 mg/dl, respectively) compared to the placebo group (-0.07 mg/dl). At week 4 after the intervention, a significant reduction in uric acid levels (-0.41 mg/dl; P<0.05) was observed in the high-dose tuna extract group compared with the placebo group (+0.11 mg/dl). No dose-related adverse events were observed during and following the intervention. Therefore, the present results suggest that oral administration of tuna extract containing the imidazole compounds has hypouricemic activity with no undesirable side effects.
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Abstract
Histidine-containing dipeptides like carnosine and anserine have protective functions in both health and disease. Animal studies suggest that carnosine can be metabolized within the kidney. The goal of this study was to obtain evidence of carnosine metabolism in the human kidney and to provide insight with regards to diabetic nephropathy. Expression, distribution, and localization of carnosinase-1 (CNDP1), carnosine synthase (CARNS), and taurine transporters (TauT) were measured in human kidneys. CNDP1 and CARNS activities were measured in vitro. CNDP1 and CARNS were located primarily in distal and proximal tubules, respectively. Specifically, CNDP1 levels were high in tubular cells and podocytes (20.3 ± 3.4 and 15 ± 3.2 ng/mg, respectively) and considerably lower in endothelial cells (0.5 ± 0.1 ng/mg). CNDP1 expression was correlated with the degradation of carnosine and anserine (r = 0.88 and 0.81, respectively). Anserine and carnosine were also detectable by HPLC in the renal cortex. Finally, TauT mRNA and protein were found in all renal epithelial cells. In diabetic patients, CNDP1 seemed to be reallocated to proximal tubules. We report compelling evidence that the kidney has an intrinsic capacity to metabolize carnosine. Both CNDP1 and CARNS are expressed in glomeruli and tubular cells. Carnosine-synthesizing and carnosine-hydrolyzing enzymes are localized in distinct compartments in the nephron and increased CNDP1 levels suggest a higher CNDP1 activity in diabetic kidneys.
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14
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Peters V, Lanthaler B, Amberger A, Fleming T, Forsberg E, Hecker M, Wagner AH, Yue WW, Hoffmann GF, Nawroth P, Zschocke J, Schmitt CP. Carnosine metabolism in diabetes is altered by reactive metabolites. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2367-76. [PMID: 26081982 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Carnosinase 1 (CN1) contributes to diabetic nephropathy by cleaving histidine-dipeptides which scavenge reactive oxygen and carbonyl species and increase nitric oxide (NO) production. In diabetic mice renal CN1 activity is increased, the regulatory mechanisms are unknown. We therefore analysed the in vitro and in vivo regulation of CN1 activity using recombinant and human CN1, and the db/db mouse model of diabetes. Glucose, leptin and insulin did not modify recombinant and human CN1 activity in vitro, glucose did not alter renal CN1 activity of WT or db/db mice ex vivo. Reactive metabolite methylglyoxal and Fenton reagent carbonylated recombinant CN1 and doubled CN1 efficiency. NO S-nitrosylated CN1 and decreased CN1 efficiency for carnosine by 70 % (p < 0.01), but not for anserine. Both CN1 cysteine residues were nitrosylated, the cysteine at position 102 but not at position 229 regulated CN1 activities. In db/db mice, renal CN1 mRNA and protein levels were similar as in non-diabetic controls, CN1 efficiency 1.9 and 1.6 fold higher for carnosine and anserine. Renal carbonyl stress was strongly increased and NO production halved, CN1 highly carbonylated and less S-nitrosylated compared to WT mice. GSH and NO2/3 concentrations were reduced and inversely related with carnosine degradation rate (r = -0.82/-0.85). Thus, reactive metabolites of diabetes upregulate CN1 activity by post-translational modifications, and thus decrease the availability of reactive metabolite-scavenging histidine dipeptides in the kidney in a positive feedback loop. Interference with this vicious circle may represent a new therapeutic target for mitigation of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Peters
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescence Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Lanthaler
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Albert Amberger
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Internal Medicine, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisabete Forsberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Georg F Hoffmann
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescence Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Internal Medicine, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Claus P Schmitt
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescence Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Young H, Benton D, Carter N. The effect of chicken extract on mood, cognition and heart rate variability. Nutrients 2015; 7:887-904. [PMID: 25642970 PMCID: PMC4344566 DOI: 10.3390/nu7020887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken extract, which is rich in anserine and carnosine, has been widely taken in Asian countries as a traditional remedy with various aims, including attenuation of psychological fatigue. The effects of consuming BRAND’S Essence of Chicken (EOC) or a placebo on 46 young adults’ responses to a standard psychological “stressor” were considered. Heart rate variability (HRV), cortisol responses, mood and cognition were measured at baseline and after ten days supplementation. EOC resulted in feeling less anxious, depressed and confused and more agreeable and clearheaded. A decrease in HRV was observed after EOC but only in females. Cognition and cortisol levels were not influenced by EOC. Findings suggest that EOC may be a promising supplement to improve mood in a healthy population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Young
- Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, SA28PP, UK.
| | - David Benton
- Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, SA28PP, UK.
| | - Neil Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of Swansea, SA28PP, UK.
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16
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The effect of the sympathetic nervous system on splenic natural killer cell activity in mice administered the Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84. Neuroreport 2014; 24:988-91. [PMID: 24165047 PMCID: PMC4047316 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Splenic sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) modulates cellular immune functions such as splenic natural killer cell activity. Lactobacillus pentosus strain S-PT84 enhances splenic natural killer cell activity. Here, we examined whether S-PT84 affects splenic natural killer activity through splenic SNA in BALB/c mice. Splenic SNA was significantly decreased following the administration of S-PT84. This phenomenon was inhibited by pretreatment with thioperamide (histamine H3 receptor antagonist), suggesting that S-PT84 directly affected splenic SNA. Thioperamide also inhibited the increase in splenic natural killer activity by S-PT84. Thus, the change in splenic natural killer activity by S-PT84 may be partially modulated through SNA.
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17
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Bellia F, Vecchio G, Rizzarelli E. Carnosinases, their substrates and diseases. Molecules 2014; 19:2299-329. [PMID: 24566305 PMCID: PMC6271292 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnosinases are Xaa-His dipeptidases that play diverse functions throughout all kingdoms of life. Human isoforms of carnosinase (CN1 and CN2) under appropriate conditions catalyze the hydrolysis of the dipeptides carnosine (β-alanyl-l-histidine) and homocarnosine (γ-aminobutyryl-l-histidine). Alterations of serum carnosinase (CN1) activity has been associated with several pathological conditions, such as neurological disorders, chronic diseases and cancer. For this reason the use of carnosinase levels as a biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been questioned. The hydrolysis of imidazole-related dipeptides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is also catalyzed by aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidases like PepD (EC 3.4.13.3), PepV (EC 3.4.13.19) and anserinase (EC 3.4.13.5). The review deals with the structure and function of this class of enzymes in physiological and pathological conditions. The main substrates of these enzymes, i.e., carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine (β-alanyl-3-methyl-l-histidine) will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bellia
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Graziella Vecchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Enrico Rizzarelli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, CNR, viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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18
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Guo S, Gao Q, Jiao Q, Hao W, Gao X, Cao JM. Gastric mucosal damage in water immersion stress: Mechanism and prevention with GHRP-6. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:3145-55. [PMID: 22791951 PMCID: PMC3386329 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i24.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the mechanism of gastric mucosal demage induced by water immersion restraint stress (WRS) and its prevention by growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6).
METHODS: Male Wistar rats were subjected to conscious or unconscious (anesthetized) WRS, simple restraint (SR), free swimming (FS), non-water fluid immersion, immersion without water contact, or rats were placed in a cage surrounded by sand. To explore the sensitivity structures that influence the stress reaction besides skin stimuli, a group the rats had their eyes occluded. Cervical bilateral trunk vagotomy or atropine injection was performed in some rats to assess the parasympathetic role in mucosal damage. Gastric mucosal lesions, acid output and heart rate variability were measured. Plasma renin, endothelin-1 and thromboxane B2 and gastric heat shock protein 70 were also assayed. GHRP-6 was injected [intraperitoneal (IP) or intracerebroventricular (ICV)] 2 h before the onset of stress to observe its potential prevention of the mucosal lesion.
RESULTS: WRS for 6 h induced serious gastric mucosal lesion [lesion area, WRS 81.8 ± 6.4 mm2vs normal control 0.0 ± 0.0 mm2, P < 0.01], decreased the heart rate, and increased the heart rate variability and gastric acid secretion, suggesting an increase in vagal nerve-carrying stimuli. The mucosal injury was inversely correlated with water temperature (lesion area, WRS at 35 °C 56.4 ± 5.2 mm2vs WRS at 23 °C 81.8 ± 6.4 mm2, P < 0.01) and was consciousness-dependent. The injury could not be prevented by eye occlusion, but could be prevented by avoiding contact of the rat body with the water by dressing it in an impermeable plastic suit. When water was replaced by vegetable oil or liquid paraffin, there were gastric lesions in the same grade of water immersion. When rat were placed in a cage surrounded by sand, there were no gastric lesions. All these data point to a remarkable importance of cutenuous information transmitted to the high neural center that by vagal nerves reaching the gastric mucosa. FS alone also induced serious gastric injury, but SR could not induce gastric injury. Bilateral vagotomy or atropine prevented the WRS-induced mucosal lesion, indicating that increased outflow from the vagal center is a decisive factor in WRS-induced gastric injury. The mucosal lesions were prevented by prior injection of GHRP-6 via IP did, but not via ICV, suggesting that the protection is peripheral, although a sudden injection is not equivalent to a physiological release and uptake, which eventually may affect the vagal center.
CONCLUSION: From the central nervous system, vagal nerves carry the cutaneous stimuli brought about by the immersion restraint, an experimental model for inducing acute gastric erosions. GHRP-6 prevents the occurrence of these lesions.
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19
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Boldyrev AA. Carnosine: New concept for the function of an old molecule. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:313-26. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Role of l-carnosine in the control of blood glucose, blood pressure, thermogenesis, and lipolysis by autonomic nerves in rats: involvement of the circadian clock and histamine. Amino Acids 2012; 43:97-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Carnosine treatment largely prevents alterations of renal carnosine metabolism in diabetic mice. Amino Acids 2011; 42:2411-6. [PMID: 21833769 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we identified an allelic variant of human carnosinase 1 (CN1) that results in increased enzyme activity and is associated with susceptibility for diabetic nephropathy in humans. Investigations in diabetic (db/db) mice showed that carnosine ameliorates glucose metabolism effectively. We now investigated the renal carnosinase metabolism in db/db mice. Kidney CN1 activity increased with age and was significantly higher in diabetic mice compared to controls. Increased CN1 activity did not affect renal carnosine levels, but anserine concentrations were tenfold lower in db/db mice compared to controls (0.24±0.2 vs. 2.28±0.3 nmol/mg protein in controls; p<0.001). Homocarnosine concentrations in kidney tissue were low in both control and db/db mice (below 0.1 nmol/mg protein, p=n.s.). Carnosine treatment for 4 weeks substantially decreased renal CN1 activity in diabetic mice (0.32±0.3 in non-treated db/db vs. 0.05±0.05 μmol/mg/h in treated db/db mice; p<0.01) close to normal activities. Renal anserine concentrations increased significantly (0.24±0.2 in non-treated db/db vs. 5.7±1.2 μmol/mg/h in treated db/db mice; p<0.01), while carnosine concentrations remained unaltered (53±6.4 in non-treated vs. 61±15 nmol/mg protein in treated db/db mice; p=n.s.). Further, carnosine treatment halved proteinuria and reduced vascular permeability to one-fifth in db/db mice. In renal tissue of diabetic mice carnosinase activity is significantly increased and anserine concentrations are significantly reduced compared to controls. Carnosine treatment largely prevents the alterations of renal carnosine metabolism.
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22
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Kubomura D, Matahira Y, Nagai K, Niijima A. Effect of anserine ingestion on hyperglycemia and the autonomic nerves in rats and humans. Nutr Neurosci 2010; 13:183-8. [PMID: 20670474 DOI: 10.1179/147683010x12611460764363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Anserine and L-carnosine are similar dipeptides synthesized by muscles of vertebrates. The functional role of anserine is unknown, although previous studies showed hypoglycemic effects of carnosine through autonomic nerves. Thus, we evaluated the effects of anserine on blood glucose levels and the neural activities. Intraperitoneal administration of specific doses of anserine to hyperglycemic rats reduced hyperglycemia and plasma glucagon concentrations, whereas thioperamide eliminated the effects of anserine. Intraduodenal injection of 0.1 mg anserine to anesthetized rats after laparotomy suppressed sympathetic nerve activity and enhanced activity of the vagal gastric efferent. In addition, oral administration of anserine reduced blood glucose levels during oral glucose tolerance testing in humans. These results suggest the possibility that anserine might be a control factor for the blood glucose, and that histaminergic nerves may be involved in the hypoglycemic effects of anserine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Kubomura
- R&D Functional Food Division, Yaizu Suisankagaku Industry Co. Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan.
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