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Dridi C, Millette M, Salmieri S, Aguilar Uscanga BR, Lacroix S, Venneri T, Sarmast E, Allahdad Z, Di Marzo V, Silvestri C, Lacroix M. Effect of a Probiotic Beverage Enriched with Cricket Proteins on the Gut Microbiota: Composition of Gut and Correlation with Nutritional Parameters. Foods 2024; 13:204. [PMID: 38254505 PMCID: PMC10814958 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The health and balance of the gut microbiota are known to be linked to diet composition and source, with fermented products and dietary proteins potentially providing an exceptional advantage for the gut. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of protein hydrolysis, using a probiotic beverage enriched with either cricket protein (CP) or cricket protein hydrolysates (CP.Hs), on the composition of the gut microbiota of rats. Taxonomic characterization of the gut microbiota in fecal samples was carried out after a 14-day nutritional study to identify modifications induced by a CP- and CP.H-enriched fermented probiotic product. The results showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the diversity and richness of the gut microbiota among the groups fed with casein (positive control), CP-enriched, and fermented CP.H-enriched probiotic beverages; however, the overall composition of the microbiota was altered, with significant modifications in the relative abundance of several bacterial families and genera. In addition, fermented CP.H-enriched probiotic beverages could be related to the decrease in the number of potential pathogens such as Enterococcaceae. The association of gut microbiota with the nutritional parameters was determined and the results showed that digestibility and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) were highly associated with the abundance of several taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Dridi
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mathieu Millette
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Bio-K+, a Kerry Company, Preclinical Research Division, Laval, QC H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Stephane Salmieri
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Blanca R. Aguilar Uscanga
- Research Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Sebastien Lacroix
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Tommaso Venneri
- Joint International Research Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiomeand Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Elham Sarmast
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Zahra Allahdad
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Joint International Research Unit on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiomeand Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences (FSAA), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre (IUCPQ), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Nutrition, Health and Society (NUTRISS) Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Monique Lacroix
- Research Laboratories in Sciences, Applied to Food (RESALA), Canadian Irradiation Centre (CIC), INRS Armand-Frappier Health Biotechnology Research Centre, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada (M.M.)
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Chang S, Song M, Lee J, Oh H, Song D, An J, Cho H, Park S, Jeon K, Lee B, Nam J, Chun J, Kim H, Cho J. Effect of black soldier fly larvae as substitutes for fishmeal in broiler diet. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:1290-1307. [PMID: 38616873 PMCID: PMC11007297 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of processed forms (defatted or hydrolyzed) of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L., BSFL) as a protein substitute on broilers. Experiment 1 was a feeding experiment, and Experiment 2 was a metabolism experiment. In Experiment 1, a total of 120 day-old Arbor Acres broilers (initial body weight 39.52 ± 0.24 g) were used for 28 days. There were 8 replicate pens, and 5 broilers were assigned to each pen. In Experiment 2, a total of 36 day-old broilers (initial body weight 39.49 ± 0.21 g) were used for the metabolism trial. There were 2 broilers in a metabolism cage and six replicate cages per treatment. The dietary treatments were as follows: a basal diet (CON), a basal diet without fishmeal and substitute with defatted BSFL (T1), a basal diet without fishmeal and a substitute with hydrolyzed BSFL (T2). In Experiment 1, during the entire experimental period, the T2 group significantly increased (p < 0.05) body weight gain and feed intake compared to the CON and T1 groups. The feed conversion ratio showed a lower tendency (p = 0.057) in the T2 group than in the CON and T1 groups. At 2 weeks, the CON and T2 groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP) digestibility than the T1 group. At 4 weeks, the total protein level significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the CON and T2 groups compared to the T1 group. In Experiment 2, the CP digestibility significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the T2 group compared to the CON and T1 group at weeks 2 and 4. At week 4 amino acid digestibility, the T2 group significantly increased (p < 0.05) lysine, methionine, tryptophan, and glycine digestibility compared to the T1 group. There was no difference in fecal microbiota among the treatment groups. In conclusion, feeding hydrolyzed BSFL as a fishmeal substitute in broiler diets improved growth performance, CP digestibility, and specific amino acid digestibility. Therefore, it is considered that hydrolyzed BSFL in broiler diets can be sufficiently used as a new protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jihwan Lee
- Department of Poultry Science, University
of Georgia (UGA), Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Hanjin Oh
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Dongcheol Song
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Jaewoo An
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Hyunah Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sehyun Park
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyeongho Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | | | | | - Jiyeon Chun
- Department of Food Bioengineering, Jeju
National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Hyeunbum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science,
Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Jinho Cho
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk
National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Attia YA, Bovera F, Asiry KA, Alqurashi S, Alrefaei MS. Fish and Black Soldier Fly Meals as Partial Replacements for Soybean Meal Can Affect Sustainability of Productive Performance, Blood Constituents, Gut Microbiota, and Nutrient Excretion of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2759. [PMID: 37685023 PMCID: PMC10486501 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One hundred and twenty, one-day-old male broiler chicks were used to investigate the effects of supplementation with different dietary protein sources on their performance and immune systems. Chicks were randomly divided into four equal experimental groups (six replicates, each of five chicks). The first group served as a control and was fed a standard corn-soybean meal diet. The second, third, and fourth groups were fed diets in which the soybean meal (SBM) was partly replaced by fish meal (FM), black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), and black soldier fly prepupae (BSFP), respectively. Throughout 1-14 and 15-42 days of age, FM, BSFL, and BSFP were added at 3 and 5%, respectively. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the FM group was the best among the tested groups. Feeding BSFP decreased final body weight (BW), BW gain, feed intake, and impaired the FCR compared to the other treatments for the entire experimental period. The BSFP group had significantly lower cecal Salmonella counts compared to the control group and lower total bacterial counts compared to the other groups except for BSFL. BSFL can be fed to broiler chickens at 3% during the starter period and 5% during the grower-finisher periods without negative influences on growth performance, red blood cell characteristics, blood lipid profiles, and nutrient excretion, while BSFP can improve the chickens' gut ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Khalid A. Asiry
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Shatha Alqurashi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23218, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Majed S. Alrefaei
- Sustainable Agriculture Production Research Group, Agriculture Department, Faculty of Environmental Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (K.A.A.); (M.S.A.)
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Kaewtapee C, Siegert W, Bunchasak C, Chungopast S. Amino acid digestibility of insect meals and effects on key bacterial groups in excreta of caecectomised laying hens. Arch Anim Nutr 2023; 77:261-274. [PMID: 37338106 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2023.2219178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition and amino acids (AA) digestibility were determined in insect meals from mealworms, crickets, black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and BSF prepupae, and soybean meal. Six caecectomised laying hens were individually housed in metabolism cages and fed either a basal diet or one of five assay diets. Diets and hens were arranged in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 subsequent periods. In each period, the laying hens were fed their respective diet for 9 d, and excreta samples were quantitatively collected twice daily from day 5 to 8. On day 9, a sterile plastic bag was attached to the cloaca of each hen to collect excreta for microbiota analysis. The AA digestibility of the insect meals and soybean meal were calculated using a linear regression approach. Crude protein (CP) concentrations in crickets and mealworms were higher than the value in soybean meal, BSF prepupae and BSF larvae. Ether extract concentrations were high in the insect meals and low in the soybean meal. The digestibility of most essential AA in soybean meal was higher (p < 0.05) than in crickets and BSF prepupae and not different from AA digestibility in mealworms and BSF larvae (except for arginine and histidine). The gene copy number of Escherichia coli in excreta from hens fed with BSF prepupae was lower (p < 0.05) than those fed with BSF larvae, whereas the gene copy number of Bacillus spp. and Clostridium spp. in excreta from hens fed with crickets was lower (p < 0.05) than those fed with BSF larvae. In conclusion, the chemical composition and AA digestibility varied among insect meals based on insect species and life stage. The high level of AA digestibility of insect meals supports the assessment that insect meals are a suitable feed component for laying hens, but differences in AA digestibility should be considered in diet formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanwit Kaewtapee
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Siegert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Chaiyapoom Bunchasak
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirinapa Chungopast
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kamphaeng Saen, Kasetsart University Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Salindeho N, Mokolensang JF, Manu L, Taslim NA, Nurkolis F, Gunawan WB, Yusuf M, Mayulu N, Tsopmo A. Fish scale rich in functional compounds and peptides: A potential nutraceutical to overcome undernutrition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1072370. [PMID: 36570154 PMCID: PMC9780470 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1072370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Netty Salindeho
- Fishery Products Technology Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia,*Correspondence: Netty Salindeho
| | - Jeffrie F. Mokolensang
- Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | - Lusia Manu
- Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
| | | | - Fahrul Nurkolis
- Biological Sciences, State Islamic University of Sunan Kalijaga (UIN Sunan Kalijaga), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - William Ben Gunawan
- Nutrition Science Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Yusuf
- Medical Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Nelly Mayulu
- Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado, Indonesia
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Ipema AF, Bokkers EA, Gerrits WJ, Kemp B, Elizabeth Bolhuis J. Provision of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) in different ways benefits broiler welfare and performance, with largest effects of scattering live larvae. Physiol Behav 2022; 257:113999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Globally, the utilization of alternative protein sources in livestock feed has been extensively deliberated and established to be the best novel approach. Extensive research indicated that insects provide good opportunities as a sustainable, high quality, and low-cost component of animal feed. The use of insects in animal diet sounds to be the prospective opportunity leading to sustainability of animal feeds and meet the intensifying worldwide plea for livestock products. The value of these protein sources has, however, increased due to limited production, competition between humans and animals. The use of insects for feeding farmed animals represents a promising alternative because of the nutritional properties of insects and the possible environmental benefits, given the sustainability of this type of farming. Yet little has been documented about the nutrient composition of various insect meals, the impact of insect meal in the animal feed industry, safety, and attitude and willingness of farmers to accept insect-based animal feed and food. Therefore, this chapter seeks to document the potential utilization of insect meal as livestock feed.
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Suitability of Hermetia illucens larvae meal and fat in broiler diets: effects on animal performance, apparent ileal digestibility, gut histology, and microbial metabolites. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:50. [PMID: 35527312 PMCID: PMC9082845 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possibility of partially replacing soybean meal (SBM) with Hermetia illucens (HI) defatted larvae meal in broiler nutrition has frequently been suggested. For sustainability reasons, however, the larvae fat produced during defatting should also be used and could be particularly beneficial regarding gut health due to its fatty acid composition. To evaluate the suitability of HI larvae as protein and fat source, a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two types of protein, i.e. SBM (S) or SBM and 15% of its crude protein replaced by HI larvae meal (L), and three levels of fat sources, namely 0 (0 L), 50% (50 L) or 100% HI larvae fat (100 L) at the expense of soybean oil was applied. Results In the starter phase, an interaction showed higher body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) if 50% or 100% HI larvae fat was fed with HI larvae meal. Moreover, BW, ADG and FCR improved when feeding HI larvae meal as protein source. Additionally, we observed an increased average daily feed intake in the grower, finisher, and overall phase in the L groups and an improved FCR in 0 L compared to 50 L groups during the overall period. Regarding apparent ileal digestibility, HI larvae meal feeding increased dry matter, organic matter, and fat digestibility. Feeding HI larvae meal as protein source decreased the concentrations of agmatine, spermidine, spermine and ammonia in the caecal digesta, whereas fat source affected agmatine with higher concentrations in 50 L compared to 0 L in the colonic digesta. In contrast, caecal ethanolamine concentrations increased in HI larvae meal groups compared to SBM. Caecal butyric acid concentrations decreased with HI larvae meal feeding. An interaction was found for the jejunal villus area, being higher in L + 100 L compared to S + 100 L. Furthermore, L groups had greater villus width. Conclusions A partial replacement of SBM with HI larvae meal and soybean oil with HI larvae fat in broiler diets without impairing animal performance or gut health seems possible. Feeding HI larvae meal affected broiler performance positively in the starter phase and improved apparent ileal digestibility.
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Elahi U, Xu C, Wang J, Lin J, Wu SG, Zhang HJ, Qi GH. Insect meal as a feed ingredient for poultry. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:332-346. [PMID: 34991217 PMCID: PMC8831830 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Shortage of protein feed resources is the major challenge to the world farm animal industry. Insects are known as an alternative protein source for poultry. A wide range of insects are available for use in poultry diets. Insect larvae thrive in manure, and organic waste, and produce antimicrobial peptides to protect themselves from microbial infections, and additionally these peptides might also be functional in poultry feed. The feed containing antimicrobial peptides can improve the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, and immune function in poultry. Insect meal contains a higher amount of essential amino acids compared to conventional feedstuffs. Black soldier fly, mealworm, housefly, cricket/Grasshopper/Locust (Orthoptera), silkworm, and earthworm are the commonly used insect meals in broiler and laying hen diets. This paper summarizes the nutrient profiles of the insect meals and reviews their efficacy when included in poultry diets. Due to the differences in insect meal products, and breeds of poultry, inconsistent results were noticed among studies. The main challenge for proper utilization, and the promising prospect of insect meal in poultry diet are also addressed in the paper. To fully exploit insect meal as an alternative protein resource, and exert their functional effects, modes of action need to be understood. With the emergence of more accurate and reliable studies, insect meals will undoubtedly play more important role in poultry feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Elahi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.,Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Changchun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shu-Geng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hai-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guang-Hai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Overview of the Use of Probiotics in Poultry Production. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061620. [PMID: 34072694 PMCID: PMC8230106 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Probiotics are feed additives that have gained popularity in poultry production following the ban of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). They are one of the more universal feed additives and can be easily combine with other additives. Probiotics, above all, have many advantages, including stimulation of the host microflora or immunomodulation. The statement “immunity comes from the intestines” has become more important in the poultry industry because probiotics have proven helpful in the fight against diseases of bacterial origin and against zoonoses. Positive effects on the organism have already been studied at the cellular level, where probiotics were responsible for changes in gene expression, leading to alleviation of heat stress. In addition to the health benefits, the utility value of the animals increases. The numerous advantages are overshadowed by a few drawbacks, which include the possibility of lowering semen quality in roosters and the diversity of production processes affecting the persistence of the probiotic. In addition to bird health, probiotics have improved the taste and quality of poultry products. Future prospects are promising as scientists are working to maximize the positive effects of probiotics by increasing the integrity of probiotics within the bird organism, taking into account, among others, bacterial metabolites. Abstract In recent years, probiotics have become more popular in the world of dietary supplements and feed additives within the poultry industry, acting as antibiotic substitutes. Above all, probiotics are universal feed additives that can be used in conjunction with other additives to promote improved performance and health. Their positive effects can be observed directly in the gastrointestinal tract and indirectly in immunomodulation of the poultry immune system. Nutritional effects seen in flocks given probiotics include increased laying and egg quality, increased daily increments, and improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). There has also been an improvement in the quality of meat. This suggests producers can improve production results through the use of probiotics. In addition to these production effects, bird immunity is improved by allowing the organism to better protect itself against pathogens and stress. The lack of accuracy in the formulation of non-European preparations needs to be further developed due to unknown interactions between probiotic bacteria strains as well as their metabolites. The versatility of probiotics and the fact that the bacteria used in their production are an integral part of animal digestive tracts make them a safe feed additives. Despite restrictions from the European Union, probiotics have potential to improve production and health within the poultry industry and beyond. The following article will review the use of probiotics in poultry production.
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Jankowski J, Kozłowski K, Zduńczyk Z, Stępniowska A, Ognik K, Kierończyk B, Józefiak D, Juśkiewicz J. The effect of dietary full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae meal on gut physiology and growth performance in young turkeys. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Dalle Zotte A, Singh Y, Squartini A, Stevanato P, Cappellozza S, Kovitvadhi A, Subaneg S, Bertelli D, Cullere M. Effect of a dietary inclusion of full-fat or defatted silkworm pupa meal on the nutrient digestibility and faecal microbiome of fattening quails. Animal 2021; 15:100112. [PMID: 33573975 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) pupae are a by-product derived from silk production, which is often treated as waste and thus discarded: this can cause serious environmental problems and a loss of nutrients. Silkworm pupae are a rich source of protein and lipids, and the resulting protein meal can provide promising outcomes as livestock feed, notably for monogastric species. However, one possible issue that needs to be considered is the possible implication of the 1-Deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), a bio-compound of the silkworm that impairs glucose absorption, in poultry nutrition. Therefore, the present study evaluated the effect of the dietary inclusion of full-fat or defatted silkworm pupa meal (SWM) on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, feed choice and faecal microbiome in meat-producing quails. For the digestibility trial, a total of thirty-three 27-day-old Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were individually housed in digestibility cages and received three experimental diets: a control diet (control, commercial feed for fattening quails), and two other diets containing the 12.5% of either a full-fat SWM (SWM-FULL) or a defatted SWM (SWM-DEF). Subsequently, twenty-seven 33-day-old quails were simultaneously provided with Control, SWM-FULL and SWM-DEF diets for a 10-day feed choice trial. The results of the digestibility trial showed that the DM intake and excreta production were higher in both SWM groups than in the Control one (P < 0.001). The apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, CP, ether extract, starch and energy was lower in both SWM groups than in the control group (P < 0.001), suggesting the possible implication of chitin and 1-DNJ. The feed choice test showed that quails preferred the Control diet (P < 0.001). From the microbiome analysis of the excreta, families such as Streptococcaceae (P < 0.05), Rikenellaceae and Eubacteriaceae (P < 0.01) and taxa at species level such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii (P < 0.05), Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus and Bacillus thermoamylovorans (P < 0.01) scored higher in SWM-FULL quails than in SWM-DEF and Control treatments. The present study demonstrated that a successful dietary inclusion of SWM for fattening quails needs to overcome the digestive criticalities caused by the of presence specific bio-compounds, namely chitin and 1-DNJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dalle Zotte
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, MAPS, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Y Singh
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, MAPS, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - A Squartini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - P Stevanato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - S Cappellozza
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment (CREA - AA), Sericulture Laboratory of Padua, Via Eulero 6a, 35143, Padova, Italy
| | - A Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10900 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - S Subaneg
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, MAPS, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, 10900 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - D Bertelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - M Cullere
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, MAPS, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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13
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Production and Optimization of Hermetia illucens (L.) Larvae Reared on Food Waste and Utilized as Feed Ingredient. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12239864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The feed sector requires new sustainable sources of protein, and at the same time better waste management practices are required to decrease and upcycle post-consumers’ food waste (catering and organic household waste), which is currently used for energy production or discharged as waste. The production of Hermetia illucens larvae (L.) (BSFL) was conducted in 15 batches at pilot scale. Furthermore, a feeding strategy experiment was conducted to optimize feedings and decrease handling, followed by a digestibility study for assessing the applicability of BSFL as a feed ingredient. About 190 kg of food waste was used to produce 79 kg of BSFL. The bioconversion of food waste into BSFL was found to be highly efficient, with feed conversion rate (FCR) values ranging between 1.7 and 3.6, when assessed on dry matter. The feeding experiment showed similar BSFL and insect frass production as well as similar FCR, revealing that a decrease in handling can be obtained if two feeding episodes are used. The digestibility of protein and fat was high at 86.2 and 90.4% and revealed that BSFL meal can be successfully used as a protein and fat source in feed for carnivore animals outside the food chain (e.g., pet food).
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14
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Dourado LRB, Lopes PM, Silva VK, Carvalho FLA, Moura FAS, Silva LB, Giannecchini LG, Pinheiro SRF, Biagiotti D, Kimpara JM. Chemical composition and nutrient digestibility of insect meal for broiler. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20200764. [PMID: 33175017 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020200764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the chemical composition and digestibility of insect meal for poultry made from the larvae of Tenebrio molitor (TL) and nymphs of Gryllus assimilis (GAN) a total excreta collection test was carried out, substituting 20% of the reference diet with each type of meal. The meals presented 6074 and 5975 kcal/Kg of gross energy, with 49.34% and 52.66% protein for TL and GAN respectively. The most nutrient digestibility was less than 65%, except for energy and ether-extract digestibility in the meal from Tenebrio molitor larvae, which were over 70%. The meals under analysis can be used as a source of nutrients in poultry diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilane R B Dourado
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Km 3, Planalto Horizonte, 64900-000 Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil
| | - PatrÍcia M Lopes
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, s/n, Ininga, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Karla Silva
- Embrapa-Meio Norte, BR 343, Km 35, Zona Rural, 64210-970 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Francisca Luana A Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portella, s/n, Ininga, 64049-550 Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Francinete A S Moura
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Km 3, Planalto Horizonte, 64900-000 Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil
| | - Luciana B Silva
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, BR 135, Km 3, Planalto Horizonte, 64900-000 Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra Regina F Pinheiro
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri/UFVJM, Campus JK, MGT 367, Km 583, nº 5000 Alto da Jacuba, 39100-000 Diamantina, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Biagiotti
- Universidade Federal do Piauí, Colégio Técnico de Bom Jesus, BR 135, Km 3, Planalto Horizonte, 64900-000 Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil
| | - Janaina M Kimpara
- Embrapa-Meio Norte, BR 343, Km 35, Zona Rural, 64210-970 Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
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15
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Surendra KC, Tomberlin JK, van Huis A, Cammack JA, Heckmann LHL, Khanal SK. Rethinking organic wastes bioconversion: Evaluating the potential of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 117:58-80. [PMID: 32805602 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Population growth and unprecedented economic growth and urbanization, especially in low- and middle-income countries, coupled with extreme weather patterns, the high-environmental footprint of agricultural practices, and disposal-oriented waste management practices, require significant changes in the ways we produce food, feed and fuel, and manage enormous amounts of organic wastes. Farming insects such as the black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) on diverse organic wastes provides an opportunity for producing nutrient-rich animal feed, fuel, organic fertilizer, and biobased products with concurrent valorization of wastes. Inclusion of BSF larvae/pupae in the diets of poultry, fish, and swine has shown promise as a potential substitute of conventional feed ingredients such as soybean meal and fish meal. Moreover, the bioactive compounds such as antimicrobial peptides, medium chain fatty acids, and chitin and its derivatives present in BSF larvae/pupae, could also add values to the animal diets. However, to realize the full potential of BSF-based biorefining, more research and development efforts are necessary for scaling up the production and processing of BSF biomass using more mechanized and automated systems. More studies are also needed to ensure the safety of the BSF biomass grown on various organic wastes for animal feed (also food) and legalizing the feed application of BSF biomass to wider categories of animals. This critical review presents the current status of the BSF technology, identifies the research gaps, highlights the challenges towards industrial scale production, and provides future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Surendra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan A Cammack
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Samir Kumar Khanal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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16
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Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Wang G, Rong T, Liu Z, Wang F, Ma X. Hermetia illucens larvae as a Fishmeal replacement alters intestinal specific bacterial populations and immune homeostasis in weanling piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5810268. [PMID: 32191809 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) are rich in proteins and chitin, and represent an innovative feed ingredient for animals. However, little is known about the intestinal bacteria and immune homeostasis response of HILM as a fishmeal replacement on weanling piglets. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the changes in specific ileal and cecal bacterial populations and their metabolic profiles, and ileal immune indexes in weanling piglets fed with a diet containing HILM. A total of 128 weanling piglets were fed either a basal diet or 1 of 3 diets with 1%, 2%, and 4% HILM (HI0, HI1, HI2, and HI4, respectively). Each group consisted of 8 pens (replicates), with 4 pigs per pen. After 28 d of feeding, 8 barrows per treatment were euthanized, the ileal and cecal digesta, and ileal mucosa were collected for analyzing bacterial population and metabolic profiles, and immune indexes, respectively. Results showed that HILM increased (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2) the number of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the ileum and cecum, but quadratically decreased (P < 0.05, minimum in HI2) the number of Escherichia coli. In the cecum, the number of Firmicutes, Ruminococcus, Clostridium cluster IV, and Prevotella showed a quadratic response to increasing (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2) HILM levels. Lactate and butyrate concentrations in the ileum and cecum were quadratically increased (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2) with increasing HILM levels. In the cecum, the amines, phenol, and indole compounds concentrations were quadratically decreased (P < 0.05, minimum in HI2) with increasing HILM levels, while total short-chain fatty acids and acetate concentrations were quadratically increased (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2). In the ileum, the TLR4, NF-κB, MyD88, and TNF-α mRNA expressions were quadratically decreased (P < 0.05, minimum in HI2) with increasing HILM levels, while the mRNA expression of IL-10, barrier function (MUC1, ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-2), and development-related genes (IGF-1, GLP-2, and EGF) was quadratically increased (P < 0.05, maximum in HI2). Furthermore, the changes in the mucosal gene expression were associated with changes in the bacterial populations and their metabolites. Collectively, these results showed that a diet supplemented with 2% HILM affected specific bacterial populations and metabolic profiles, and maintained ileal immune status. These findings provide new insights into the use of insect meal as a suitable alternative protein source for swine feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Rong
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhichang Liu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fengyin Wang
- Guangzhou AnRuiJie Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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17
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Ipema AF, Gerrits WJ, Bokkers EA, Kemp B, Bolhuis JE. Provisioning of live black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) benefits broiler activity and leg health in a frequency- and dose-dependent manner. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Zanu HK, Lisle L, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Volatile basic nitrogen measurement in digesta using a Berthelot reaction in automated Skalar instrumentation. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:225-230. [PMID: 32542204 PMCID: PMC7283371 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The undigested nitrogenous fraction entering the hindgut of chickens is further metabolized by microbiota present producing volatile basic metabolites including amines and ammonia (NH3). Ammonia increases pH and may result in overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens further producing toxic metabolites that cause dysbacteriosis or necrotic enteritis (NE). There are few reports in chickens examining the production and concentration of nitrogenous metabolites in the hindgut. A Berthelot reaction using an automated flow, reaction and spectrophotometric instrumentation to detect volatile basic nitrogen in the form of NH3 from cecal contents was carried out. In the Berthelot reaction, NH3 in the sample is chlorinated to monochloramine using dichloroisocyanuric acid that then reacts with salicylate to form 5-aminosalicylate which is stable under alkaline conditions (pH 12 to 13). After oxidation and oxidative coupling, a coloured complex is formed that can be measured at 660 nm. Cecal contents were collected and pooled from 2 birds per pen with 48 pens total in each of 3 experiments and stored in sealed containers at -20 °C prior to analysis. Experiment 1 compared samples collected from birds fed either no meat and bone meal (MBM) or 6% MBM from d 0 to 14, and samples collected from birds fed either no MBM or 5% MBM from d 14 to 42. All birds were challenged with Eimeria on d 9 and C. perfringens on d 14 and 15. Experiment 2 compared cecal contents from birds fed either 0.5% or 0.9% calcium (Ca), and Exp. 3 compared unchallenged with NE challenge on d 16 and 29. Results demonstrated an increase (P < 0.05) in cecal NH3 as a result of feeding MBM or high dietary Ca with a corresponding increase in pH. Birds experimentally challenged with NE had lower cecal NH3 and lower pH on d 16 but not d 29 compared to unchallenged controls. It was concluded that the Berthelot method using Skalar instrumentation equipment is suitable to measure the concentration of volatile nitrogen as NH3 in cecal contents of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holy K. Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Leanne Lisle
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | | | - Robert A. Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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19
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Miah MY, Singh Y, Cullere M, Tenti S, Dalle Zotte A. Effect of dietary supplementation with full-fat silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) chrysalis meal on growth performance and meat quality of Rhode Island Red × Fayoumi crossbred chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1752119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yousuf Miah
- Department of Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Yazavinder Singh
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute – MAPS, University of Padova Agripolis, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Cullere
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute – MAPS, University of Padova Agripolis, Padova, Italy
| | - Sandro Tenti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute – MAPS, University of Padova Agripolis, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonella Dalle Zotte
- Dipartimento di Medicina Animale, Produzioni e Salute – MAPS, University of Padova Agripolis, Padova, Italy
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20
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Brito CO, Ribeiro Junior V, Del Vesco AP, Tavernari FDC, Calderano AA, Silva CM, Maciel JTDL, Azevedo MSPD. Metabolizable energy and nutrient digestibility of shrimp waste meal obtained from extractive fishing for broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Selaledi L, Mbajiorgu CA, Mabelebele M. The use of yellow mealworm (T. molitor) as alternative source of protein in poultry diets: a review. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:7-16. [PMID: 31392553 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein sources are known to be the second largest component in the poultry sector. Traditionally, fish and soya-bean meals are known to supply very good protein; however, these are restricted in supply and more expensive than energy sources. The prices of soya-bean meal are currently high and tend to fluctuate with changes in climatic conditions and social situations in the countries where it is produced. Developing countries like South Africa have made enormous investments in soya-bean production, despite that the country still imports considerable volumes of this crop and is not self-sufficient. This then means that there is an urgent need to seek for alternative and cost-effective protein sources that can provide the same nutrients as soya-bean and fish meal for poultry production. Tenebrio molitor L. which is commonly known as yellow mealworm has a huge potential to substitute commonly used protein sources in poultry diets. Mealworms are easy to breed and do not require large area for production. Moreover, they have high nutritional value comparable to that of soya-bean and fishmeal. However, the only limiting nutrient for mealworms is calcium which can be easily supplemented in the diets. Therefore, this review sets out to explore the importance of replacing soya bean with mealworms in poultry diets. Furthermore, the life cycle of meal worms will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Selaledi
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Mammal Research Institute, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - C A Mbajiorgu
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M Mabelebele
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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22
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Rezaei M, Wall H, Tarshan M, Ivarsson E. Evaluation of broiler chickens' digestibility of Neurospora intermedia biomass. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5017-5022. [PMID: 30980081 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 70 broiler chickens were used to evaluate the apparent ileal digestibility coefficient (AIDC) of protein and amino acids, and apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of energy in the protein rich Fungal Biomass of Neurospora intermedia (FBN) obtained from bioethanol production. The chickens were housed in 10 pens with seven chickens per pen and fed one of two experimental diets between day 28 and 35 of age. The experimental diets were wheat-soybean meal-based control diet and a diet composed of 70% control diet and 30% of FBN. There were no difference (P > 0.05) between the control and FBN diet on chick feed intake and body weight at day 35. However, the AIDCs of crude protein and amino acids were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in control diet than in the FBN diet except for proline and phenylalanine. The AIDC of CP (0.74), cysteine (0.68), methionine (0.70), AME (15.6), and threonine (0.69) in FBN were comparable to the corresponding values in other protein-rich feedstuffs such as soybean meal and fish meal. The results from this study show that FBN may be an alternative protein source for poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Rezaei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Wall
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Tarshan
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Ivarsson
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7024, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Yu M, Li Z, Chen W, Rong T, Wang G, Ma X. Hermetia illucens larvae as a potential dietary protein source altered the microbiota and modulated mucosal immune status in the colon of finishing pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:50. [PMID: 31245003 PMCID: PMC6582608 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insects, such as Hermetia illucens larvae, are rich in chitin and proteins, and represent a suitable feed ingredient replacement for animals. However, little is known about the effect of administering H. illucens larvae on intestinal microbiota, bacterial metabolite profiles, and mucosal immune status in animals. This study aimed to investigate the effects of administering H. illucens larvae on colonic microbiota and bacterial metabolites production in finishing pigs. Seventy-two crossbred (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) female pigs (initial body weight, 76.0 ± 0.52 kg) were randomly allocated to three different dietary treatments: a control diet (Control group) and two diets corresponding to 4% (H1 group) and 8% (H2 group) H. illucens larvae inclusion levels, respectively. Each treatment consisted of eight pens (replicates), with three pigs per pen. After 46 days of feeding, eight pigs per treatment (n = 8) were slaughtered, and the colonic digesta and mucosa were collected for microbial composition and microbial fermentation products, and genes expression analyses. Results The results showed that the H1 diet significantly increased the abundance of Lactobacillus, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium compared with those in the control group (P < 0.05), with a decrease in the abundance of Streptococcus. The numbers of Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Clostridium cluster XIVa were significantly greater in the H1 group than in the control group (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, H2 diet increased the number of Clostridium cluster XIVa compared with the control group (P < 0.05). For colonic metabolites, total short chain fatty acids, butyrate, and isobutyrate concentrations were significantly higher in the H1 group than those in the control group (P < 0.05); the H1 treatment caused a striking decrease in protein fermentation compared with the control group, as the concentrations of total amines, cadaverine, tryptamine, phenol, p-cresol, and skatole were significantly lower (P < 0.05). Additionally, H2 diet also increased butyrate concentration compared with control group (P < 0.05), while decreased the concentrations of phenol, p-cresol, and skatole (P < 0.05). Pigs in the H1 group down-regulated the expression of TLR-4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ) compared with pigs in the control group (P < 0.05), and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and intestinal barrier genes (ZO-1, occludin, and mucin-1). H2 diet up-regulated the expression of ZO-1 compared with control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the changes in the colonic mucosal gene expression were associated with changes in the bacterial composition and their metabolites. Conclusions Collectively, dietary inclusion of Hermetia illucens larvae may enhance mucosal immune homeostasis of pigs via altering bacterial composition and their metabolites. These findings provide a new perspective on insect meal as a sustainable protein source rich in nutrient ingredients for swine. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40104-019-0358-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,3Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Li
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,3Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Chen
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,3Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Rong
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,3Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,3Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China
| | - Xianyong Ma
- 1Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,3Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of animal Meat quality and Safety Control and Evaluation, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong People's Republic of China
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Lokman IH, Ibitoye EB, Hezmee MNM, Goh YM, Zuki ABZ, Jimoh AA. Effects of chitin and chitosan from cricket and shrimp on growth and carcass performance of broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2219-2225. [PMID: 31134556 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Majority of the studies on the effect of chitin and chitosan on growth and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens has concentrated more on shrimp chitin and shrimp chitosan, and often with contradictory results. Therefore, the objective of this present study is to evaluate and compare the effect of dietary chitin and chitosan from cricket and shrimp on growth performance, carcass, and organ characteristics of broiler chickens. One hundred fifty-day-old male Cobb500 broiler chicks of similar average weight were randomly allotted into one of the five dietary treatments with three replicates. Treatment 1 (T1) chicks were fed basal diet only (control), treatment 2 and 3 (T2 and T3) chicks were given basal diet with 0.5 g/kg diet of cricket chitin and cricket chitosan, respectively, while treatment 4 and 5 (T4 and T5) chicks were served basal diet with 0.5 g/kg diet of shrimp chitin and shrimp chitosan respectively. No significant variation occurred between cricket chitin and shrimp chitin, although data on growth performance were higher in cricket chitin, but growth performance varied significantly between cricket chitosan and shrimp chitosan. This study revealed that cricket chitin at 0.5 g/kg significantly improved growth performance, carcass quality, and organ characteristics of broilers more than chitosan. Birds fed basal diet alone, although gained more weight, also accumulated more fat having the poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the highest mortality. However, carcass of birds fed cricket chitin was the leanest and thus economically beneficial as they consumed the least amount of feed with the best FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Lokman
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - E B Ibitoye
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. .,Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - M N M Hezmee
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Y M Goh
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - A B Z Zuki
- Department of Veterinary Pre-Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - A A Jimoh
- Department of Theriogenology and Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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26
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Ochoa Sanabria C, Hogan N, Madder K, Gillott C, Blakley B, Reaney M, Beattie A, Buchanan F. Yellow Mealworm Larvae ( Tenebrio molitor) Fed Mycotoxin-Contaminated Wheat-A Possible Safe, Sustainable Protein Source for Animal Feed? Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050282. [PMID: 31117211 PMCID: PMC6563207 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the potential for accumulation of deoxynivalenol (DON) in yellow mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) reared on high DON Fusarium-infected wheat and investigate the effects on production, survival and nutritional traits. Wheat containing 200 μg/kg DON was used as the control diet. A different source of wheat was sorted into six fractions and mixed to obtain low (2000 μg/kg), medium (10,000 μg/kg) and high (12,000 μg/kg) levels of DON. Each diet was replicated five times with 300 or 200 mealworms per replicate for the feeding and breeding trials, respectively. Trial termination occurred when the first two pupae were observed (32–34 days). There was no difference in the concentrations of DON detected in the larvae between diets that ranged from 122 ± 19.3 to 136 ± 40.5 μg/kg (p = 0.88). Excretion of DON was 131, 324, 230 and 742 μg/kg for control, low, medium and high, respectively. Nutritional analysis of larvae showed maximum crude protein of 52% and crude fat of 36%. Ash, fiber, chitin, fatty-acids and amino-acid content were consistent across diets. Survival was greater than 96% for all life stages and average daily gain ranged from 1.9 ± 0.1 to 2.1 ± 0.1 mg/day per mealworm. Larvae accumulated low levels of DON from Fusarium-infected wheat diets suggesting contaminated wheat could be used to produce a sustainable, safe protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ochoa Sanabria
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Natacha Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada.
| | - Kayla Madder
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Cedric Gillott
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada.
| | - Barry Blakley
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
| | - Martin Reaney
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Aaron Beattie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
| | - Fiona Buchanan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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27
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Meyer S, Gessner DK, Wen G, Most E, Liebisch G, Zorn H, Ringseis R, Eder K. The Antisteatotic and Hypolipidemic Effect of Insect Meal in Obese Zucker Rats is Accompanied by Profound Changes in Hepatic Phospholipid and 1-Carbon Metabolism. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801305. [PMID: 30688013 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The hypothesis is tested that insect meal, which has a low methionine content, reduces the hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC):phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio, which is a critical determinant of hepatic lipid synthesis, by decreasing availability of the methionine metabolite S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). METHODS AND RESULTS Obese rats (n = 24) are randomly divided into two groups (Obese Casein and Obese Insect) of 12 rats each. In addition, lean rats (n = 12) are used as control group (LC). Groups LC and OC receive a control diet with casein as protein source, whereas in the OI group, casein is replaced isonitrogenously by insect meal, which is found to be less digestible (-12% units). Plasma and liver concentrations of lipids and hepatic expression of lipid synthesizing genes are reduced in the OI group compared to the OC group. Plasma and liver concentration of PC and the PC:PE ratio are decreased in the OI group compared to the OC group, while hepatic concentration of SAM and the hepatic SAM:S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) ratio is lower in the OI group than in the OC group. CONCLUSION The decrease of the hepatic PC:PE ratio is probably a key mechanism explaining the pronounced antisteatotic and hypolipidemic action of insect meal in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Meyer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Winchester Str. 2, 35394, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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28
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Nutritional and Additive Uses of Chitin and Chitosan in the Food Industry. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 36 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16581-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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The interplay between voluntary food intake, dietary carbohydrate-lipid ratio and nutrient metabolism in an amphibian, (Xenopus laevis). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208445. [PMID: 30532132 PMCID: PMC6286023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestion of food and metabolism of frogs are little studied at the moment, and such processes could be very particular in the case of amphibians, given their ectothermic and carnivorous nature which may lead them to use nutrients through specific biochemical pathways. In the present study, 24 adult Xenopus laevis (six replicates with two frogs per treatment) were randomly assigned to two diets with different carbohydrate:fat ratio (4.5:1 and 2.1:1), changing the dietary glucogenic and lipogenic proportions. Food intake (FI) per unit metabolic body weight (MBW) as well as macronutrient digestibility were calculated, and circulating blood acylcarnitines and amino acids measured, in order to evaluate the effect of the diet treatments. Results demonstrated that food intake regulated most of the changes in the parameters evaluated; significant differences were obtained in crude protein and fat digestibilities through the effect of FI/MBW (p<0.05), whereas diet treatment had a significant effect on the levels of malonyl-CoA. Food intake also significantly impacted malonyl, isovaleryl, hydroxyisovaleryl and long chain fatty acid concentrations; significant (p<0.05) interactions between those metabolites were detected owing to diet. The findings obtained suggest that food intake was the main factor controlling digestion and metabolism in X. laevis, with frogs preferring to utilise protein and fat as primary sources for energy production in the citric acid cycle, reflecting characteristics of a strict carnivore physiological model.
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30
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Yoo JS, Cho KH, Hong JS, Jang HS, Chung YH, Kwon GT, Shin DG, Kim YY. Nutrient ileal digestibility evaluation of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae compared to three animal protein by-products in growing pigs. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2018; 32:387-394. [PMID: 30381730 PMCID: PMC6409481 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study was to investigate the nutrient ileal digestibility of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) larvae and compare with those of three animal protein by-products in growing pigs. Methods A total of 12 crossbred ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc) growing pigs with average body weights of 24.12±0.68 kg were surgically equipped with simple T-cannulas after being deprived of feed for 24 h according to published surgical procedures. These pigs had a recovery period of two weeks. A total of 12 pigs were assigned to individual metabolic crates and allotted to one of four treatments with 3 replicates in a fully randomized design. Dietary treatments included the following: i) Fish meal, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% fish meal; ii) Meat meal, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% meat meal; iii) Poultry meal, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% poultry meal; iv) Tenebrio molitor, corn-vegetable by-product basal diet+9.95% dried Tenebrio molitor larvae. Results Results showed that the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Lys was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet than that in pigs fed fish meal diet. Pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet showed increased (p<0.05) AID of His and Arg compared to pigs fed Fish meal or Meat meal diet. The AID of Cys was increased (p<0.05) in pigs fed poultry meal and Tenebrio molitor diets compared to that in pigs fish meal diet. Pigs fed meat meal, poultry meal, and Tenebrio molitor diets showed higher (p<0.05) standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of total energy compared to pigs fed fish meal diet. The SID of Arg was higher (p<0.05) in pigs fed Tenebrio molitor diet than that in pigs fed fish meal or meat meal diet. Furthermore, pigs fed poultry meal or Tenebrio molitor diets showed increased (p<0.05) SID of Cys compared to pigs fed fish meal diet. Conclusion In conclusion, providing pigs with diets that contained Tenebrio molitor larvae meal improved AID and SID of nutrients as well as essential and non-essential amino acids. The digestibility of dried mealworm larvae protein and its utilization in vivo are also good. Therefore, dried mealworm larvae protein can be used as protein source at 10% level in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Yoo
- Daehan feed Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Incheon 22300, Korea
| | - K H Cho
- Daehan feed Co., Ltd., R&D Center, Incheon 22300, Korea
| | - J S Hong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - H S Jang
- Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, Jeonju 54810, Korea
| | - Y H Chung
- Jeonbuk Institute for Food-Bioindustry, Jeonju 54810, Korea
| | - G T Kwon
- Berry & Biofood Research Institute, Jeonbuk, Gochang, 56417, Korea
| | - D G Shin
- Berry & Biofood Research Institute, Jeonbuk, Gochang, 56417, Korea
| | - Y Y Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Animal Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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31
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Bovera F, Loponte R, Pero ME, Cutrignelli MI, Calabrò S, Musco N, Vassalotti G, Panettieri V, Lombardi P, Piccolo G, Di Meo C, Siddi G, Fliegerova K, Moniello G. Laying performance, blood profiles, nutrient digestibility and inner organs traits of hens fed an insect meal from Hermetia illucens larvae. Res Vet Sci 2018; 120:86-93. [PMID: 30293041 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Given probable the increment in the nutritional needs of both humans and animals, animal production will have increased dramatically by 2050. Insect meals could be an alternative protein source for livestock, and they would also be able to reduce the environmental problems related to intensive animal production system. The aim of this study was to evaluate productive performance, blood analysis, nutrient digestibility, and changes in the internal organs of laying hens fed Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HI) at two different levels in substitution (25 or 50%) of soybean meal (SBM). A total of 162 Hy-line Brown hens (sixteen weeks old) were equally divided into three experimental groups and fed isoprotein and isoenergetic diets. Egg weight, feed intake, and feed conversion rate were not affected by the soybean meal substitution at both inclusion levels of insect meal. Egg mass was positively affected by the insect meal diets, as was the lay percentage, although only at the lowest inclusion level. Dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein digestibility coefficients were lower for the HI50 diet, probably due to the negative effect of chitin. A reduction in serum cholesterol and triglycerides was observed in both insect-meal fed groups, while serum globulin level increased only at the highest level of insect meal inclusion, and, consequently, the albumin to globulin ratio decreased. Overall, a protein replacement of 25% with an insect meal from Hermetia illucens larvae in the diet of laying hens seems to be more suitable and closer to the optimal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Loponte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Pero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Monica Isabella Cutrignelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Serena Calabrò
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nadia Musco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vassalotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valentina Panettieri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmelo Di Meo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuliana Siddi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Katerina Fliegerova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Giuseppe Moniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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32
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Loponte R, Bovera F, Piccolo G, Gasco L, Secci G, Iaconisi V, Parisi G. Fatty acid profile of lipids and caeca volatile fatty acid production of broilers fed a full fat meal from Tenebrio molitor larvae. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2018.1502053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Loponte
- Dipartimento di Medicina veterinaria e Produzioni animali, Università di, Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Dipartimento di Medicina veterinaria e Produzioni animali, Università di, Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Piccolo
- Dipartimento di Medicina veterinaria e Produzioni animali, Università di, Napoli Federico II, via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie Forestali e Alimentari, Università diTorino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Secci
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, via delle Cascine 5, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Valeria Iaconisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, via delle Cascine 5, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giuliana Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agroalimentari e dell'Ambiente, Università di Firenze, via delle Cascine 5, 50144 Firenze, Italy
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33
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Cutrignelli MI, Messina M, Tulli F, Randazzo B, Olivotto I, Gasco L, Loponte R, Bovera F. Evaluation of an insect meal of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as soybean substitute: Intestinal morphometry, enzymatic and microbial activity in laying hens. Res Vet Sci 2018; 117:209-215. [PMID: 29304440 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the ileum morphometry and enzymatic activity, the caecal volatile fatty acid production and the apparent nutrient digestibility in laying hens fed a Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) as a complete replacement of diet soybean meal (SBM). The hens fed HILM exhibited a lower live weight (P<0.05) and a higher incidence of the full digestive tract (P<0.05) than the SBM group. In the duodenum, the maltase exhibited a higher (P<0.05) activity in the HILM group while the intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) had a higher (P<0.05) activity in the SBM group. In the ileum, the maltase and saccarase had a higher activity in the HILM hens (P≤0.01) while the IAP and ɤ glutamil transferase had a higher activity in the SBM group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The HILM group showed a higher (P<0.05) villi height in the duodenum, while the opposite happened in the jejunum and the ileum. Only in the ileum the crypt depth resulted higher (P<0.05) in the HIML group than in the SBM. The higher production of acetate (P<0.05) and butyrate (P<0.01) affected the total production of volatile fatty acids of the HILM group. The coefficient of apparent digestibility of dry and organic matter as well as of crude protein was higher (P<0.05) in SBM group. The total replacement of SBM with HILM in laying hens diet from 24 to 45weeks of age resulted in a higher caecal production of butyric acid while the enzymatic activities of brush border membrane were partially reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Isabella Cutrignelli
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Messina
- University of Udine, Departmentof AgriFood, Environment and Animal Science, via Sondrio, 2, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Francesca Tulli
- University of Udine, Departmentof AgriFood, Environment and Animal Science, via Sondrio, 2, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Basilio Randazzo
- University Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Ike Olivotto
- University Politecnica delle Marche, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest, and Food Sciences, University of Torino, largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Rosa Loponte
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- University of Napoli Federico II, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, via F. Delpino, 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
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Loponte R, Nizza S, Bovera F, De Riu N, Fliegerova K, Lombardi P, Vassalotti G, Mastellone V, Nizza A, Moniello G. Growth performance, blood profiles and carcass traits of Barbary partridge (Alectoris barbara) fed two different insect larvae meals (Tenebrio molitor and Hermetia illucens). Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:183-188. [PMID: 28472736 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of two insect meals (from Hermetia illucens, HI and Tenebrio molitor, TM larvae) on productive performance and blood profiles of Barbary partridge, ninety, seven days old partridges were divided into 5 groups (6 replicates, 3 partridges/replicate). Up to 64d, the groups fed 5 isoproteic and isoenergetic diets: the control fed a corn-soybean meal diet (SBM group); in TM25 and TM50 groups the 25 and 50% of SBM proteins were substituted by the protein from TM, respectively; in HI25 and HI50 groups the 25 and 50% of SBM were substituted by the protein from HI, respectively. The birds fed TM25 and both the HI levels reached a higher (P<0.01) live weight at 64d than the control. Considering the entire experimental period the TM groups had a more favorable FCR than SBM. The carcass weights of all the insect groups were higher (P<0.01) than the control. The weight of the full digestive tract in SBM group was the highest (P<0.01). The caecal weight, the intestinal and caecal length were the highest (P<0.01) in the SBM group. The SBM group the highest value of albumin/globulin (P<0.01) and creatinine (P<0.05). TM seems to be more effective than HI in improving FCR. The reduced albumin/globulin ratio in the insect meal fed groups could be ascribed to the chitin content and this result was not affected by the amount of chitin intake, suggesting that also the lowest values are able to express their potential effects in partridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Loponte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandra Nizza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Nicola De Riu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Katerina Fliegerova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, CAS, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Pietro Lombardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vassalotti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mastellone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonino Nizza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Federico Delpino 1, 80137 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Moniello
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Schiavone A, De Marco M, Martínez S, Dabbou S, Renna M, Madrid J, Hernandez F, Rotolo L, Costa P, Gai F, Gasco L. Nutritional value of a partially defatted and a highly defatted black soldier fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens L.) meal for broiler chickens: apparent nutrient digestibility, apparent metabolizable energy and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:51. [PMID: 28603614 PMCID: PMC5465574 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study aimed to determine the apparent total tract digestibility coefficients (ATTDC) of nutrients, the apparent metabolizable energy (AME and AMEn) and the amino acid (AA) apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AIDC) of a partially defatted (BSFp) and a highly defatted (BSFh) black soldier fly larvae meal. The experimental diets were: a basal diet and two diets prepared by substituting 250 g/kg (w/w) of the basal diet with BSFp or BSFh, respectively. RESULTS Significant differences were found between BSFp and BSFh meals for ATTDC of the nutrients: BSFp resulted more digestible than BSFh, except for ATTDC of CP which did not differed between meals, while a statistical trend was observed for ATTDC of DM and EE. The AME and AMEn values were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the two BSF meals, with higher levels for BSFp (16.25 and 14.87 MJ/kg DM, respectively). The AIDC of the AA in BSFp ranged from 0.44 to 0.92, while in BSFh they ranged from 0.45 to 0.99. No significant differences were observed for the AA digestibility (0.77 and 0.80 for BSFp and BSFh, respectively), except for glutamic acid, proline and serine that were more digestible in the BSFh meal (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Defatted BSF meals can be considered as an excellent source of AME and digestible AA for broilers with a better efficient nutrient digestion. These considerations suggested the effective utilization of defatted BSF larvae meal in poultry feed formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Michele De Marco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Silvia Martínez
- Department of Animal Production, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Manuela Renna
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Josefa Madrid
- Department of Animal Production, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Fuensanta Hernandez
- Department of Animal Production, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Luca Rotolo
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Pierluca Costa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, TO Italy
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Piccolo G, Iaconisi V, Marono S, Gasco L, Loponte R, Nizza S, Bovera F, Parisi G. Effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal on growth performance, in vivo nutrients digestibility, somatic and marketable indexes of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cullere M, Tasoniero G, Giaccone V, Miotti-Scapin R, Claeys E, De Smet S, Dalle Zotte A. Black soldier fly as dietary protein source for broiler quails: apparent digestibility, excreta microbial load, feed choice, performance, carcass and meat traits. Animal 2016; 10:1923-1930. [PMID: 27339654 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116001270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to expand with validated scientific data the limited knowledge regarding the potential application of insects as innovative feed ingredients for poultry, the present study tested a partial substitution of soya bean meal and soya bean oil with defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (H) in the diet for growing broiler quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) on growth performance, mortality, nutrients apparent digestibility, microbiological composition of excreta, feed choice, carcass and meat traits. With this purpose, a total of 450 10-day-old birds were allocated to 15 cages (30 birds/cage) and received three dietary treatments: a Control diet (C) and two diets (H1 and H2) corresponding to 10% and 15% H inclusion levels, respectively (H substituted 28.4% soya bean oil and 16.1% soya bean meal for H1, and 100% soya bean oil and 24.8% soya bean meal for H2, respectively). At 28 days of age, quails were slaughtered, carcasses were weighed, breast muscles were then excised from 50 quails/treatment, weighed, and ultimate pH (pHu) and L*, a*, b* colour values were measured. Breast muscles were then cooked to assess cooking loss and meat toughness. For the digestibility trial, a total of 15 28-day-old quails were assigned to the three feeding groups. The excreta samples were subjected to chemical and microbiological analysis. The same 15 quails were then simultaneously provided with C and H2 diets for a 10-day feed choice trial. Productive performance, mortality and carcass traits were in line with commercial standards and similar in all experimental groups. With the exception of ether extract digestibility, which was lower in H1 group compared with C and H2 (P=0.0001), apparent digestibility of dry matter, CP, starch and energy did not differ among treatments. Microbial composition of excreta was also comparable among the three groups. Feed choice trial showed that quails did not express a preference toward C or H2 diets. Breast meat weight and yield did not differ among C, H1 and H2 quails. Differently, the inclusion of H meal reduced meat pHu compared with C. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that H. illucens larvae meal can partially replace conventional soya bean meal and soya bean oil in the diet for growing broiler quails, thus confirming to be a promising insect protein source for the feed industry. Further research to assess the impact of H meal on intestinal morphology as well as on meat quality and sensory profile would be of utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cullere
- 1Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health,University of Padova,Viale dell'Università 16,35020 Legnaro,Italy
| | - G Tasoniero
- 1Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health,University of Padova,Viale dell'Università 16,35020 Legnaro,Italy
| | - V Giaccone
- 1Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health,University of Padova,Viale dell'Università 16,35020 Legnaro,Italy
| | - R Miotti-Scapin
- 1Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health,University of Padova,Viale dell'Università 16,35020 Legnaro,Italy
| | - E Claeys
- 2Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality,Department of Animal Production,Ghent University,9090 Melle,Belgium
| | - S De Smet
- 2Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality,Department of Animal Production,Ghent University,9090 Melle,Belgium
| | - A Dalle Zotte
- 1Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health,University of Padova,Viale dell'Università 16,35020 Legnaro,Italy
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Toyes-Vargas E, Robles-Romo A, Méndez L, Palacios E, Civera R. Changes in fatty acids, sterols, pigments, lipid classes, and heavy metals of cooked or dried meals, compared to fresh marine by-products. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Islam MM, Yang CJ. Efficacy of mealworm and super mealworm larvae probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics challenged orally with Salmonella and E. coli infection in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2016; 96:27-34. [PMID: 27520069 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate dry mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) (DMLP) and super mealworm (Zophobas morio) (DSMLP) larvae probiotics as alternatives to antibiotics in broiler chicks. A total of 240 one-day old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments consisting of ten replications with eight birds each in a completely randomized design. The dietary treatments were, (i) control (basal diet), (ii) 0.4% DMLP (basal diet + 0.4% DMLP, DM basis), and (iii) 0.4% DSMLP (basal diet + 0.4% DSMLP, DM basis). On day one, 1 mL of mixed broth agar consisting of 2.4 × 107 cfu Salmonella enteritidis KCTC 2021 and 3.7 × 107 cfu Escherichia coli KCTC 2571 was injected orally into each chick. After one week, growth performance, immunity, mortality, internal organ weight, and cecal and fecal microbiota were investigated. Average daily gain ( ADG: ) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased, while feed conversion ratio (FCR) (g intake/g gain per bird) decreased in response to DMLP and DSMLP supplementation (P < 0.05). Additionally, mortality decreased (P < 0.05), while IgG and IgA levels increased following DMLP and DSMLP supplementation (P < 0.05). Internal organs remained unaffected, except for a reduced bursa of Fabricius weight in DSMLP supplementation (P < 0.05). Cecal E. coli and Salmonella contents were reduced in DMLP and DSMLP supplementation (P < 0.05), while fecal microbiota contents and pH of cecal and fecal digesta remained unaffected. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with DMLP and DSMLP increased ADG and IgG and IgA levels, while reducing FCR, mortality and cecal E. coli and Salmonella spp. CONTENTS Thus, DMLP and DSMLP can be utilized as an alternative to antibiotics in broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Manirul Islam
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ju Yang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam 540-950, Republic of Korea
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Rahman M, Koh K. Effects of Formic Acid-Treated Shrimp Meal on Growth Performance and Nutrient Digestibility in Broilers. J Poult Sci 2016; 53:208-212. [PMID: 32908385 PMCID: PMC7477137 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0160015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to know the effect of formic acid-treated shrimp meal as a protein source on growth performance, digestibilities, and nitrogen (N) retention for broilers. Shrimp meal (SM) was treated with 3% formic acid (w/v) at room temperature for 20 minutes, sun-dried, ground through a 1.0 mm mesh screen, and then ready to use as the treated SM (TSM). Forty-two male broiler chicks (8 d old, Ross 308) were randomly divided into 7 dietary groups (6 birds each), namely control diet, diets containing 5, 10, and 15% of SM, and diets containing 5, 10, and 15% of TSM and offered diets till 35 d old. Final body weight, body weight gain and feed intake decreased significantly with increasing levels of SM in diets. Feed conversion ratio also decreased with increasing levels of the SM (P<0.05). Similar trend was observed in the TSM group, but the adverse effects of the TSM were milder in comparison to the SM group (P<0.05). Dry matter digestibility tended to decrease (P<0.05) with increasing levels of the SM but unchanged with increasing level of the TSM. Availability of ash decreased with increasing levels of the SM and TSM in diets (P<0.05). Although N retention decreased (P<0.05) with increasing level of the SM and TSM in diets but the decreasing trend was milder in the TSM groups than the SM groups. Moreover, chitin digestibility was significantly greater in the TSM groups than the SM groups. In conclusion, broilers received diets containing the TSM showed better growth performance along with improved nutrient digestibility and N retention which suggests that formic acid-treated SM can be used as a potential protein source in broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustanur Rahman
- Interdiciplineary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Katsuki Koh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Effect of Shrimp Meal Made of Heads of Black Tiger ( Penaeus monodon) and White Leg ( Litopenaeus vannamei) Shrimps on Growth Performance in Broilers. J Poult Sci 2016; 53:149-152. [PMID: 32908377 PMCID: PMC7477278 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0150008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to measure the growth performance in growing broilers given shrimp meal (SM) made of heads of black tiger (Penaeus monodon) (BT) and white leg (Litopenaeus vannamei) (WL) shrimps. Forty-two male broiler chicks (8 days old, Ross 308) were randomly divided into 7 dietary groups (control, 5% BT, 10% BT, 15% BT, 5% WL, 10% WL and 15% WL) having similar body weight (6 birds per diet). Metabolisable energy and CP were adjusted to about 3,180 kcal/kg and about 235 g/kg, respectively, and other nutrients were formulated to meet or slightly exceed the requirements. Diet and water were provided ad libitum during the experimental period (8 to 21 days old). The results revealed that body weight gain decreased in BT groups with increasing level of SM (P<0.05), and feed intake decreased slightly with increasing level of SM in diets. As the result, feed conversion ratio also deteriorated with increasing level of SM. Similar trend was observed in WL groups, but the adverse effects of SM were milder comparing with BT groups. Nitrogen retention in both BT and WL groups tended to decrease with increasing level of SM. Chitin digestibilities in WL groups were greater than the corresponding values in BT groups. In conclusion, it is suggested that WL heads can be more nutritious SM for broiler diets than BT heads.
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Bovera F, Loponte R, Marono S, Piccolo G, Parisi G, Iaconisi V, Gasco L, Nizza A. Use of larvae meal as protein source in broiler diet: Effect on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass and meat traits. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:639-47. [PMID: 27065134 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this research was to study the effect of insect meal from larvae ( larvae meal [TML]) as complete replacement of soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and carcass and meat traits of broilers. A total of eighty 30-d-old male Shaver brown broilers were homogenously divided into 2 groups (each consisting of 8 replicates of 5 birds). Up to 62 d of age, the groups were fed 2 isoproteic and isoenergetic diets differing for the ingredient used as the main protein source: the control group was fed a corn-SBM-based diet, whereas in the TML group, the SBM was completely replaced by TML. Broiler growth performance was measured during the trial. At 62 d of age, 2 broilers per replicate (16 per group) were slaughtered and apparent ileal digestibility coefficients and carcass and meat traits were determined. The use of TML as the main protein source in the broiler diet had no significant effect on most growth performance and carcass traits and chemical and physical properties of meat, the latter being important for marketing purposes. The feed conversion ratio in the entire experimental period (from 30 to 62 d) was improved in the TML group compared with the SBM group ( < 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of DM, OM, and CP in broilers fed the SBM diet were greater ( < 0.01) than the other group. The full digestive system in broilers fed SBM had a lower ( < 0.05) absolute and relative weight than that of broilers fed TML. Also, the weight and the percentage of the spleen in the SBM group were lower ( < 0.05) than those in the TML group. The length of the entire intestine in the group fed TML was greater ( < 0.05) than the other group and the same happened when intestinal length was expressed as percentage of broiler BW ( < 0.05). Among the different intestinal tracts, the ileum and ceca of broilers fed TML had a greater ( < 0.05) length than that of broilers fed SBM. Also, ceca weight (as an absolute value or percentage on live weight) in broilers fed TML was greater ( < 0.05) than that of broilers fed SBM. Breast pH and cooking losses in broilers fed TML were greater ( < 0.05) than those of broilers fed SBM. Chemical characteristic of meat obtained from right breast of slaughtered broilers were unaffected by dietary treatments. larvae meal can be a suitable alternative protein source for growing broilers and also when used as principal protein contributor to the diet.
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Nutritional Quality and <i>in vitro </i>Digestibility of Shrimp Meal Made of Heads and Hulls of Black Tiger (<i>Penaeus monodon</i>), White Leg (<i>Litopenaeus vannamei</i>) and Argentine Red (<i>Pleoticus muelleri</i>) Shrimps. J Poult Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0140002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Abstract
With a growing world population and increasingly demanding consumers, the production of sufficient protein from livestock, poultry, and fish represents a serious challenge for the future. Approximately 1,900 insect species are eaten worldwide, mainly in developing countries. They constitute quality food and feed, have high feed conversion ratios, and emit low levels of greenhouse gases. Some insect species can be grown on organic side streams, reducing environmental contamination and transforming waste into high-protein feed that can replace increasingly more expensive compound feed ingredients, such as fish meal. This requires the development of cost-effective, automated mass-rearing facilities that provide a reliable, stable, and safe product. In the tropics, sustainable harvesting needs to be assured and rearing practices promoted, and in general, the food resource needs to be revalorized. In the Western world, consumer acceptability will relate to pricing, perceived environmental benefits, and the development of tasty insect-derived protein products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 EH, The Netherlands.
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