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Rybicka A, Medel P, Carro MD, García J. Effect of dietary supplementation of two fiber sources differing on fermentability and hydration capacity on performance, nutrient digestibility and cecal fermentation in broilers from 1 to 42 d of age. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103957. [PMID: 38936073 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A total of 378 Cobb-500 male broilers were used to evaluate the effects of 2 fiber sources, differing in hydration capacity and fermentability, on gastrointestinal tract development, apparent ileal digestibility and performance from 1 to 42d of age. There were 9 replicates per each of the 3 dietary treatments, all in mash form: a wheat-soybean control (CON) diet, CON diet diluted with 1.5% of wood lignocellulose (LC diet) as a non-fermentable insoluble fiber with high hydration capacity; and CON diluted with 1.5% of a mixture of fibers (ISFC diet) containing both lignified insoluble fiber and a prebiotic soluble fiber fraction from fructooligosaccharides. Additionally, the fermentability of both fiber sources (LC and ISFC) was determined by in vitro using cecal inoculum from broilers fed the experimental diets. Both LC and ISFC treatments impaired by 4% feed conversion ratio only during the first 7d (P = 0.003) compared with CON group. In the grower period (21-42d), the ISFC group showed the best growth (P = 0.039), and at 42d tended to show the highest body weight (P = 0.095). This agrees well with the highest ileal dry matter (P = 0.033) and organic matter (P = 0.043) digestibility observed in ISFC group and the similar trend observed for ileal protein digestibility (P = 0.099) at 42d. Also, at 42 d, absolute and relative (% body weight) digestive tract weights (P ≤ 0.041) and empty gizzard weights (P ≤ 0.034) were greater for LC and ISFC groups compared to CON. The cecal molar proportion of valeratewas greatest in ISFC group (P = 0.039). In vitro gas production was higher for ISFC than for LC substrate when using either a diet-adapted or non-adapted cecal inoculum (P < 0.05). These results show the interest in combining IF with prebiotic highly fermentable fiber, such as fructooligosaccharides, in broilers to improve nutrient digestibility and finishing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rybicka
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - P Medel
- Innovabiotics, S.L. 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - M D Carro
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - J García
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Soltan MA, Shewita RS, Matroud OA, Alkeridis LA, Sayed S, Shukry M, El-Shobokshy SA. Lignocellulose and probiotic supplementation in broiler chicken diet: effect on growth performance, digestive health, litter quality, and genes expression. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103735. [PMID: 38652957 PMCID: PMC11063516 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Three hundred one-day-old Avian 48 broiler chicks were used to investigate the effect of lignocellulose (LC) and probiotic supplementation in broiler chicken diet on growth performance, digestive health, litter quality, and some gene expression. Experimental treatments consisted of 3 × 2 factorial arrangements with 3 levels of LC without or with probiotics to formulate 6 experimental groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were fed on the basal diet with dietary LC inclusion at 0, 0.5, and 1.0%, respectively, while groups 4, 5, and 6 were fed on the previously mentioned design with Bacillus subtilis at 100 gm/ton. The results revealed that Dietary LC inclusion nonsignificantly (P ≥ 0.05) reduced body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and feed intake. Meanwhile, B. subtilis supplementation improved BW and BWG and enhanced the effect of LC on the broilers' weight. The group fed a 0.5% LC and B. subtilis-supplemented diet recorded the best (P ≥ 0.05) BW, BWG, FCR, PER, EEU, and PI. LC and or B. subtilis supplementation improved carcass traits of broiler (higher dressing% with lower abdominal fat% compared with a control group), intestinal health, and absorptive capacity. LC potentiates the effect of B. subtilis supplementation in broilers' diet in modulating intestinal microflora (lowered (P ≥ 0.05) cecal Coliform and increased Lactobacillus counts), the highest Coliform counts were recorded in group fed 0.5 or 1.0% LC plus B. subtilis. LC at 0.5 or 1.0% and or B. subtilis supplementation reduced (P ≥ 0.05) litter moisture% at the 2nd, 4th, and 6th wk compared to the control group. Dietary inclusion of LC and or B. subtilis supplementation significantly (P < 0.001) up-regulated hepatic growth-related genes (growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin growth factor1 (IGF-1)) and antioxidant-related genes (superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) and uncoupling protein (UCP) and down-regulated (P < 0.001) splenic toll-like receptor 4 (TLRP) gene expression while had no significant effect on splenic interleukin 8 (IL8) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) with the best-obtained results with 1.0% followed by 0.5% LC with B. subtilis supplementation. We concluded that dietary LC and/or B. subtilis supplementation positively affected the growth performance, feed efficiency, carcass quality, intestinal absorptive capacity and health, litter quality and growth, and antioxidant and immune-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosaad A Soltan
- Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
| | - Ramdan S Shewita
- Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
| | - Omaima A Matroud
- Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
| | - Lamya Ahmed Alkeridis
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy Sayed
- Department of Economic Entomology and Pesticides, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; Department of Science and Technology, University College-Ranyah, Taif University, 21944 Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt.
| | - Set A El-Shobokshy
- Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21944, Egypt
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Naeem M, Burton EJ, Scholey DV, Alkhtib A, Broadberry S. Efficacy of maize differing in particle size in low-density protein diets fed to broilers from day 1 to 21 of age. Br Poult Sci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38787391 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2356655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the efficacy of maize differing in particle size in low-density protein diets on performance, the digestive tract and litter characteristics in broilers. Four dietary treatments; control commercial diet with a typical crude protein content 22.50% (CON); CON + 20% maize with particle size 350 µm (M350), crude protein 19.90%; CON + 20% maize with particle size 2600 µm (M2600), crude protein 19.90%); CON + 20% whole maize (WM), crude protein 19.90%, were fed ad libitum to broiler chicks up to 21 d of age.2. No differences in body weight gain, feed intake and FCR were found between the WM and CON. WM increased body weight gain compared to M350 and M2600. M350, M2600 and WM increased (p = 0.004) gizzard relative weight compared with CON on day 14. Both WM and M2600 reduced (p = 0.001) gastric isthmus diameter on d 14 and 21 compared with CON and M350.3. No differences were seen in mucosa for the Lamina propria and the extent of Tunica muscularis of gizzard on d 21 and ileum mucosal depth on d 14 between WM and CON diets. However, WM reduced villus-to-crypt ratio compared with CON on d 21. The M350 reduced (p < 0.05) gizzard digesta particle size compared with CON, M2600 and WM on d 14.4. Both WM and M350 decreased (p < 0.05) nitrogen excretion compared to birds fed CON. Feeding WM increased nitrogen efficiency compared with M350 and M2600 diets, but was similar to birds fed CON. Feeding M350, M2600 or WM decreased (p < 0.05) litter moisture and footpad dermatitis (FPD) scores compared with results from birds fed CON.5. Overall, diluting the protein level in broiler diets with whole maize appeared better than fine or coarse maize in terms of growth performance, digestive tract development, nitrogen excretion and litter parameters. This may lead to economic benefits by reducing grinding costs and dependence on rich protein resources contributing to sustainable meat production and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naeem
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
| | - E J Burton
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
| | - D V Scholey
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
| | - A Alkhtib
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
| | - S Broadberry
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
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Naeem M, Burton EJ, Scholey DV, Alkhtib A, Broadberry S. Use of wheat dilution to improve digestive function in broilers: application in low protein diets. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:144-153. [PMID: 38053490 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2023.2291487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
1. This study evaluated the effect of wheat dilution increasing in particle size in low crude protein diets on growth performance, digestive tract, nitrogen efficiency and litter quality in broiler chickens.2. Ross 308 male broiler chicks (n = 336) were allocated to one of four dietary treatments (each with 7 pens, 12 chicks per pen); Control (CON; commercial pellet diet with standard crude protein, CP: 22.50%), W578 (CON +20% wheat of geometric mean diameter (GMD) of 578 µm; CP: 20.25%), W1326 (CON +20% wheat of GMD 1326 µm; CP: 20.25%) and WW (CON +20% whole wheat, CP: 20.25%), from d 0 to 21 of age.3. Body weight gain was increased (P < 0.05) for birds fed CON compared to the low crude protein diets. However, WW increased (P < 0.05) body weight gain compared to W578 and W1326, while feed intake and feed conversion ratio on CON and WW were similar (P > 0.05). Birds fed W1326 showed the poorest (P < 0.05) FCR compared to CON, W578 and WW.4. Gizzard relative weight (g/kg body weight) was increased (P < 0.05) on WW compared to CON on d 14 and 21, whereas gastric isthmus diameter was significantly reduced on W1326 and WW compared with CON and W578.5. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the depth of gizzard mucosa of lamina propria between CON and WW at d 14 and 21. Birds fed WW increased (P < 0.05) gizzard tensile strength compared to W578 and W1326, whereas no difference was observed between WW and CON on d 14.6. No significant differences were seen for ileum villus height and mucosal layer between CON and WW on d 21, however, feeding CON increased the extent of the mucosal layer compared to W578 and W1326.7. Nitrogen excretion (g/kg BWG) was significantly lower (P > 0.05) on W1326 and WW compared with CON and W578. Litter nitrogen, moisture, and footpad scores significantly decreased (P < 0.05) for birds fed WW compared with CON.8. Diluting dietary protein content from 22.50 to 20.25% resulted in lower body weight gain in broilers. However, dilution with whole wheat resulted in comparable FCR, reduced nitrogen excretion, litter moisture and footpad dermatitis compared with a standard protein diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Naeem
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
| | - E J Burton
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
| | - D V Scholey
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
| | - A Alkhtib
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
| | - S Broadberry
- School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Southwell, UK
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Chen X, Luo C, Liu Y, Li T, Zhang H, Feng X. Effects of soyhulls with different particle size on the growth performance, blood indices and gut microbiota of yellow feather broilers. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:191-202. [PMID: 38416127 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2308276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of soyhulls with different particle sizes on the growth performance, blood indices and gut microbiota of yellow feather broilers.2. Total of 240 healthy, one-day-old, yellow feather broilers were randomly divided into four groups, with six pen replicates within each group and ten birds per pen. The control group birds were fed the basal diet (Control). For the treatment groups, 5% soyhulls with different particle sizes were included in the basal diet. The particle size geometric mean diameters (dgw) of the soyhulls in the three treatment groups were 299.69 μm (LowPS), 489.85 μm (MediumPS) and 734.83 μm (HighPS) with geometric standard deviation (Sgw) 1.75 μm, 1.62 μm and 1.67 μm, respectively.3. Results showed that the growth performance variables and organ indices were not different among the four groups. The MediumPS group had increased TG, T-CHO, ALT, HDL-C, and GSH-PX levels and decreased T-AOC levels, whereas LowPS and HighPS groups had increased HDL-C and GSH-PX levels (p < 0.05). Microbial diversity analysis showed that the intestinal microbiota of yellow feather broilers mainly included Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. Inclusion of 5% soyhulls with different particle size had no effect on alpha diversity indices of caecal microbiota. The HighPS group had significantly higher relative abundance of Firmicutes spp. and lower Bacteroidetes spp. compared with the LowPS and MediumPS group but this was not different from the Control group. The relative abundance of Cyanobacteria spp. was significantly higher in the HighPS group than the other three groups. LEfSe analysis showed that there were more enriched biomarker taxa in the groups with soyhulls than the control group.4. Overall, the inclusion of soyhulls with different particle sizes had limited effects on growth performance, blood indices and caecal microbiota composition of yellow feather broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - C Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Y Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - T Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - H Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - X Feng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Zaremba I, Grabowicz M, Biesek J. Effects of feeding silage of beet pulp or maize on the growth performance, meat quality, and production economics of broiler ducks. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103441. [PMID: 38232619 PMCID: PMC10827584 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to compare the growth, meat quality, and production economics of Cherry Valley broiler ducks fed with a commercial diet along with silage from beet pulp or maize. In this study, 180 male Cherry Valley ducks were reared for 49 d. The control group (group C) was fed a commercial diet ad libitum. The experimental groups were fed a restricted amount of commercial diet and ad libitum beet pulp silage (group B) or maize silage (group M). For all groups, the growth performance and meat quality were analyzed, and their production costs were estimated. The beneficial effects of feeding maize silage on the growth rate were observed on d 29 to 49 in group M; moreover, both experimental groups showed lower feed intake than group C (P < 0.05). The feed conversion ratio was lower in the first rearing stage and during the entire experimental period in groups B and M than that in group C. Group M showed a higher European Production Efficiency Factor and European Broiler Index than group C (P < 0.05). The relative weight of the liver was higher in group C than that in the experimental groups (P < 0.05). Group M showed a higher L* value of leg muscles than group C (P < 0.05). Water-holding capacity was higher in leg muscles from ducks fed with silages (P < 0.05). The experimental groups had lower costs of commercial diets. Higher costs were observed for maize silage than for beet pulp silage. Carcass sales yielded the highest profit for group M and the lowest one for group C. Compared with the control group, the silage-fed groups showed a higher estimated profit by PLN 7.94 to 10.68 per duck (P < 0.05). Based on the beneficial production results, notably lower feed conversion ratio, no negative effects on carcass characteristics, and lower production costs, especially maize or even beet pulp silage in broiler duck rearing, could be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Zaremba
- Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85-084, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grabowicz
- Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85-084, Poland
| | - Jakub Biesek
- Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz 85-084, Poland.
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Urban J, Michalczuk M, Batorska M, Marzec A, Jaroszek A, Bień D. Effect of crude fibre additives ARBOCEL and VITACEL on the physicochemical properties of granulated feed mixtures for broiler chickens. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:274-283. [PMID: 37946428 PMCID: PMC10766480 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties (nutrient composition, pH, water content and activity, sorption properties) and mechanical properties (compression force and energy) of granulated feed mixtures with various inclusion levels of crude fibre concentrates ARBOCEL and VITACEL for broiler chickens, i.e. +0.0% (control group - group C), +0.3%, +0.8%, +1.0%, +1.2%. METHODS The feed mixtures were analyzed for their physicochemical properties (nutrient composition by near-infrared spectroscopy, pH with the use a CP-401 pH meter with an IJ-44C glass electrode, water content was determined with the drying method and activity was determined with the Aqua Lab Series 3, sorption properties was determined with the static method) and mechanical properties (compression force and energy with the use TAHD plus texture analyzer). The Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model applied in the study correctly described the sorption properties of the analyzed feed mixtures in terms of water activity. RESULTS The fibre concentrate type affected the specific surface area of the adsorbent and equilibrium water content in the GAB monolayer (p≤0.05) (significantly statistical). The type and dose of the fibre concentrate influenced the dimensionless C and k parameters of the GAB model related to the properties of the monolayer and multilayers, respectively (p≤0.05). They also affected the pH value of the analyzed feed mixtures (p≤0.05). In addition, crude fibre type influenced water activity (p≤0.05) as well as compression energy (J) and compression force (N) (p≤0.001) (highly significantly statistical) of the feed mixtures. CONCLUSION The physicochemical analyses of feed mixtures with various inclusion levels (0.3%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%) of crude fiber concentrates ARBOCEL or VITACEL demonstrated that both crude fiber types may be used in the feed industry as a feedstuff material to produce starter type mixtures for broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Urban
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, 02–786,
Poland
| | - Monika Michalczuk
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, 02–786,
Poland
| | - Martyna Batorska
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, 02–786,
Poland
| | - Agata Marzec
- Department of Food Engineering and Process Management, Institute of Food Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, 02–776,
Poland
| | | | - Damian Bień
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, 02–786,
Poland
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Rybicka A, Del Pozo R, Carro D, García J. Effect of type of fiber and its physicochemical properties on performance, digestive transit time, and cecal fermentation in broilers from 1 to 23 d of age. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103192. [PMID: 37939589 PMCID: PMC10665933 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of insoluble fiber (IF) sources differing on particle size and hydration capacity (HC) on growth performance, gastrointestinal tract (GIT) development, cecal fermentation, and digestive transit time were investigated from 1 to 23 d of age in 550 Ross-308 broiler males housed in 50 cages. The experimental design was based on the administration of a common corn-soybean meal nonsupplemented with additional IF sources diet in mash form (Control), and 4 dietary treatments consisting in the Control diet diluted with 1.5% of different IF: lignocellulose (LC), fine-ground straw (FS) and coarse-ground straw (CS), all characterized by high HC; and almond shell (AS) having low HC. Cecal fermentation was assessed by in vitro fermentation of the IF sources using the cecal content of 22-day broilers as inoculum. Compared with control birds, the inclusion of IF sources tended to impair the FCR (P = 0.053), with birds fed the HC-IF sources (LC, FS, and CS) showing lower ADFI (P = 0.005) and ADG (P = 0.001) than those fed the AS diet. The relative weight of gizzard and cecum, small intestine length, and digestive transit time decreased in AS group (P ≤ 0.050) compared with the average value of the groups fed the other IF sources. The inclusion of IF reduced (P = 0.006) the excreta moisture content, with no differences among IF sources. Dietary treatments had no effect either on cecal short fatty acids concentration or on intestinal morphology. As indicated by the in vitro gas production results, both LC and AS were less fermented than FS and CS, although all IF sources were low fermentable. None of the IF sources were able to influence the fermentation capacity of cecal microbiota after 22 d of feeding. In summary, animals fed AS presented smaller gizzard and cecum relative size, showed higher ADFI and ADG, and tended to improve fed conversion ratio in comparison to those fed the rest of IF sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rybicka
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - R Del Pozo
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Carro
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J García
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Urban J, Jaworski S, Lange A, Bień D, Matuszewski A, Michalczuk M. Effects of the Addition of Crude Fibre Concentrate on Performance, Welfare and Selected Caecal Bacteria of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3883. [PMID: 38136920 PMCID: PMC10741125 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study evaluated the effects of crude fibre concentrate supplementation on final body weight, mortality, feed conversion ratio, European Production Efficiency Factor, European Broiler Index, welfare parameters, colony-forming units of selected caecal bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria) and pH of broiler faeces and litter. The study comprised 990 Ross 308 male chicks divided into three groups, a control and two experimental groups, which were given crude fibre concentrate as a feed supplement. On the thirty-fifth day of rearing, the birds' welfare scores were evaluated, and 2 g of cecum was collected post-mortem from six chickens in each group. Subsequently, a series of ten-fold dilutions of the material was prepared, followed by cultures and measurement of pH in the faeces and litter. The inclusion of crude fibre concentrate resulted in a beneficial impact on the ultimate body mass (p ≤ 0.001), welfare standard (p ≤ 0.001), and quantity of colony-forming units of lactic acid bacteria (p ≤ 0.05) within the cecum. Furthermore, it had a positive influence on lowering the pH levels of both faeces and litter (p ≤ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Urban
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (D.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Sławomir Jaworski
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.); (A.L.)
| | - Agata Lange
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (S.J.); (A.L.)
| | - Damian Bień
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (D.B.); (M.M.)
| | - Arkadiusz Matuszewski
- Department of Animal Environment Biology, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Monika Michalczuk
- Department of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland; (D.B.); (M.M.)
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Abdelrahman MM, Al-Baadani HH, Qaid MM, Al-Garadi MA, Suliman GM, Alobre MM, Al-Mufarrej SI. Using Natural Zeolite as a Feed Additive in Broilers' Diets for Enhancing Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Meat Quality Traits. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1548. [PMID: 37511923 PMCID: PMC10382045 DOI: 10.3390/life13071548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using natural zeolites as a food additive in poultry diets offers an intriguing perspective. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of zeolite addition and particle size on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, moisture of excreta and litter, and intestinal measurements during 35 days. METHODS A total of 560 1-day-old female Ross-308 broilers were divided into five treatment levels (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g zeolite/kg diet) (n = 16 replicates/treatment, n = 8 replicates /particle size of each treatment). Performance was calculated weekly. Carcass characteristics, meat quality, small intestine (SI) measurements, litter pH, and moisture content were determined on day 35. RESULTS Litter pH, breast redness, cooking loss, chewiness, total weight, and SI length were all affected by zeolite treatments (p < 0.05). Particle size had an impact on the gastric pH and texture analysis. Their interaction had an effect on color redness, litter pH, and cooking loss. Performance was unaffected by either the main or interaction effects. CONCLUSION Zeolite as a feed additive may be useful in broiler diets, particularly large particles. The performance and production efficiency factor improved numerically (p > 0.05) with increasing zeolite doses up to 10 g zeolite/kg diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutassim M Abdelrahman
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani H Al-Baadani
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Qaid
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged A Al-Garadi
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamaleldin M Suliman
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsen M Alobre
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud I Al-Mufarrej
- Animal Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Ducatelle R, Goossens E, Eeckhaut V, Van Immerseel F. Poultry gut health and beyond. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2023; 13:240-248. [PMID: 37168453 PMCID: PMC10164775 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal health is critically important for the digestion and absorption of nutrients and thus is a key factor in determining performance. Intestinal health issues are very common in high performing poultry lines due to the high feed intake, which puts pressure on the physiology of the digestive system. Excess nutrients which are not digested and absorbed in the small intestine may trigger dysbiosis, i.e. a shift in the microbiota composition in the intestinal tract. Dysbiosis as well as other stressors elicit an inflammatory response and loss of integrity of the tight junctions between the epithelial cells, leading to gut leakage. In this paper, key factors determining intestinal health and the most important nutritional tools which are available to support intestinal health are reviewed.
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Zhang C, Hao E, Chen X, Huang C, Liu G, Chen H, Wang D, Shi L, Xuan F, Chang D, Chen Y. Dietary Fiber Level Improve Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Immune and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers from Day 22 to 42. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071227. [PMID: 37048483 PMCID: PMC10093110 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There are few systematic studies on the dietary fiber requirements of broilers in the late feeding stage, and there are not enough data to support this hypothesis. This experiment was conducted to examine the effects of dietary fiber level on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune function and intestinal morphology of broilers from day 22 to 42. A total of 480 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers with half male and half female were randomly allocated into four groups, with eight replicates in each group and fifteen chickens in each replicate. The experimental period was 42 days. All broilers were fed a basal diet from 1 to 21 days. During the 22–42 day period, the four experimental groups were fed diets with soybean hulls as the fiber source, and crude fiber (CF) levels were 2%, 5%, 8% and 11%, respectively. The results showed that during the 29–42 day period, the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of broilers was higher in the 5% CF and 8% CF groups (p < 0.05), and during the 29–35 day period, the average daily gain (ADG) of broilers was higher and the ratio of feed and gain (F/G) of broilers was lower in the 5% CF and 8% CF groups (p < 0.05). The digestibility of crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), CF, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) was higher in broilers of the 8% CF group (p < 0.05). The immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) content of the plasma of broilers was higher in the 8% CF group (p < 0.05). The villus height (VH) of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of broilers was higher, and the crypt depth (CD) was lower in the 8% CF group than that in the 2% CF group (p < 0.05). The ratio of VH and CD (V/C) of the duodenum and jejunum of broilers in the 8% CF group was higher than that in the 2% CF group (p < 0.05). The quadratic regression analysis showed that the optimum dietary CF level was 7–9%. In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, a diet of 7–9% CF may promote growth performance by improving the nutrient digestibility, immunity and intestinal morphology of broilers from day 22 to 42.
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Wróblewska P, Hikawczuk T, Sierżant K, Wiliczkiewicz A, Szuba-Trznadel A. Effect of Oat Hull as a Source of Insoluble Dietary Fibre on Changes in the Microbial Status of Gastrointestinal Tract in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192721. [PMID: 36230460 PMCID: PMC9558962 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of the addition of oat hull (0−3%) and high amounts of cereal grains to the diet of broiler chickens in terms of the development of the upper gastrointestinal tract, individual microbial counts in the crop and ileum, and the effect of dietary fibre fractions on microbial changes from the beak to the ileum. In the 28 d trial, 162 one-day-old Hubbard Flex male chickens with an average body weight of 44.5 g were randomly allocated to 27 metabolic cages. The experiment consisted of a randomised, one factorial ANCOVA design composed of a covariate with two ANOVA factorial designs containing nine treatments (3 × 3): three sources of cereal grains (maize, wheat, and barley, with a minimum amount of 500 g · kg−1, each with nine replications) and three levels of oat hull (0, 1, and 3%, each with nine replications). At the end of the study, 81 chickens (9 in each treatment) were slaughtered to determine the weight of the individual organs and characterise the intestinal microbiota. The application of 3% oat hull to the cereal diets increased the weight of the proventriculus and the gizzard (6.3 and 27.3 g, respectively) in comparison to diets without the addition of this structural component (6.0 and 23.7 g). Higher crop counts of total aerobic microbes (6.29 log CFU · g−1) and Lactobacillus spp. (4.05 log CFU · g−1) were observed in diets containing wheat grain compared with maize (4.62 and 3.55 log CFU · g−1, respectively). The main reason for the microorganism’s growth (p < 0.05) was the amount of soluble dietary fibre and hemicelluloses present in the diet: total aerobic microbial count (respectively r = 0.918 and r = 0.816) and Lactobacillus spp. (respectively r = 0.416 and r = 0.442). Barley diets decreased (p < 0.05) E. coli counts in the ileum (2.69 log CFU · g−1) vs. maize and wheat diets (3.41 and 3.45 log CFU · g−1, respectively), mainly due to the increase in the amount of insoluble dietary fibre in the diet (r = −0.462). Reduced total yeast and mould counts in the ileum were also observed (p < 0.05) in connection with the presence of soluble dietary fibre and hemicelluloses in diets (r = −0.397 and −0.398, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Wróblewska
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 c Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Hikawczuk
- Statistical Analysis Centre, Wroclaw Medical University, 2-6 Marcinkowskiego Street, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kamil Sierżant
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 c Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wiliczkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 c Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Szuba-Trznadel
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 38 c Chełmońskiego Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-320-53-86
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Effects of corn particle size on growth performance, gastrointestinal development, carcass indices and intestinal microbiota of broilers. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102205. [PMID: 36370669 PMCID: PMC9664518 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different corn particle sizes on growth performance, gastrointestinal development, carcass processing yields and intestinal microbiota of caged broilers. One-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into 8 treatments with 10 replicates per treatment and 30 birds per replicate pen. The experiment lasted 37 d. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The results showed as follows: birds fed diets with the FG corn between d 1 and 13 and CG corn between d14 to 37 had increased body weight, daily gain, and feed intake (P < 0.05). Birds fed diets with CG corn between d 24 to 37 had a heavier relative weight of gizzard at d 38 (P < 0.05). Birds fed diets with FG corn from d 1 to 13 and the CG corn from d 14 to 37 had a higher carcass yield and a relative thigh weight at d 38 (P < 0.05). The intestinal microbiota was significantly affected by different corn particle sizes. The relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae was significantly decreased, whereas that of Peptostreptococcaceae was increased (P < 0.05) in birds fed with the CG corn between d1 to 37. The relative abundance of Acinetobacter was significantly increased in birds fed the FG corn between d1 to 37 (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the use of FG corn in the starter phase and CG corn in the grower and finisher phases was beneficial to growth performance, gastrointestinal development and intestinal microbial structure of broilers reared in cages.
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15
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Liebl M, Gierus M, Potthast C, Schedle K. Influence of Insoluble Dietary Fibre on Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Marker Genes in Caecum, Ileal Morphology, Performance, and Foot Pad Dermatitis in Broiler. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162069. [PMID: 36009659 PMCID: PMC9404941 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a low-fibre diet destined for broilers, the effects of two lignocellulose products and soybean hulls were evaluated regarding their effect on ileal morphometric parameters, caecal gene expression, foot pad dermatitis, and performance. A total of 5040-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were allotted to four treatments and fattened for 36 days applying a three-phase feeding program. The control diet consisted of corn, wheat, and soybean meal. Experimental diets were supplemented with 0.8% lignocellulose product 1, 0.8% lignocellulose product 2, or 1.6% soybean hulls. Tissue samples for caecal expression of inflammation-related genes and ileal morphometries were collected on day 21. Gizzard pH and weights were recorded, and foot pad scores were evaluated at day of slaughter (day 36). In starter (day 1−10) and finisher phase (day 28−36), no effect on the performance was observed. In grower phase (day 11−27), fibre-supplemented diets showed significantly heavier body weights and daily weight gains (p < 0.05). Daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and gene expression analysis were unaffected by dietary fibre supplementation. Positive effects regarding ileal morphometrics (higher villi) and foot pad health occurred in fibre-supplemented diets. In conclusion, fibre supplementation improved performance in grower phase and showed beneficial effects regarding ileal morphology and foot pad dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Liebl
- FFoQSI GmbH, Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products and Nutrition Physiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Gierus
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products and Nutrition Physiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karl Schedle
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Products and Nutrition Physiology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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16
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Kumar A, Toghyani M, Kheravii SK, Pineda L, Han Y, Swick RA, Wu SB. Organic acid blends improve intestinal integrity, modulate short-chain fatty acids profiles and alter microbiota of broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 8:82-90. [PMID: 34977378 PMCID: PMC8669248 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Controlling enteric diseases of broilers is crucial. Among many additives, organic acids (OA) and their blends are gaining attention to combat diseases in the post-antibiotic era. The current study evaluated the potentials of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) blends and/or phenolic compounds on intestinal integrity, intestinal pH, caecal microbiota, and caecal SCFA profiles of broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. The additives used were: (A) a blend of SCFA, MCFA, and a phenolic compound (SMP), (B) a blend of free and buffered SCFA with MCFA (SMF), and (C) a blend of free and buffered SCFA with a high concentration of MCFA (SHM). A total of 1,404 male parental chicks of Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to 78 floor pens on hatching day with 6 treatments replicated 13 times with 18 birds per pen. The treatments were: UCC, unchallenged control; CHC, challenged control; BAC, challenged group plus zinc bacitracin; SMP, challenged group plus additive SMP; SMF, challenged group plus additive SMF; SHM, challenged group plus additive SHM. Birds were challenged with field-strain Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14. Birds challenged with NE increased fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d) concentration in serum, reduced acetate and butyrate concentrations, and increased Bacteroides and C. perfringens load in the caeca (P < 0.05). Birds fed additives decreased FITC-d from gut to serum, reduced Bacteroides (d 16, P < 0.05) and numerically reduced C. perfringens load compared to CHC group. Birds fed additive SHM had higher concentrations of acetate and butyrate (d 21, P < 0.05) than CHC group but were not different from SMP and SMF groups. All the additives exhibited similar intestinal protection against NE compared to the BAC group indicated by FITC-d concentration in serum, acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations in the caeca, and caecal bacterial loads except for the C. perfringens (P > 0.05). The SMP group had a higher load compared to BAC (P < 0.05). These findings suggest the promising effects of OA blends as alternatives to BAC to ameliorate the impact of NE challenge of broilers as indicated by improved intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Mehdi Toghyani
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Lane Pineda
- Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811, MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yanming Han
- Trouw Nutrition R & D, Stationsstraat 77, 3811, MH, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Robert A. Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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Dao HT, Sharma NK, Barekatain R, Kheravii SK, Bradbury EJ, Wu SB, Swick RA. Supplementation of reduced protein diets with l-arginine and l-citrulline for broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis. 2. Intestinal permeability, microbiota, and short-chain fatty acid production. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Desbruslais A, Wealleans A, Gonzalez-Sanchez D, di Benedetto M. Dietary fibre in laying hens: a review of effects on performance, gut health and feather pecking. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1960236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Kumar A, Kheravii SK, Ionescu C, Blanchard A, Barekatain R, Bajagai YS, Wu SB. A Microencapsulated Mixture of Eugenol and Garlic Tincture Supplementation Mitigates the Effect of Necrotic Enteritis on Intestinal Integrity and Increases Goblet Cells in Broilers. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1451. [PMID: 34361887 PMCID: PMC8303895 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the effects of a plant extract mixture, a microencapsulated product composed of eugenol and garlic tincture (PE), on intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 960 d-old mixed-sex Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed to 48-floor pens housing 20 birds per pen. Six treatments were applied: UC, unchallenged control; CC, challenged control; PE, challenged group plus PE; AM, challenged group plus antimicrobial (AM); FAP, challenged group plus a full dose of AM with PE; HAP, challenged group plus a half dose of AM with PE in starter, grower and finisher phases. Birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridiumperfringens on d 14. On d 16, the CC group had increased serum fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FITC-d), reduced villus surface area, goblet cell number, upregulated CLDN1, JAM2 genes and reduced microbial diversity compared to the UC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed PE had reduced FITC-d, increased goblet cell number and Bifidobacterium compared to the CC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed PE had reduced CLDN5 expression in male birds, and Bacteroides spp. in female birds than CC group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that PE supplementation mitigates the effect of NE by improving the intestinal health of birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Sarbast K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Catherine Ionescu
- ADMi|Pancosma SA, A-One Business Center, La Piece 3, CH-1180 Rolle, Switzerland; (C.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Blanchard
- ADMi|Pancosma SA, A-One Business Center, La Piece 3, CH-1180 Rolle, Switzerland; (C.I.); (A.B.)
| | - Reza Barekatain
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia;
| | - Yadav S. Bajagai
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia;
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
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Lignocellulose as an insoluble fiber source in poultry nutrition: a review. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:82. [PMID: 34140038 PMCID: PMC8212492 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00594-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research in recent years into the use of various fiber sources in poultry nutrition has led to the perception that dietary fiber is more than a simple diet diluent. Several studies showed that the feeding of insoluble fiber sources such as oat hulls, sunflower hulls or wood shavings may affect digestive physiology and function improving chickens health and growth performance. In this context, the effect of lignocellulose as an insoluble dietary fiber source is increasingly being investigated. Lignocellulose is a component of plant cell walls and consists mainly of the insoluble carbohydrate polymers cellulose and hemicelluloses as well as the phenolic polymer lignin. Lignocellulose is chemically and physicochemically different from other insoluble fiber sources and thus possibly has different effects on poultry compared to traditional fiber sources. Several studies investigated the effect of dietary lignocellulose on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal tract development and intestinal microbiota in broilers and laying hens. Studies differed in terms of feed formulation and lignocellulose inclusion level as well as products of different suppliers were used. The results obtained are inconsistent; beneficial, indifferent or detrimental effects of feeding lignocellulose were observed, so that a final assessment of lignocellulose as a “novel” insoluble fiber source is difficult. This review article summarizes the results of studies in connection with the feeding of lignocellulose to poultry, compares them with those that have used other insoluble fiber sources and illuminates the possible mechanisms of action.
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21
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Wang J, Wu C, Kong F, Kim W. Effect of almond hulls on the growth performance, body composition, digestive tract weight, and liver antioxidant capacity of broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Kumar A, Kheravii SK, Li L, Wu SB. Monoglyceride Blend Reduces Mortality, Improves Nutrient Digestibility, and Intestinal Health in Broilers Subjected to Clinical Necrotic Enteritis Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1432. [PMID: 34067698 PMCID: PMC8156546 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the potential of monoglyceride blend (MG) and buffered formic acid (FA) as alternatives to antibiotics in the performance and intestinal health of broilers under clinical necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 544 as-hatched Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly distributed to 32-floor pens housing 17 birds per pen. The four treatments were: NC-non-additive control; ZBS-antibiotic group supplemented with zinc bacitracin and salinomycin; MG-additive MG supplementation in the starter phase only; and MGFA-additive MG in starter phase and FA in grower and finisher phases. All birds were challenged with Eimeria spp. and Clostridium perfringens. Results showed that the NC group had lower BWG and higher FCR than the ZBS group in the grower and overall period (p < 0.05). The NC group had higher NE-caused mortality (days 14 to 17) than the ZBS group (p < 0.05). Birds fed MG had lower NE-caused mortality than the NC group (p < 0.05). Birds fed MG had upregulated jejunal tight junction protein1 (TJP1) and immunoglobulin (IgG) on day 16 and improved gross energy digestibility on day 24 than the NC group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that supplementation of MG may improve intestinal health and protect birds from clinical NE occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alip Kumar
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Sarbast K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
| | - Lily Li
- BASF Animal Nutrition, Asia Pacific, 7 Temasek Boulevard, Singapore 038987, Singapore;
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; (A.K.); (S.K.K.)
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Marx F, Massuquetto A, Bassi L, Krabbe E, Rocha C, Oliveira S, Maiorka A. Different soybean meal particle sizes on growth performance, nutrient ileal digestibility, digestible energy, and carcass yield of broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gharib-Naseri K, Kheravii SK, Li L, Wu SB. Buffered formic acid and a monoglyceride blend coordinately alleviate subclinical necrotic enteritis impact in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101214. [PMID: 34186268 PMCID: PMC8254116 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 2 different doses of a partially buffered formic acid product (Amasil NA; 61% formic acid, 20.5% sodium formate), and a monoglyceride blend of short- and medium-chain fatty acids (BalanGut LS P) on necrotic enteritis (NE) infected broilers in terms of performance, intestinal microbial population and short-chain fatty acids concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract. A total of 528-day-old as hatched Ross 308 broilers were allocated to 48 pens with 11 birds in each pen. Six dietary treatments applied in the study were: T1) nonsupplemented diet (Control); T2) antibiotic supplemented diets; T3) and T4) high (Starter: 0.5%; Grower and Finisher: 0.5%) and low (Starter: 0.3%; Grower and Finisher: 0.2%) dose of Amasil NA; and groups T5) and T6) high (Starter: 0.3%; Grower and Finisher: 0.2%) and low dose (Starter: 0.3%; Grower: 0.15%; Finisher: 0.075%) of (BalanGut LS P). All birds in this study were fed starter (d 0-10), grower (d 11-24) and finisher (d 25-35) diets and challenged with NE. To induce subclinical NE, oral administrations of Eimeria oocysts (d 9) followed by inoculation of Clostridium perfringens strains (d 14 and 15) were applied. Results showed that birds fed the high dose of Amasil NA, had a higher feed conversion ratio (FCR,P < 0.05) compared to the nonsupplemented group during the starter period. Antibiotic supplementation reduced FCR during the grower (P < 0.001), finisher (P < 0.05) and overall (P < 0.001) periods of the experiment. Both levels of BalanGut LS P and low levels of Amasil NA enhanced overall FCR (P < 0.05) compared to the birds in the nonsupplemented group. Compared to the nonsupplemented group, high levels of Amasil NA and low levels of BalanGut LS P improved FCR in the finisher stage (P < 0.05). On d 16, cecum digesta of birds fed with antibiotic supplemented diets showed a significantly lower number of C. perfringens (P < 0.001) compared to the nonsupplemented and high level of BalanGut LS P group. Bacillus (P < 0.01) and Ruminococcus numbers were significantly lower in the birds fed with high level of Amasil NA (P < 0.05) compared to the antibiotic supplemented diets. High doses of Amasil NA, showed the highest propionate concentration in the cecum (P < 0.001). The study suggests that supplementation of BalanGut LS P and Amasil NA at different feeding phases may achieve optimal performance improvement in broilers under NE challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Gharib-Naseri
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Lily Li
- BASF Animal Nutrition, Asia Pacific, Singapore
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Moradi S, Moradi A, Atabaigi Elmi V, Reza Abdollahi M. Interactive effect of corn particle size and insoluble fiber source on performance, nutrient utilization and intestine morphology in broilers fed pelleted diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 105:1113-1126. [PMID: 33847001 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effects of corn particle size and dietary fibre on the performance, coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and intestinal characteristics in broiler starters fed pelleted diets were studied. The experiment included 10 treatments arranged as a 2 × 5 factorial with two corn particle sizes (GMD of 1071 [CGC] vs. 534 [FGC]) and five diets that consisted in a low-fibre diet and four extra diets resulting from the inclusion of insoluble fibre sources (10 g/kg of lignocellulose (LC), and 30 g/kg of oat hulls; OH, rice hulls; RH, and sunflower hulls; SFH). In coarse grinding, all-fibre sources improved body weight gain and feed intake compared to the control diet (p < 0.01). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with fibre supplementation (p < 0.01) and fine grinding of corn (FGC) (p < 0.01). Coarse grinding of corn (CGC) and inclusion of RH, SFH and OH reduced gizzard pH (p < 0.01). Fibre inclusion increased ileal fat and Ca digestibility (p < 0.01), gizzard weight (p < 0.01), digesta transit time (p < 0.01) and length of duodenum and small intestine (p < 0.01). The CAID of phosphorus increased in CGC fed birds and inclusion of RH, SFH and OH (p < 0.05). The weight of gizzard, proventriculus and pancreas (p < 0.01) was greater in CGC fed birds. Feeding SFH, RH and OH (p < 0.01), and CGC (p < 0.01) increased the villus height (VH) of the duodenum. The OH, RH and SFH supplementation increased the caecal population of Lactobacillus spp. and total anaerobic bacteria (p < 0.01) only in FGC fed birds. Overall, birds fed pelleted diets containing RH, OH and SFH (3%) exhibited improved performance, and increased nutrient digestibility, which may be caused by developed gizzards and intestine. Furthermore, coarse grinding of corn is beneficial to gizzard development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Arash Moradi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Vahid Atabaigi Elmi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Sun X, Cui Y, Su Y, Gao Z, Diao X, Li J, Zhu X, Li D, Li Z, Wang C, Shi Y. Dietary Fiber Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Intestinal Barrier Function Damage in Piglets by Modulation of Intestinal Microbiome. mSystems 2021; 6:e01374-20. [PMID: 33824201 PMCID: PMC8547013 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01374-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning of piglets is accompanied by intestinal inflammation, impaired intestinal barrier function, and intestinal microflora disorder. Regulating intestinal microflora structure can directly or indirectly affect intestinal health and host growth and development. However, whether dietary fiber (DF) affects the inflammatory response and barrier function by affecting the intestinal microflora and its metabolites is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of intestinal microflora in relieving immune stress and maintaining homeostasis using piglets with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal injury as a model. DF improved intestinal morphology and barrier function, inhibited the expression of inflammatory signal pathways (Toll-like receptor 2 [TLR2], TLR4, and NF-κB) and proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β [IL-1β], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]), and upregulated the expression of barrier-related genes (encoding claudin-1, occludin, and ZO-1). The contents of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and the activity of diamine oxidase in plasma were decreased. Meanwhile, DF had a strong effect on the composition and function of intestinal microflora at different taxonomic levels, the relative abundances of cellulolytic bacteria and anti-inflammatory bacteria were increased, and the concentrations of propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in intestinal contents were increased. In addition, the correlation analysis also revealed the potential relationship between metabolites and certain intestinal microflora, as well as the relationship between metabolites and intestinal morphology, intestinal gene expression, and plasma cytokine levels. These results indicate that DF improves intestinal barrier function, in part, by altering intestinal microbiota composition and increasing the synthesis of SCFAs, which subsequently alleviate local and systemic inflammation.IMPORTANCE Adding DF to the diet of LPS-challenged piglets alleviated intestinal and systemic inflammation, improved intestinal barrier function, and ultimately alleviated the growth retardation of piglets. In addition, the addition of DF significantly increased the relative abundance of SCFA-producing bacteria and the production of SCFAs. We believe that the improvement of growth performance of piglets with LPS-induced injury can be attributed to the beneficial effects of DF on intestinal microflora and SCFAs, which reduced the inflammatory response in piglets, improving intestinal barrier function and enhancing body health. These research results provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the use of specific fiber sources in the diet to improve intestinal health and growth performance of piglets and thus alleviate weaning stress. Our data also provide insights for studying the role of DF in regulating gastrointestinal function in human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingying Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zimin Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinying Diao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ju Li
- Henan Yinfa Animal Husbandry Co., Xinzheng, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhentian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou, China
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Role of Dietary Fiber in Poultry Nutrition. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020461. [PMID: 33572459 PMCID: PMC7916228 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dietary fiber is an inherent compound found in common vegetables that are fed to broiler chickens. Fiber has the ability to scape digestion and absorption in the small intestine, which makes it able to affect the way other nutrients are absorbed and metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract. The functionality attributed to fiber varies based on chemical and physical structure, and most of the time, it is hard to make a clear differentiation among attributes due to the complexity of carbohydrates found in common feedstuffs. Data on the effect of dietary fiber have been gaining importance due to the use of grains for ethanol production and the search for feed alternatives that could help in sustainable and cost-effective broiler production. Therefore, it is paramount to integrate the current knowledge on the nutritional and physiological attributes of dietary fiber in poultry diets to be able to make correct use of fibrous feedstuffs. Abstract Dietary fiber (DF) is an intrinsic component in plant feedstuffs that has been associated with physiological, structural, and functional changes in the gastrointestinal tract. DF is composed of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), oligosaccharides, and lignin that scape digestion and enzymatic hydrolysis. In general terms, fiber can be classified as insoluble or soluble based on their solubility in water. Both fiber types have direct nutritional implications in broiler diets. Inclusion of insoluble DF in broiler diets modulates intestinal morphology, digestive organ development, nutrient absorption, growth performance, and intestinal microbiota. Soluble DF is thought to increase intestinal viscosity and is associated with negative changes in intestinal microflora and reduction in nutrient absorption. Nevertheless, there is a group of soluble fibers, integrated by oligosaccharides, that function as prebiotics positively modulating intestinal microbiota. Due to the changes in chemical structure and subsequent variation in functionality, it is a difficult task to assign clear attributes to DF as a whole. Therefore, the following review paper compiles data from research conducted using DF and tries to unify such information into practical decisions to be considered when using DF as a functional nutrient in poultry nutrition.
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Effects of Dietary Fiber on Nutrients Utilization and Gut Health of Poultry: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010181. [PMID: 33466662 PMCID: PMC7828824 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The inclusion of agricultural co-products has been increased to utilize the nutrients in these products available at low cost, but inherently, it adds a high dietary fiber content in the poultry diets. The use of exogenous feed enzymes along with advancements in feed milling, feed formulation, and processing of these non-conventional ingredients to improve their digestibility and utilization have played an emphatic role in boosting their use globally. Despite such developments, the presence of a high level of dietary fibers (DF) acting in an anti-nutritive manner still poses challenges in poultry feeding. Various isolated forms of fiber or feed enzymes to break DF into fermentable substrates are being used extensively to provide potential prebiotics to support beneficial gut microbiota or probiotics to improve the gut health of poultry raised without antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). This review reports and discusses the existing challenges in feeding high-DF feed ingredients to poultry and the opportunities that are available to improve the nutritive value of such non-conventional feed ingredients by adopting various technologies. Abstract Many fibrous ingredients incorporated in poultry feed to reduce production costs have low digestibility and cause poor growth in poultry. However, all plant-based fibers are not equal, and thus exert variable physiological effects on the birds, including but not limited to, digestibility, growth performance, and microbial fermentation. Several types of fibers, especially oligosaccharides, when supplemented in poultry diets in isolated form, exhibit prebiotic effects by enhancing beneficial gut microbiota, modulating gut immunity, boosting intestinal mucosal health, and increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the gut. Recently, poultry producers are also facing the challenge of limiting the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry feed. In addition to other alternatives in use, exogenous non-starch polysaccharides digesting enzymes (NSPase) and prebiotics are being used to provide substrates to support the gut microbiome. We also conducted a meta-analysis of different studies conducted in similar experimental conditions to evaluate the variability and conclusiveness in effects of NSPase on growth performance of broilers fed fibrous ingredients. This review presents a holistic approach in discussing the existing challenges of incorporating high-fiber ingredients in poultry feed, as well as strategies to fully utilize the potential of such ingredients in improving feed efficiency and gut health of poultry.
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Dias AN, Reis TÚL, Quintero JCP, Calixto LFL. Fiber levels in laying quail diets. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20190650. [PMID: 32876139 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020190650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to determine the effect of inclusion levels of dietary fiber in the Japanese quail diets. 480 Japanese quail were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 5 treatments and 12 replicates composed of 8 birds each. The treatments were constituted by five increasing levels of fiber in the diet: 2.78; 3.08; 3.38; 3.68; 3.98%. The parameters of productive performance, water consumption, egg quality, total lipids in the egg, excreta humidity, weight of digestive organs and intestinal morphology were evaluated. There was no significant effect of the use of different fiber levels on feed intake, egg production, viability, live weight, relative and absolute weight of gizzard, small intestine and cecum, and in excreta moisture of Japanese quais. Higher dietary fiber levels resulted in improvements in feed conversion per mass and per dozen eggs and higher water consumption. There was no significant difference for egg quality, except fot the color of the yolk where it was observed higher pigmentation of this structure with higher levels of fiber inclusion, and the lipid concentration in the buds was influenced in a quadratic manner. The inclusion of fiber promoted improvement in the villi of the duodenum and cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - TÚlio L Reis
- Coordenadoria de Extensão, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Ligia F L Calixto
- Departamento de Produção Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
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Zanu HK, Kheravii SK, Morgan NK, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Over-processed meat and bone meal and phytase effects on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: Part 1. Performance, intestinal lesions and pH, bacterial counts and apparent ileal digestibility. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:313-324. [PMID: 33005765 PMCID: PMC7503067 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This feeding study investigated the hypothesis that over-processing of meat and bone meal (MBM) would impair the performance, gut health and ileal digestibility of nutrients in birds challenged with necrotic enteritis (NE). The effect of phytase (500 vs. 5,000 FTU/kg) was also examined using manufacturers recommended matrix values for 500 FTU for both levels. Ross 308 male broilers (n = 768) were assigned to 8 diets, with 6 replicate pens per diet and 16 birds per replicate pen using a randomized design with a factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors were NE challenge (no or yes), MBM (as received or over-processed), and phytase level (500 or 5,000 FTU/kg). Half of the birds were challenged with 5,000 oocysts of field strains of Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria brunetti, and 2,500 oocysts of Eimeria maxima on d 9 and 108 CFU/mL of Clostridium perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on d 14 and 15 post-hatch. Challenge × MBM interactions were detected for weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI) at d 14, 21 and 28, showing that challenged birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased WG (P < 0.05) and FI (P < 0.05) at d 14, increased FCR (P < 0.05) at d 21 and decreased WG (P < 0.05) and FI (P > 0.05) at d 28. Birds fed low phytase had increased livability (P < 0.05) at d 42. The challenge increased the prevalence and severity of NE induced lesions in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and ileum (P < 0.05). The birds fed over-processed MBM had decreased pH in the jejunum (P < 0.05) and ileum (P < 0.05) at d 16. High phytase increased apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of Ca (P < 0.05) and P (P < 0.05), and over-processed MBM increased AID of carbon (C; P < 0.05) and Ca (P < 0.05) at d 29. The challenge increased the caecal counts of Lactobacillus spp. (P < 0.05) and C. perfringens (P < 0.05) at d 16. The results indicated that supplementation of diets with high phytase reduces the negative impact on performance from over-processed MBM during NE as a result of increased nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holy K. Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Sarbast K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Natalie K. Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | | | - Robert A. Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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31
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Pourazadi Z, Salari S, Tabandeh MR, Abdollahi MR. Effect of particle size of insoluble fibre on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility and caecal microbial population in broiler chickens fed barley-containing diets. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:734-745. [PMID: 32696668 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1799329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of particle size of insoluble fibre on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and caecal microbial population in broiler chickens fed barley-containing diets. 2. The dietary treatments included: a barley-based diet (control, CTL) or test diets which contained high-fibre ingredients, either sunflower hulls (SFH), sugarcane bagasse (SB) or wheat bran (WB) ground through a 1.0 (fine) or 3.0 mm (coarse) screen that were added to the control diet at 30 g/kg. 3. For the entire experimental period, insoluble fibre inclusion improved ADG (P < 0.05) and FCR (P < 0.05) compared to the CTL group. Broilers fed SFH had higher (P < 0.05) ADG and better (P < 0.05) FCR than broilers fed SB. 4. Fibre inclusion increased the relative weight of breast and thigh and decreased relative weight of liver compared to the CTL group, but coarse grinding of the SB decreased relative weight of abdominal fat (P < 0.05). 5. The digestibility of nutrients increased with dietary inclusion of insoluble fibre compared to the CTL group. Coarse grinding of SFH increased AID of crude protein compared to the coarse grinding of WB or SB. Fine grinding of various types of fibre improved the AID of fat (as ether extract) and organic matter (P < 0.05). 6. Fine grinding of the WB decreased caecal populations of E. coli. The inclusion of SFH increased caecal populations of Lactobacillus spp. (P < 0.05). Coarse grinding of various types of fibre decreased the caecal population of coliforms (P < 0.05). 7. The inclusion of WB increased digesta viscosity in the ileum compared to samples from the SB and SFH groups (P < 0.05). Coarse grinding of various types of fibre decreased the digesta viscosity in the ileum (P < 0.05). 8. Overall, the data showed that dietary inclusion of insoluble fibre improved growth performance, increased AID of nutrients and decreased ileal viscosity in the birds fed diets containing barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pourazadi
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan , Ahvaz, Iran
| | - S Salari
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan , Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M R Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz , Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Röhe I, Metzger F, Vahjen W, Brockmann GA, Zentek J. Effect of feeding different levels of lignocellulose on performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta dry matter, and intestinal microbiota in slow growing broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5018-5026. [PMID: 32988538 PMCID: PMC7598307 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose is a constituent of plant cell walls and might be used as a fiber source in poultry nutrition. The current study investigated the impact of increasing dietary levels of lignocellulose on performance, nutrient digestibility, excreta DM, intestinal microbiota, and bacterial metabolites in slow growing broilers. At an age of 10 wk, 60 male broilers of an intercross line (New Hampshire × White Leghorn) were allocated to cages and fed isoenergetic and isonitrogenous diets containing 0.8% (LC1), 5% (LC2), or 10% (LC3) lignocellulose. After 23 D of feeding, broilers were killed and digesta samples of ileum and excreta analyzed for nutrient digestibility and DM. Cecal contents were analyzed for microbial composition and metabolites. Broiler performance was not affected by feeding dietary lignocellulose. LC3 fed broilers showed reduced ileal digestibility of protein compared to chickens fed LC1 (P = 0.003). Moreover, increasing levels of dietary lignocellulose reduced apparent digestibility of organic matter and gross energy (P < 0.001). Feeding of lignocellulose had no impact on the excreta DM of broilers. Increasing levels of dietary lignocellulose lowered cecal counts of Escherichia/Hafnia/Shigella (P = 0.029) and reduced the total concentration of short-chain fatty acids (P < 0.001), lactate (P < 0.05), and ammonia (P = 0.009). The molar ratio of cecal acetic acid was higher in LC3 fed broilers (P < 0.001), while the proportions of cecal propionic acid and n-butyric acid were higher in LC1 and LC2 fed chickens (P < 0.001). Correlation analyses indicated that dietary lignocellulose was negatively related to the total concentration of cecal bacterial metabolites (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the feeding of lignocellulose did not affect growth performance, but impaired nutrient digestibility of slow growing broilers. While minor changes in cecal microbial composition were detected, cecal bacterial metabolite concentrations were significantly reduced with increasing levels of dietary lignocellulose. These findings suggest that lignocellulose is not extensively degraded by bacteria residing in the large intestine of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Röhe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - F Metzger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Vahjen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - G A Brockmann
- Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute for Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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33
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Almeida AZ, Eyng C, Nunes RV, Broch J, de Souza C, Sangalli GG, Tenório KI. Carcass characteristics and meat quality of slow-growing broilers fed diets containing dry residue of cassava, with or without the addition of carbohydrases. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:2677-2685. [PMID: 32472283 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the carcass and portion yield and meat quality of slow-growing broilers fed diets with increasing levels of dry residue of cassava (DRC), with or without the addition of carbohydrases. A total of 1100 Label Rouge male broilers were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 5 factorial design (with or without the addition of carbohydrases and five levels of DRC [0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0%]), with five replicates and 22 birds per experimental unit. No interaction (P > 0.05) was observed between enzyme addition and DRC levels for the carcass yield, portion yield (back, legs, wings, breast), or abdominal fat variables. There was an interaction (P < 0.05) between the addition of enzyme and DRC on breast pH 15 min post-mortem and the a* intensity of the breast in a colorimetry test. There was a quadratic effect on b* intensity independent of adding enzymes, with the lowest intensity predicted at 8.89% DRC. Regarding feet color, increasing DRC supplementation (independent of enzyme supplementation) led to an increase and decrease in L* and b* intensity, respectively (P < 0.05). Moreover, there was a quadratic effect on a* intensity, with a lower level of intensity predicted at 6.93% DRC (P < 0.05), regardless of the inclusion of enzymes. The inclusion of up to 10% dry residue of cassava in slow-growing broiler diets does not affect carcass and portion yield or the qualitative characteristics of the meat but does reduce the color of the breast meat and feet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexssandro Zaffari Almeida
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados - UFGD, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cinthia Eyng
- Department of Animal Science, Western Paraná State University - Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Vianna Nunes
- Department of Animal Science, Western Paraná State University - Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jomara Broch
- Department of Animal Science, Western Paraná State University - Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cleison de Souza
- Department of Animal Science, Western Paraná State University - Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Glaeser Sangalli
- Department of Animal Science, Western Paraná State University - Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karine Isabela Tenório
- Department of Animal Science, Western Paraná State University - Unioeste, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Paraná, Brazil
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Sozcu A, Ipek A. The effects of lignocellulose supplementation on laying performance, egg quality parameters, aerobic bacterial load of eggshell, serum biochemical parameters, and jejunal histomorphological traits of laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3179-3187. [PMID: 32475454 PMCID: PMC7597654 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the effects of lignocellulose supplementation (LS) on performance parameters, egg quality, aerobic bacterial load of eggshell, serum biochemical parameters, and jejunal histomorphological traits of laying hens between 18 and 38 wk of age. A total of 640 pullets at 16 wk of age were allotted to 4 treatment groups as 0 kg (control, CONT), 0.5 kg, 1 kg, and 2 kg LS per ton of feed. Body weight (BW), daily feed intake, egg production (EP), egg weight (EW), and efficiency of feed utilization (EF) were determined as the mean of each 3-wk period between 18 and 38 wk of age. Laying hens in the 1 kg LS group had a higher BW mean (1632.1 g, P < 0.001). The highest mean value of EP and EW were observed in 1 kg LS group (81.8% and 57.3 g, respectively), whereas the lowest values were found in the 2 kg LS group (78.6% and 54.4 g, respectively, P < 0.001). The mean of EF was the lowest in the 1 kg LS group (2.72, P < 0.001). There was a decline in eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness in the 2 kg LS, when compared with the 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). The total aerobic bacterial load of the eggshell was the lowest in the 1 kg LS group (4.7 log10 cfu/mL). The level of aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase showed an increment in both the CONT and 2 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). The high level of LS (2 kg per ton of feed) caused a decline in the levels of IgY, IgA and IgM, when compared to the 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups (P < 0.001). Laying hens in 0.5 and 1 kg LS groups had longer villus height (1335.9 μm) in the jejunum than the others (P < 0.001). These findings showed that the 1 kg LS per ton of feed improved EP and EW, eggshell quality, immunoglobulin levels and intestinal morphology, and decreased the total aerobic bacterial load.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sozcu
- Odemis Vocational High School, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - A Ipek
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
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Sozcu A. Growth performance, pH value of gizzard, hepatic enzyme activity, immunologic indicators, intestinal histomorphology, and cecal microflora of broilers fed diets supplemented with processed lignocellulose. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6880-6887. [PMID: 31392325 PMCID: PMC8914004 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the hypothesis that supplementation of processed lignocellulose (PL) in the diets of broilers has a positive effect on growing performance, pH value of gizzard, hepatic enzyme activity, immunologic indicators, histomorphological character of small intestine, and cecal microflora populations. A total of 720 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were allotted to 4 treatment groups and fed maize−soybean meal based diets. The basal diet was supplemented with PL with an amount of 0 kg (control), 0.5 kg, 1 kg, and 2 kg per ton feed. Growing performance parameters, were determined weekly until 35 D of age. Blood samples for enzyme activities and immunoglobulins, jejunum and cecum samples for histomorphological characters for villus growth, and microbial population were collected from 12 broilers from each group. At 35 D of age, body weight of broilers supplemented with 1 kg of PL was found to be the highest with a value of 2305.0 g, when compared to the broilers supplemented with control, 0,5 and 2 kg of PL groups (2154.0, 2201.0, and 2141.7 g, respectively, P = 0.001). An increased activity of aspartate amino transferase (AST) was observed in the control and 1 kg PL supplementation groups (633.6 and 597.4 IU/L, respectively), whereas alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was the highest in the control group (5404 IU/L, P < 0.05). Broilers in the control group had the lowest level of IgY and IgA (122.2 and 25.8 mg/dL, respectively, P < 0.05). Villus height increased by 22.0%, 40.7%, and 34.8% in 0.5, 1, and 2 kg PL supplementation groups, respectively, when compared to the control (P < 0.001). The processed lignocellulose supplemented as 1 kg of PL decreased the average count of Staphylococcaceae, E. coli, and Enterobacteriaceae, whereas it increased the population of Lactobacillus spp. in the cecum (P < 0.05). These data indicate that the supplementation of processed lignocellulose had positive effects for performance via changes in hepatic enzyme activities, immunoglobulin levels, villus growth in jejunum, and microflora in cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sozcu
- Ödemiş Vocational High School, Ege University, 35750 Ödemiş, İzmir, Turkey
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Modified-dietary fiber from cassava pulp reduces abdominal fat and meat cholesterol contents without affecting growth performance of broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Kreuzer M, Müller S, Mazzolini L, Messikommer RE, Gangnat IDM. Are dual-purpose and male layer chickens more resilient against a low-protein-low-soybean diet than slow-growing broilers? Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:33-42. [PMID: 31550927 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2019.1671957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. Although fattening dual-purpose types or male layer hybrid chickens appears more ethical than the common practice of culling day-old male layer chicks, the lower feed efficiency of these birds raises concerns. Replacing feed ingredients that compete with food production by those of lower value for human nutrition would be beneficial.2. Lohmann Dual (LD), a modern dual-purpose type, Lohmann Brown (LB), a male layer hybrid, and Hubbard JA 957 (HU), a slow-growing broiler type, were fattened for nine weeks on two diets (control or -20% crude protein; n = 6 × 12 birds). Growth, carcass and meat quality were analysed.3. Growth performance of HU exceeded that of LD and especially of LB. The growth depression caused by the low-protein diet fed to LD (-7%) was only half of that found in HU (-13%). The LD fed the control diet had the same feed efficiency as the HU fed the low-protein diet. Even the LB had a lower performance and feed efficiency with the low-protein diet in growth. There was a gradient in carcass properties (weight, dressing percentage, breast meat yield, breast proportion and breast angle) from HU to LD to LB, with some additional adverse effects of the low-protein diet especially in HU. There were some breed differences in fatty acid profile in the intramuscular fat.4. In conclusion, the dual-purpose type used complied with regulations for Swiss organic poultry systems in terms of growth rate and was found to respond less when fed a low-protein diet than the slow-growing broiler type. The LB males were inferior in all growth and carcass quality traits. Future studies need to determine the exact protein and amino acid requirements of dual-purpose and layer hybrid chickens and the economic feasibility of the systems, especially for organic farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kreuzer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S Müller
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Mazzolini
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R E Messikommer
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - I D M Gangnat
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
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Zanu HK, Keerqin C, Kheravii SK, Morgan NK, Wu SB, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Influence of meat and bone meal, phytase, and antibiotics on broiler chickens challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: 1. growth performance, intestinal pH, apparent ileal digestibility, cecal microbiota, and tibial mineralization. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1540-1550. [PMID: 32111321 PMCID: PMC7587631 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of meat and bone meal (MBM), phytase, and antibiotics (AB) on the performance, intestinal pH, ileal digestibility, cecal microbiota, and tibial mineralization in Ross 308 broilers challenged with necrotic enteritis (NE). A total of 672-day-old male Ross 308 chicks were allocated to 8 treatments with 6 replicate pens, with 14 birds each. The study employed a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: MBM (no or yes), AB (no or yes, zinc bacitracin + salinomycin), and phytase level (500 or 1,500 FTU/kg; both using 500 matrix recommendations). Diets were based on wheat–soybean meal–canola meal. All birds were challenged with Eimeria spp on day 9 and Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) strain EHE-NE18 on day 14 and day 15. On day 21 (postchallenge), birds fed MBM had reduced weight gain (WG; P < 0.05) relative to without MBM. A 2-way phytase × AB interaction for WG on day 14 (P < 0.001) and day 21 (P < 0.001) and feed conversion ratio on day 21 (P < 0.001) and day 42 (P < 0.01) indicated positive effects of high phytase on bird performance in the presence of AB. On day 42, a 3-way MBM × phytase × AB interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for WG, showing high phytase increased WG with AB, relative to the birds without AB in the presence of MBM. A 2-way MBM × phytase interaction (P < 0.01) was observed for apparent ileal digestibility of Ca and P on day 16, whereby there was a notable reduction in Ca and P digestibility in birds fed MBM-free diets and a low phytase level, but with the high phytase level, Ca and P digestibility was not influenced by MBM. In conclusion, in NE challenged birds, high phytase has a beneficial effect on leg health and mineral utilization to the extent that it can replace MBM and has beneficial effects on bird performance in the presence of AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - C Keerqin
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - N K Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S-B Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista Feed Ingredients, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Donadelli RA, Stone DA, Aldrich CG, Beyer RS. Effect of fiber source and particle size on chick performance and nutrient utilization. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5820-5830. [PMID: 31392330 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The addition of fiber in chick feeds is known to dilute nutrients; as a result, this may reduce nutrient digestibility and performance. However, recent studies suggest that moderate inclusion of insoluble fibers (2 to 3%) may stimulate gizzard development, which could result in better nutrient utilization and chick growth. The previous fiber sources evaluated were subject to wide fluctuation in their nutritional and chemical composition due to variation in processing. Miscanthus giganteus is a C4 grass purposefully grown for its fiber content which has a consistent fiber composition compared to food process residues. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of dietary fiber source and particle size on day-old chick performance and nutrient digestibility. Day-old chicks (8 chicks per cage, 5 cages per treatment) were fed diets containing 3% of either sepiolite (SEP), cellulose (CEL), coarse beet pulp (BP), fine BP, coarse Miscanthus grass (MG), and fine MG. At the end of days 7, 14, and 21, chicks and experimental diets were weighed to compute average daily gain and feed intake. In addition, excreta from the previous 48 h of each data capture point was collected to determine nutrient digestibility. In general, chicks fed diets containing fiber consumed more feed, gained more weight, and had better feed conversion rate than birds fed the SEP diet. Particle size of the fiber had no effect on chick performance; however, nutrient utilization was higher (P < 0.05) for chicks fed coarse fiber particles compared to these fed fine fiber particles. Birds fed diets containing MG performed similar to chicks fed CEL (P > 0.05), but digestibility coefficients of birds fed BP diets were generally higher than chicks fed MG diets. In conclusion, chicks performed better with fiber in their diet and MG was comparable to CEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Donadelli
- Grain Science & Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - D A Stone
- Perfection Pet Foods, Visalia, CA 93291
| | - C G Aldrich
- Grain Science & Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - R S Beyer
- Animal Sciences & Industry Department, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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Mtei AW, Abdollahi MR, Schreurs NM, Ravindran V. Impact of corn particle size on nutrient digestibility varies depending on bird type. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5504-5513. [PMID: 31329975 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between bird type (broilers and layers) and corn particle size (fine, medium, and coarse) on the coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of DM, nitrogen (N), starch, fat, gross energy (GE), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), and AMEn was investigated in a 2 by 3 factorial study of 6 dietary treatments. Whole corn was ground in a hammer mill to pass through screen sizes of 2.0, 5.0, and 8.0 mm for fine, medium, and coarse grades, respectively. A corn-soybean meal diet, mixed using the same batch of ingredients, was fed to both bird types. Titanium dioxide was included in all diets for digestibility measurements. 35-day-old Ross 308 male broilers and 59-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers were used in this study. For each bird type, 108 birds of uniform body weights were accommodated in 18 replicates (6 replicates per particle size and 6 birds per replicate). The treatment diets were offered ad libitum for 7 d prior to the collection of ileal digesta. A bird type by particle size interaction was observed (P < 0.001) for the CAID of DM, starch and GE. In broilers, CAID of DM, starch and GE was unaffected by particle size, whilst in layers, increasing the corn particle size to medium and coarse resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) CAID for DM, starch and GE compared to fine particles. The CAID of N and fat was greater (P < 0.05) in broilers than layers and the opposite was observed (P < 0.05) for Ca and P. Regardless of bird type, coarse and medium-ground corn resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) Ca digestibility compared to finely-ground corn. Overall, broilers had a greater digestibility of nutrients than layers, except for Ca and P. Feeding medium and coarse corn particles benefited the CAID of DM, starch and GE in layers, suggesting that digestive system in these birds is probably more sensitive to feed particle size than broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Mtei
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - N M Schreurs
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Röhe I, Vahjen W, Metzger F, Zentek J. Effect of a "diluted" diet containing 10% lignocellulose on the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal microbiota, and excreta characteristics of dual purpose laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:310-319. [PMID: 32416816 PMCID: PMC7587819 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Low performing dual purpose hens have different nutritional requirements compared to conventional hybrid hens. Lignocellulose is a low fermentable polymer, acting as a diet diluent and may influence physiological and digestive processes. This study investigated the effect of a 10% dietary lignocellulose dilution on the development of gastrointestinal organs, intestinal morphology, intestinal microbiota, and excreta characteristics of dual purpose hens. One-day-old female Lohmann Dual chicks were allocated to 12 pens and fed two different diets: A standard control diet (CON) and a treatment diet (LC), based on CON but diluted with 10% lignocellulose (ARBOCEL®). At 52 wk of age, gastrointestinal organs were extracted and weights determined. Colorectal tissue samples were chemically fixed and stained for histomorphological examinations. Cecal digesta samples were analyzed for bacterial metabolites and composition using gas chromatography, HPLC, photometry, and PCR. Excreta dry matter and viscosity was consistently assessed during the trial. LC-fed hens showed increased weights of the gizzard (P = 0.003), small (P < 0.001), and large intestine (P = 0.048) compared to hens fed CON. LC-fed hens had a larger colorectal villus area (P = 0.049), a higher mucosal enlargement factor of villi (P = 0.016) and crypts (P = 0.030) than CON-fed hens. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (P = 0.017) and ammonia (P = 0.013) was higher in CON-fed hens compared to LC-fed hens. Bacterial composition and activity was generally not affected by feeding the different diets. LC-fed hens had a higher excreta dry matter content than hens fed CON at 10 (P < 0.001), 17 (P < 0.001), and 22 (P = 0.002) wk of age. Correlation analyses revealed a negative relationship between the concentration of SCFAs in the cecum and the colorectal villus surface area (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the feeding of high levels of lignocellulose increased gastrointestinal organ weights and colorectal surface area in dual purpose laying hens. A higher intestinal surface area in combination with lower concentrations of SCFAs might indicate a compensatory reaction of hens fed LC enhancing the absorption of bacterial metabolites by increasing the intestinal mucosal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Röhe
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - W Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Metzger
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - J Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Adeleye OO, Ogunwole OA, Olumide MD, Ojediran TT. Whole pearl millet feeding does not impair performance and nutrient digestibility in 28-day-old broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:517-528. [PMID: 31872555 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of varying inclusion levels of whole grain millet in millet-soya bean-based diets on growth performance, gizzard development, digesta characteristics and nutrient digestion in broiler chicken were investigated. Starter (0-14 days) and grower (15-28 days) broiler chicken diets containing pearl millet at 500 and 540 g/kg diet, respectively, were formulated. The diets comprised of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% of millet incorporated as whole grain. One-day-old unsexed Arbor Acres Plus chicks (n = 540) were allotted to the experimental diets in a completely randomized design with the diets and water provided ad libitum for 28 days. Each treatment was replicated seven times, and each replicate had 12 chicks. Results showed that daily live weight gain and feed conversion ratio of chickens on the whole millet grain diets compared favourably with chicken on the control in both starter and grower phases, while feed intake reduced quadratically (p < .05) with increased whole grain millet levels in the starter phase. Morphological and structural characteristics of the gizzard and small intestine and intestinal digesta pH and viscosity were also unaffected (p > .05) by whole grain millet inclusion levels. However, the weight of intact millet grain in gizzard increased linearly (p < .001) with whole grain millet inclusion in the diets. Dietary whole grain millet inclusion also consistently lowered (p < .05) jejunal and ileal maltase and sucrase activities, but did not influence (p > .05) pancreatic amylase activity. Ileal crude protein and starch digestibility increased, while ileal energy digestibility decreased significantly (p < .05) with whole grain millet inclusion. Whole grain millet inclusion in broiler starter and grower diets up to 500-540 g/kg did not negatively impact on broiler chicken performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olugbenga Adeniran Ogunwole
- Agricultural Biochemistry and Nutrition Unit, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Martha Dupe Olumide
- Department of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Animal Science Unit, School of Science and Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Tawakalt Temitope Ojediran
- Agricultural Biochemistry and Nutrition Unit, Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Saadatmand N, Toghyani M, Gheisari A. Effects of dietary fiber and threonine on performance, intestinal morphology and immune responses in broiler chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:248-255. [PMID: 31528726 PMCID: PMC6739262 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of fiber and threonine (Thr) on growth performance, intestinal morphology and immune responses of broiler chickens. A total of 420 one-day-old mixed sex broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly divided into 6 experimental diets and 5 replicates of 14 chicks based on a factorial arrangement (2 × 3) from 1 to 42 d of age. Experimental factors included dietary supplemental fiber type (no supplemental fiber [NSF], 30 g/kg sugar beet pulp [SBP] or 30 g/kg rice hull [RH]) and Thr inclusion level (100% or 110% of Thr requirement recommended by breeder company [Ross 308]). Growth performance of broilers was assayed at different periods of the experiment. Intestinal morphometric features were measured at 21 d of age. Antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (SRBC), Newcastle and influenza disease viruses were measured on d 30 of trial. Dietary inclusion of SBP and RH significantly decreased feed intake and weight gain during the entire rearing period (P < 0.05). Interaction of fiber and Thr had no beneficial effects on the performance of chickens across the entire rearing phase. Dietary supplementation of 110% Thr required level improved jejunal morphometric features (P < 0.05), whereas its inclusion with fibrous materials failed to show the same effects. Dietary supplemental Thr together with SBP significantly increased antibody production against SRBC (P < 0.05). In conclusion, although supplemental 30 g/kg fibrous materials impaired growth performance, inclusion of SBP along with 110% Thr level improved the humoral immunity in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Saadatmand
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, 81595-158, Iran
| | - Majid Toghyani
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, 81595-158, Iran
| | - Abasali Gheisari
- Animal Science Research Department, Isfahan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education & Extension Organization (AREEO), Isfahan, 81785-199, Iran
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Zeitz JO, Neufeld K, Potthast C, Kroismayr A, Most E, Eder K. Effects of dietary supplementation of the lignocelluloses FibreCell and OptiCell on performance, expression of inflammation-related genes and the gut microbiome of broilers. Poult Sci 2019; 98:287-297. [PMID: 30124970 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of lignocellulose in broilers influences the gut bacterial population and bacterial fermentation, has anti-inflammatory effects, and increases mucin synthesis in the intestine, and, through these changes, influences broiler performance positively. Day-old male Cobb 500 broilers (n = 96) were allotted to 3 experimental groups and fed 3 different maize-wheat-soybean meal-based basal diets during days 1 to 10, 11 to 21, and 22 to 35. The basal diets were fed to the control group, and were supplemented with 0.8% of a standard lignocellulose (LCS) or a fermentable lignocellulose (LCF). Body weight and feed consumption were determined, and at slaughter (day 35), carcass and gizzard weights and gizzard content pH were recorded, and samples of jejunum, cecum, and colon mucosa and of cecum digesta were collected from 15 birds/group. Growth performance and feed intake were not influenced, but dressing percentage was higher in group LCF compared to the other groups. In group LCS and the control group, performance, gizzard weight and gizzard content pH, intestinal gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and of the mucins 2, 5ac and 13, the cecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile, and bacterial diversity were similar, and relative abundance of bacterial groups (16S DNA sequencing) differed. Supplementation of LCF decreased the expression of the pro-inflammatory genes encoding interleukins 1ß and 17 (P < 0.05) and those of 2 and 8 (P < 0.10) in the jejunum only. The bacterial population differed, and the SCFA profile shifted toward acetate at the expense of butyrate in group LCF compared to the control group. For example, the abundance of Firmicutes and of Ruminococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae decreased, whereas those of Peptostreptococcaceae, Erysipelotrichaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae and that of members of the phylum Proteobacteria increased in group LCF compared to the control group. These data indicate that the susceptibility of lignocellulose to fermentation is crucial for mediating its effects on intestinal gene expression and the bacterial population in the cecum, which may also affect dressing percentage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Zeitz
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - K Neufeld
- Animal Nutrition Research Center, A-2532 Heiligenkreuz, Austria
| | - C Potthast
- Agromed Austria GmbH, A-4550 Kremsmünster, Austria
| | - A Kroismayr
- Agromed Austria GmbH, A-4550 Kremsmünster, Austria
| | - E Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Physiology, University of Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Röhe I, Urban J, Dijkslag A, Te Paske J, Zentek J. Impact of an energy- and nutrient-reduced diet containing 10% lignocellulose on animal performance, body composition and egg quality of dual purpose laying hens. Arch Anim Nutr 2018; 73:1-17. [PMID: 30545247 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2018.1551950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In response to ethical concerns regarding the killing of day-old male chicks of layer breeds, the use of dual purpose chickens is increasingly discussed in public while data on nutritional requirements of dual purpose laying hens are not available. The present study examined the impact of an energy- and nutrient-reduced diet containing lignocellulose on performance, body composition and egg quality of dual purpose hens. Female Lohmann Dual chicks were allocated to 12 pens and fed two different diets for 52 weeks: a control (CON) and a treatment diet (LC), based on CON but diluted with 10% lignocellulose. During the trial, animal performance, whole-body composition and egg quality parameters of hens were consistently ascertained. The results showed that LC-fed hens had lower body weights compared to those receiving CON (p < 0.05). During the laying period, feed intake was increased in LC-fed hens (p < 0.001). LC-fed hens showed a higher egg production and egg mass resulting in an improved feed efficiency (p < 0.05) and laid smaller eggs compared to CON-fed hens (p < 0.001). At 52 weeks of age, bodies of LC-fed hens had higher protein and lower fat contents than those fed with CON diet (p ≤ 0.001). Mean body weight was positively correlated to the body fat content (p = 0.004) and body fat content was negatively correlated to the egg production (p = 0.043). Analyses of the egg quality showed that yolk mass at all sampling points and albumen mass at 27 and 42 weeks were lower in hens fed with diet LC compared to those fed with diet CON (p< 0.05). In conclusion, the feeding of energy- and nutrient-reduced diets containing 10% lignocellulose reduced the body fat content and simultaneously improved the laying performance in dual purpose hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilen Röhe
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Julia Urban
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen Zentek
- a Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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Rodrigues I, Choct M. The foregut and its manipulation via feeding practices in the chicken. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3188-3206. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Kheravii SK, Swick RA, Choct M, Wu SB. Upregulation of genes encoding digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in the digestive system of broiler chickens by dietary supplementation of fiber and inclusion of coarse particle size corn. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:208. [PMID: 29558897 PMCID: PMC5859539 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures to improve bird performance have been sought due to the imminent phase out of in-feed antibiotics in poultry and continued demand for higher poultry feeding efficiency. Increasing grain particle size and dietary fibre may improve gizzard function, digestive efficiency and nutrient absorption. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect increased particle size of corn and inclusion of sugarcane bagasse (SB) on mRNA expression of genes encoding digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters in broilers. RESULTS A total of 336 day-old Ross 308 males were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with corn particle size - coarse 3576 μm or fine 1113 μm geometric mean diameter, and SB - 0 or 2% inclusion. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), weight gain and feed intake were measured from d 0-10 and d 10-24. The relative gizzard weight and mRNA expression of genes encoding digestive enzymes and intestinal nutrient transporters were measured on d 24. During d 10-24, a particle size × SB interaction was observed for FCR (P < 0.01), where birds fed coarsely ground corn (CC) with 2% SB had lower FCR than those fed CC without SB. A particle size × SB interaction was observed for both expression of pepsinogen A and C (P < 0.01) which were negatively correlated with FCR on d 24. Addition of 2% SB upregulated pepsinogen A and C only in CC fed birds. Further, 2% SB also upregulated pancreatic amylase (AMY2A) and intestinal cationic amino acid transporter-1 (CAT1). Inclusion of dietary CC upregulated duodenal amino peptidase N (APN), jejunal alanine, serine, cysteine and threonine transporter-1 (ASCT1), and ileal peptide transporter-2 (PepT2). CONCLUSION These results suggest that both SB and coarse particle size modulate expression of genes encoding important digestive enzymes and nutrient transporters and thus are directly related to bird performance. These findings provide insights into the combination effects of dietary fiber and particle size in the future management of broiler feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbast K Kheravii
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Elm Avenue, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Animal production, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan, 42003, Iraq
| | - Robert A Swick
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Elm Avenue, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Mingan Choct
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Elm Avenue, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Elm Avenue, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
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