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Farag HI, Murphy BA, Templeman JR, Hanlon C, Joshua J, Koch TG, Niel L, Shoveller AK, Bedecarrats GY, Ellison A, Wilcockson D, Martino TA. One Health: Circadian Medicine Benefits Both Non-human Animals and Humans Alike. J Biol Rhythms 2024; 39:237-269. [PMID: 38379166 PMCID: PMC11141112 DOI: 10.1177/07487304241228021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Circadian biology's impact on human physical health and its role in disease development and progression is widely recognized. The forefront of circadian rhythm research now focuses on translational applications to clinical medicine, aiming to enhance disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment responses. However, the field of circadian medicine has predominantly concentrated on human healthcare, neglecting its potential for transformative applications in veterinary medicine, thereby overlooking opportunities to improve non-human animal health and welfare. This review consists of three main sections. The first section focuses on the translational potential of circadian medicine into current industry practices of agricultural animals, with a particular emphasis on horses, broiler chickens, and laying hens. The second section delves into the potential applications of circadian medicine in small animal veterinary care, primarily focusing on our companion animals, namely dogs and cats. The final section explores emerging frontiers in circadian medicine, encompassing aquaculture, veterinary hospital care, and non-human animal welfare and concludes with the integration of One Health principles. In summary, circadian medicine represents a highly promising field of medicine that holds the potential to significantly enhance the clinical care and overall health of all animals, extending its impact beyond human healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham I. Farag
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Barbara A. Murphy
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James R. Templeman
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Charlene Hanlon
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jessica Joshua
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas G. Koch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Lee Niel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Anna K. Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Amy Ellison
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - David Wilcockson
- Department of Life Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Tami A. Martino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Centre for Cardiovascular Investigations, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Bakhshalinejad R, Torrey S, Kiarie EG. Comparative efficacy of hydroxychloride and organic sources of zinc, copper, and manganese on egg production and concentration of trace minerals in eggs, plasma, and excreta in female broiler breeders from 42 to 63 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103522. [PMID: 38350392 PMCID: PMC10875615 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Comparative efficacy of hydroxychloride (HC) and organic (OR) sources of Zn, Cu and Mn on performance of broiler breeders (BB) between 42 and 63 weeks of age (WOA) was investigated. A total of 408 ♀ Ross 708 and 48 ♂ Yield Plus cockerels were placed in pens (17 ♀ and 2 ♂) housed in 2 rooms (12 pens/room) and allocated to one of 2 diets in a completely randomized block design (n=12). The diets had similar nutrient specifications but differed in Zn, Cu, and Mn sources: 1) HO, a blend of 80% HC and 20% OR sources, and 2) OR, 100% OR sources. Birds were fed and managed according to breeder guidelines. The egg count was recorded daily and categorized as normal or abnormal. Egg yolk color, albumen height, Haugh unit, eggshell thickness, and eggshell breaking strength were assessed every 4 wk. Individual hen body weight (BW) was recorded at 5-wk intervals to determine BW uniformity. At 52 and 63 WOA, the eggs and excreta samples were collected. At the end of the trial, 4 hens per pen were bled for plasma concentration of trace minerals and organs (liver, gizzard, spleen, kidney, and thymus) weight. There were no interactions between source and age on any parameters (P > 0.05). There were no main effects of source on egg production, eggshell quality, BW, and organs weight (P > 0.05). Hens fed HO diets had darker yolk compared to those fed OR diets (P = 0.014). The concentration of Zn in the eggs of OR BB was higher (P = 0.022) than for HO birds. However, there were no dietary effects on the concentration of trace minerals in the egg, plasma, and excreta (P > 0.05). The results indicated that a mixture of HC and O as sources for Zn, Cu, and Mn was as effective as OR sources in supporting egg production, egg quality, and trace mineral utilization in broiler breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bakhshalinejad
- Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephanie Torrey
- Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada; Trouw Nutrition North America, Puslinch, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Bioscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Zhao Z, Yang H, Wang Z, Ai Z, Yang R, Wang Z, Wang T, Fu K, Zhang Y. Metabolomics analysis of the yolk of Zhijin white goose during the embryogenesis based on LC-MS/MS. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297429. [PMID: 38335168 PMCID: PMC10857567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The egg yolk of the goose is rich in lipids, proteins and minerals, which is the main source of nutrition during the goose embryogenesis. Actually, the magnitude and variety of nutrients in yolk are dynamically changed to satisfy the nutritional requirements of different growth and development periods. The yolk sac membrane (YSM) plays a role in metabolizing and absorbing nutrients from the yolk, which are then consumed by the embryo or extra-fetal tissues. Therefore, identification of metabolites in egg yolk can help to reveal nutrient requirement in goose embryo. In this research, to explore the metabolite changes in egg yolk at embryonic day (E) 7, E12, E18, E23, and E28, we performed the assay using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The findings showed that E7 and E12, E23 and E28 were grouped together, while E18 was significantly separated from other groups, indicating the changes of egg yolk development and metabolism. In total, 1472 metabolites were identified in the egg yolk of Zhijin white goose, and 636 differential metabolites (DMs) were screened, among which 264 were upregulated and 372 were downregulated. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the DMs were enriched in the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids, digestion and absorption of protein, citrate cycle (TCA cycle), aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, phosphotransferase system (PTS), mineral absorption, cholesterol metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism. Our study may provide new ideas for improving prehatch embryonic health and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- Bijie City Animal Husbandry Station, Bijie, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaobi Ai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Runqian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiansong Wang
- Agricultural College, Tongren Polytechnic College, Tongren, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaibin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China
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Biesek J. The physicochemical features of eggshell, thick albumen, amniotic fluid, and yolk during chicken embryogenesis. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103119. [PMID: 37832191 PMCID: PMC10585332 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze the hatching egg and physiochemical features of eggshells, thick albumen, amniotic fluid, and yolk during the incubation of Ross 308 chicken eggs. Eggs (n = 755) were incubated for 21 d. Quality analysis of fresh eggs was performed. Eggshells, albumen, and yolk were collected from fresh eggs and incubation d 1, 7, and 14. Eggshell thickness and strength, pH, vitelline membrane strength, fatty acid (FA) in the yolk, pH, viscosity, lysozyme activity, and crude protein content in thick albumen and amniotic fluid were analyzed. Hatching parameters were calculated. Egg weight loss was constant (8.04% overall). Lower egg surface temperature was found on d 7 compared to d 4, 14, and 18. A lower thickness of posthatch eggshells was found. The strength of the vitelline membrane significantly decreased within 24 h (by over 58%). During incubation, there was a decrease in thick albumen/amniotic fluid pH; an opposite trend was found in yolk pH. The vitelline membrane strength was negatively correlated with the albumen pH. Lysozyme activity was higher in fresh thick albumen and up to 2 wk of incubation. On d 7, the lowest activity was found in the amniotic fluid. On d 14, lysozyme activity increased in amniotic fluid. The higher viscosity of the thick albumen was demonstrated on d 7 and 14 of incubation. The lowest viscosity in amniotic fluid was found on the same days. Crude protein content was higher in thick albumen (d 7 and 14) and lowest in amniotic fluid on d 7. The FA content changed between d 0 and 14. The results indicate different use of FA, where PUFA decreased. Eggshell is used in the last week of incubation. The thick albumen is reduced, while the biological value of amniotic fluid is increasing. Lysozyme activity, viscosity, and crude protein content may be interdependent. It may indicate the flow of substances and the transfer of functions from the thick albumen to the amniotic fluid during chicken embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Biesek
- Department of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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Qiu K, Chen Z, Chang W, Zheng A, Cai H, Liu G. Integrated evaluation of the requirements and excretions of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn for broilers via a uniform design method. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1132189. [PMID: 37256002 PMCID: PMC10225570 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1132189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the ideal balance profile of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn for broilers of 1-21 days of age via a uniform experimental design. In Experiment 1, 900 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly allotted to 15 dietary treatments with six replicates of 10 birds. A total of 14 experimental diets were formulated with the supplementation of 8~16, 123~160, 40~80, and 60~120 mg/kg of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn, respectively, in the basal diet, according to the uniform design method. The excretion of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the manure and the broiler performance were determined to build the ideal balance profile of these elements. Experiment 2 was conducted based on the ideal balance profile built in Experiment 1, to test its practicability using 720 broilers with two treatments. The dietary concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the control group were 15.19, 203.08, 76.78, and 86.13 mg/kg, respectively. In Experiment 1, the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn in the diets were 16.96, 166.66, 46.01, and 60.26 mg/kg, respectively, when the average daily gain reached the optimum value. When the dietary concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn were 8.54, 130.66, 38.19, and 64.07 mg/kg, respectively, the total excretion of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn got the minimum value. There are corresponding ideal balance profiles for minimum excretion of a certain element. In Experiment 2, the dietary levels of Fe, Zn, and Mn were decreased by 17.93%, 40.08%, and 30.04%, respectively, which had no significant effect on average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed gain for 1~21 day-old broilers but markedly decreased the excretion of Cu and Mn and total excretion. It was concluded that there is a dilemma between growth performance and mineral excretion. Although dietary levels of Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn supporting optimal growth are higher than those for minimizing mineral excretion, supplementing too many trace elements in the diets of broilers is unnecessary.
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Sun SX, Liu YC, Limbu SM, Li DL, Chen LQ, Zhang ML, Yin Z, Du ZY. Vitellogenin 1 is essential for fish reproduction by transporting DHA-containing phosphatidylcholine from liver to ovary. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159289. [PMID: 36708962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vitellogenins (Vtgs) are essential for female reproduction in oviparous animals, yet the exact roles and mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, we knocked out vtg1, which is the most abundant Vtg in zebrafish, Danio rerio via the CRISPR/Cas 9 technology. We aimed to identify the roles of Vtg1 and related mechanisms in reproduction and development. We found that, the Vtg1-deficient female zebrafish reduced gonadosomatic index, egg production, yolk granules and mature follicles in ovary compared to the wide type (WT). Moreover, the Vtg1-deficient zebrafish diminished hatching rates, cumulative survival rate, swimming capacity and food intake, but increased malformation rate, and delayed swim bladder development during embryo and early-larval phases. The Vtg1-deficiency in female broodstock inhibited docosahexaenoic acid-enriched phosphatidylcholine (DHA-PC) transportation from liver to ovary, which lowered DHA-PC content in ovary and offspring during larval stage. However, the Vtg1-deficient zebrafish increased gradually the total DHA-PC content via exogeneous food intake, and the differences in swimming capacity and food intake returned to normal as they matured. Furthermore, supplementing Vtg1-deficient zebrafish with dietary PC and DHA partly ameliorated the impaired female reproductive capacity and larval development during early phases. This study indicates that, DHA and PC carried by Vtg1 are crucial for female fecundity, and affect embryo and larval development through maternal-nutrition effects. This is the first study elucidating the nutrient and physiological functions of Vtg1 and the underlying biochemical mechanisms in fish reproduction and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Xiang Sun
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yi-Chan Liu
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Samwel M Limbu
- Department of Aquaculture Technology, School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology University of Dar as Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Kpodo KR, Proszkowiec-Weglarz M. Physiological effects of in ovo delivery of bioactive substances in broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1124007. [PMID: 37008350 PMCID: PMC10060894 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1124007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry has improved genetics, nutrition, and management practices, resulting in fast-growing chickens; however, disturbances during embryonic development may affect the entire production cycle and cause irreversible losses to broiler chicken producers. The most crucial time in the chicks' development appears to be the perinatal period, which encompasses the last few days of pre-hatch and the first few days of post-hatch. During this critical period, intestinal development occurs rapidly, and the chicks undergo a metabolic and physiological shift from the utilization of egg nutrients to exogenous feed. However, the nutrient reserve of the egg yolk may not be enough to sustain the late stage of embryonic development and provide energy for the hatching process. In addition, modern hatchery practices cause a delay in access to feed immediately post-hatch, and this can potentially affect the intestinal microbiome, health, development, and growth of the chickens. Development of the in ovo technology allowing for the delivery of bioactive substances into chicken embryos during their development represents a way to accommodate the perinatal period, late embryo development, and post-hatch growth. Many bioactive substances have been delivered through the in ovo technology, including carbohydrates, amino acids, hormones, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, antibodies, immunostimulants, minerals, and microorganisms with a variety of physiological effects. In this review, we focused on the physiological effects of the in ovo delivery of these substances, including their effects on embryo development, gastrointestinal tract function and health, nutrient digestion, immune system development and function, bone development, overall growth performance, muscle development and meat quality, gastrointestinal tract microbiota development, heat stress response, pathogens exclusion, and birds metabolism, as well as transcriptome and proteome. We believe that this method is widely underestimated and underused by the poultry industry.
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Hatab MH, Rashad E, Saleh HM, El-Sayed ESR, Taleb AMA. Effects of dietary supplementation of myco-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles on performance, histological changes, and tissues Zn concentration in broiler chicks. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18791. [PMID: 36335156 PMCID: PMC9637221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A five weeks biological experiment was planned to investigate the impacts of dietary supplementation with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) synthesized by the endophytic fungus Alternaria tenuissima on productive performance, carcass traits, organ relative weights, serum biochemical parameters, histological alteration in some internal organs and concentration of this element in the serum, liver, thigh and breast muscle in broiler chicks. A total of 108 3-day-old commercial broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were individually weighed and equally distributed in a completely randomized design arrangement according to the dose of ZnONPs supplementation into 3 dietary experimental groups. There were 6 replications having 6 birds per replicate (n = 36/ treatment) for each treatment. The three experiential dietary treatments received corn-soybean meal-based diets enhanced with 0 (control), 40 and 60 mg/kg diet of ZnONPs respectively with feed and water were provided ad libitum consumption through 5 weeks life span. Present results indicated that after 5 weeks of feeding trial and as compared to control, the ZnONPs supplementation groups recorded higher body weight, improved feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and performance index. Serum biochemical analyses revealed that serum cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and uric acid decreased significantly, while high density lipoprotein and liver enzyme concentrations were increased significantly. Meanwhile, zinc accumulation in serum, liver and breast and thigh muscle were linearly increased with increasing zinc supplementation. It could be concluded that supplementation of ZnONPs to broiler diet at 40 or 60 mg/kg improved productive performance, birds' physiological status and the lower levels Zn (40 mg/kg diet) revealed promising results and can be used as an effective feed additive in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. H. Hatab
- grid.429648.50000 0000 9052 0245Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - E. Rashad
- grid.7776.10000 0004 0639 9286Cytology and Histology Department, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hisham M. Saleh
- grid.429648.50000 0000 9052 0245Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed R. El-Sayed
- grid.429648.50000 0000 9052 0245Plant Research Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A. M. Abu Taleb
- grid.429648.50000 0000 9052 0245Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane: a biomaterial testing platform for tissue engineering applications. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Abd El-Ghany WA. A perspective review on the effect of different forms of zinc on poultry production of poultry with special reference to the hazardous effects of misuse. CABI REVIEWS 2022; 2022. [DOI: 10.1079/cabireviews202217013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractZinc (Zn) is a unique micro-mineral because it is an essential component in many enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, carbonic anhydrase, and alkaline phosphatase, as well as being important for regulation of proteins and lipids metabolism, and sex hormones. This mineral is applied in poultry production in three forms; inorganic, organic, and nanoparticle form. The nano-form of Zn is preferable in application to other conventional forms with regard to absorption, bioavailability, and efficacy. Broilers fed on diets supplemented with Zn showed improvement of growth performance, carcass meat yield, and meat quality. In addition, Zn plays an important role in enhancing of both cellular and humeral immune responses, beside its antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In laying hens, dietary addition of Zn improves the eggshell quality and the quantity of eggs. Moreover, Zn has a vital role in breeders in terms of improving the egg production, fertility, hatchability, embryonic development, and availability of the hatched chicks. Therefore, this review article is focused on the effects of using Zn on the performance and immunity of poultry, as well as its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with special reference to the hazardous effects of the misusing of this mineral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa A. Abd El-Ghany
- Address: Poultry Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt
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11
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Noetzold T, Vieira S, Horn R, de Freitas CR, Fireman A. Improved offspring performance of broiler breeder hens fed amino acid complexed trace minerals. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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12
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Noetzold T, Vieira S, Xavier B, Olabarriaga Y, Fireman A. Supplemental effects of amino acid-complexed trace minerals on broiler breeder hen performance. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Hanlon C, Takeshima K, Kiarie EG, Bédécarrats GY. Bone and eggshell quality throughout an extended laying cycle in three strains of layers spanning 50 years of selection. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101672. [PMID: 35074590 PMCID: PMC8789532 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of intensive genetic selection in commercial layers has resulted in earlier maturation, while sustaining high production rates to 100 wks of age (woa). To support eggshell formation while maintaining a healthy skeletal frame, substantial adaptations of calcium metabolism in the hen are necessary. Thus, skeletal growth, bone density, and egg quality were compared in 3 strains of layers, with the Lohmann LSL-lite as the current commercial strain, the heritage Shaver white leghorn as the mid-2000s strain, and the white-leghorn derived Smoky Joes as the non-selected 1960s strain. Tibia and Femur (n = 4/strain) were collected at 12, 17, 20, 25, 45, 60, 75, and 100 woa. Bones were measured and weighed, with bone mineral density assessed within medullary (mBMD) and cortical (cBMD) regions of the tibia using micro-Computed Tomography. Egg analyses including weight, eggshell thickness (EST) and eggshell breaking strength (EBS), were conducted throughout lay. Blood samples were collected to measure plasma calcium immediately prior to lay (18 woa) and periodically throughout the laying cycle. Femur and tibia weight, or size, did not increase beyond 12 woa, indicating that all hens reached maximum skeletal size by this time. An interaction (P = 0.005) was observed between strain and tibia mBMD, as all three strains demonstrated an accumulation of medullary bone from 12 to 100 woa. Regarding egg weight, while Lohmann hen eggs displayed the highest quality at 26 woa, an elevation in egg weight in Lohmann and Shaver hens (P < 0.001) resulted in a decline in EST and EBS over time (P < 0.01). Yet, at 100 woa, no strain differed in EST or EBS, despite larger variations in cumulative egg numbers (P < 0.001). Plasma calcium levels were significantly elevated between the immature state and peak of lay but remained unchanged throughout lay in all strains. In conclusion, our results show that although genetic selection of layer hens resulted in tremendous improvement in productivity, no detrimental effects on cBMD or mBMD were observed throughout an extended laying period up to 100 woa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Hanlon
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada.
| | - Kayo Takeshima
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Elijah G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Grégoy Y Bédécarrats
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
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Andrieux C, Petit A, Collin A, Houssier M, Métayer-Coustard S, Panserat S, Pitel F, Coustham V. Early Phenotype Programming in Birds by Temperature and Nutrition: A Mini-Review. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.755842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early development is a critical period during which environmental influences can have a significant impact on the health, welfare, robustness and performance of livestock. In oviparous vertebrates, such as birds, embryonic development takes place entirely in the egg. This allows the effects of environmental cues to be studied directly on the developing embryo. Interestingly, beneficial effects have been identified in several studies, leading to innovative procedures to improve the phenotype of the animals in the long term. In this review, we discuss the effects of early temperature and dietary programming strategies that both show promising results, as well as their potential transgenerational effects. The timing, duration and intensity of these procedures are critical to ensure that they produce beneficial effects without affecting animal survival or final product quality. For example, cyclic increases in egg incubation temperature have been shown to improve temperature tolerance and promote muscular growth in chickens or fatty liver production in mule ducks. In ovo feeding has also been successfully used to enhance digestive tract maturation, optimize chick development and growth, and thus obtain higher quality chicks. In addition, changes in the nutritional availability of methyl donors, for example, was shown to influence offspring phenotype. The molecular mechanisms behind early phenotype programming are still under investigation and are probably epigenetic in nature as shown by recent work in chickens.
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15
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Effects of Calcium Lactate on the Development of Chicken Embryos in a Shell-less Culture System up to Day Seventeen of Incubation. J Poult Sci 2022; 59:168-174. [PMID: 35528375 PMCID: PMC9039142 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0210024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of calcium lactate on the development of chicken embryos in a shell-less culture system (cSLCS) up to the seventeenth day of incubation. In the presence of calcium lactate, a significant reduction in embryo viability was observed during the first week of incubation in cSLCS. On day 17 of embryo development, no significant difference was observed in the blood plasma calcium concentration or tibia bone density between cSLCS and intact control embryos, whereas the tibia length was significantly shorter in cSLCS embryos than in the intact control. These results suggest that calcium lactate supplementation in cSLCS supports bone formation in developing chicken embryos, but has adverse effects on the viability of embryos, particularly during the first week of embryo development.
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16
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Güz BC, de Jong IC, Da Silva CS, Veldkamp F, Kemp B, Molenaar R, van den Brand H. Effects of pen enrichment on leg health of fast and slower-growing broiler chickens. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254462. [PMID: 34941896 PMCID: PMC8700046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pen enrichment for broiler chickens is one of the potential strategies to stimulate locomotion and consequently contribute to better leg health and welfare. This study was designed to evaluate effects of using a plethora of pen enrichments (barrier perches, angular ramps, horizontal platforms, large distance between feed and water and providing live Black Soldier fly larvae in a dustbathing area) on tibia characteristics, locomotion, leg health and home pen behaviour of fast and slower-growing broiler chickens. The experiment was set up as a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with a total of 840 male broiler chickens in a complete randomized design (7 pens per treatment and 30 chickens per pen) with the following treatments: 1) pen enrichment (enriched pen or non-enriched pen); 2) broiler strain (fast-growing Ross 308 or slower-growing Hubbard JA 757). Home pen behaviour and use of enrichment were observed. At approximately 1400 and 2200 g body weight, two chickens per pen were randomly selected and slaughtered, to investigate tibia morphological, biophysical and mechanical characteristics and leg health. Pen enrichment positively affected tibia biophysical characteristics, e.g., osseous volume (Δ = 1.8 cm3, P = 0.003), total volume (Δ = 1.4 cm3, P = 0.03) and volume fraction (Δ = 0.02%, P = 0.002), in both fast and slower-growing chickens, suggesting that pen enrichment particularly affects ossification and mineralization mechanisms. Accordingly, locomotion and active behaviours were positively influenced by pen enrichment. However, pen enrichment resulted in lower body weight gain in both strains, which might be due to higher activity or lower feed intake as a result of difficulties of crossing the barrier perches. Regarding the strain, slower-growing chickens showed consistently more advanced tibia characteristics and more active behaviour than fast-growing chickens. It can be concluded that pen enrichment may lead to more activity and better bone development in both fast and slower-growing chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahadır Can Güz
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Ingrid C. de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Carol Souza Da Silva
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Fleur Veldkamp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Roos Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Henry van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
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17
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Güz BC, de Jong IC, Bol UE, Kemp B, van Krimpen M, Molenaar R, van den Brand H. Effects of organic macro and trace minerals in fast and slower growing broiler breeders' diet on offspring growth performance and tibia characteristics. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101647. [PMID: 34998228 PMCID: PMC8749331 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate effects of source of macro and trace minerals (inorganic vs. organic) in fast and slower growing broiler breeders' diets on egg and hatchling mineral content and on offspring tibia morphological, biophysical, and mechanical characteristics. After 10 wk feeding the breeders (at 30 wk of age), eggs were collected and incubated. Eggs and hatchlings were analysed on mineral content. Male chickens were assigned to 32 pens with 12 chickens per pen. At approximately 1,700 and 2,600 gram BW, three chickens per pen were slaughtered. Tibia characteristics were determined. Organic minerals in the broiler breeder diet resulted in higher Fe and Se concentration in the egg and in higher Se concentration in the hatchling. Despite effects of mineral source on mineral concentration in the eggs and hatchlings were limited, organic minerals in the slower-growing broiler breeder diet resulted in higher offspring BW (d 42, Δ = 115 g; P = 0.03) and advanced tibia development (higher thickness (∆ = 0.38 cm; P < 0.001), osseous volume (∆ = 5.1 cm3; P = 0.01), and mineral density (Δ = 0.13 g/cm3; P = 0.03) at 2,600 g BW), but this was not observed in fast-growing chickens. This suggests that 1) the difference in feed intake of the breeders between strains might affect offspring performance, which might indicate that current slower-growing breeder diets might be suboptimal in minerals or that transgenerational mineral availability in slower growing chickens appears to be more effective on bone development, which might be related to time available for bone development. 2) transgenerational mineral availability in offspring appears to play a role via other mechanisms than via absolute mineral concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Güz
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands.
| | - I C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - U E Bol
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - M van Krimpen
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, Gelderland, the Netherlands
| | - R Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
| | - H van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, the Netherlands
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18
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Tomaszewska E, Rudyk H, Świetlicka I, Hułas-Stasiak M, Donaldson J, Arczewska M, Muszyński S, Dobrowolski P, Puzio I, Kushnir V, Brezvyn O, Muzyka V, Kotsyumbas I. The Influence of Prenatal Fumonisin Exposure on Bone Properties, as well as OPG and RANKL Expression and Immunolocalization, in Newborn Offspring Is Sex and Dose Dependent. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413234. [PMID: 34948030 PMCID: PMC8705866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study examined the effects of exposure of pregnant dams to fumonisins (FBs; FB1 and FB2), from the seventh day of pregnancy to parturition, on offspring bone metabolism and properties. The rats were randomly divided into three groups intoxicated with FBs at either 0, 60, or 90 mg/kg b.w. Body weight and bone length were affected by fumonisin exposure, irrespective of sex or dose, while the negative and harmful effects of maternal FBs’ exposure on bone mechanical resistance were sex and dose dependent. The immunolocalization of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), in bone and articular cartilage, indicated that the observed bone effects resulted from the FB-induced alterations in bone metabolism, which were confirmed by the changes observed in the Western blot expression of OPG and RANKL. It was concluded that the negative effects of prenatal FB exposure on the general growth and morphometry of the offspring bones, as a result of the altered expression of proteins responsible for bone metabolism, were dose and sex dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (I.Ś.)
| | - Halyna Rudyk
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Donetska St. 11, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; (H.R.); (V.K.); (O.B.); (V.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Izabela Świetlicka
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.A.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (E.T.); (I.Ś.)
| | - Monika Hułas-Stasiak
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.-S.); (P.D.)
| | - Janine Donaldson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Marta Arczewska
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 19 Akademicka St., 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (M.H.-S.); (P.D.)
| | - Iwona Puzio
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka St. 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Volodymyr Kushnir
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Donetska St. 11, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; (H.R.); (V.K.); (O.B.); (V.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Oksana Brezvyn
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Donetska St. 11, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; (H.R.); (V.K.); (O.B.); (V.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Viktor Muzyka
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Donetska St. 11, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; (H.R.); (V.K.); (O.B.); (V.M.); (I.K.)
| | - Ihor Kotsyumbas
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Donetska St. 11, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine; (H.R.); (V.K.); (O.B.); (V.M.); (I.K.)
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19
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Das R, Mishra P, Jha R. In ovo Feeding as a Tool for Improving Performance and Gut Health of Poultry: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:754246. [PMID: 34859087 PMCID: PMC8632539 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.754246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early growth and development of the gastrointestinal tract are of critical importance to enhance nutrients' utilization and optimize the growth of poultry. In the current production system, chicks do not have access to feed for about 48-72 h during transportation between hatchery and production farms. This lag time affects early nutrient intake, natural exposure to the microbiome, and the initiation of beneficial stimulation of the immune system of chicks. In ovo feeding can provide early nutrients and additives to embryos, stimulate gut microflora, and mitigate the adverse effects of starvation during pre-and post-hatch periods. Depending on the interests, the compounds are delivered to the embryo either around day 12 or 17 to 18 of incubation and via air sac or amnion. In ovo applications of bioactive compounds like vaccines, nutrients, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, creatine, follistatin, L-carnitine, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide, growth hormone, polyclonal antimyostatin antibody, peptide YY, and insulin-like growth factor-1 have been studied. These compounds affect hatchability, body weight at hatch, physiological functions, immune responses, gut morphology, gut microbiome, production performance, and overall health of birds. However, the route, dose, method, and time of in ovo injection and host factors can cause variation, and thereby inconsistencies in results. Studies using this method have manifested the benefits of injection of different single bioactive compounds. But for excelling in poultry production, researchers should precisely know the proper route and time of injection, optimum dose, and effective combination of different compounds. This review paper will provide an insight into current practices and available findings related to in ovo feeding on performance and health parameters of poultry, along with challenges and future perspectives of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razib Das
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Pravin Mishra
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Rajesh Jha
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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20
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Halgrain M, Bernardet N, Crepeau M, Même N, Narcy A, Hincke M, Réhault-Godbert S. Eggshell decalcification and skeletal mineralization during chicken embryonic development: defining candidate genes in the chorioallantoic membrane. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101622. [PMID: 34959155 PMCID: PMC8717587 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During chicken embryonic development, skeleton calcification mainly relies on the eggshell, whose minerals are progressively solubilized and transported to the embryo via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). However, the molecular components involved in this process remain undefined. We assessed eggshell demineralization and calcification of the embryo skeleton after 12 and 16 d of incubation, and analyzed the expression of several candidate genes in the CAM: carbonic anhydrases that are likely involved in secretion of protons for eggshell dissolution (CA2, CA4, CA9), ions transporters and regulators (CALB1, SLC4A1, ATP6V1B2, SGK1, SCGN, PKD2) and vitamin-D binding protein (GC). Our results confirmed that eggshell weight, thickness, and strength decreased during incubation, with a concomitant increase in calcification of embryonic skeletal system. In the CAM, the expression of CA2 increased during incubation while CA4 and CA9 were expressed at similar levels at both stages. SCL4A1 and SCGN were expressed, but not differentially, between the two stages, while the expression of ATP6V1B2 and PKD2 genes decreased. The expression of SGK1 and TRPV6 increased over time, although the expression of the latter gene was barely detectable. In parallel, we analyzed the expression of these candidate genes in the yolk sac (YS), which mediates the transfer of yolk minerals to the embryo during the first half of incubation. In YS, CA2 expression increases during incubation, similar to the CAM, while the expression of the other candidate genes decreases. Moreover, CALB1 and GC genes were found to be expressed during incubation in the YS, in contrast to the CAM where no expression of either was detected. This study demonstrates that the regulation of genes involved in the mobilization of egg minerals during embryonic development is different between the YS and CAM extraembryonic structures. Identification of the full suite of molecular components involved in the transfer of eggshell calcium to the embryo via the CAM should help to better understand the role of this structure in bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nathalie Même
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Agnès Narcy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, BOA, Nouzilly 37380, France
| | - Maxwell Hincke
- Departments of Innovation in Medical Education and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada; LE STUDIUM Research Consortium, Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans-Tours, France
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21
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Bai SP, Gao W, Yuan T, Ma XY, He LJ, Huang L, Wei S, Liu C, Wang WC, Yang L, Zhu YW. Change of zinc mobilization and gene expression of key zinc transport proteins between the yolk sac membrane and liver of duck embryonic developing. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101562. [PMID: 34823184 PMCID: PMC8626674 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) deposition in egg yolk is essential for the rapid growth and complete development of the avian embryo. Thus, it is crucial to obtain maximal Zn mobilization at an appropriate time during development in favor of the survival of avian embryos. The aim of this study was to study the developmental change of Zn mobilization and gene expression related to key Zn transport proteins between the yolk sac membrane and embryonic liver from the incubation d 17 (E17) to d 32 (E32) during duck embryonic developing. The weights of duck embryo, embryo without yolk sac, and embryonic liver increased as well as the yolk sac weight decreased linearly (P < 0.0001) when incubation day increased. The Zn concentration in the yolk sac did not change from E17 to E29 and only declined significantly from E29 to E32 of duck embryos, while hepatic Zn level decreased linearly as with the increased incubation time (P < 0.01). When the incubation day increased, the decreased Zn amount in the yolk sac and the increased Zn amount in the embryonic liver were observed (P < 0.0001). The calculated transfer-out rate of Zn in the yolk sac and transfer-in rate of Zn in livers were both increased from E23-26 to E29-32 (P < 0.01). Among E17, E23 and E29, the solute carrier family 39 member (ZIP) of ZIP10, ZIP13, and ZIP14 genes mRNA expressions were increased in yolk sac membrane but were decreased in the embryonic liver, while metallothionein 1 mRNA expression was increased both in the yolk sac membrane and liver (P < 0.05). In conclusion, yolk sac membrane and embryonic liver tissues displayed the similar developmental patterns of Zn mobilization and metallothionein 1 mRNA expression from E17 to E32 during duck embryonic developing. The appropriate time of the maximal rate of Zn mobilization were observed between E29 and E32 of duck embryo, associated with the significant changes of gene expression related to some key Zn transport proteins on E29 in yolk sac membrane and liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - W Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Y Ma
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (South China) of Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangdong Pubic Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou, China
| | - L J He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S Wei
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu, China
| | - C Liu
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd., Yunfu, China
| | - W C Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y W Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Trabecular Bone Parameters, TIMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-13, VEGF Expression and Immunolocalization in Bone and Cartilage in Newborn Offspring Prenatally Exposed to Fumonisins. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212528. [PMID: 34830409 PMCID: PMC8623786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins are protein serine/threonine phosphatase inhibitors and potent inhibitors of sphingosine N-acyltransferase (ceramide synthase) disrupting de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of fumonisins (FB) exposure from the 7th day of pregnancy to parturition on offspring bone development. The rats were randomly allocated to either a control group (n = 6), not treated with FBs, or to one of the two groups intoxicated with FBs (either at 60 mg FB/kg b.w. or at 90 mg FB/kg b.w. Numerous negative, offspring sex-dependent effects of maternal FB exposure were observed with regards to the histomorphometry of trabecular bone. These effects were due to FB-inducted alterations in bone metabolism, as indicated by changes in the expression of selected proteins involved in bone development: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 (TIMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase 8 (MMP-8), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The immunolocalization of MMPs and TIMP-2 was performed in trabecular and compact bone, as well as articular and growth plate cartilages. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the exposure of pregnant dams to FB negatively affected the expression of certain proteins responsible for bone matrix degradation in newborns prenatally exposed to FB in a dose- and sex-dependent manner.
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23
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Effect of Maternal Marginal Zinc Deficiency on Development, Redox Status, and Gene Expression Related to Oxidation and Apoptosis in an Avian Embryo Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:9013280. [PMID: 34712389 PMCID: PMC8548136 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9013280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Maternal severe zinc (Zn) deficiency resulted in growth retardation and high mortality during embryonic development in human. Therefore, this study is aimed at evaluating the effect of maternal marginal Zn deficiency on the development and redox status to avoid severe Zn deficiency using an avian model. A total of 324 laying duck breeders at 214 days old were randomly allotted into 3 dietary Zn levels with 6 replicates of 18 ducks per replicate. The birds were fed experimental diets including 3 dietary supplemental Zn levels of 0 mg/kg (maternal Zn-deficient group, 29.2 mg Zn/kg diet), 60 mg/kg (maternal Zn-adequate group), and 120 mg/kg (maternal Zn-high group) for 6 weeks. Dietary Zn levels had on effect on egg production and fertility (P > 0.05), whereas dietary Zn deficiency decreased breeder plasma Zn concentration and erythrocytic alkaline phosphatase activity at week 6 and inhibited erythrocytic 5′-nucleotidase (5′-NT) activity at weeks 2, 4, and 6 (P < 0.05), indicating that marginal Zn-deficient status occurred after Zn depletion. Maternal marginal Zn deficiency increased embryonic mortality and contents of superoxide anion radical, MDA, and PPC and reduced MT content and CuZnSOD activity in duck embryonic livers on E29. The MDA content was positively correlated with embryonic mortality. Maternal marginal Zn deficiency increased BCL2-associated X protein and Caspase-9 mRNA expressions as well as decreased B-cell lymphoma-2 and MT1 mRNA and signal AKT1 and ERK1 protein expressions (P < 0.05). Breeder plasma Zn concentration and erythrocytic 5′-NT activities at week 6 were positively correlated with GSH-Px activity and GPx, MT1, and BCL2 mRNA expressions in embryonic livers on E29. In conclusion, erythrocytic 5′-NT activity could be more rapid and reliable to monitor marginal Zn-deficient status. Marginal Zn deficiency impaired hatchability and antioxidant defense system and then induced oxidative damage and apoptosis in the embryonic liver, contributing to the greater loss of duck embryonic death.
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24
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Effect of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge on eggshell, tibia, and keel bone attributes in ISA brown hens exposed to dietary n-3 fatty acids prior to onset of lay. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101431. [PMID: 34607148 PMCID: PMC8493573 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge on eggshell, tibia, and keel bone characteristics in ISA brown hens derived from breeders and pullets fed omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) was examined. The breeders were fed the following diets: 1) Control (CON); 2) CON + 1% microalgae as the source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); and 3) CON + 2.6% of a co-extruded mixture of full-fat flaxseed and pulses as a source of α-linolenic acid (ALA). During the pullet phase, offspring from breeders fed CON were fed CON or supplemented diets, and offspring from supplemented diets either continued with respective n-3 PUFA diets or CON. At 18 weeks of age (WOA), pullets were fed a common layer diet to 42 WOA. A total of 5 birds were selected based on the average body weight (BW) of each treatment and moved to an individual cage at 41 WOA. Three days before the end of 42 WOA, all the birds were weighed and subcutaneously injected with either saline or 4 mg LPS/kg BW. Eggs were recorded, labeled, and kept for egg quality analyses. At 42 WOA, birds were necropsied for tibia and keel bone samples. Administration of LPS reduced eggshell breaking strength, eggshell weight, tibia, and keel bone ash content (P < 0.05). Specifically, LPS challenged hens had 14.9, 11.1, 9.2, and 11.6% lower eggshell breaking strength, eggshell weight, keel, and tibia ash content, respectively relative to unchallenged hens. Hens from breeders and pullets fed n-3 PUFA had similar (P > 0.05) eggshell, tibia, and keel bone attributes to control hens. In conclusion, the provision of ALA and DHA to breeders and their offspring did not alleviate the negative effects of LPS on eggshell, tibia, and keel bone characteristics in laying hens.
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Lilburn MS. Centennial Review: Trace mineral research with an emphasis on manganeseDedicated to Dr. Roland M. Leach, Jr. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101222. [PMID: 34246084 PMCID: PMC8271170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A century of publications in the Poultry Science journal is celebrated with Centennial papers. It is relevant, therefore, to explore trace mineral (TM) research with an emphasis on manganese and selected aspects of skeletal development. Some of the initial observations on the topic appeared in the earliest volumes of our journal. Published studies in the late 1920's and 1930's confirmed the importance of the diet and unidentified organic (i.e., vitamins) and inorganic nutrients (i.e., TM) relative to skeletal development. The early nutrition research emphasized requirement studies, the search for unknown factors to alleviate recognized deficiencies, and lastly important nutrient interactions, especially in the gut. This review will discuss TM research with an emphasis on manganese (Mn). Some of the fundamental discoveries on the mechanisms underlying embryonic and post-hatch skeletal development led directly to research directed at the role of Mn in the synthesis of the epiphyseal matrix. The TM research agenda today is considerably different with respect to all trace nutrients and is largely driven by gut health, antibiotic free production, food safety and environmental outcomes. A significant proportion of the published research over the last 2 decades has focused on the form (i.e., organic, inorganic) of a given TM relative to a given physiologic or production response under the pretext that modern commercial genotypes and production realities have changed considerably since the last NRC publication (NRC, 1994). If one closely reviews the more recent scientific literature, however, it could be argued that the term "trace mineral requirement" is often a misnomer. Many of the TM levels recommended or in use today are not the result of quantifiable requirement studies but are often based on efficacy comparisons with the different organic and inorganic forms of commercially available TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Lilburn
- Department of Animal Science, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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Changes in the Intestinal Histomorphometry, the Expression of Intestinal Tight Junction Proteins, and the Bone Structure and Liver of Pre-Laying Hens Following Oral Administration of Fumonisins for 21 Days. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13060375. [PMID: 34070555 PMCID: PMC8229214 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (FB) are metabolites found in cereal grains (including maize), crop products, and pelleted feed. There is a dearth of information concerning the effects of FB intoxication on the intestinal histomorphometry, the expression of intestinal tight junction proteins, and the bone structure and liver in pre-laying hens. The current experiment was carried out on hens from the 11th to the 14th week of age. The hens were orally administered an extract containing fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) at doses of 0.0 mg/kg b.w. (body weight), 1.0 mg/kg b.w., 4.0 mg/kg b.w., and 10.9 mg/kg b.w. for 21 days. Following FB intoxication, the epithelial integrity of the duodenum and jejunum was disrupted, and dose-dependent degenerative changes were observed in liver. An increased content of immature collagen was observed in the bone tissue of FB-intoxicated birds, indicating intensified bone turnover. A similar effect was observed with regards to the articular cartilage, where enhanced fibrillogenesis was observed mainly in the group of birds that received the FB extract at a dose of 10.9 mg/kg b.w. In conclusion, FB intoxication resulted in negative structural changes in the bone tissue of the hens, which could result in worsened bone mechanics and an increase in the risk of bone fractures. Fumonisin administration, even at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg b.w., can lead to degradation of the intestinal barrier and predispose hens to intestinal disturbances later in life.
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Wong EA, Uni Z. Centennial Review: The chicken yolk sac is a multifunctional organ. Poult Sci 2021; 100:100821. [PMID: 33518342 PMCID: PMC7936120 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The yolk sac (YS) consists of the yolk, which supplies nutrients, and the YS tissue, which surrounds the yolk and provides essential metabolic functions for the developing embryo. The YS tissue is derived from the midgut of the embryo and consists of a layer of endodermal epithelial cells (EEC) in contact with the yolk contents, a mesodermal layer that contains the vascular system and an outer ectodermal layer. The YS tissue is a multifunctional organ that provides essential functions such as host immunity, nutrient uptake, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and erythropoiesis. The YS tissue plays a role in immunity by the transport of maternal antibodies in the yolk to the embryonic circulation that feeds the developing embryo. In addition, the YS tissue expresses high mRNA levels of the host defense peptide, avian β-defensin 10 during mid embryogenesis. Owing to its origin, the YS EEC share some functional properties with intestinal epithelial cells such as expression of transporters for amino acids, peptides, monosaccharides, fatty acids, and minerals. The YS tissue stores glycogen and expresses enzymes for glycogen synthesis and breakdown and glucogenesis. This carbohydrate metabolism may play an important role in the hatching process. The mesodermal layer of the YS tissue is the site for erythropoiesis and provides erythrocytes before the maturation of the bone marrow. Other functions of the YS tissue involve synthesis of plasma proteins, lipid transport and cholesterol metabolism, and synthesis of thyroxine. Thus, the YS is an essential organ for the growth, development, and health of the developing embryo. This review will provide an overview of the studies that have investigated the functionalities of the YS tissue at the cellular and molecular levels with a focus on chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Wong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061.
| | - Z Uni
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Reda FM, El-Saadony MT, El-Rayes TK, Attia AI, El-Sayed SA, Ahmed SY, Madkour M, Alagawany M. Use of biological nano zinc as a feed additive in quail nutrition: biosynthesis, antimicrobial activity and its effect on growth, feed utilisation, blood metabolites and intestinal microbiota. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1886001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fayiz M. Reda
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Talaat K. El-Rayes
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Adel I. Attia
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sabry A.A El-Sayed
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sarah Y.A Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Akbari Moghaddam Kakhki R, Price KR, Moats J, Bédécarrats G, Karrow NA, Kiarie EG. Impact of feeding microalgae (Aurantiochytrium limacinum) and co-extruded mixture of full-fat flaxseed as sources of n-3 fatty acids to ISA brown and Shaver white breeders and progeny on pullet skeletal attributes at hatch through to 18 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2087-2099. [PMID: 32241494 PMCID: PMC7587698 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Impact of feeding n-3 fatty acids (FA) to ISA brown and Shaver white breeders and their progeny on bone development in pullets was investigated. Breeders were fed Control (CON); CON + 1% microalgae (DMA: Aurantiochytrium limacinum) as the source of docosahexaenoic acid; and CON + 2.6% of a co-extruded mixture of full-fat flaxseed (FFF) and pulses mixture as source of α-linolenic acid. Test diets (DMA and FFF) were balanced for total n-3 FA and n-6: n-3 FA ratio. Samples of day-old progeny were euthanized for bone mineral content (BMC) and tibia collagen type II. The remaining pullets were fed posthatch treatments as follows: from breeder CON: CON (CON-CON), DMA (CON-DMA), and FFF (CON-FFF), from breeder DMA: CON (DMA-CON) and DMA (DMA-DMA) and from breeder FFF: CON (FFF-CON) and FFF (FFF-FFF). A total of 60 pullets per posthatch diets were reared in cages (12 pullets/cage, n = 5) with free access to feed and water, bled at 6, 12, and 18 wk of age (WOA) for bone turnover markers and necropsied at 18 WOA for tibia and femur samples. Day-old pullets from breeder fed CON had greater BMC (P < 0.001) relative to those from breeders fed other diets. There was strain and diet interaction (P ≤ 0.024) on tibia breaking strength (TBS) and tibia cortical ash concentration at 18 WOA such that diet responses were only observed in Shaver white pullets. In this context, TBS of DMA-DMA and FFF-FFF was greater than for pullets originating from CON breeder, and the cortical ash weight of DMA-DMA and FFF-FFF pullets was 23.8 and 20.2%, respectively, higher than for CON-CON pullets. In conclusions, the strain effects were strong on tibia attributes on 18-week-old pullets. Breeder feeding of n-3 FA was more effective when concomitant with posthatch feeding of n-3 FA in supporting the skeletal strength and cortical bone development in Shaver white pullets. Further investigations are warranted to establish the impact these strategies on skeletal health during laying cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - G Bédécarrats
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - N A Karrow
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON
| | - E G Kiarie
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON.
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Onbaşılar EE, Güngör ÖF, Demir T, Erbay FKE, Kahraman M, Taban S, Çalık A, Pirpanahi M. Femur Properties of Embryo in the Layer Hybrid and Pure Breeds. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T Demir
- TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Turkey
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