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Siddiqui SA, Toppi V, Syiffah L. A comparative review on Ayam Cemani chicken - A comparison with the most common chicken species in terms of nutritional values, LCA, price and consumer acceptance. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:161. [PMID: 38733430 PMCID: PMC11088562 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03980-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Chickens are definitely among the most prevalent and broadly distributed domestic species. Among these, Ayam Cemani, also known as black chicken, is a rare Indonesian chicken breed originating from the island of Java. The main characteristic of this breed is that the body, both internally and externally, is entirely black. This is due to a condition named fibro melanosis, in which there is an over accumulation of melanin pigment in body tissues. In addition to this, Ayam Cemani meat results to be also higher in protein content and lower in fat. Moreover, Ayam Cemani meat is also known to have antioxidant and glucose-binding capacities. These properties make it very desirable within the market and consequently very expensive. Their meat is also used traditionally by tribal healers in the treatment of some chronic illnesses. In general, compared to other chicken species, the Ayam Cemani showed an higher genetic resistance to some infectious diseases commonly affecting poultry species. As regard the breeding, Ayam Cemani is a unique breed which may only be raised in specific locations, characterized to be a slowly growing breed with a lower body weight in comparison to the other poultry breeds. Nowadays, due to an improvement in the management, the nutrition and diseases control, it is possible to enhance their productivity. To date, there are not many studies in the literature on the specific breed of Ayam Cemani. For this reason, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of all the knowledge of the Ayam Cemani breed, the nutritional composition of the meat and consumer acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich, Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315, Straubing, Germany.
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing Str. 7, 49610, Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Valeria Toppi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Layyinatus Syiffah
- Nutrition Science Department, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
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Xu M, Zhao X, Yu M, Wang G, Feng J, Zhang M. The amino acid pattern and dynamics of body protein, body fat deposition in male and female broilers under different temperatures. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103525. [PMID: 38394866 PMCID: PMC10906514 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted 1) to investigate the effects of gender and temperature on growth performance in broiler chickens and 2) to establish body protein and fat deposition curves and amino acid patterns for broilers of both genders at different ambient temperatures. A total of 432 1-day-old (d) Arbor Acres chickens with a male/female ratio of 1:1 were randomly divided into the following 4 treatment groups: the male thermoneutral group, the female thermoneutral group, the male heat stress group, and the female heat stress group. The chickens in the thermoneutral groups were kept at a comfortable temperature from 1 to 42 d, while chickens in the heat stress groups were kept at a comfortable temperature from 1 to 28 d and at a high ambient temperature from d 29 to 42. The body composition retention data were obtained by comparative slaughter method, and the models were constructed by the Gompertz model. The results revealed significant variation in body protein content (BPC) and body fat deposition efficiency (BFE) between both genders and the 2 temperatures. Moreover, a noteworthy interaction between gender and temperature was observed in terms of the BPC and protein deposition efficiency (BPE). The following equations for body protein and body fat deposition in the thermoneutral groups were obtained: Body protein weight of male broilers: [Formula: see text] ; Body protein weight of female broilers: [Formula: see text] ; Body fat weight of male broilers: [Formula: see text] ; Body fat weight of female broilers: [Formula: see text] . Where t means age (d). The following equations for body protein and body fat deposition in the heat stress groups were obtained: Body protein weight of male broilers: [Formula: see text] ; Body protein weight of female broilers: [Formula: see text] ; Body fat weight of male broilers: [Formula: see text] ; Body fat weight of female broilers: [Formula: see text] . Where t means age (d). In addition, no significant difference in amino acid content was found between different genders and temperatures. The amino acid pattern could be divided into 2 stages: 0 to 14 d and 15 to 42 d. Our equations and patterns enable a deeper understanding of the nutritional requirements in broiler chickens under various temperature conditions. This enables researchers to develop more accurate feeding programs to fulfill the growth and health requirements of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Xu
- State key laboratory of animal nutrition and feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State key laboratory of animal nutrition and feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Miao Yu
- State key laboratory of animal nutrition and feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangju Wang
- State key laboratory of animal nutrition and feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708WD, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinghai Feng
- State key laboratory of animal nutrition and feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Minhong Zhang
- State key laboratory of animal nutrition and feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Puñal SB, Nicodemus N, Saiz Del Barrio A, García-Ruiz AI. Application of bioelectrical impedance analysis to assess body composition of male and female broiler chickens from 2 different strains throughout the growth period. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103447. [PMID: 38271758 PMCID: PMC10832478 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was performed in males and females of 2 different broiler strains from 0 to 42 d of age to develop and validate equations to predict body composition (BC). A total of 528 birds, 132 birds per sex and strain (Ross 308 and Cobb 500) were used in the experiment. Birds were fed ad libitum following CVB recommendations with a common starter (0-14 d), grower (15-29 d), and finisher diet (30-42 d). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was measured weekly from 0 to 42 d. Birds were euthanized, frozen and ground for sample collection. Each sample was analyzed through proximate analysis for dry matter (DM), protein, fat, ash, and energy content. Water (%), protein and ash (% DM) decreased with age (77.5-67.5, 69.1-52.2, and 8.12-7.29, respectively; P < 0.0001); whereas fat (% DM) and energy (cal/g DM) increased with the age (20.7-36.4 and 5,421-6151, respectively; P < 0.0001). Males had significantly higher water (%) and protein (% DM) contents, and lower lipid (% DM) deposits than females (70.5, 55.5, and 32.6 vs. 69.6, 54.6, and 33.7, respectively; P < 0.0001). Cobb 500 had a higher fat and lower protein (% DM) and water (%) content than Ross (34.6, 54.0, and 69.7 vs. 31.7, 56.1, and 70.4, respectively; P < 0.0001). A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to select the equation model to predict BC using the relative mean prediction error (RMPE, %) to evaluate the accuracy. The coefficients of determination (R2) to estimate water (%), protein, fat, ash (% DM) and energy content (cal/g DM) were 0.909, 0.825, 0.795, 0.493, and 0.838, respectively, and the RMPE were 1.26, 3.46, 7.73, 8.85, and 1.86%, respectively. A t test analysis was run, observing no differences in any of the parameters under study between the analyzed and estimated values. Based on these results, we can conclude that BIA can be used as a valid non-invasive technique to estimate in vivo BC in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Benítez Puñal
- Trouw Nutrition R&D Poultry Research Centre, Casarrubios del Monte, 45950, Spain; Departamento de Producción Agraria, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Nuria Nicodemus
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
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Liu M, Xia ZY, Li HL, Huang YX, Refaie A, Deng ZC, Sun LH. Estimation of Protein and Amino Acid Requirements in Layer Chicks Depending on Dynamic Model. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:764. [PMID: 38473150 DOI: 10.3390/ani14050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Four trials were conducted to establish a protein and amino acid requirement model for layer chicks over 0-6 weeks by using the analytical factorization method. In trial 1, a total of 90 one-day-old Jing Tint 6 chicks with similar body weight were selected to determine the growth curve, carcass and feather protein deposition, and amino acid patterns of carcass and feather proteins. In trials 2 and 3, 24 seven-day-old and 24 thirty-five-day-old Jing Tint 6 chicks were selected to determine the protein maintenance requirements, amino acid pattern, and net protein utilization rate. In trial 4, 24 ten-day-old and 24 thirty-eight-day-old Jing Tint 6 chicks were selected to determine the standard terminal ileal digestibility of amino acids. The chicks were fed either a corn-soybean basal diet, a low nitrogen diet, or a nitrogen-free diet throughout the different trials. The Gompertz equation showed that there is a functional relationship between body weight and age, described as BWt(g) = 2669.317 × exp(-4.337 × exp(-0.019t)). Integration of the test results gave a comprehensive dynamic model equation that could accurately calculate the weekly protein and amino acid requirements of the layer chicks. By applying the model, it was found that the protein requirements for Jing Tint 6 chicks during the 6-week period were 21.15, 20.54, 18.26, 18.77, 17.79, and 16.51, respectively. The model-predicted amino acid requirements for Jing Tint 6 chicks during the 6-week period were as follows: Aspartic acid (0.992-1.284), Threonine (0.601-0.750), Serine (0.984-1.542), Glutamic acid (1.661-1.925), Glycine (0.992-1.227), Alanine (0.909-0.961), Valine (0.773-1.121), Cystine (0.843-1.347), Methionine (0.210-0.267), Isoleucine (0.590-0.715), Leucine (0.977-1.208), Tyrosine (0.362-0.504), Phenylalanine (0.584-0.786), Histidine (0.169-0.250), Lysine (0.3999-0.500), Arginine (0.824-1.147), Proline (1.114-1.684), and Tryptophan (0.063-0.098). In conclusion, this study constructed a dynamic model for the protein and amino acid requirements of Jing Tint 6 chicks during the brooding period, providing an important insight to improve precise feeding for layer chicks through this dynamic model calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hong-Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Alainaa Refaie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhang-Chao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lv-Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Spears JW, Lloyd KE, Krafka K, Hyda J, Grimes JL. Chromium propionate in turkeys: effects on insulin sensitivity. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103215. [PMID: 37992621 PMCID: PMC10700384 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary chromium (Cr), as Cr propionate (Cr Prop), on measures of insulin sensitivity in turkeys. Plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), and liver glycogen concentrations were used as indicators of insulin sensitivity. One-day-old Nicholas Large White female poults (n = 336) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments consisting of 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, or 0.6 mg supplemental Cr/kg diet. Each treatment consisted of 12 replicate cages with 7 turkeys per cage. Final BW were taken on d 34, and on d 35 two birds from each cage were sampled for plasma glucose and NEFA, and liver glycogen determination at the initiation (fed state) and termination (fasted state) of a 24-h fast. Following a 24-h fast, 2 turkeys per cage were refed (refed state) their treatment diet for 4 h, and then harvested. Feed/gain and ADG did not differ between control and Cr-supplemented turkeys over the 34-d study, but feed intake tended (P = 0.071) to be greater for controls than turkeys receiving 0.4 mg Cr/kg diet. Fed turkeys had greater plasma glucose (P = 0.002) and liver glycogen (P = 0.001) concentrations, and lower (P = 0.001) NEFA concentrations than fasted birds. Turkeys refed after fasting had greater (P = 0.001) plasma glucose and liver glycogen concentrations, and lower (P = 0.001) plasma NEFA levels than fed turkeys. Liver glycogen and plasma NEFA concentrations did not differ among control and Cr-supplemented birds in the fed, fasted, or refed state. Plasma glucose concentrations were not affected by treatment in fed or fasted turkeys. Turkeys supplemented with 0.2 or 0.4 mg Cr/kg and refed after fasting had lower (quadratic, P = 0.038) plasma glucose concentrations than controls. Plasma glucose concentrations in refed birds did not differ among Cr-supplemented turkeys. The lower plasma glucose concentration in Cr-supplemented turkeys following refeeding is consistent with Cr enhancing insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Spears
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - K E Lloyd
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7621, USA
| | - K Krafka
- Kemin Agrifoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | - J Hyda
- Kemin Agrifoods North America, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | - J L Grimes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7608, USA.
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Mansilla WD, Saraswathy S, García-Ruiz AI. Dietary protein reduction with stepwise addition of crystalline amino acids and the effect of considering a minimum glycine-serine content in broiler diets. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102684. [PMID: 37116283 PMCID: PMC10160592 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducing the dependency on soybean meal (SBM) is necessary to improve the sustainability of the poultry industry. Moreover, the recommendations for minimum contents of dietary Gly+Ser require further research. Two parallel studies were executed to determine the effects of replacing SBM with crystalline amino acids (CAA) to meet the amino acid requirements and to determine whether a minimum content of Gly+Ser is necessary for broiler diets. In study 1, 1,860 one-day-old male chicks were fed a common starter phase diet (22.8% CP). During the grower-1, grower-2, and finisher phases, the control CP content was reduced (up to 2.1%) with the stepwise addition of CAA (treatments 1-5). Within each feeding phase, AME, standardized ileal digestible Lys, and the minimum Met, Thr, Val, Gly+Ser, Ile, Arg, and Trp to Lys ratios were similar. In study 2, 1,488 male chickens were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design with the Gly+Ser content and feed ingredients used as main factors. Performance was monitored during 41 d in both studies. Reduction in CP content linearly increased (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, and ADFI in the grower-1, grower-2, and finisher phases. When the overall FCR was adjusted considering the BW differences (FCRadj); FCRadj linearly decreased with the weighted average CP (WACP) content (P < 0.001). In the lowest CP treatment, estimated dietary N utilization efficiency was improved by 10%, and the overall N excretion was reduced by 16% compared with the control (P < 0.001). The overall SBM and soybean oil intakes were linearly reduced relative to WACP (-12.0 and -20.2% in control vs. treatment 5, respectively; P < 0.001). Formulating with a minimum Gly+Ser content in the starter phase improved the FCR (P < 0.05) only in the corn-SBM-based diet. In grower-1, increasing Gly+Ser content improved the FCR independent of the feed ingredients used (P < 0.05). Crystalline amino acids can be used to partially replace intact protein reducing the dependency on SBM. Young birds may not synthesize enough Gly endogenously and a minimum content should be provided in the early phases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saritha Saraswathy
- Global Nutrition Formulation, Trouw Nutrition, 3800 AG Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Ana I García-Ruiz
- Poultry R&D, Trouw Nutrition, El Viso de San Juan, Toledo 45215, Spain
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David L, Abdollahi M, Bedford M, Ravindran V. Requirement of digestible calcium at different dietary concentrations of digestible phosphorus for broiler chickens 3. Broiler finishers (d 25 to 35 post-hatch). Poult Sci 2023; 102:102492. [PMID: 36738562 PMCID: PMC9932104 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the digestible calcium (Ca) and digestible phosphorous (P) requirements of 25 to 35-day-old broiler chickens. Fifteen corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 g/kg standardized ileal digestible (SID) Ca and 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 g/kg SID P were fed to broilers from d 25 to 35 post-hatch. Each experimental diet was randomly allocated to 6 replicate cages (8 birds per cage). Body weight and feed intake were recorded, and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. On d 35, birds were euthanized to collect the ileal digesta, tibia, and carcass for the determination of ileal Ca, and P digestibility, concentrations of ash, Ca, and P in tibia and the retention of Ca and P in the carcass. Titanium dioxide (5.0 g/kg) was included in all diets as an indigestible indicator for the ileal digestibility measurement. Feed intake and total excreta output were measured during the last 4 d of the experimental period for the measurement of apparent total tract retention of Ca and P. Fixed effects of the experiment were dietary concentrations of SID Ca and SID P and their interaction. If the interaction or main effects were significant (P < 0.05), the parameter estimates for second-order response surface model (RSM) were determined using General Linear Model procedure of SAS. The maximum response was not predicted for most of the parameters (including growth performance and tibia) as the Ca effect was linear which indicated that the highest level of Ca employed in the study may have not been high enough. The requirement of dietary SID Ca for maximization of these parameters, therefore, depends on the dietary SID P concentration when the dietary SID Ca is within 2.0 to 4.0 g/kg. However, based on the factorial analysis, the highest weight gain was observed at 3.5 g/kg SID P and 3.5 g/kg SID Ca concentrations. Tibia ash was higher in birds fed 4.5 g/kg SID P and was unaffected by dietary SID Ca concentrations. However, based on overall findings, a combination of 3.5 g/kg SID P and 3.0-3.5 g/kg SID Ca may be recommended for the optimum tibia ash. The recommended SID Ca requirements (at 3.5 g/kg SID P) for weight gain (3.5 g/kg or 6.4 g/kg total Ca) and tibia ash (3.0-3.5 g/kg or 5.5-6.4 g/kg total Ca) are lower than the current Ca recommendations (7.8 g/kg total Ca equivalent to 4.25 g/kg SID Ca; Ross, 2019) for broiler finishers, suggesting possible excess of Ca in diets formulated based on the current recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.S. David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand,Corresponding author:
| | - M.R. Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - V. Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Riveros RL, de Sousa Camargos R, Macari M, de Paula Reis M, Leme BB, Sakomura NK. Dynamic of heat production partitioning in rooster by indirect calorimetry. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:75-83. [PMID: 35507842 PMCID: PMC9834651 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. METHODS Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O2 consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO2 and VCO2. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R-t)×I+L; I = 1 if t<R or I = 0 if t>R; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. RESULTS The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Lizana Riveros
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil,Corresponding Author: Rony Lizana Riveros, E-mail:
| | - Rosiane de Sousa Camargos
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Marcos Macari
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Matheus de Paula Reis
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Bruno Balbino Leme
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
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The Relationship between Performance, Body Composition, and Processing Yield in Broilers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192706. [PMID: 36230447 PMCID: PMC9559297 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to model the relationship among performance, whole body composition, and processing yield through meta-regression. Scientific papers found in Scopus and Google Scholar were included if they reported results and variability values of an actual experiment in the three mentioned groups of variables using a single broiler genetic line. Weighted mean effect sizes were determined with a random model, the risk of bias was determined, and heterogeneity was considered an indicator of usefulness. Meta-regressions considered the effect sizes of the response variable and the percent change in one or more variables as predictors. A 78-row database was built from 14 papers, including nine factors tested on 22,256 broilers. No influencing bias was found, and the data was determined useful. Meta-regressions showed that the changes in body weight gain (BWG) are inversely related to the effects in feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.001) and that the changes in FCR and effects in protein-to-fat gain (PFG) are directly related (p < 0.001). The changes in PFG and the effects on carcass conformation or the market value of birds are directly related (p < 0.001). In conclusion, body composition predicts carcass conformation and its market value, supporting its use to predict the economic value of broilers.
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David L, Abdollahi M, Bedford M, Ravindran V. Requirement of digestible calcium at different dietary concentrations of digestible phosphorus for broiler chickens. 2. Broiler growers (d 11 to 24 post-hatch). Poult Sci 2022; 101:102135. [PMID: 36115253 PMCID: PMC9485173 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the digestible calcium (Ca) and digestible phosphorous (P) requirements of 11 to 24 d old broiler chickens. Eighteen corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 1.80, 2.35, 2.90, 3.45, 4.00, and 4.55 g/kg standardized ileal digestible (SID) Ca and 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 g/kg SID P were fed to broilers from d 11 to 24. Each experimental diet was randomly allocated to six replicate cages (8 birds per cage). Body weight and feed amount were recorded at the start and end of the experiment and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. On d 24, birds were euthanized to collect ileal digesta, tibia, and carcass for the determination of digestible Ca and P, the concentration of ash, Ca and P in tibia and the retention of Ca and P in the carcass, respectively. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was included in all diets as an indigestible indicator for apparent ileal digestibility measurement. Total excreta output was measured during the last 4 d of the experimental period for the measurement of apparent total tract retention of Ca and P. Fixed effects of the experiment were dietary concentrations of SID Ca and SID P and their interaction. If the interaction or main effect was significant (P < 0.05), the parameter estimate for second-order response surface model was determined using General Linear Model procedure of SAS. The weight gain of broiler growers was optimized at the SID P concentration of 3.5 g/kg and SID Ca concentrations between 2.35 and 4.00 g/kg. At 3.5 g/kg SID P concentration, the required SID Ca for maximum weight gain was determined to be 3.05 g/kg, which corresponded to SID Ca to SID P ratios of 0.87. The concentration of SID Ca that maximized tibia ash at 3.5 g/kg SID P was 3.69 g/kg, which corresponded to SID Ca to SID P ratio of 1.05. Maximizing bone ash requires more Ca than maximizing weight gain. Carcass Ca and P retention were reflective of total tract Ca and P retention values. The estimated SID Ca requirements (at 3.5 g/kg SID P) for both maximized weight gain (3.05 g/kg or 6.11 g/kg total Ca) and bone ash (3.69 g/kg or 7.28 g/kg total Ca) are lower than the current Ca recommendation (8.70 g/kg total Ca equivalent to 4.03 g/kg SID Ca; Ross, 2019) for broiler growers, indicating possible oversupply of Ca in diets formulated based on the current recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.S. David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand,Corresponding author:
| | - M.R. Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - V. Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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11
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Afrouziyeh M, Zukiwsky NM, You J, Kwakkel RP, Korver DR, Zuidhof MJ. Architecture of broiler breeder energy partitioning models. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101518. [PMID: 34823174 PMCID: PMC8627977 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A robust model that estimates the ME intake over broiler breeder lifetime is essential for formulating diets with optimum nutrient levels. The experiment was conducted as a randomized controlled trial with 40 Ross 708 broiler breeder pullets reared on 1 of 10 target growth trajectories, which were designed with 2 levels of cumulative BW gain in prepubertal growth phase and 5 levels of timing of growth around puberty. This study investigated the effect of growth pattern on energy efficiency of birds and tested the effects of dividing data into daily, 4-d, weekly, 2-wk, and 3-wk periods and the inclusion of random terms associated with individual maintenance ME and ADG requirements, and age on ME partitioning model fit and predictive performance. Model [I] was: MEId = a × BWb + c × ADGp + d × ADGn + e × EM + ε, where MEId was daily ME intake (kcal/d); BW in kg; ADGp was positive ADG; ADGn was negative ADG (g/d); EM was egg mass (g/d); ε was the model residual. Models [II to IV] were nonlinear mixed models based on the model [I] with inclusion of a random term for individual maintenance requirement, age, and ADG, respectively. Model [II] – 3 wk was chosen as the most parsimonious based on lower autocorrelation bias, closer fit of the estimates to the actual data (lower model MSE and closer R2 to 1), and greater predictive performance among the models. Estimated ME partitioned to maintenance in model [II] – 3 wk was 100.47 ± 7.43 kcal/kg0.56, and the ME requirement for ADGp, ADGn, and EM were 3.49 ± 0.37; 3.16 ± 3.91; and 2.96 ± 0.13 kcal/g, respectively. Standard treatment had lower residual heat production (RHP; -0.68 kcal/kg BW0.56) than high early growth treatment (0.79 kcal/kg BW0.56), indicating greater efficiency in utilizing the ME consumed. Including random term associated with individual maintenance ME in a 3-wk chunk size provided a robust, biologically sound life-time energy partitioning model for breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Afrouziyeh
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Nicole M Zukiwsky
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Jihao You
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - René P Kwakkel
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5; Department of Animal Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands (6700 AH)
| | - Douglas R Korver
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Martin J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5.
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12
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David LS, Abdollahi MR, Bedford MR, Ravindran V. Requirement of digestible calcium at different dietary concentrations of digestible phosphorus for broiler chickens. 1. Broiler starters (d 1 to 10 post-hatch). Poult Sci 2021; 100:101439. [PMID: 34607153 PMCID: PMC8493592 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the digestible calcium (Ca) and digestible phosphorous (P) requirements of 10-day-old broiler chickens. Fifteen corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 3.3, 3.9, 4.4, 5.0, and 5.5 g/kg standardized ileal digestible (SID) Ca and 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 g/kg SID P was fed to broilers from d 1 to 10. Each experimental diet was randomly allocated to 6 replicate cages (12 birds per cage). Body weight and feed intake were recorded at the start and end of the experiment and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. On d 10, birds were euthanized to collect ileal digesta, toes and tibia for the determination of digestible Ca and P, toe ash concentration and the concentrations of ash, Ca, and P in tibia. Titanium dioxide (5 g/kg) was included in all diets as an indigestible indicator for apparent ileal digestibility measurements. Total excreta were collected from d 1 to 10 for the measurement of total tract retention of Ca and P. Fixed effects of the experiment were dietary concentrations of SID Ca and SID P and their interaction. If the interaction or main effects were significant (P < 0.05), the parameter estimates for second-order response surface model were determined using General Linear Model procedure of SAS software. The growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral utilization of broiler starters were found to be optimized at 5 g/kg SID P concentration. Required SID Ca for maximum weight gain and bone mineralization was determined to be 3.32 and 4.36 to 4.78 g/kg, respectively, at 5 g/kg SID P concentration, which correspond to SID Ca to SID P ratios of 0.66 and 0.87 to 0.96, respectively. The estimated SID Ca requirement for weight gain is lower than the current Ca recommendation (9.6 g/kg total Ca or 4.4 g/kg SID Ca) for broiler starters. However, bone mineralization is maximized around the current total Ca recommendation at 8.9 to 9.8 g/kg (4.36-4.78 g/kg SID Ca) and indicates that bone mineralization requires more Ca than growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S David
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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13
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Salisbury F, Cowieson A, Gous R. Constraints on the modelling of calcium and phosphorus growth of broilers: a systematic review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2021.1974804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Salisbury
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | | | - R.M. Gous
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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14
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Timing of growth affected broiler breeder feeding motivation and reproductive traits. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101375. [PMID: 34358953 PMCID: PMC8350539 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount and timing of growth are important factors that affect age at first egg, body conformation, reproductive performance, and hunger in broiler breeders. To investigate the effect of growth pattern on feeding motivation and reproductive performance, 10 unique growth trajectories were designed with 2 levels of the amount of early growth and 5 levels of timing of growth around puberty. A 3-phase Gompertz model that described growth in phase 1 (prepubertal), phase 2 (pubertal), and phase 3 (postpubertal) was used to design the growth trajectories. Second growth phase inflection point (I2) was advanced by 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% of the coefficient estimated from the breeder-recommended target BW. The growth trajectories were designed with 2 discrete levels of total gain in the prepubertal phase (g1); g1 was either the prepubertal phase gain coefficient, estimated from the breeder-recommended BW (Standard g1) target, or 10% higher (High g1). Forty females were randomly assigned to the growth trajectories using a precision feeding (PF) system. Analysis of covariance was conducted on dependent variables in ten 4-wk periods with g1 and periods as discrete fixed effects, I2 as a continuous fixed effect, and age as a random effect. Differences were reported at P ≤ 0.05. For every week of earlier I2, body weight at photostimulation (BWPS) increased by 126 g; BW at first egg (BWFE) increased by 94 g; 24 wk shank length increased by 0.038 and 1.495 mm in the Standard g1 and High g1 treatments; 24 wk body fat increased by 0.38%; pullets came to lay earlier by 0.49 d; egg weight (EW) increased by 0.27 g; egg production and egg mass (EM) increased by 0.33 egg/hen/d and 0.916 g/d in the High g1 treatment but decreased by 0.27 egg/hen/d and 0.29 g/d in the Standard g1 treatment, respectively. Increasing g1 reduced feeding motivation index by 1.6 and 0.8 visits/meal during rearing and laying phase, respectively. Earlier pubertal growth showed prominent effects on the reproductive performance.
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15
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Reconsidering the contribution of Canadian poultry production to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions: returning to an integrated crop-poultry production system paradigm. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3777-3783. [PMID: 32731963 PMCID: PMC7597985 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Public discourse around “greenhouse gases” (GHG) has led to the application of life-cycle assessments to ascertain the “global warming potential” of human activities. Life-cycle assessments applied to agricultural systems typically do not consider positive contributions (i.e., fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2]) or consider complex interrelationships among commodities within the larger agricultural sector. The purpose of this article is to present an argument for a paradigm shift and that poultry production should be considered as a value-adding activity within modern crop production systems for GHG foot-printing purposes. To this end, a case study based on 2018 production data is presented where poultry production (chicken and eggs) was contextualized as a sub-component of wheat and corn production in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Ontario, respectively. Total GHG footprint was calculated to be 3.05 and 3.29 million tonnes (MT) of CO2 equivalent (eq) for Alberta wheat and Ontario corn production, respectively. The GHG footprint of chicken production was calculated to be 0.39 and 1.38 MT CO2 eq in Alberta and Ontario, respectively. The GHG footprint of egg production calculated to be 0.12 and 0.47 MT of CO2 eq in Alberta and Ontario, respectively. When carbon (C) fixation as crop biomass is included in the scenario, the combined crop–poultry system C balance in 2018 favored net fixation of 40.70 and 35.15 MT of CO2 eq in Alberta and Ontario, respectively. The calculated total GHG footprint of poultry production in Alberta and Ontario corresponded to only 1.2 and 5.5% of the calculated total net CO2 fixation of their respective cropping systems. This case study demonstrates that by failing to acknowledge real world estimates of C fixation by crop biomass, GHG foot-printing exercises largely misrepresent reality and can thus perpetuate faulty assumptions about the environmental footprint of animal agriculture. The authors propose that the calculations presented herein provide grounds to postulate the hypothesis that modern, integrated crop-livestock agricultural systems in Canada (and elsewhere) act as net sinks for atmospheric CO2.
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16
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Weimer SL, Mauromoustakos A, Karcher DM, Erasmus MA. Differences in performance, body conformation, and welfare of conventional and slow-growing broiler chickens raised at 2 stocking densities. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4398-4407. [PMID: 32867983 PMCID: PMC7598105 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer concern for broiler welfare has increased interest in chicken from slower growing (SG) broiler strains. Broilers from SG strains take longer to reach market weight, which may necessitate differences in management practices, such as stocking density. This study evaluated the effects of 2 stocking densities on production performance, body conformation, and welfare of broilers from 2 strains. Broilers from strains that reach market weight at age 42 D (CONV; N = 284) and at 63 D (SG; N = 284) were exclusively stocked into pens at a density of either 29 kg/m2 or 37 kg/m2. Birds were provided the same starter, grower, and finisher diets with diet phase changes occurring when SG bird body weight (BW) matched CONV. Live BW, body length, pelvic width, shank length, shank width, keel length, breast width, and breast depth were collected at 4 phases: Phase 1—chick placement, Phase 2—starter, Phase 3—grower, and Phase 4—finisher. At Phase 4, footpad dermatitis (FPD), hock burn (HB), and toe damage (TD) were scored. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and mortality for each pen were recorded throughout the study. Final BW was similar (2.68 kg) for both strains and stocking densities of birds (P > 0.05). CONV bird FCR was 35% more efficient than SG (P < 0.0001). CONV birds had shorter bodies and shanks compared with SG birds at Phases 3 and 4 (P < 0.05). Slower growing birds stocked at 37 kg/m2 had the longest bodies and keel bones at Phase 4 (P < 0.01). Also at Phase 4, SG birds stocked at 29 kg/m2 had the lowest prevalence of HB (4%), yet the highest prevalence of TD (28%; P < 0.01). These results indicate differences in the effects of strain and stocking density on male broiler conformation, performance, and welfare and highlight the importance of tailoring management practices to the strain of broiler raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Weimer
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - A Mauromoustakos
- Agricultural Statistics Lab, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - D M Karcher
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - M A Erasmus
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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17
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Soglia D, Sartore S, Maione S, Schiavone A, Dabbou S, Nery J, Zaniboni L, Marelli S, Sacchi P, Rasero R. Growth Performance Analysis of Two Italian Slow-Growing Chicken Breeds: Bianca di Saluzzo and Bionda Piemontese. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060969. [PMID: 32503231 PMCID: PMC7341298 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bianca di Saluzzo and Bionda Piemontese are two Italian slow-growing chicken breeds of the Piemonte region (Northwest Italy) and are reared mainly for meat. They conserve adaptation to free ranging low input rearing systems and are promising for antibiotic-free farming. We aimed to analyze their growth using a mathematical model and to obtain some advice for improving performance. Polymorphism of the PAX7 gene was also studied to increase conservation value. The results confirmed that these breeds are late-maturing. Whereas selection would increase inbreeding, a mating scheme to bring inbreeding under control could be the most proper way to increase growth rate and reach commercial maturity earlier. Abstract Bianca di Saluzzo (BS) and Bionda Piemontese (BP) are two Italian chicken breeds, mainly reared for meat production, primarily in antibiotic-free farming. However, technical information on their growth pattern is still missing. At hatching, 150 unsexed chicks of each breed were weighed, labeled, and reared in indoor pens up to 8 w of age. At 8 w of age, the chicks were separated by sex and randomly transferred to growing pens with access to an external paddock (15 birds/pen; 4 pens/sex for each breed). The body weight (BW) was recorded biweekly for each bird, from hatching to 32 w of age. In order to identify an improvement strategy, the objectives of our study were to analyze the growth pattern of these birds using the Gompertz mathematical model and compare results with other chicken breeds. Polymorphism of the PAX7 gene was also analyzed to test its association with growth traits. Both BS and BP are close to unselected native breeds and, among the Italian local poultry, they are confirmed to be slow-growing birds with an intermediate size between heavy and light chicken breeds. Regarding the PAX7 gene, two alleles were found, F and G, and showed an association with the actual BW in the BP females from 14 w of age onwards. The G allele always exhibited a more favorable effect than the F allele. In small size poultry population, a delicate balance between preservation of biodiversity and performance improvement should be considered. Consequently, the most proper way could be an approach based on a mating scheme to keep inbreeding under control, increase growth rate, and improve commercial maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominga Soglia
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Stefano Sartore
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Sandra Maione
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.S.); (R.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Joana Nery
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Luisa Zaniboni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefano Marelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (L.Z.); (S.M.)
| | - Paola Sacchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.S.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberto Rasero
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (D.S.); (S.S.); (S.M.); (J.N.); (P.S.); (R.R.)
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18
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Sousa TVR, Siqueira JC, Nascimento DCN, Ribeiro FB, Bomfim MAD, Leão ACD, Costa JOM, Filho FCV. Allometric coefficients of major chemical components of meat quail raised in different thermal environments. Poult Sci 2019; 98:6626-6635. [PMID: 31504908 PMCID: PMC8913952 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to estimate and compare allometric coefficients of the major chemical components of meat quail raised in different thermal environments, based on protein weight of feather free body (FFB) and feathers. In total, 300 meat quail, males and females, were distributed in a completely randomized design with 2 treatments (climatized environment, 26°C, and non-climatized environment, 29°C) and 6 replicates of 25 birds each. On the first day, 36 birds were selected to form the reference group and from this day on, 2 quail were weekly sampled from each cage. All selected birds were fasted for 24 h, weighed, slaughtered, plucked, and reweighed. The FFB and feathers were ground separately to obtain homogeneous samples, which were freeze-dried to determine the water content, and thereafter, ground again in a micromill before analyzing for protein, lipid, and ash using AOAC procedures. The adjustment of the allometric equations was made using crude protein (CP) weight as the independent variable and water, lipid, and ash weight as the dependent variables. The data of each dependent variable were transformed into natural logarithm (ln), regressed according to lnCP, and subjected to a parallelism test. In the FFB, water showed early development and lipid and ash showed late development in relation to the CP weight. In feathers, water and ash weight showed early development in relation to the feathers protein weight, whereas lipids showed late development. The environments of 26°C and 29°C did not affect the allometric coefficients that described the growth between the chemical components in the body and in the feathers, except for lipids in male FFB, that showed higher allometric coefficient at 29°C than 26°C. Describing the allometric relationships between the major chemical components of meat quail body is an important step in supporting future research comprised modeling of body growth and nutrition for meat quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V R Sousa
- Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Chapadinha, Chapadinha, 65500-000 Maranhão, Brazil
| | - J C Siqueira
- Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Chapadinha, Chapadinha, 65500-000 Maranhão, Brazil
| | - D C N Nascimento
- Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Chapadinha, Chapadinha, 65500-000 Maranhão, Brazil
| | - F B Ribeiro
- Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Chapadinha, Chapadinha, 65500-000 Maranhão, Brazil
| | - M A D Bomfim
- Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Chapadinha, Chapadinha, 65500-000 Maranhão, Brazil
| | - A C D Leão
- Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Chapadinha, Chapadinha, 65500-000 Maranhão, Brazil
| | - J O M Costa
- Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Chapadinha, Chapadinha, 65500-000 Maranhão, Brazil
| | - F C Vieira Filho
- Center of Agrarian and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Campus Chapadinha, Chapadinha, 65500-000 Maranhão, Brazil
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