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Li Y, Ma R, Qi R, Li H, Li J, Liu W, Wan Y, Liu Z, Li S, Chang X, Yuan Z, Liu X, Wang X, Zhan K. Study on the changing patterns of production performance of laying hens and their relationships with environmental factors in a large-scale henhouse. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104185. [PMID: 39244783 PMCID: PMC11407087 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The production performance of laying hens is influenced by various environmental factors within the henhouse. The intricate interactions among these factors make the impact process highly complicated. The exact relationships between production performance and environmental variables are still not well understood. In this study, we measured the production performance of laying hens and various environmental variables across different parts of the henhouse, evaluated the weight of each environmental variable, and constructed a laying rate prediction model. Results displayed that body weight, laying rate, egg weight and eggshell thickness of hens decrease gradually from WCA to FA (P < 0.05). Serum levels of FSH and LH, as well as antibody level of H5 Re-13, gradually decrease from WCA to FA (P < 0.05). Moreover, the values for temperature (T), temperature-humidity index (THI), air velocity (AV), carbon dioxide (CO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5) gradually increase from WCA to FA (P < 0.05). Conversely, the relative humidity (RH) value gradually decreases from FA to WCA (P < 0.05). Additionally, the weights of the environmental variables, determined using a combination of the grey relational analysis (GRA) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), were as follows in descending order: RH, THI, T, light intensity (LI), AV, PM2.5, NH3, and CO2. When the number of decision trees in the laying rate prediction model was set to 2,500, the results displayed a high level of agreement between the model's predictions and the observed outcomes. The model's performance evaluation yielded an R2 value of 0.89995 for the test set, suggesting strong predictive effects. In conclusion, the current study revealed significant differences in both the production performance of laying hens and the environmental variables across different parts of the henhouse. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that different environmental factors have distinct impacts on laying rate, with humidity and temperature identified as the primary factors. Finally, a multi-variable prediction model was constructed, exhibiting high accuracy in predicting laying rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Ruiyu Ma
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Renrong Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Hualong Li
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Junying Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Sanjun Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Xueling Chang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou, Anhui, 233100, China
| | - Zhengdong Yuan
- Beijing Deqingyuan Agricultural Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xuming Liu
- Beijing Deqingyuan Agricultural Technology Co. Ltd, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Xunwu Deqingyuan Agricultural Technology Co. Ltd, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, 342200, China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China.
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Ncho CM, Berdos JI, Gupta V, Rahman A, Mekonnen KT, Bakhsh A. Abiotic stressors in poultry production: A comprehensive review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024. [PMID: 39132861 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
In modern animal husbandry, stress can be viewed as an automatic response triggered by exposure to adverse environmental conditions. This response can range from mild discomfort to severe consequences, including mortality. The poultry industry, which significantly contributes to human nutrition, is not exempt from this issue. Although genetic selection has been employed for several decades to enhance production output, it has also resulted in poor stress resilience. Stress is manifested through a series of physiological reactions, such as the identification of the stressful stimulus, activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal medulla, and subsequent hormonal cascades. While brief periods of stress can be tolerated, prolonged exposure can have more severe consequences. For instance, extreme fluctuations in environmental temperature can lead to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, impairment of reproductive performance, and reduced immunity. In addition, excessive noise in poultry slaughterhouses has been linked to altered bird behaviour and decreased production efficiency. Mechanical vibrations have also been shown to negatively impact the meat quality of broilers during transport as well as the egg quality and hatchability in hatcheries. Lastly, egg production is heavily influenced by light intensity and regimens, and inadequate light management can result in deficiencies, including visual anomalies, skeletal deformities, and circulatory problems. Although there is a growing body of evidence demonstrating the impact of environmental stressors on poultry physiology, there is a disproportionate representation of stressors in research. Recent studies have been focused on chronic heat stress, reflecting the current interest of the scientific community in climate change. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the major abiotic stressors in poultry production and elucidate their underlying mechanisms, addressing the need for a more comprehensive understanding of stress in diverse environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Major Ncho
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janine I Berdos
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Tarlac Agricultural University, Malacampa, Tarlac, Philippines
| | - Vaishali Gupta
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Attaur Rahman
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kefala Taye Mekonnen
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Arsi University, Asella, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Allah Bakhsh
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
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Hefnawy E, Elgazzar E, Sabek A, El-Laithy S, Ahmed S. Effect of different LED light colors on welfare, performance, some behavioral patterns, and blood parameters of Muscovy ducks. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:350. [PMID: 39113022 PMCID: PMC11304568 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study was conducted to assess the impact of different LED light colors on welfare indicators in Muscovy ducks. These welfare parameters encompassed growth performance, specific behaviors, tonic immobility (TI), feather score, haematological, and serum biochemical parameters. Eighty-four healthy unsexed Muscovy ducklings aged two weeks were randomly assigned to four groups (3replicates/group; each replicate contains 7 birds) based on different LED light colors. The first group was raised under white light, the second under red light, the third under blue light, and the fourth under yellow light. To assess the impact of various LED light colors on welfare, growth performance indicators (body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio) were measured. Behavioral patterns including feeding, drinking, standing, walking, sitting, feather pecking, and other activities were recorded. Tonic immobility test (TI) and feather condition scoring were conducted at 3, 6, and 10 weeks of age. At the end of the study blood samples were collected for hematological and serum biochemical analyses. RESULTS The results revealed that using blue, yellow, and red colors had no adverse effect on the final body weight of the ducks (P > 0.05). Unlike to red light, blue light significantly reduced feather pecking, TI time and cortisol concentrations and improved the feather condition score (P ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that the application of blue light effectively improves welfare indices and has no detrimental impact on the growth performance of Muscovy ducks thereby positively contributing to their welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Hefnawy
- Department of Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohour 13736, Benha City, 13518, Egypt
| | - Eman Elgazzar
- Department of Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohour 13736, Benha City, 13518, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Sabek
- Department of Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohour 13736, Benha City, 13518, Egypt.
| | - Saeed El-Laithy
- Department of Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohour 13736, Benha City, 13518, Egypt
| | - Souad Ahmed
- Department of Hygiene and Veterinary Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohour 13736, Benha City, 13518, Egypt
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Guo B, Yan L, Tang Y, Du J, Dai Z, Liu J, Lei M, Hou Z, Zhu H. Green Light Mitigates Cyclic Chronic Heat-Stress-Induced Liver Oxidative Stress and Inflammation via NF-κB Pathway Inhibition in Geese. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:772. [PMID: 39061842 PMCID: PMC11274274 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) induces various physiological disorders in poultry, negatively impacting feed intake, feed efficiency, and growth performance. Considering the documented anti-stress and growth-promoting benefits of monochromatic green light in poultry, we aimed to investigate its effects on cyclic chronic HS-induced oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation in geese. We established three treatment groups-geese exposed to white light (W), white light with HS treatment (WH), and green light with HS treatment (GH)-treated over a six-week period with daily HS sessions. The results revealed that cyclic chronic HS induced liver OS and inflammation, leading to hepatocellular injury and reduced growth performance and feed intake. In comparison, the growth performance of geese under green light significantly improved. Additionally, liver index, serum, liver malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were reduced. Serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), liver catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were enhanced, reducing hepatic OS and inflammation. Liver transcriptomic analysis indicated that green light alleviates cyclic chronic HS-induced liver injury and promotes geese growth performance by suppressing NF-κB pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (L.Y.); (Y.T.); (Z.D.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Leyan Yan
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (L.Y.); (Y.T.); (Z.D.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (L.Y.); (Y.T.); (Z.D.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212000, China
| | - Jie Du
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Jiangsu Polytechnic College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong 212400, China;
| | - Zichun Dai
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (L.Y.); (Y.T.); (Z.D.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (L.Y.); (Y.T.); (Z.D.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mingming Lei
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (L.Y.); (Y.T.); (Z.D.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhuocheng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huanxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Crop and Animal Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China (L.Y.); (Y.T.); (Z.D.); (J.L.); (M.L.)
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Gündoğar UC, Onbaşılar EE, Ahlat O. Effects of abrupt and gradual light/dark switching on growth performance, behavior, villus development, meat characteristics, and immunity of broilers. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13962. [PMID: 38811006 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of abrupt and gradual light/dark switching on growth performance, behavior, villus development, meat characteristics, and immunity of broilers. A total of 270 daily male broiler chicks were used in the experiment. The study comprised three groups based on whether the transitions between light and dark periods were abrupt or gradual. No significant differences were observed among the examined groups in terms of body weight, weight gain, mortality rate, feeding, pecking, relaxing, and feather preening behaviors, carcass, and breast meat quality characteristics. Total body weight gain, total feed consumption, total feed utilization ratio, and mortality rates of broilers during the 6-week fattening period did not differ compared to the abrupt transition. Broilers in the group with gradual transition exhibited less movement, more sitting, and sleeping behaviors. It was determined that the IgG was higher in the gradual transition group. The transitions between light and dark periods influenced the characteristics of thigh meat. Villus height and crypt depth were higher in the group where a 1-h gradual transition was applied. As a conclusion, gradual transition is more appropriate in broiler rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Can Gündoğar
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- The Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esin Ebru Onbaşılar
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozan Ahlat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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Li J, Chang X, Chen X, Ma R, Qi R, Liu W, Li Y, Wan Y, Qiu Q, Shao Q, Liu A, Zhan K. Effects of green tea powder on production performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical parameters in laying hens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102924. [PMID: 37542941 PMCID: PMC10407902 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of green tea powder (GTP) on laying performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical parameters of laying hens. A total of 240 Jingfen No. 6 laying hens (age, 24 wk) were randomly allocated into 4 groups: control group (CON, basal diet), GTP0.5, GTP0.75, and GTP1.0 (basal diet included 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0% GTP, respectively). Each group has 5 replicates with 12 birds each. The feeding trial lasted 8 wk. The results showed that the hen-day egg production rate in GTP0.5 and GTP 0.75 group was higher than that of GTP1.0 group (P < 0.05), hen-day egg production rate in the GTP1.0 group was lower compared to the CON group (P > 0.05), the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the GTP0.75 group was lower than that in CON and GTP 1.0 group (P < 0.05) during the entire experimental period. Albumen height and Haugh unit were higher in the GTP0.75 and GTP1.0 group compared to the CON group at d 56 (P < 0.05). At the end of experiment, plasma TG content in the GTP0.75 and GTP1.0 group was lower than that in the CON group (P < 0.05), the T-CH concentration in the GTP0.5 and GTP0.75 group was lower compared to the CON group (P < 0.05), plasma LDL-C and CORT concentrations were decreased by dietary GTP supplementation (P < 0.05), the HDL-C and BUN concentrations in the GTP0.75 and GTP1.0 group were higher than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). The antibody titers of H5N1 in the GTP0.75 and GTP1.0 group, and H7N9 in the GTP1.0 group were lower than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary GTP inclusion could affect laying performance, regulate lipid metabolism, and have no favorable influence on antibody titers of H5N1 and H7N9, herein, dietary 0.5% GTP inclusion is suggested for Jingfen No. 6 laying hens during the peak laying period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junying Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xueling Chang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu 233100, China
| | - Xiangming Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ruiyu Ma
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Renrong Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yan Li
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Qinqin Qiu
- Anhui Ningqing Tea Co., Ltd., Xuancheng 245300, China
| | - Qiance Shao
- Anhui Ningqing Tea Co., Ltd., Xuancheng 245300, China
| | - Aiqiao Liu
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 101206, China
| | - Kai Zhan
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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Kodaira V, Siriani ALR, Medeiros HP, De Moura DJ, Pereira DF. Assessment of Preference Behavior of Layer Hens under Different Light Colors and Temperature Environments in Long-Time Footage Using a Computer Vision System. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2426. [PMID: 37570237 PMCID: PMC10417600 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
As for all birds, the behavior of chickens is largely determined by environmental conditions. In many production systems, light intensity is low and red feather strains have low contrast with the background, making it impossible to use conventional image segmentation techniques. On the other hand, studies of chicken behavior, even when using video camera resources, depend on human vision to extract the information of interest; and in this case, reduced samples are observed, due to the high cost of time and energy. Our work combined the use of advanced object detection techniques using YOLO v4 architecture to locate chickens in low-quality videos, and we automatically extracted information on the location of birds in more than 648 h of footage. We develop an automated system that allows the chickens to transition among three environments with different illuminations equipped with video cameras to monitor the presence of birds in each compartment, and we automatically count the number of birds in each compartment and determine their preference. Our chicken detection algorithm shows a mean average precision of 99.9%, and a manual inspection of the results showed an accuracy of 98.8%. Behavioral analysis results based on bird unrest index and permanence time indicate that chickens tend to prefer white light and disfavor green light, except in the presence of heat stress when no clear preference can be observed. This study demonstrates the potential of using computer vision techniques with low-resolution, low-cost cameras to monitor chickens in low-light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Kodaira
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Campinas State University, Campinas 13083-875, SP, Brazil; (V.K.); (D.F.P.)
| | - Allan Lincoln Rodrigues Siriani
- Graduate Program in Agribusiness and Development, School of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University, Tupã 17602-496, SP, Brazil;
| | - Henry Ponti Medeiros
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Daniella Jorge De Moura
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Campinas State University, Campinas 13083-875, SP, Brazil; (V.K.); (D.F.P.)
| | - Danilo Florentino Pereira
- Graduate Program in Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Campinas State University, Campinas 13083-875, SP, Brazil; (V.K.); (D.F.P.)
- Department of Management, Development and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, São Paulo State University, Tupã 17602-496, SP, Brazil
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Horodincu L, Solcan C. Influence of Different Light Spectra on Melatonin Synthesis by the Pineal Gland and Influence on the Immune System in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2095. [PMID: 37443893 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the pineal gland in birds influences behavioural and physiological functions, including those of the immune system. The purpose of this research is to examine the endocrine-immune correlations between melatonin and immune system activity. Through a description of the immune-pineal axis, we formulated the objective to determine and describe: the development of the pineal gland; how light influences secretory activity; and how melatonin influences the activity of primary and secondary lymphoid organs. The pineal gland has the ability to turn light information into an endocrine signal suitable for the immune system via the membrane receptors Mel1a, Mel1b, and Mel1c, as well as the nuclear receptors RORα, RORβ, and RORγ. We can state the following findings: green monochromatic light (560 nm) increased serum melatonin levels and promoted a stronger humoral and cellular immune response by proliferating B and T lymphocytes; the combination of green and blue monochromatic light (560-480 nm) ameliorated the inflammatory response and protected lymphoid organs from oxidative stress; and red monochromatic light (660 nm) maintained the inflammatory response and promoted the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Melatonin can be considered a potent antioxidant and immunomodulator and is a critical element in the coordination between external light stimulation and the body's internal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Horodincu
- Preclinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iasi University of Life Sciences, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Solcan
- Preclinics Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, "Ion Ionescu de la Brad" Iasi University of Life Sciences, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700489 Iasi, Romania
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Elbaz BA, Fares I, Ahmed AM, Hegab IM. Different LED Light Colors Modify Behavior, Physiology, and Hypothalamic CRF and NPY mRNA Expression in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix Japonica). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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Sun Y, Li Y, Ma S, Shi L, Chen C, Li D, Guo J, Ma H, Yuan J, Chen J. Effects of LED Lights with Defined Spectral Proportion on Growth and Reproduction of Indigenous Beijing-You Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040616. [PMID: 36830401 PMCID: PMC9951764 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Light presents an important exogenous factor for poultry. This study examined effects of LED lights with different defined spectrums on growth and reproduction of indigenous Beijing-You chickens. A total of 576 one-day old female chicks were divided into 16 rooms, and each were exposed to four different lights: LED A (21% green light, 30% blue light, 24% yellow light, and 25% red light), B (35%, 35%, 18%, and 12%), C (27%, 30%, 22%, and 21%), or compact fluorescent lamps (CFL, 15%, 28%, 41%, and 16%). Results showed that feed intake and feed conversion ratio were comparable among treatments throughout the 17 week rearing period (p > 0.05). LED C showed similar body weight gain with CFL, but higher than LED A and B. The CFL birds start to lay on 132.25 d, while LED B did not lay until 148.25 d. The age at 50% egg production did not vary among groups (p = 0.12). Total egg number until 43 week of LED B was higher than others (p < 0.05). Therefore, LED lights with defined spectral proportion have different effects on chickens' growth and reproduction. The LED C promotes the prepubertal growth, and the LED B provides proper sexual maturation age and better egg-laying persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunlei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shumei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Pingliang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Pingliang 744000, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dongli Li
- Beijing Bainianliyuan Ecological Agriculture Co., Ltd., Beijing 101599, China
| | - Jiangpeng Guo
- Beijing Innovation Consortium of Agriculture Research System, Beijing Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingwei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jilan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal (Poultry) Genetics Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6281-6005
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Dauchy RT, Blask DE. Vivarium Lighting as an Important Extrinsic Factor Influencing Animal-based Research. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:3-25. [PMID: 36755210 PMCID: PMC9936857 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Light is an extrinsic factor that exerts widespread influence on the regulation of circadian, physiologic, hormonal, metabolic, and behavioral systems of all animals, including those used in research. These wide-ranging biologic effects of light are mediated by distinct photoreceptors, the melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells of the nonvisual system, which interact with the rods and cones of the conventional visual system. Here, we review the nature of light and circadian rhythms, current industry practices and standards, and our present understanding of the neurophysiology of the visual and nonvisual systems. We also consider the implications of this extrinsic factor for vivarium measurement, production, and technological application of light, and provide simple recommendations on artificial lighting for use by regulatory authorities, lighting manufacturers, designers, engineers, researchers, and research animal care staff that ensure best practices for optimizing animal health and wellbeing and, ultimately, improving scientific outcomes.
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Key Words
- blad, blue-enriched led light at daytime
- clock, circadian locomotor output kaput
- cct, correlated color temperature
- cwf, cool white fluorescent
- iprgc, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell
- hiomt, hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase
- lan, light at night
- led, light-emitting diode
- plr, pupillary light reflex
- scn, suprachiasmatic nuclei
- spd, spectral power distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Dauchy
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Chrono-Neuroendocrine Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - David E Blask
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Laboratory of Chrono-Neuroendocrine Oncology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Remonato Franco BM, Shynkaruk T, Crowe T, Fancher B, French N, Gillingham S, Schwean-Lardner K. Light wavelength and its impact on broiler health. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102178. [PMID: 36215739 PMCID: PMC9554808 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is a powerful management tool in poultry production systems, affecting productivity, physiology, and behavior. The objective of this study was to understand the impacts of three light colors (blue, green, or white) on broiler health. Broilers (N = 14,256) were raised in floor pens with fresh litter from 0 to 35 d in 9 rooms (2 blocked trials). Additionally, 2 genotypes (Ross YPMx708 and EPMx708) and sex were studied (6 room replications per lighting treatment and 18 pen replicates per sex × genotype × lighting program). Blood samples and tissue samples from the retina and the pineal gland were collected from birds (16-18 d of age) 9 times in one 24-hr period per trial, then analyzed to determine melatonin levels (pg/mL). Mobility was assessed via gait scoring, using a 0 to 5 scale at 31 to 32 d of age. Footpad dermatitis was assessed using a 0 to 4 scale, and litter quality by a subjective scoring system (scores ranging from 0-4). Mortality and morbidity causes were identified through necropsies performed by pathologists. Data were analyzed as a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, with trial as a random variable block and lighting treatment nested within rooms (MIXED procedure, SAS). Birds raised under blue light had lower serum melatonin levels during one time-point during the scotophase, but no other differences were noted. No effect of light color was observed for melatonin produced in the tissues, nor mobility and footpad dermatitis. An interaction was noted for litter quality where a higher percentage of pens housing YPM-708 broilers had litter categorized into dry, but not easily moved with the foot (category 1). Males had higher incidence of infectious and metabolic deaths than females. Interactions were observed between light and sex, where males raised under white light had a higher incidence of skeletal causes of mortality. Overall, the results showed that light color had minor impacts only on melatonin levels, mobility, footpad dermatitis, litter quality, and cause of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Remonato Franco
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - T Shynkaruk
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - T Crowe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - B Fancher
- Aviagen(TM), Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - N French
- Aviagen(TM), Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | | | - K Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada.
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Ergun D, Taskin A. Comparison of Some Behavioural Responses in Budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus) Raised in Cages Enriched with Coloured LED Lights. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2454. [PMID: 36139315 PMCID: PMC9495142 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of exposure to coloured LED lights on some behavioural responses, food and water consumption, and live weight in budgerigars kept in captivity using behavioural tests to compare different lighting conditions. Budgerigars' feeding, comfort, social, fear, and resting behaviours and behavioural reactions to a new environment were studied. Twelve male birds were assigned to four groups, with three birds in each group. They were provided with food and water ad libitum in wire cages at 25 ± 2 °C in a room. The study was conducted with 10 h of natural light, 6 h of LED light (white, blue, yellow, and red LED lights), and 8 h of darkness. Their behaviours in the cages were observed. Home cage avoidance (HCA) and two open field tests (OFT) were performed. No difference was observed in the LW and food consumption, but the blue and yellow groups consumed less water. The blue group displayed more comfort and social behaviours. In the HCA test, the red group demonstrated higher reactions. Furthermore, the birds in the yellow group stayed closer to the centre of the platform in the OFT I test, and they chose the compartment simulating their familiar environment in the OFT II test. Consequently, it was concluded that first yellow and then blue lights may be used to prevent stress-related problems for these birds. Our findings could be used to improve the hand-rearing conditions of captive budgerigars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demirel Ergun
- Graduate School of Science, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir 40100, Türkiye
| | - Atilla Taskin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir 40100, Türkiye
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The effect of monochromatic, combined, and mixed light-emitting diode light regimes on growth traits, fear responses, and slaughter-carcass characteristics in broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:277. [PMID: 36070006 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to determine the effects of blue and green monochromatic, blue-green combination, and blue-green mixed led lighting systems on growth, fear, and carcass characteristics of broilers reared in an extensive indoor system. Experimental groups were formed as follows; 1-conventional (incandescent), 2-blue, 3-green, 4-blue-green combined (blue for the first 10 days, then green), 5-green-blue combined (green for the first 10 days, then blue), and 6-blue-green intermittent (alternating every 5 min) monochromatic lightings. It was detected that the average values of the body weight of chickens at 42 and 56 days of age in the green-blue group were higher than those of the other treatment groups (both P < 0.05). It was determined that the broilers in the green and green-blue groups had higher means of the β0 parameter of Gompertz model. The tonic immobility, emergence test, home cage avoidance test, a looming human test, and box plus experimenter test were applied to determine the fear responses. It was determined that the worst results for fear responses of broilers were in the intermittent lighting group and green-blue combined group. As a result, it was determined that the application of green monochromatic lighting in the first 10 days of the fattening period and blue monochromatic lighting in the following period positively affected growth and slaughter-carcass characteristics. However, it was found that broilers reared under green-blue combined lighting had high fear levels.
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Effects of Monochromatic Blue Light on Reducing the Adverse Impact of Induced Cyclic Chronic Heat Stress during the Thermal Manipulation of Broiler Embryos. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9898311. [PMID: 35746963 PMCID: PMC9213156 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9898311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim was to detect effects of blue light on reducing the adverse effect of heat stress in thermal manipulation (TM) of broiler embryos by subjecting embryos to heat stress during incubation development. Methods Eggs were assigned to four treatments in which the TM (thermal manipulation) was exposed to 40°C for 4 h daily during five successive days, if TM was operated. The treatments were (1) normal temperature with white lighting group (37°C+W), (2) normal temperature with blue lighting group (37°C+B), (3) thermal manipulation with white lighting group (40°C+W), and (4) thermal manipulation with blue lighting group (40°C+B). Results Blue light significantly lowered MDA and corticosterone concentrations in the embryonic liver. Additionally, the damage of embryonic liver tissue caused by heat stress could be reduced by blue light. HSPs and HSFs gene expression of chicken liver were modulated by blue light significantly, whereas the effects were different, respectively. Moreover, blue light modulated liver antioxidant enzyme activity and their gene expression in embryonic liver significantly. However, blue light did not exert significant effects on body weight, late hatch rectal temperature and tibia length of hatched chicks. Conclusions The results suggest that monochromatic blue light can reduce the content of MDA and corticosterone of broiler embryos in heat stress and increase the relative expression of SOD and CAT genes. Moreover, the monochromatic blue light may reduce the metabolic heat production of broilers during the embryonic stage, thus reducing the damage of broilers due to heat stress during the embryonic heat acclimation stage.
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José Paixão S, Mendes AS, Possenti MA, Sikorski RR, do Vale MM, de Souza C, Guimarães BE, de Moura DJ, de Alencar Nääs I, Nunes IB. Broiler behavior differs from males to females when under different light wavelengths. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:189. [PMID: 35581505 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that different light wavelengths affect broiler behavior. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of four light wavelengths on broiler behavior from 1 to 42 days of age. Birds were housed at a stocking density of 13 birds/m2, in 32 boxes of 1.56 m2. The experimental design was a completely randomized factorial of 4 × 2 (four colors × two sexes), with four replicates. Behavioral variables were accessed through cameras and observed in person thrice a week for 30 min per day in three different periods. Data were organized according to age groups and analyzed by a data mining approach with the different light wavelengths as the classes. Natural behavior defined by stretch, dust bath of male broilers reared in environments with green and blue light was more relevant to the classification of male broilers' behavior (96.9 and 96.9% accuracy and 0.8 and 1.0 of class precision of behavior classification, respectively). Blue and green lights affected the behavior of male broilers starting at 7 days of age, increasing the presence at the bird feeder, and reducing the idle period.
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17
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Tan Z, Sun J, Liu X, Liu J, Wang S. Interactions between color and intensity of LED light on growth performance, serum biochemical profile, immune response variable, and nutrient apparent utilization in broiler chicken. Anim Sci J 2022; 93:e13717. [PMID: 35445771 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) color and intensity of broilers. One-day-old Cobb-500 broilers (n = 648) were fed nine groups with six replicates; three light colors (white, blue, & green) and intensities (for 1 to 7 days, viz., 20, 40, and 60 lx; for 8 to 42 days, viz., 5, 10, and 15 lx) were applied. Test lasted for 42 days. Results indicated that compared with blue light, 60-lx white light for 1 to 7 days increased the average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of broilers (p < 0.01). In the 10-lx light groups, the levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and the concentrations of albumin (ALB) (p < 0.05) increased. Moreover, the nutrient apparent utilization for ether extract (EE) under 10-lx green light was higher than that under 15-lx blue light (p < 0.01). The interaction effects of light intensity and light color had an extremely significant influence on the ADG for 1 to 7 days, IL-2 level, ALB content, and EE apparent utilization rate (p < 0.01) and had a significant influence on the ADFI and F/G for 1 to 7 days (p < 0.05). The production performance of broilers reared in three-layer cage could be improved by using 60-lx white LED light for 1 to 7 days and 5- to 10-lx green LED light or 10-lx white LED light for 8 to 42 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichao Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinling Sun
- College of Science and Information, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Science and Information, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shubai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Dong Y, Cao J, Chen Y. Melatonin Nuclear Receptors Mediate Green-and-Blue-Monochromatic-Light-Combinations-Inhibited B Lymphocyte Apoptosis in the Bursa of Chickens via Reducing Oxidative Stress and Nfκb Expression. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040748. [PMID: 35453433 PMCID: PMC9029876 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies found that melatonin modulates a combination of green-and-blue-light-induced B-lymphocyte proliferation via its membrane receptors Mel1a and Mel1c. However, in addition to its membrane-bound receptors, melatonin also functions through binding to nuclear receptors RORα/RORβ/RORγ. In this study, we raised 120 chicks under 400–700 nm white (WW), 660 nm red (RR), 560 nm green (GG) and 480 nm blue light (BB) from P0 to P26. From P27 to P42, half of the chickens in green, blue and red were switched to blue (G→B), green (B→G) and red (R→B), respectively. We used immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, qRT-PCR, Elisa and MTT to investigate the influence of various monochromatic light combinations on the bursal B lymphocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress levels as well as estimate whether melatonin and its nuclear receptors were involved in this process. Consistent with the increase in the plasma melatonin concentration and antioxidant enzyme activity, we observed that G→B significantly decreased the RORα, RORγ mRNA level, inhibited Bax, Caspase-3 and p-iκb, p-p65 protein expression, increased the IL-10 level and Nrf2, HO-1 protein expression, down-regulated the MDA and pro-inflammatory IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ levels in the bursa compared with WW, RR, GG, BB and R→B, respectively. Our in vitro results showed exogenous melatonin supplementation inhibited B-lymphocyte apoptosis, decreased IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and ROS production, down-regulated RORα, RORγ mRNA level and p-iκb and p-p65 protein expression, whereas it improved the IL-10 level and Nrf2 and the HO-1 protein expression in bursal B lymphocyte. Moreover, these responses were abrogated by RORα agonist SR1078 but were mimicked by RORα antagonist SR3335 or RORγ antagonist GSK2981278. In addition, p65 antagonist BAY reversed RORα/RORγ-mediated G→B-inhibited bursal B lymphocyte apoptosis. Overall, we concluded that melatonin nuclear RORα/RORγ mediates G→B-inhibited bursal B lymphocyte apoptosis via reducing oxidative stress and Nfκb expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yaoxing Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-3778; Fax: +86-10-6273-3199
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Wei Y, Zheng W, Tong Q, Li Z, Li B, Shi H, Wang Y. Effects of blue-green LED lights with two perceived illuminance (human and poultry) on immune performance and skeletal development of layer chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101855. [PMID: 35550997 PMCID: PMC9108713 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the essential environmental factors in the production process of laying hens, which can directly affect their behavior, growth and development, and production performance. The spectral sensitivity of humans is different from that of poultry, and the perceived illuminance units of human and poultry are lux and clux, respectively. If the light management of laying hen production is carried out according to human perceived illuminance, the growth and development of laying hens during pullet rearing may be adversely affected due to the discomfort of the perceived illuminance. Preliminary research has found that blue-green LED light can improve the immune function of laying hens during the brooding and rearing periods. However, the differences of the effects caused by blue-green light on the immune performance and bone development of laying hens during pullet rearing are still unclear for the 2 spectral sensitivities. A total of 120 Jinghong layer chickens were raised from 1 d to 13 wk of age in one of three groups with a white LED light (light intensity unit lux, WL) group, a blue-green LED light (light intensity unit lux, HBGL) group, and blue-green LED light (light intensity unit clux, PBGL) group, and unlimited feed and water were provided during the whole experiment. At 7 and 13 wk of age, the immune performance, bone parameters, and related gene expression were investigated. The results showed that compared with the WL groups, HBGL and PBGL increased the immunoglobulin A (IgA) content at 13 wk of age and the IgM content at 7 wk of age (P < 0.05). The bone mineral density (BMD) at 7 and 13 wk of age and tibial strength (TS) at 13 wk of age of the pullets in the WL group were significantly higher than those in the HBGL and PBGL group (P < 0.05). Osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor gene (OPG mRNA) expression was increased in the layer chickens at the age of 7 and 13 wk for the WL group (P < 0.05). Compared with the WL group and PBGL group, the melanopsin gene (OPN4 mRNA) transcription level of hypothalamus and pineal gland of the chickens under HBGL significantly increased at 7 and 13 wk of age (P < 0.05). In conclusion, blue-green LED light with two perceived illuminance (human and poultry) can increase the Ig content and the immune performance of layer chickens, and blue-green LED light (light intensity unit lux) can promote the expression of OPN4 gene in the hypothalamus and pineal gland. In addition, white LED light can enhance bone quality by increasing tibia OPG gene expression.
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The effect of blue and red LED light on the growth, egg production, egg quality, behavior, and hormone concentration of Hy-Line® W-36 laying hens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Kankova Z, Drozdova A, Hodova V, Zeman M. Effect of blue and red monochromatic light during incubation on the early post-embryonic development of immune responses in broiler chicken. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:541-547. [PMID: 35152798 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2042485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1. The light regime during incubation can influence embryonic and post-embryonic life and its effects can be mediated by rhythmic melatonin production in the embryonic pineal gland.2. This study explored whether the incubation of chick embryos under red or blue monochromatic light, which induces maximum and minimum melatonin production, respectively, can influence the development and reactivity of the immune system in chicks.3. In hatchlings, basal expression of immune genes (AvBD-1, PSEN-1, and IL-6) was evaluated in the duodenum using real-time PCR. The expression of these genes was measured weekly for three weeks after hatching, 3 h after intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. At these times, the heterophile/lymphocyte ratio (He/Ly) was evaluated on blood smears, plasma immunoglobulin Y (IgY) concentrations by ELISA and IL-6 gene expression in the spleen by real-time PCR were determined.4. During development, the He/Ly ratio and plasma IgY concentration were not significantly influenced by the light quality during incubation. Red light increased gene expression of AvBD-1 in hatchlings and IL-6 in two-week-old chickens compared to birds incubated under blue light. The expression of IL-6 after LPS stimulation increased in an age-dependent manner, both in the duodenum and the spleen, reflecting the maturation of the immune system.5. The results suggested that red light may increase the local immune response in the gut immediately after hatching, but this effect was not apparent during later development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kankova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.D.), (V.H.), (M.Z.)
| | - Angelika Drozdova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.D.), (V.H.), (M.Z.)
| | - Vladimira Hodova
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.D.), (V.H.), (M.Z.)
| | - Michal Zeman
- Department of Animal Physiology and Ethology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.D.), (V.H.), (M.Z.)
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Zhang Y, Wang Z, Dong Y, Cao J, Chen Y. Blue Light Alters the Composition of the Jejunal Microbiota and Promotes the Development of the Small Intestine by Reducing Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:274. [PMID: 35204158 PMCID: PMC8868333 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental light has an important impact on the growth, development and oxidative stress of chicks. Thus, we investigated the effects of colored lights on microbes and explored the molecular mechanism by which external color light information alters the gut microbiota and induces the cell response in vivo. We raised 96 chicks under 400-700 nm white (WL), 660 nm red (RL), 560 nm green (GL) or 480 nm blue light (BL) for 42 days. We used 16S rRNA high-throughput pyrosequencing and gas chromatography to explore the effect of different monochromatic lights on the jejunal microbiota. We used qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and Elisa to determine the effect of different monochromatic lights on small intestine development and oxidative stress levels. With consistency in the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme ability and anti-inflammatory cytokine level, the 16S rRNA and gas chromatography results showed that BL significantly increased the diversity and richness of the jejunal microbiota and improved the relative abundances of Faecalibacterium, Ruminiclostridium_9 and metabolite butyrate content compared with WL, RL and GL (p < 0.05). In addition, we observed that BL increased the goblet cell numbers, PCNA cell numbers, villus-length-to-crypt-depth (V/C) ratios, ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 protein expression; decreased permeability; and enhanced the digestion and absorption capacity in the jejunum (p < 0.05). In the in vitro experiment, we found that butyrate promoted chick small intestinal epithelial cell (CIEC) proliferation and inhibited apoptosis (p < 0.05). These responses were abrogated by the Gi inhibitor, PI3K inhibitor or AKT inhibitor, but were mimicked by GPR43 agonists or the GSK-3β inhibitor (p < 0.05). Overall, these findings suggested that BL increased the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Ruminiclostridium_9 and butyrate production. Butyrate may act as one of the signals to mediate blue-light-induced small intestinal development and mucosal barrier integrity enhancement and promote cell proliferation via the GPR43/Gi/PI3K/AKT/p-GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yaoxing Chen
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.W.); (Y.D.); (J.C.)
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23
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Aldridge D, Scanes C, Kidd M. Performance and preference of broilers provided dual light warmth. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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House GM, Sobotik EB, Nelson JR, Archer GS. Experimental monochromatic light-emitting diode fixture impacts Pekin duck stress and eye development. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101507. [PMID: 34715544 PMCID: PMC8564677 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Poultry color perception of artificial light-emitting diode (LED) lighting mediates bird physiology and behavior; however, very limited research has focused on how changes in LED light color affect these same parameters in Pekin ducks. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to determine how four LED bulbs emitting various portions of the visible light spectrum – monochromatic blue (BLUE), monochromatic green (GREEN), monochromatic red (RED), and white (WHITE) - impact the stress, fear responses, eye development, and growth of 768 straight run Pekin ducks. Elevated plasma corticosterone concentration and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio was observed in BLUE and RED ducks compared to WHITE and GREEN ducks (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively), and asymmetry scores were highest in BLUE ducks (P < 0.001), indicating BLUE and RED lighting increase the stress susceptibility of Pekin ducks. Eye weight was lowest in BLUE and RED ducks compared to GREEN and WHITE ducks (P < 0.01). No differences were observed in d 35 body weight, FCR, gait score, or fear response parameters (P > 0.05). These results indicate BLUE and RED lighting may not be adequate for Pekin duck growout, and Pekin ducks may require artificial light sources containing a broad range of wavelengths, as seen with WHITE and GREEN lights, rather than lights containing more concentrated ranges such as in RED and BLUE lights, but further investigation is needed to understand how eye weight affects duck light perception and welfare. The current findings emphasize that although Pekin ducks and chickens are both sensitive to light color, species-specific nuances in light perception may cause distinct differences in Pekin duck versus broiler physiological responses and must be considered when selecting artificial light color in Pekin duck growout facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M House
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Eric B Sobotik
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jill R Nelson
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Gregory S Archer
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Abo Ghanima MM, Abd El-Hack ME, Abougabal MS, Taha AE, Tufarelli V, Laudadio V, Naiel MAE. Growth, carcass traits, immunity and oxidative status of broilers exposed to continuous or intermittent lighting programs. Anim Biosci 2021; 34:1243-1252. [PMID: 32882771 PMCID: PMC8255881 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.20.0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An experiment was conducted to investigate the continuous and intermittent lighting program effects on terms of the productive performance, carcass traits, blood biochemical parameters, innate immune and oxidative status in broiler chicks. METHODS A total of 600 Cobb-500 one day old chicks were randomly allocated into six equal groups (100 chicks per treated group with five replicates of 20 chicks each) based on lighting program; 22 continuous lighting (22 C), 11 h lighting+1 darkness twice daily (11 L/1 D), 20 h continuous lighting (20 C), 5 h lighting+1 darkness four times daily (5 L/1 D), 18 h continuous lighting (18 C) and the final group subjected for 3 h lighting+1 h darkness six times daily (3 L/1 D). The experimental period lasted 42 days. RESULTS Compared with those under the intermittent light program, broiler chicks exposed to continuous lighting for 22 h had significant improvement in live body weight and carcass (dressing and breast percentage) measured traits. Though reducing lighting hours significantly reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio values. Different lighting programs revealed no significant effect on all blood biochemical parameters. Oxidative stress and innate immunity parameters significantly enhance by reducing lighting hours (3L/1D). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that reducing lighting hours up to 3L/1D would be more useful in enhancing feed efficiency, innate immunity, and oxidative status compared with continuous lighting programs on broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Abo Ghanima
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511,
Egypt
| | | | - Mohammed Sh. Abougabal
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754,
Egypt
| | - Ayman E. Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Rasheed, Edfina 22758,
Egypt
| | - Vincenzo Tufarelli
- Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70010 Bari,
Italy
| | - Vito Laudadio
- Department of DETO, Section of Veterinary Science and Animal Production, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70010 Bari,
Italy
| | - Mohammed A. E. Naiel
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511,
Egypt
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House G, Sobotik E, Nelson J, Archer G. Pekin duck productivity, physiological stress, immune response and behavior under 20L:4D and 16L:8D photoperiods. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Providing colored photoperiodic light stimulation during incubation: 1. Effects on embryo development and hatching performance in broiler hatching eggs. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101336. [PMID: 34298385 PMCID: PMC8322468 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing lighting schedule during incubation has been shown to improve chick quality and reduce stress posthatch. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of providing light of different colors during incubation on embryo development, air cell temperature, the spread of hatch, and hatching performance. Four batches of eggs (n = 2,176, 1,664, 1,696 and 1,600) from Ross 308 broiler breeders were used in the experiment. In each trial, eggs were randomly distributed into 4 lighting treatments. The incubation lighting treatments included: incubated under dark as control, illuminated with white, red or blue lights for 12 h daily. There were no incubation lighting treatment differences in embryo development, the spread of hatch, hatchability, embryo mortality, hatch weight, chick length, navel closure quality, yolk-free body weight, or relative spleen weight. However, embryos incubated under red light had lower average air cell temperature than those in dark, white or blue light treatments. This finding may suggest higher melatonin secretion during the scotophase when illuminated with red light. Male chicks incubated under dark had a higher bursa of Fabricius weight than males illuminated with blue light. In conclusion, these results suggest that the red, white and blue light stimulation during incubation had no negative effects on hatchability, embryo mortality, spread of hatch or day-old chick quality, but may have potential impacts on immunity and energy metabolism in broiler embryos.
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Li X, Rathgeber B, McLean N, MacIsaac J. Providing colored photoperiodic light stimulation during incubation: 2. Effects on early posthatch growth, immune response, and production performance in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101328. [PMID: 34274570 PMCID: PMC8318990 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous findings have reported that providing light during incubation can affect hatchability and chick quality. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of providing light during incubation on posthatch broiler production parameters, thermoregulation and immune response. Lights with different wavelengths were used over the course of four separate hatches. Ross 308 broiler hatching eggs were randomly distributed into 4 lighting treatments for each hatch. The incubation lighting treatments included: dark as control, white, red, or blue lights for 12 h d-1 (200 lux at egg level). Broilers hatched from each incubator with the same gender were placed into one of 8 sets of pens (3 pens/set) and raised under 18 h d-1 photoperiod. Six birds per pen were immunized intraocularly with AviPro ND-IB Polybanco vaccine on d 10 and 21 posthatch. Chicks hatched under white and blue lights had heavier (P < 0.05) body weight and higher (P < 0.05) feed consumption than the control group during the first 6 h postplacement. No differences in vent temperature were found among treatments at 24 h posthatch (P > 0.05). Chicks hatched with light stimulation however had more stable (P < 0.05) cloaca temperature at 36 h posthatch. No differences in average body weight gain, feed consumption or feed conversion ratio were found among lighting treatments between d 7 and d 35. On d 14 of age, birds hatched from red light had higher (P < 0.05) total IgG concentration than those hatched under dark, blue or white light. These results indicated that in ovo light stimulation with different wavelengths did not affect growth parameters of broilers at market age. Providing photoperiodic blue and white light during incubation improved the production parameters of broilers during the first week posthatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujie Li
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Bruce Rathgeber
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Nancy McLean
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Janice MacIsaac
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, B2N 5E3, Canada
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Ibrahim MMA, Nelson JR, Archer GS, Athrey G. Effects of Monochromatic Lighting During Incubation and Vaccination on the Splenic Transcriptome Profiles of Chicken. Front Genet 2021; 12:628041. [PMID: 34093639 PMCID: PMC8173116 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.628041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lighting is a crucial environmental variable in poultry operations, but illumination during incubation is relatively understudied. The ability to stimulate development or immune performance using in ovo lighting is a promising approach for improving poultry health and welfare. This study investigated how monochromatic green light during incubation and vaccination method and timing affected chicken splenic gene expression patterns. We performed this study with 1,728 Hy-Line white layer eggs incubated under two light treatments during incubation: continuous dark and continuous green monochromatic light, over the entire incubation period. Half the eggs in each light treatment received in ovo vaccination, applied on embryonic day 18 (ED18). The remaining half were vaccinated by spraying on hatch day. After hatching, the light treatments followed the industry-standard lighting regimens. The study had six treatment groups with light-dark pairs for non-vaccinated, in ovo vaccinated, and post-hatch vaccinated. We assessed splenic gene expression at ED18 and at 7 days post-hatch (PH) in all the treatments. We isolated and sequenced 24 mRNA libraries on the Illumina platform, followed by bioinformatics and differential gene expression analyses. RNAseq analysis showed between 62 and 6,755 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between comparisons, with the most prominent differences observed between ED and PH samples, followed by comparisons between vaccination methods. In contrast, light vs. dark treatments at ED showed limited effects on transcriptomic profiles. However, we observed a synergistic effect of lighting during incubation on post-hatch vaccination responses, with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) unique to the light treatment showing stimulation of cell proliferation with significance for immune activity (inferred from gene ontology terms). Gene ontology and pathway analysis indicated biological processes like cellular component organization or biogenesis, rhythmic process, developmental process, response to stimulus, and immune system processes were explained by the DEGs. While lighting is an important source of circadian stimulation, other controlled studies are required to clarify whether in ovo circadian entrainment plays a role in modulating immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. A. Ibrahim
- Department of Laser Applications in Metrology, Photochemistry and Agriculture, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jill R. Nelson
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Gregory S. Archer
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Giridhar Athrey
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Faculty of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Abo-Al-Ela HG, El-Kassas S, El-Naggar K, Abdo SE, Jahejo AR, Al Wakeel RA. Stress and immunity in poultry: light management and nanotechnology as effective immune enhancers to fight stress. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 26:457-472. [PMID: 33847921 PMCID: PMC8065079 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-021-01204-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry industry plays a significant role in boosting the economy of several countries, particularly developing countries, and acts as a good, cheap, and affordable source of animal protein. A stress-free environment is the main target in poultry production. There are several stressors, such as cold stress, heat stress, high stocking density, and diseases that can affect birds and cause several deleterious changes. Stress reduces feed intake and growth, as well as impairs immune response and function, resulting in high disease susceptibility. These effects are correlated with higher corticosteroid levels that modulate several immune pathways such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and Toll-like receptor signaling along with induction of excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thus oxidative stress. Several approaches have been considered to boost bird immunity to overcome stress-associated effects. Of these, dietary supplementation of certain nutrients and management modifications, such as light management, are commonly considered. Dietary supplementations improve bird immunity by improving the development of lymphoid tissues and triggering beneficial immune modulators and responses. Since nano-minerals have higher bioavailability compared to inorganic or organic forms, they are highly recommended to be included in the bird's diet during stress. Additionally, light management is considered a cheap and safe approach to control stress. Changing light from continuous to intermittent and using monochromatic light instead of the normal light improve bird performance and health. Such changes in light management are associated with a reduction of ROS production and increased antioxidant production. In this review, we discuss the impact of stress on the immune system of birds and the transcriptome of oxidative stress and immune-related genes, in addition, how nano-minerals supplementations and light system modulate or mitigate stress-associated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, 43518, Egypt.
| | - Seham El-Kassas
- Animal, Poultry and Fish Breeding and Production, Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Karima El-Naggar
- Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758, Egypt
| | - Safaa E Abdo
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ali Raza Jahejo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Rasha A Al Wakeel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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31
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House GM, Sobotik EB, Nelson JR, Archer GS. A comparison of white/red and white/blue LED light fixtures on Pekin duck production, stress and behaviour. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:467-473. [PMID: 33624574 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1891524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
1. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of two mixed LED light spectra on duck production, stress and fear responses. Pekin ducks were reared under either white/red (WR) or white/blue (WB) LED light.2. No differences were observed in feed conversion ratio (P = 0.690) or d 35 body weight (P = 0.919). Furthermore, no differences were observed in plasma interleukin-12 concentrations (P = 0.449), anti-keyhole limpet haemocyanin IgG titre (P = 0.503) or composite physical asymmetry score (P = 0.839). WR caused lower heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (0.40 ± 0.03, P = 0.029) and plasma corticosterone concentrations (4498 ± 534 pg/ml, P = 0.038) than WB (0.58 ± 0.08; 6518 ± 795 pg/ml, respectively). No differences were found in the number of attempts to induce tonic immobility (TI) or in inversion intensity. A shorter latency to first head movement during TI (9.44 ± 1.22 s, P = 0.06) and an overall shorter latency to right from TI (25.66 ± 2.99 s, P < 0.001) was observed for birds under WR compared to WB (20.91 ± 6.01 s; 58.76 ± 8.86 s). The duration of time spent in the second stage of TI, where birds observed their environment using head movements while still remaining immobile on their backs, was shorter in WR (16.23 ± 1.73 s, P = 0.001) compared to WB (37.85 ± 6.38 s).3. The results indicated that rearing ducks under WR caused less stress susceptibility and fear responses compared to ducks under WB. Pekin duck welfare may be compromised by blue LED light exposure, even at supplemental levels utilised in commercial poultry lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M House
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - E B Sobotik
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - J R Nelson
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - G S Archer
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Sharideh H, Zaghari M. Effect of dietary L-tryptophan supplementation and light-emitting diodes on growth and immune response of broilers . VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2021; 12:63-67. [PMID: 33953875 PMCID: PMC8094144 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2019.96558.2310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) lights are more energy-efficient and provide adequate illumination compared to compact fluorescent (CFL) lamps and incandescent light (ICD) bulbs. However, as new light sources, the LED lights may have a stress effect on broiler chickens. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effects of dietary L-tryptophan (Trp), as an anti-stress agent and different color temperatures of light-emitting diodes on immune responses and growth performance of male broiler chickens. Four hundred and eighty day-old Ross 308 male chicks were used from day 1 to 42. The chicks were randomly distributed into six treatment groups in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement [0 or 1 g Trp per kg diet along with neutral-white (4286 K), warm-white (2990 K), and incandescent (2790 K) light bulbs] with four replicates of 20 chicks each. Results showed that dietary Trp and Trp×light interaction did not affect growth performance, immune responses, a total number of leukocytes, and different leukocytes count (heterophil, eosinophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte) of male broiler chickens. However, LEDs’ different color temperatures significantly affected the feed conversion ratio (FCR) and primary antibody of sheep red blood cell (SRBC). The FCR was the lowest in the warm-white light, and primary SRBC antibody titers of the chicks were the highest. In conclusion, although adding Trp to male broiler diets did not affect the growth performance and immune responses of chickens, the warm-white light improved the FCR and primary SRBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Sharideh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Zaghari
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
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Metabolism of Melatonin Synthesis-Related Indoles in the Turkey Pineal Organ and Its Modification by Monochromatic Light. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249750. [PMID: 33371255 PMCID: PMC7767013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of pineal indoles is closely related to alterations in the light and dark phases of a daily cycle. Recent research showed important interspecies differences in the pineal biochemistry, and a strong impact of monochromatic light on many physiological processes in birds. Therefore, the aims of study were to characterize the metabolism of melatonin-synthesis indoles in the pineal organ of the domestic turkey, and to determine the changes occurring in this metabolism under the influence of different wavelengths and intensities of light. For this purpose, 3-week-old turkeys were kept under 16 lx white light, or under blue, green, and red light with intensities of 16, 32, and 64 lx during the photophase, and after 7 d were sacrificed at 4 h intervals. The activities of melatonin-synthesizing enzymes and the contents of indoles were measured in the same pineal organ. The results revealed that the activities of tryptophan hydroxylase and arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, and the levels of all tryptophan derivatives had significant daily changes in birds kept under each light condition used. The profile of pineal indole metabolism in 4-week-old turkeys was characterized by high-amplitude rhythms in the activity of arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase and the contents of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin, equal relative amounts of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and higher content of melatonin than N-acetylserotonin. The monochromatic light significantly modified the pineal indole metabolism, and its effects were dependent on the color and intensity of light. Pronounced changes occurred in the level of serotonin synthesis and the daily rhythm course of melatonin synthesis.
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Oke OE, Oni AI, Adebambo PO, Oso OM, Adeoye MM, Lawal TG, Afolayan TR, Ogunbajo OE, Ojelade DI, Bakre OA, Daramola JO, Smith OF. Evaluation of light colour manipulation on physiological response and growth performance of broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 53:6. [PMID: 33200317 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Artificial illumination, including light quality, is crucial in modern broiler management. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a switch in light colour on the performance of broiler chickens in tropical environments. A total of 280 1-day-old Arbor acre male chicks were used for this study and were weighed and assigned to different light environments viz. white (WH), green (GR), blue (BL), GR switched to BL at 14 days (GB), BL switched to GR at 14 days (BG), BL switched to GR at 28 days (BGG) and GR switched to BL at 28 days (GBB) having four replicates of ten birds each. Body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected from 2 birds per replicate weekly for the determination of plasma triiodothyronine (T3), haematology and serum biochemical parameters. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomised design. Results showed that the final body weights of the birds in GBB and GB were comparable but higher than those of the other treatment groups. Feed intake of the chickens in WH was similar to that of BG but higher than those of the other treatment groups, while FCR of the birds in WH was higher (P < 0.05) than the other treatment groups. Plasma T3 of the birds in GR was comparable to that of birds in BL but significantly higher than those of the birds in WH and a similar trend was also observed at weeks 1 and 2. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L) of the birds in WH was significantly higher than those of BL and GR whose values were similar to those in GB and BG. Heterophil/lymphocytes of the birds in WH was higher than those of BG, GR, BGG, GB and GBB but similar to those of BL. The breast muscle of the birds in GBB and GB was similar to those of BGG and GR and significantly higher than those of WH, BL and BG. Based on the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that the use of green light up to 28 days in combination with blue light stimulated the growth of broiler chickens and manipulation of light colours can be used to improve the welfare and performance of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- O E Oke
- World Bank Centre of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo. .,Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
| | - A I Oni
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - P O Adebambo
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O M Oso
- World Bank Centre of Excellence in Poultry Science, University of Lome, Lome, Togo
| | - M M Adeoye
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - T G Lawal
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - T R Afolayan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O E Ogunbajo
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - D I Ojelade
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O A Bakre
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - J O Daramola
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - O F Smith
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Mohamed R, Abou-Elnaga A, Ghazy E, Mohammed H, Shukry M, Farrag F, Mohammed G, Bahattab O. Effect of different monochromatic LED light colour and intensity on growth performance, physiological response and fear reactions in broiler chicken. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1821802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radi Mohamed
- Department of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abou-Elnaga
- Department of Husbandry and Development of Animal Wealth, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Emad Ghazy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Hesham Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Foad Farrag
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ghena Mohammed
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, KSA
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James C, Wiseman J, Asher L. The effect of supplementary ultraviolet wavelengths on the performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5517-5525. [PMID: 33142470 PMCID: PMC7647722 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualities of the light environment, such as the spectral composition of light, have been shown to impact growth and performance of broiler chickens. UVA light is visible to broiler chickens, whereas UVB wavelengths promote endogenous vitamin D synthesis, which could support their rapid development. The aim of the current study was to investigate the impacts of supplementary UVA and UVB wavelengths on performance indicators of broiler chickens. Day-old Ross 308 chicks (n = 638), reared to a target stocking density of 33 kg/m2, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 lighting treatments: A) White light emitting diode (LED) and supplementary UVA LED lighting (18-h photoperiod); B) White LED with supplementary UVA and UVB fluorescent lighting providing 30 μW/cm2 UVB at bird level (lights on for 8 h of the total photoperiod to avoid overexposure of UVB); and C) White LED control group, representative of farm conditions (18-h photoperiod). Mortality was recorded, and broiler chickens were individually weighed at 8, 15, 22, 27, and 34 D of age. Generalized linear models and nonlinear mixed effects models (Gompertz curve) were fitted to determine the effects of UV wavelengths on broiler mortality and growth performance. UV did not impact breast or leg weight of broiler chickens but was associated with differences in mortality, growth, and end weight. Broiler chickens provided with UVA for the full 18-h photoperiod had slower initial growth than control broilers and a reduction in mortality. Results from male broilers reared with supplementary UVA + UVB for 8 h indicated they could reach finishing weights sooner than controls, which supports the potential for UVA + B to improve the growth performance of males. Results suggest that the provision of supplementary UVA + UVB wavelengths may improve the performance of male broiler chickens. The reduction in mortality in the UVA only treatment may warrant further investigation. The inclusion of UV wavelengths within poultry lighting regimes represents a promising area of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte James
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Animal Rural and Environmental Science, Southwell, NG25 0QF, United Kingdom.
| | - Julian Wiseman
- University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Division of Animal Sciences, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Asher
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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Son J, Park J, Kang D, Belal SA, Cha J, Shim K. Effects of white, yellow, and blue colored LEDs on milk production, milk composition, and physiological responses in dairy cattle. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13337. [PMID: 32219929 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Light emitting diode (LED) is more energy efficient than incandescent or fluorescent light. This study was to evaluate effects of different colored LEDs on milk production, milk composition, and physiology of Holstein cow. According to milk production and parity, cows (n = 186) were allotted to four treatments: control (natural daylight), white, yellow, and blue LED groups. Of these, 40 cows that had passed 57 day-in-milk were used. Yellow and blue LED groups demonstrated greater rates of decline in milk production than control and white LED groups. At the finish point, milk fat, protein, and lactose contents were the lowest in the blue LED group, whereas milk-urea-nitrogen levels were the highest in the yellow and blue LED groups. Extended exposure to blue LED light lowered antioxidant enzyme activity and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels. Prolactin concentrations were higher in the white and blue LED groups than in the control. Cortisol level was the highest in the blue LED group among the groups. Nonesterified fatty acid levels in the yellow and blue LED groups decreased to the greatest extent compared to the start point. These results suggest that blue LED light can decrease milk production and generate more stress than white and yellow LED lights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseon Son
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Poultry Research Institute, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinryong Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Darae Kang
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Shah Ahmed Belal
- Department of Poultry Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Jangock Cha
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanseob Shim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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Wei Y, Zheng W, Li B, Tong Q, Shi H. Effects of a two-phase mixed color lighting program using light-emitting diode lights on layer chickens during brooding and rearing periods. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4695-4703. [PMID: 32988504 PMCID: PMC7598341 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The behavior, growth and development, and production performance of poultry are affected by the light environment. The influence of light results from a combination of light sources, light intensity, light color, and the photoperiod regimen. With light-emitting diode (LED) lamps applied in poultry housing systems, specific light colors are desired for each time period for layer chickens. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a 2-phase mixed color lighting program (phase 1: blue-green, 1 D-13 wk; phase 2: yellow-orange, 14-20 wk) using LED lights on the blood parameters, skeletal development parameters, and sexual development parameters of caged layer chickens during their brooding and rearing periods. Fifty-two chickens were raised from 1 D to 20 wk of age in each of the 4 treatment groups with 3 replicates, with white (400-700 nm) light at phase 1 and phase 2 (WL treatment as the control); blue-green (435-565 nm) light at phase 1 followed by yellow-orange (565-630 nm) light at phase 2 (BG-YOL treatment); yellow-orange LED (565-630 nm) light at phase 1 and phase 2 (YOL treatment); and blue-green (435-565 nm) light at phase 1 and phase 2 (BGL treatment). The results showed that the serum Ig concentrations of the layer chickens in the BG-YOL treatment and BGL treatment were higher than those in the WL treatment at 13 wk of age (P < 0.05). At the age of 20 wk, the serum glucose concentration levels of the pullets after the WL and BGL treatments were lower than those after the YOL treatment (P < 0.05). Compared with the WL treatment, the YOL treatment significantly increased the bone mineral density of the layer chickens (P < 0.05), and BG-YOL treatment promoted the development of the sexual organs (oviducts and ovaries) of the laying hens at the age of 20 wk (P < 0.05). For the 50% egg production age, the YOL treatment was earlier than the other 3 treatments. This study demonstrated that appropriately staged spectral control using LED lights could have positive effects on the immune performance, bone development, and production performance of caged layer chickens during their brooding and rearing periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Wei
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Environmental Engineering, College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weichao Zheng
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Environmental Engineering, College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Baoming Li
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Environmental Engineering, College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qin Tong
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Environmental Engineering, College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haipeng Shi
- Department of Agricultural Structure and Environmental Engineering, College of Water Resources & Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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Hofmann T, Schmucker SS, Bessei W, Grashorn M, Stefanski V. Impact of Housing Environment on the Immune System in Chickens: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1138. [PMID: 32635616 PMCID: PMC7401558 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During their lifespan, chickens are confronted with a wide range of acute and chronic stressors in their housing environment that may threaten their welfare and health by modulating the immune system. Especially chronic stressful conditions can exceed the individual's allostatic load, with negative consequences for immunity. A fully functional immune system is mandatory for health and welfare and, consequently, also for high productivity and safe animal products. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of housing form, light regime as well as aerial ammonia and hydrogen sulfide concentrations on the immune system in chickens. Certain housing conditions are clearly associated with immunological alterations which potentially impair the success of vaccinations or affect disease susceptibility. Such poor conditions counteract sustainable poultry production. This review also outlines current knowledge gaps and provides recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Hofmann
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Sonja S. Schmucker
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Werner Bessei
- Department of Livestock Population Genomics, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (W.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Grashorn
- Department of Livestock Population Genomics, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (W.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Volker Stefanski
- Department of Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr, 17, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
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Hanifin JP, Dauchy RT, Blask DE, Hill SM, Brainard GC. Relevance of Electrical Light on Circadian, Neuroendocrine, and Neurobehavioral Regulation in Laboratory Animal Facilities. ILAR J 2020; 60:150-158. [PMID: 33094817 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is a key extrinsic factor to be considered in operations and design of animal room facilities. Over the past four decades, many studies on typical laboratory animal populations have demonstrated impacts on neuroendocrine, neurobehavioral, and circadian physiology. These effects are regulated independently from the defined physiology for the visual system. The range of physiological responses that oscillate with the 24 hour rhythm of the day include sleep and wakefulness, body temperature, hormonal secretion, and a wide range of other physiological parameters. Melatonin has been the chief neuroendocrine hormone studied, but acute light-induced effects on corticosterone as well as other hormones have also been observed. Within the last two decades, a new photosensory system in the mammalian eye has been discovered. A small set of retinal ganglion cells, previously thought to function as a visual output neuron, have been shown to be directly photosensitive and act differently from the classic photoreceptors of the visual system. Understanding the effects of light on mammalian physiology and behavior must take into account how the classical visual photoreceptors and the newly discovered ipRGC photoreceptor systems interact. Scientists and facility managers need to appreciate lighting impacts on circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral regulation in order to improve lighting of laboratory facilities to foster optimum health and well-being of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Hanifin
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert T Dauchy
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana
| | - David E Blask
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana
| | - Steven M Hill
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane, Louisiana
| | - George C Brainard
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Effects of Ultraviolet Light Supplementation on Pekin Duck Production, Behavior, and Welfare. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050833. [PMID: 32408575 PMCID: PMC7278434 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ducks, like other domestic poultry species, can visualize the ultraviolet (UV) portion of the light spectrum; however, the importance of UV light radiation in artificially lit duck growout facilities remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of UV light supplementation on Pekin duck production parameters, eye development, stress, and fear. Pekin ducks were reared with light-emitting diode (LED) lights supplemented with UV light or just LED lights (control). There were no differences in body weight (p = 0.32), feed conversion ratio (p = 0.38), or gait score (p = 0.89). Differences in eye morphology were observed, with ducks reared under UV light having narrower (12.3 ± 0.06632 mm; p = 0.010) and lighter (1.46 ± 0.01826 g; p = 0.025) eyes than the control (12.5 ± 0.05583 mm; 1.53 ± 0.02386 g). Ducks reared in UV environments had lower acute and chronic stress susceptibility with lower plasma corticosterone (6317 ± 593.79 pg/mL; p = 0.024), heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (0.43 ± 0.02889; p = 0.035), and composite asymmetry (0.58 ± 0.0298; p = 0.002) than control ducks (9242 ± 1120.7 pg/mL; 0.54 ± 0.04212; 0.76 ± 0.03726 mm, respectively). Ultraviolet ducks had a faster latency for the first head movement during tonic immobility (61.28 ± 9.4863 s, p = 0.026) and required more attempts to induce tonic immobility (1.71 ± 0.07333, p = 0.018) than control ducks (100.7 ± 14.846 s and 1.48 ± 0.06478, respectively). There were no differences in inversion testing (p = 0.91). These results indicate that UV lighting can lower stress and fear responses in Pekin ducks and can therefore increase welfare. Additionally, this study emphasizes the importance of choosing correct artificial lighting for all poultry species.
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Soliman FN, El-Sabrout K. Light wavelengths/colors: Future prospects for broiler behavior and production. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Usman M, Mahmud A, Hussain J, Javid A. Morphology, Blood Chemistry and Behavioral Response of Crossbred Chickens Reared Under Alternative Production Systems. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Usman
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A Mahmud
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - J Hussain
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A Javid
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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Li JY, Liu W, Ma RY, Li Y, Liu Y, Qi RR, Zhan K. Effects of cage size on growth performance, blood biochemistry, and antibody response in layer breeder males during rearing stage. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3571-3577. [PMID: 30895313 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of cage size on growth performance, blood biochemistry, and antibody response in layer breeder males during rearing stage. 575 one-day-old Jinghong layer breeder males were randomly allocated into 3 treatments and reared in 3 cage sizes: large (160 × 160 × 62 cm; LC), medium (120 × 120 × 62 cm; MC), and small (80 × 70 × 62 cm; SC). The stocking density of birds in 3 treatments was kept identical and adjusted every 2 wk, from 45 birds/m2 during the period of 0 to 2 wk of age to 12 birds/m2 during the period of 17 to 18 wk of age. Body weight and shank length were measured every 2 wk, and then the daily weight gain and daily feed intake were calculated. Tibia length and breaking strength were determined at 8 wk of age. Blood parameters including malodiadehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and corticosterone (CORT), and antibody titers against avian influenza viruses H5N1 (Re-5 strain) and H9N2 (Re-2 strain) and Newcastle disease virus in response to vaccination were determined at 18 wk of age, respectively. Body weight, shank length, and daily weight gain of birds in LC were similar with those in MC, and were greater than those in SC at 18 wk of age (P < 0.05), respectively. No significant difference was found in average daily feed intake among the 3 treatments from 11 to 18 wk of age. Birds in LC and MC had the similar tibia length; however, birds in SC were smaller (P < 0.05). Tibia breaking strength of birds in LC was higher than those in SC (P < 0.05), respectively. Birds in LC showed lower plasma MDA, GSH-Px, SOD, and CORT contents than those in MC and SC (P < 0.05); however, birds in LC exhibited higher levels of serum antibody titers against H5N1 and H9N2 avian influenza viruses as compared with MC and SC (P < 0.05). Consequently, LC and MC were superior to SC and were beneficial for birds' growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - W Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - R Y Ma
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - R R Qi
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
| | - K Zhan
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230031, China
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Gharahveysi S, Irani M, Kenari TA, Mahmud KI. Effects of colour and intensity of artificial light produced by incandescent bulbs on the performance traits, thyroid hormones, and blood metabolites of broiler chickens. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1685916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahabodin Gharahveysi
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Irani
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Taher Asadi Kenari
- Department of Animal Science, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran
| | - Kanyaw Ismail Mahmud
- Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University, Erbil, Iraq
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Light emitting diode (LED) as a source of monochromatic light: a novel lighting approach for behaviour, physiology and welfare of poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933914000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Light emitting diode (LED) as a source of monochromatic light: a novel lighting approach for immunity and meat quality of poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933914000609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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49
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Zamanizad M, Ghalamkari G, Toghyani M, Adeljoo AH, Toghyani M. Effect of sequential and intermittent white, green and blue monochromatic lights on productive traits, some immune and stress responses of broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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50
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Yue L, Qin X, Liu X, Wang Z, Dong Y, Chen Y, Cao J. Melatonin Receptor Mel1b- and Mel1c-mediated Green Light Induced the Secretion of Growth Hormone in Anterior Pituitary of Chicks. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1387-1394. [PMID: 31111492 DOI: 10.1111/php.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have found that melatonin was related to the growth and development in avian. Therefore, the newly hatched broilers were exposed to colors of light to establish a model of pinealectomy and explored the mechanism of pineal melatonin promoting growth hormone (GH) secretion. The results showed that green light (GL) promoted the levels of GH, pituitary-specific transcription factor-1 (Pit-1) genes and proteins in pituitary. Moreover, the mRNA and protein levels of melatonin receptor subtypes Mel1b and Mel1c in the pituitary in GL were higher than other monochromatic light groups. After pinealectomy, the expression of Pit-1, GH, Mel1b and Mel1c in pituitary decreased. In vitro, exogenous melatonin promoted the level of Pit-1 mRNA and the secretion of GH in anterior pituitary cells. However, when melatonin was added with exogenous selective Mel1b antagonist (4-phenyl-2-propionamideotetralin) and selective Mel1c antagonist (prazosin), the level of Pit-1 mRNA and the GH secretion decreased. When selective Mel1b and Mel1c antagonists were added simultaneously, the decrease in Pit-1 mRNA and GH secretion was more significant. These results indicated that pineal melatonin promotes the expression of Pit-1 under GL by binding to melatonin receptor subtypes Mel1b and Mel1c in the pituitary, thereby increasing GH secretion and promoting the growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yue
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Qin
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Anatomy of Domestic Animals, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian, Beijing, China
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