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Khasanah H, Kusbianto DE, Purnamasari L, Cruz JFD, Widianingrum DC, Hwang SG. Modulation of chicken gut microbiota for enhanced productivity and health: A review. Vet World 2024; 17:1073-1083. [PMID: 38911084 PMCID: PMC11188898 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1073-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Microbiota in the digestive tract has become an interesting topic for researchers in recent years. The profile of chicken digestive tract microbiota and its relationship with health and production efficiency have become basic data for modulating the diversity and abundance of the digestive tract microbiota. This article reviews the techniques used to analyze the diversity, role, and function of the gastrointestinal microbiota and the mechanisms by which they are modulated. The gut microbiota plays an important role in animal production, especially during feed digestion and animal health, because it interacts with the host against pathogens. Feed modulation can be a strategy to modulate gut composition and diversity to increase production efficiency by improving growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himmatul Khasanah
- Study Program of Animal Husbandry University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
- Applied Molecular and Microbial Biotechnology (AM2B) Research Group, University of Jember, Jawa Timur, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Dwi E. Kusbianto
- Study Program of Agricultural Science, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Listya Purnamasari
- Study Program of Animal Husbandry University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph F. dela Cruz
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños-4031, Philippines
| | - Desy C. Widianingrum
- Study Program of Animal Husbandry University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia
- Applied Molecular and Microbial Biotechnology (AM2B) Research Group, University of Jember, Jawa Timur, 68121, Indonesia
| | - Seong Gu Hwang
- School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Republic of Korea
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Heo YJ, Park J, Kim YB, Kwon BY, Kim DH, Song JY, Lee KW. Effects of dietary protein levels on performance, nitrogen excretion, and odor emission of growing pullets and laying hens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102798. [PMID: 37354615 PMCID: PMC10404757 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) levels on production performance, nitrogen balance, and odor emission of excreta in growing pullets and laying hens from 13 to 32 wk of age. Two hundred and forty pullets (Hy-Line Brown) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary groups with 10 replicates per group, and 6 birds per replicate. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 4 graded CP levels in the diets of pullets ranging from 180, 160, 140, and 120 g/kg of diet during 13 to 18 wk (phase 1) and in the diets of laying hens from 190, 170, 150, and 130 g/kg of diet during 19 to 32 wk (phase 2). The limiting amino acids including lysine, methionine, and threonine were supplemented to maintain constant equal amino acid concentrations in all experiment diets. In phase 1, decreasing dietary CP levels did not affect growth performance but increased (linear and quadratic effect, P < 0.05) the relative abdominal fat contents and triglyceride concentration in serum samples. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum samples decreased as the CP levels decreased in the diets of pullets. Dietary CP levels quadratically increased (P < 0.05) the villus height and the villus height to crypt depth ratio but did not affect tibia traits and relative organ weights in pullets at 18 wk. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and ether extract increased with decreasing dietary CP levels in pullets. Graded CP levels linearly increased the digestibility of dry matter, CP, and ether extracts but lowered that of crude ash in laying hens. Nitrogen excretion was linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as the dietary CP levels decreased in both pullets and laying hens. Dietary CP levels only affected carbon dioxide emission in pullets. In phase 2, dietary CP levels did not affect growth performance and the ages at first egg laying and to reach 50% egg production in laying hens. However, egg weights were decreased (linear and quadratic effect, P < 0.05) as the dietary CP level decreased in laying hens. Increasing dietary CP levels increased Haugh unit at 26 wk but lowered corticosterone concentrations in yolk samples at 22 wk. Collectively, this study shows that dietary CP levels could be decreased to reduce nitrogen excretion without adverse effects on performance and egg quality of growing pullets and laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ji Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Jina Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Yoo-Bhin Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Byung-Yeon Kwon
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yong Song
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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Poudel I, Hodge VR, Wamsley KGS, Roberson KD, Adhikari PA. Effects of protease enzyme supplementation and varying levels of amino acid inclusion on productive performance, egg quality, and amino acid digestibility in laying hens from 30 to 50 weeks of age. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102465. [PMID: 36680862 PMCID: PMC10014340 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of protease supplementation and reduced digestible amino acid (dAA)/ crude protein (CP) level on productive performance, AA digestibility, and egg quality parameters in Hy-Line W-36 laying hen from 30 to 50 wk of age. A total of 768 hens (12 replicates of 8 hens per treatment) were equally and randomly allocated into 8 experimental diets in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement of dAA/CP level (100, 95, 90, and 85% of breeder recommendation) and protease (exclusion or inclusion). Protease was added at 60 g/metric ton of feed in the inclusion group. Hens were housed in raised-wire cages with a stocking density of 870 cm2/bird. The adequate (100%) diet was based on corn and soybean meal and formulated based on the digestible (d) Lys and dAAs (dMet, dThr, dTrp, dTSAA, dIle, and dVal) to meet 100% of the current management guide recommendation. Variations in dAA/CP (95, 90, and 85% diets) were accomplished by reducing the 100% dAA by 5, 10, and 15%, respectively. All diets were supplemented with phytase at 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS 9.4. There was a main effect of dAA/CP level on 85% diet where it had a lower mean hen-day egg production (HDEP, P < 0.01), egg mass (EM, P < 0.01), and higher feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.001). Higher egg weight (P < 0.01) was observed in 95 and 100% dAA/CP level diets. However, Haugh unit (P < 0.01) and albumen height (P < 0.01) were higher in 85 and 90% diets. The inclusion of protease reduced the feed consumption (P = 0.0247), FCR for dozens of eggs (P = 0.0049) from 30 to 49 wk of age without affecting the HDEP or EM. Protease supplementation and dAA/CP level had an effect on the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of CP (P = 0.019), Lys (P < 0.01), Thr (P < 0.01), Trp (P = 0.017), and Val (P < 0.01). Addition of protease significantly increased egg income (P = 0.033) and return on investment (P = 0.00223) from 30 to 37 wk of age. At 38 to 50 wk of age, dAA/CP level had a significant effect on egg income (P < 0.001), feed cost (P < 0.001), and return on investment (P < 0.001). This experiment indicates that the inclusion of protease in 90 and 95% lower dAA/CP diets could help improve the digestibility of CP, and key amino acids and maintain productive performance of corn and soybean meal-based diets in Hy-Line W-36 laying hen from 30 to 50 wk of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Poudel
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - V R Hodge
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - K G S Wamsley
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | | | - P A Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA.
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Swelum AA, El-Saadony MT, Abd El-Hack ME, Abo Ghanima MM, Shukry M, Alhotan RA, Hussein EO, Suliman GM, Ba-Awadh H, Ammari AA, Taha AE, El-Tarabily KA. Ammonia emissions in poultry houses and microbial nitrification as a promising reduction strategy. SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146978. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Effects of Dietary Fiber on Nutrients Utilization and Gut Health of Poultry: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010181. [PMID: 33466662 PMCID: PMC7828824 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The inclusion of agricultural co-products has been increased to utilize the nutrients in these products available at low cost, but inherently, it adds a high dietary fiber content in the poultry diets. The use of exogenous feed enzymes along with advancements in feed milling, feed formulation, and processing of these non-conventional ingredients to improve their digestibility and utilization have played an emphatic role in boosting their use globally. Despite such developments, the presence of a high level of dietary fibers (DF) acting in an anti-nutritive manner still poses challenges in poultry feeding. Various isolated forms of fiber or feed enzymes to break DF into fermentable substrates are being used extensively to provide potential prebiotics to support beneficial gut microbiota or probiotics to improve the gut health of poultry raised without antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). This review reports and discusses the existing challenges in feeding high-DF feed ingredients to poultry and the opportunities that are available to improve the nutritive value of such non-conventional feed ingredients by adopting various technologies. Abstract Many fibrous ingredients incorporated in poultry feed to reduce production costs have low digestibility and cause poor growth in poultry. However, all plant-based fibers are not equal, and thus exert variable physiological effects on the birds, including but not limited to, digestibility, growth performance, and microbial fermentation. Several types of fibers, especially oligosaccharides, when supplemented in poultry diets in isolated form, exhibit prebiotic effects by enhancing beneficial gut microbiota, modulating gut immunity, boosting intestinal mucosal health, and increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) in the gut. Recently, poultry producers are also facing the challenge of limiting the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in poultry feed. In addition to other alternatives in use, exogenous non-starch polysaccharides digesting enzymes (NSPase) and prebiotics are being used to provide substrates to support the gut microbiome. We also conducted a meta-analysis of different studies conducted in similar experimental conditions to evaluate the variability and conclusiveness in effects of NSPase on growth performance of broilers fed fibrous ingredients. This review presents a holistic approach in discussing the existing challenges of incorporating high-fiber ingredients in poultry feed, as well as strategies to fully utilize the potential of such ingredients in improving feed efficiency and gut health of poultry.
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Manikandan M, Chun S, Kazibwe Z, Gopal J, Singh UB, Oh JW. Phenomenal Bombardment of Antibiotic in Poultry: Contemplating the Environmental Repercussions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5053. [PMID: 32674337 PMCID: PMC7400182 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics have constantly been added at an unprecedented rate in order to enhance poultry meat production. Such antibiotics impose a negative impact on human health directly through meat and egg consumption. On the other hand, they also affect humans indirectly by affecting the normal key microbial processes in the agricultural environments, when used as poultry compost. For many years, farmers have been turning poultry litter into compost for agricultural use. Very few studies have addressed the fate of the unmetabolized antibiotic residues in poultry litter that could potentially affect microbial communities when used as poultry compost. We have also questioned the fate of residual antibiotic in poultry waste which may create possible negative environmental pressure on microbial communities that are involved in microbial mediated poultry litter composting processes. The incorporation of antibiotic degrading environmental isolates in poultry litter at the initial stage of composting in order to accelerate the process is addressed in this review as a future perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Manikandan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.M.); (S.C.); (Z.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Sechul Chun
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.M.); (S.C.); (Z.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Zakayo Kazibwe
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.M.); (S.C.); (Z.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Judy Gopal
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea; (M.M.); (S.C.); (Z.K.); (J.G.)
| | - Udai Bhan Singh
- Plant-Microbe Interaction & Rhizosphere Biology LabICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Kushmaur, Mau Nath Bhanjan 275103, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Jae-Wook Oh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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Reduction of nitrogen excretion and emissions from poultry: a review for conventional poultry. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933916000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Effect of supplementing the laying hen diets with choline, folic acid, and vitamin B12 on production performance, egg quality, and yolk phospholipid. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Zhang Y, Ma W, Zhang Z, Liu F, Wang J, Yin Y, Wang Z. Effects of Enterococcus faecalis on egg production, egg quality and caecal microbiota of hens during the late laying period. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 73:208-221. [PMID: 31033356 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1591128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of diet supplementation of laying hens with Enterococcus faecalis (EF) on egg production, egg quality and caecal microbiota. A total of 360 Hy-Line Brown laying hens (72 weeks old) were divided into three groups with four replicates of 30 birds each. The laying hens were fed with the basal diet (Control), the basal diet + 3.75 · 108 cfu EF/kg (Group I) or the basal diet + 7.5 · 108 cfu EF/kg (Group II). The experiment lasted for 45 d. Eggs and caecal samples were collected at the end of the experiment. Results showed that dietary supplementation with EF did not affect the average daily egg weight, cracked egg rate, mortality and egg quality. However, EF supplementation caused a significantly increased laying rate and decreased feed/egg ratio (p < 0.05). The differences in caecal microbiota between Group II and the Control were significant. The relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia and Cyanobacteria at the phylum level, Rikenellaceae, Christensenellaceae and Veillonellaceae at the family level, and the Faecalibacterium, Christensenellaceae R-7 group and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group at the genus level changed significantly in Group II compared with the Control (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the tested dietary supplementations with EF improved product performance and affected the caecal microbial community structure of laying hens during the late laying period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Zhang
- a Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Wenfeng Ma
- a Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Zhidan Zhang
- a Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- a Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Jie Wang
- a Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Yulong Yin
- b Observation and Experiment Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central China, Ministry of Agriculture, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changsha , China
| | - Zhanbin Wang
- a Henan Provincial Academician Workstation of Feed Resource Development and Healthy Livestock, Department of Animal Science and Technology , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
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Kumar D, Raginski C, Schwean-Lardner K, Classen H. Assessing the response of hen weight, body composition, feather score, egg quality, and level of excreta nitrogen content to digestible balanced protein intake of laying hens. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2017-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ideally balanced dietary protein is critical for laying hen egg production and feed efficiency, but also affects other important characteristics. This research was designed to study the nonegg production and feed intake response of Lohmann-LSL Lite hens to 550, 625, 700, 775, and 850 mg d−1 of amino acid balanced digestible lysine (Dlys) from 27 to 66 wk of age. Data collection included hen weight (HW), feather scoring, tissue weights, egg specific gravity, egg component weights, and excreta nitrogen (N) content. The experiment was a completely randomized design and level of significance was fixed at P ≤ 0.05. Hen weight (quadratic, Q), pectoralis muscle (absolute, % – Q), and abdominal fat (absolute – linear, L; % – Q) increased with increasing Dlys intake. Although gastrointestinal segment weights and lengths were affected by Dlys intake, interpretation of results was confounded by other aspects of diet composition. Hen feather score (L) and excreta N content (Q) increased, and egg shell quality (L) decreased with increasing Dlys intake. Absolute egg component weights increased with Dlys intake, but effects on proportional weights were Q and relatively minor. In conclusion, balanced Dlys intake affected a variety of practical nonproduction characteristics in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kumar
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - C. Raginski
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - K. Schwean-Lardner
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - H.L. Classen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
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Wang J, Yue H, Wu S, Zhang H, Qi G. Nutritional modulation of health, egg quality and environmental pollution of the layers. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2017; 3:91-96. [PMID: 29767091 PMCID: PMC5941107 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
World egg production and consumption have been increasing for the past decades. Traditional strategies in poultry nutrition have made vital contributions to this great growth in quantity. However, current global issues should be considered in modern egg production such as growing populations and food security, food safety and quality, limited resources and environmental problems. The development of knowledge of poultry nutrition and modern biotechnology provides novel nutritional approaches to closely fit the requirement of pullets and laying hens, which will consequently decrease the nutrition excretion and maintain the lower cost of feed. Nutrition has also been widely accepted as a strategy to influence health and diseases of laying hens. The maintenance of good health is an important prerequisite for improving productivity and egg quality. In addition, there are many measures and strategies for minimizing the incidence of egg defects and providing a choice of lifestyle to enhance human health. This paper reviews current research progress on developing innovative technologies and strategies to maximize animal health and performance, improve the quality of egg products and minimize pollution caused by poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guanghai Qi
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Souza C, Jaimes JJB, Gewehr CE. Equations of prediction for abdominal fat in brown egg-laying hens fed different diets. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1688-1695. [PMID: 27915268 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to use noninvasive measurements to formulate equations for predicting the abdominal fat weight of laying hens in a noninvasive manner. Hens were fed with different diets; the external body measurements of birds were used as regressors. We used 288 Hy-Line Brown laying hens, distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement, submitted for 16 wk to 2 metabolizable energy levels (2,550 and 2,800 kcal/kg) and 3 levels of crude protein in the diet (150, 160, and 170 g/kg), totaling 6 treatments, with 48 hens each. Sixteen hens per treatment of 92 wk age were utilized to evaluate body weight, bird length, tarsus and sternum, greater and lesser diameter of the tarsus, and abdominal fat weight, after slaughter. The equations were obtained by using measures evaluated with regressors through simple and multiple linear regression with the stepwise method of indirect elimination (backward), with P < 0.10 for all variables remaining in the model. The weight of abdominal fat as predicted by the equations and observed values for each bird were subjected to Pearson's correlation analysis. The equations generated by energy levels showed coefficients of determination of 0.50 and 0.74 for 2,800 and 2,550 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, respectively, with correlation coefficients of 0.71 and 0.84, with a highly significant correlation between the calculated and observed values of abdominal fat. For protein levels of 150, 160, and 170 g/kg in the diet, it was possible to obtain coefficients of determination of 0.75, 0.57, and 0.61, with correlation coefficients of 0.86, 0.75, and 0.78, respectively. Regarding the general equation for predicting abdominal fat weight, the coefficient of determination was 0.62; the correlation coefficient was 0.79. The equations for predicting abdominal fat weight in laying hens, based on external measurements of the birds, showed positive coefficients of determination and correlation coefficients, thus allowing researchers to determine abdominal fat weight in vivo.
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Momani Shaker M, Al-Beitawi NA, Bláha J, Mahmoud Z. The effect of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit residues on performance and egg quality of laying hens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1324456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Momani Shaker
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Department of Animal Sciences and Food Processing, Czech University of Life Science in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nafez A. Al-Beitawi
- Department of Animal Production, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jan Bláha
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Department of Animal Sciences and Food Processing, Czech University of Life Science in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ziyad Mahmoud
- Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Department of Animal Sciences and Food Processing, Czech University of Life Science in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Torki M, Nasiroleslami M, Ghasemi HA. The effects of different protein levels in laying hens under hot summer conditions. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of the present study were (1) to determine the extent to which the crude protein (CP) content of laying hen diets can be reduced, based on performance criteria, and (2) to determine how egg quality traits and blood biochemical parameters are affected by changes in dietary CP under hot summer conditions. The requirements for egg mass (EM) and feed utilisation (FU) were estimated using quadratic equations and broken-line regression models. Laying hens were raised for a 12-week period (42–54 weeks) in wire cages under a high ambient temperature in an open-sided housing system. A total of 144 Lohmann LSL laying hens were assigned to four treatments with six replicates of six birds each. The four experimental diets (11.51 MJ ME/kg) varied according to four CP levels: normal-CP diet (Control, 16% CP) and low-CP diets containing 13%, 14%, or 15% CP. All diets were fortified with DL-methionine, L-lysine, L-threonine and L-tryptophan at levels sufficient to meet dietary requirements. The results showed that under high ambient temperature conditions, all productive performance traits of birds fed 15% and 14% CP diets were similar to those of birds fed a Control diet (16% CP), whereas feeding a 13% CP diet negatively affected (P < 0.05) EM and FU. Estimations of requirements were of 15.13% and 14.56% CP for EM, and 14.86% and 14.38% CP for FU using quadratic and broken-line models, respectively. Haugh units, blood uric acid levels and albumin levels were significantly lower in birds fed a 13% CP diet compared with the Control group. In contrast, yolk colour index and blood triglyceride level were higher (P < 0.05) for the hens fed the 14% and 13% CP diets than for birds fed the Control diet. Overall, hens consuming 14% and 15% CP diets performed equally as well as the high protein diet group under hot summer conditions.
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Chang SC, Chiang HI, Lin MJ, Jea YS, Chen LR, Fan YK, Lee TT. Effects of short light regimes and lower dietary protein content on the reproductive performance of White Roman geese in an environment-controlled house. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 170:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Manju GU, Reddy BSV, Gloridoss G, Prabhu TM, Giridhar KS, Suma N. Effect of supplementation of lysine producing microbes vis-a-vis source and level of dietary protein on performance and egg quality characteristics of post-peak layers. Vet World 2016; 8:453-60. [PMID: 27047114 PMCID: PMC4774791 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.453-460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim was to study the effect of supplementation of lysine producing microbes (LPM) as an in vivo source of lysine on performance and egg quality characters of post-peak layers. Materials and Methods: BIS (1992) specified diets (except crude protein [CP] and lysine) were prepared using either soybean meal (SBM) or groundnut extractions (GNE) or sunflower extractions (SFE) with 16 and 15% CP resulting in six control diets. Further, each control diet was fortified with either synthetic lysine or LPM to meet BIS (1992) specified lysine requirement resulting in the set of 12 test diets. Each of the eighteen diets was offered to quadruplets groups of 4 post-peak (52 weeks) commercial laying hens in each. The trial lasted for 119 days. Result: The results revealed that the feed consumption and body weight changes and Roche yolk color and yolk index were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different among different treatments. However, egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, egg shape index, Haugh unit score, albumen index and shell thickness, and net returns remained non-significant (p ≤ 0.05) among different treatments. Among main factors, protein level (16% and 15% CP) made a significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference in egg production (79.6 and 75.1%) and feed efficiency (2.64 and 2.81 kg feed/kg egg mass, respectively). Among protein source GNE- and SFE-based diet fed groups showed significantly (p < 0.0%) higher feed consumption and body weight gain than SBM based diets fed birds. Yolk color (7.0, 7.3 and 7.3, respectively) and yolk index (0.40, 0.38 and 0.43, respectively) were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) different from the protein sources. CP level and Protein source interaction effects showed significant differences in albumen index and Haugh unit score. Conclusion: Optimum level of protein (16% CP) and GNE as a source of protein tended to be superior in increasing the performance and egg characteristics of post-peak layers and supplementation of lysine in either synthetic or LPM form found to be beneficial in optimizing their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G U Manju
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Livestock Research and Information Center, Karnataka Veterinary and Fisheries Science University, Nagamangala, Mandya, Karnataka, India
| | - B S V Reddy
- Department of Animal Nutrition Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary and Fisheries Science University Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gideon Gloridoss
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary and Fisheries Science University, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
| | - T M Prabhu
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary and Fisheries Science University, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
| | - K S Giridhar
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary and Fisheries Science University, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
| | - N Suma
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary and Fisheries Science University, Hassan, Karnataka, India
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Pratt C, Redding M, Hill J, Brown G, Westermann M. Clays Can Decrease Gaseous Nutrient Losses from Soil-Applied Livestock Manures. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:638-645. [PMID: 27065411 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.11.0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clays could underpin a viable agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement technology given their affinity for nitrogen and carbon compounds. We provide the first investigation into the efficacy of clays to decrease agricultural nitrogen GHG emissions (i.e., NO and NH). Via laboratory experiments using an automated closed-vessel analysis system, we tested the capacity of two clays (vermiculite and bentonite) to decrease NO and NH emissions and organic carbon losses from livestock manures (beef, pig, poultry, and egg layer) incorporated into an agricultural soil. Clay addition levels varied, with a maximum of 1:1 to manure (dry weight). Cumulative gas emissions were modeled using the biological logistic function, with 15 of 16 treatments successfully fitted ( < 0.05) by this model. When assessing all of the manures together, NH emissions were lower (×2) at the highest clay addition level compared with no clay addition, but this difference was not significant ( = 0.17). Nitrous oxide emissions were significantly lower (×3; < 0.05) at the highest clay addition level compared with no clay addition. When assessing manures individually, we observed generally decreasing trends in NH and NO emissions with increasing clay addition, albeit with widely varying statistical significance between manure types. Most of the treatments also showed strong evidence of increased C retention with increasing clay additions, with up to 10 times more carbon retained in treatments containing clay compared with treatments containing no clay. This preliminary assessment of the efficacy of clays to mitigate agricultural GHG emissions indicates strong promise.
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Yang H, Ju X, Wang Z, Yang Z, Lu J, Wang W. Effects of Arginine Supplementation on Organ Development, Egg Quality, Serum Biochemical parameters, and Immune Status of Laying Hens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1801181-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Yang
- Yangzhou University, P.R. China
| | - X Ju
- Yangzhou University, P.R. China
| | - Z Wang
- Yangzhou University, P.R. China
| | - Z Yang
- Yangzhou University, P.R. China
| | - J Lu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, P.R. China
| | - W Wang
- Yangzhou University, P.R. China
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20
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Yuan C, Li J, Ding Y, He Q, Yan H, Lu J, Zou X. Estimation of L-arginine requirement for Xinyang Black laying hens from 33 to 45 weeks of age. J APPL POULTRY RES 2015. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfv049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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21
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Choi KY, Lee TK, Sul WJ. Metagenomic Analysis of Chicken Gut Microbiota for Improving Metabolism and Health of Chickens - A Review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1217-25. [PMID: 26323514 PMCID: PMC4554860 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Chicken is a major food source for humans, hence it is important to understand the mechanisms involved in nutrient absorption in chicken. In the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the microbiota plays a central role in enhancing nutrient absorption and strengthening the immune system, thereby affecting both growth and health of chicken. There is little information on the diversity and functions of chicken GIT microbiota, its impact on the host, and the interactions between the microbiota and host. Here, we review the recent metagenomic strategies to analyze the chicken GIT microbiota composition and its functions related to improving metabolism and health. We summarize methodology of metagenomics in order to obtain bacterial taxonomy and functional inferences of the GIT microbiota and suggest a set of indicator genes for monitoring and manipulating the microbiota to promote host health in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Young Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea
| | - Tae Kwon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea
| | - Woo Jun Sul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Korea
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22
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Faridi A, Gitoee A, Donato DCZ, France J, Sakomura NK. Broiler responses to digestible threonine at different ages: a neural networks approach. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:738-47. [PMID: 26249314 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted with broiler chickens to evaluate the effects of digestible threonine (DThr) and crude protein (CP) on their performance at three different phases of age: 1-14, 15-28 and 29-42 days. The measured traits included the following: average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), carcass crude protein (CCP), body lipid (BL), feather weight gain (FWG), protein deposited in feather (FCP), carcass plus feather protein (CFCP), carcass Thr deposition (CDThr) and nitrogen excretion (NE). A dilution technique was used to create seven diets (with eight replicates) increasing the DThr content from 1.5 to 10 g/kg of diet for phase 1, 1.3-8.9 g/kg of diet for phase 2, and 1.2-8.2 g/kg of diet for phase 3. Data measured were imported into neural networks (NNs) to: (i) predict the measured traits in response to DThr and CP, (ii) rank the importance of DThr and CP on these traits through sensitivity analysis and (iii) find the optimal levels of DThr and CP that lead to the desired (maximum or minimum) responses. For each trait investigated, 50 different random groups of data were generated using a bootstrapping method. These 50 data groups were then used to develop 50 separate NNs which were subsequently combined to construct the final ensemble NN model. In general, accuracy of the models constructed was acceptable, although models of high (ADG, FCR, CFCP, BL, DThr and NE; 0.64 ≤ R(2) ≤ 0.99) and low (CCP, FWG and FCP; 0.26 ≤ R(2) ≤ 0.79) accuracy were obtained. All models developed showed the greatest sensitivity to DThr. This may be explained by the dilution technique diet preparation used in these experiments. Optimization results showed decreases in optimal values of DThr and CP with increasing age for all traits. The highest level of DThr was suggested for minimum BL, followed by minimum FCR, maximum ADG, maximum CFCP, minimum NE and maximum CCP respectively. Results showed that the optimal values of DThr for minimum FCR in phases 1-3 were 8.5, 7.4 and 6.4 g/kg of diet, while these values for maximum ADG were 8.2, 7.2 and 6.4 g/kg of diet respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Faridi
- Center of Excellence in the Animal Sciences Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - A Gitoee
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - D C Z Donato
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - J France
- Centre for Nutrition Modelling, Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - N K Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, University Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brazil
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23
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Karcher DM, Jones DR, Abdo Z, Zhao Y, Shepherd TA, Xin H. Impact of commercial housing systems and nutrient and energy intake on laying hen performance and egg quality parameters. Poult Sci 2015; 94:485-501. [PMID: 25630672 PMCID: PMC4990894 DOI: 10.3382/ps/peu078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The US egg industry is exploring alternative housing systems for laying hens. However, limited published research related to cage-free aviary systems and enriched colony cages exists related to production, egg quality, and hen nutrition. The laying hen's nutritional requirements and resulting productivity are well established with the conventional cage system, but diminutive research is available in regards to alternative housing systems. The restrictions exist with limited availability of alternative housing systems in research settings and the considerable expense for increased bird numbers in a replicate due to alternative housing system design. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of nutrient and energy intake on production and egg quality parameters from laying hens housed at a commercial facility. Lohmann LSL laying hens were housed in three systems: enriched colony cage, cage-free aviary, and conventional cage at a single commercial facility. Daily production records were collected along with dietary changes during 15 production periods (28-d each). Eggs were analyzed for shell strength, shell thickness, Haugh unit, vitelline membrane properties, and egg solids each period. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coupled with a principal components analysis (PCA) approach was utilized to assess the impact of nutritional changes on production parameters and monitored egg quality factors. The traits of hen-day production and mortality had a response only in the PCA 2 direction. This finds that as house temperature and Met intake increases, there is an inflection point at which hen-day egg production is negatively effected. Dietary changes more directly influenced shell parameters, vitelline membrane parameters, and egg total solids as opposed to laying hen housing system. Therefore, further research needs to be conducted in controlled research settings on laying hen nutrient and energy intake in the alternative housing systems and resulting impact on egg quality measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Karcher
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - D R Jones
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit
| | - Z Abdo
- South Atlantic Area, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA 30605
| | - Y Zhao
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - T A Shepherd
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - H Xin
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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Santos-Ricalde R, Sarmiento-Franco L, Segura-Correa J. Effect of three protein levels and an enzyme blend on egg quality of laying hens. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:1056-60. [PMID: 24502171 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.1056.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
One approach to enhance the Crude Protein (CP) value of laying hens diets it is the use of enzymes. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate different CP levels and an enzyme blend (Avizyme; AZ) in laying hens diets on egg quality. Two hundred and eighty eight ISA Babcock B-300 hens were used. The diets were: (A) 18.8% CP, (B) 18.8% CP+AZ, (C) 16.6% CP, (D) 16.6% CP+AZ, (E) 16.0% CP and(F) 15.4% CP. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance for factorial designs (Diets A, B, C and D) and a complete randomized design (Diets C, E and F). CP or AZ had no effect on egg quality (p>0.05). Reduction of CP in laying hen diets tended (p<0.08) to increase feed intake (90.8, 93.6 and 96.5 g day(-1)) and feed conversion (p<0.05) (2.1, 2.2 and 2.3) for 16.6, 16.0 y 15.4% of CP, respectively. Reduction of CP in laying diets increased (p<0.05) albumen height (11.4, 11.9 y 11.9 mm). Significant (p<0.05) reductions of feed intake (96.2 vs 89.9 g day(-1)) and feed conversion (2.1 versus 2.0) in diets supplemented AZ were observed. Significant (p<0.05) interactions of PC and AZ on feed intake and feed conversion were found. The reduction of CP in the diets did not affect egg quality, but has an effect on feed intake and feed conversion. Avizyme supplementation reduced feed intake and improve feed efficiency in high CP diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Santos-Ricalde
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Itzimna, Mexico
| | - L Sarmiento-Franco
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Itzimna, Mexico
| | - J Segura-Correa
- Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Itzimna, Mexico
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Song Z, Dong X, Tong J, Wang Z. Effects of waste vinegar residue on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in laying hens. Livest Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Pérez-Bonilla A, Jabbour C, Frikha M, Mirzaie S, Garcia J, Mateos G. Effect of crude protein and fat content of diet on productive performance and egg quality traits of brown egg-laying hens with different initial body weight. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1400-5. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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