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Ahmad-Hanafi S, Zulkifli I, Ramiah SK, Chung ELT, Kamil R, Sazili AQ, Mashitah J. Prenatal auditory stimulation and impacts on physiological response to feed restriction in broiler chickens at market age. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103948. [PMID: 39127008 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Feed restriction could induce physiological stress in broiler chickens, leading to welfare issues. Prenatal stimulation could improve stress-coping mechanisms in poultry. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects of subjecting developing embryos to auditory stimulation on physiological stress response to feed restriction in broiler chickens at market age. A total of 423 hatching eggs of Cobb 500 (Gallus domesticus) were subjected to the following auditory treatments: 1) no additional sound treatment other than the background sound of the incubator's compressors at 40 dB (CONTROL), 2) exposure to pre-recorded traffic noise at 90 dB (NOISE), and 3) exposure to Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos in D Major, K 488 at 90 dB) (MUSIC). The NOISE and MUSIC treatments were for 20 min/h for 24 h (a total of 8 h/d), starting from embryonic days (ED) 12 to hatching. On d 42, an equal number of birds from each prenatal auditory stimulation (PAS) group were subjected to either ad libitum feeding (AL) or 30-h of feed restriction (FR) in a completely randomised design. The FR chickens exhibited significantly higher serum levels of corticosterone (CORT), and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 compared to those of AL. Prenatal auditory stimulation, particularly NOISE, led to lower serum levels of CORT and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) levels compared to the CONTROL group. Additionally, NOISE significantly increased brain mRNA glucocorticoid receptor and HSP70 gene expression. The cecal population of E. coli and Lactobacillus spp. was not significantly affected by prenatal auditory stimulation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that prenatal auditory stimulation, particularly NOISE, positively impacts broiler chickens' ability to cope with feed restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmad-Hanafi
- School of Animal Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, 22200, Terengganu, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - I Zulkifli
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - S K Ramiah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E L T Chung
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - R Kamil
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Computational Statistics and Operations Research, Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A Q Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Halal Products Research Institute, Putra Infoport, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - J Mashitah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Mangan M, Siwek M. Strategies to combat heat stress in poultry production-A review. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:576-595. [PMID: 38152002 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of heat stress (HS) caused by high temperatures continue to be a global concern in poultry production. Poultry birds are homoeothermic, however, modern-day chickens are highly susceptible to HS due to their inefficiency in dissipating heat from their body due to the lack of sweat glands. During HS, the heat load is higher than the chickens' ability to regulate it. This can disturb normal physiological functioning, affect metabolism and cause behavioural changes, respiratory alkalosis and immune dysregulation in birds. These adverse effects cause gut dysbiosis and, therefore, reduce nutrient absorption and energy metabolism. This consequently reduces production performances and causes economic losses. Several strategies have been explored to combat the effects of HS. These include environmentally controlled houses, provision of clean cold water, low stocking density, supplementation of appropriate feed additives, dual and restricted feeding regimes, early heat conditioning and genetic selection of poultry lines to produce heat-resistant birds. Despite all these efforts, HS still remains a challenge in the poultry sector. Therefore, there is a need to explore effective strategies to address this long-lasting problem. The most recent strategy to ameliorate HS in poultry is early perinatal programming using the in ovo technology. Such an approach seems particularly justified in broilers because chick embryo development (21 days) equals half of the chickens' posthatch lifespan (42 days). As such, this strategy is expected to be more efficient and cost-effective to mitigate the effects of HS on poultry and improve the performance and health of birds. Therefore, this review discusses the impact of HS on poultry, the advantages and limitations of the different strategies. Finally recommend a promising strategy that could be efficient in ameliorating the adverse effects of HS in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Modou Mangan
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maria Siwek
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Lin P, Liufu S, Wang J, Hou Z, Liang Y, Wang H, Li B, Cao N, Liu W, Huang Y, Tian Y, Xu D, Li X, Fu X. Effects of stocking density on the homeostasis of uric acid and related liver and kidney functions in ducks. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:952-961. [PMID: 38271963 PMCID: PMC11065707 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stocking density (SD) is an important issue in the poultry industry, which is related to the production performance, intestinal health and immune status. In the present study, the effects of SD on the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid as well as the related functions of the liver and kidney in ducks were examined. METHODS A total of 360 healthy 56-day-old Shan-ma ducks were randomly divided into the low stocking density (n = 60, density = 5 birds/m2), medium stocking density (n = 120, density = 10 birds/m2) and high stocking density groups (HSD; n = 180, density = 15 birds/m2). Samples were collected in the 3rd, 6th, and 9th weeks of the experiment for analysis. RESULTS The serum levels of uric acid, lipopolysaccharide and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β [IL-1β], IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) were increased significantly in the HSD group. Serious histopathological lesions could be seen in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group in the 9th week. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and TNF-α) and related pathway components (toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88, and nuclear factor-κB) were increased significantly in both the livers and kidneys in the HSD group. The mRNA expression levels of enzymes (adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase, and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase 1) related to the synthesis of uric acid increased significantly in the livers in the HSD group. However, the mRNA expression level of solute carrier family 2 member 9, which plays an important role in the excretion of uric acid by the kidney, was decreased significantly in the kidneys in the HSD group. CONCLUSION These results indicated that a higher SD could cause tissue inflammatory lesions in the liver and kidney and subsequently affect the metabolism and homeostasis of uric acid, and is helpful for guiding decisions related to the breeding and production of ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyi Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Sui Liufu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Zhanpeng Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yu Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Haiyue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Bingxin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Nan Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Danning Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Xiujin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Xinliang Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center of Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510225, China
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Tomaszewska E, Świątkiewicz S, Arczewska-Włosek A, Wojtysiak D, Dobrowolski P, Domaradzki P, Puzio I, Rudyk H, Brezvyn O, Muszyński S. ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate: A feed supplement influencing performance, bone metabolism, intestinal morphology, and muscle quality of laying hens: a preliminary one-point study. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103597. [PMID: 38471225 PMCID: PMC11067770 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Laying hens, selectively bred for high egg production, often suffer from bone fragility and fractures, impacting their welfare and causing economic losses. Additionally, gut health and muscle quality are crucial for overall health and productivity. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ß-Hydroxy-ß-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation on performance, bone metabolism, intestinal morphology, and muscle quality in laying hens. Forty-eight Bovans Brown hens were divided into a control group and an HMB-supplemented group (0.02% HMB in diet). The study spanned from the 31st to the 60th wk of age. Assessments included bone mechanical testing, serum hormonal analysis, histological analysis of bone and intestine, and muscle quality analysis. The HMB supplementation led to decreased feed intake without affecting body weight or laying rate in laying hens. It caused an increase in both mean daily and total egg weight, indicating improved feed utilization, without influencing the feed intake to egg weight ratio. Enhanced bone formation markers and altered intestinal morphometric parameters were observed, along with improved trabecular bone structure. However, no changes in measured other bone quality indices, including geometric, densitometric, or mechanical properties were observed. Muscle analysis revealed no significant changes in overall meat quality, except for a decrease in cholesterol content and alterations in the fatty acid profile, notably a reduction in total n-3 polyunsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In conclusion, although not all effects of HMB supplementation were unequivocally beneficial, the positive changes in performance data and trabecular bone microarchitecture support further research into various doses and durations of supplementation. Such studies are necessary to fully understand and optimize the benefits of HMB for enhancing the health and productivity of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Sylwester Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Anna Arczewska-Włosek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Balice, Poland
| | - Dorota Wojtysiak
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Cracow, Poland
| | - Piotr Dobrowolski
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Domaradzki
- Department of Commodity Science and Processing of Raw Animal Materials, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Puzio
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Halyna Rudyk
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Oksana Brezvyn
- State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Lee J, Kim WK. Applications of Enteroendocrine Cells (EECs) Hormone: Applicability on Feed Intake and Nutrient Absorption in Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2975. [PMID: 37760373 PMCID: PMC10525316 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of hormones derived from enteroendocrine cells (EECs) on appetite and nutrient absorption in chickens. In response to nutrient intake, EECs release hormones that act on many organs and body systems, including the brain, gallbladder, and pancreas. Gut hormones released from EECs play a critical role in the regulation of feed intake and the absorption of nutrients such as glucose, protein, and fat following feed ingestion. We could hypothesize that EECs are essential for the regulation of appetite and nutrient absorption because the malfunction of EECs causes severe diarrhea and digestion problems. The importance of EEC hormones has been recognized, and many studies have been carried out to elucidate their mechanisms for many years in other species. However, there is a lack of research on the regulation of appetite and nutrient absorption by EEC hormones in chickens. This review suggests the potential significance of EEC hormones on growth and health in chickens under stress conditions induced by diseases and high temperature, etc., by providing in-depth knowledge of EEC hormones and mechanisms on how these hormones regulate appetite and nutrient absorption in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
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6
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Shakeri M, Kong B, Zhuang H, Bowker B. Potential Role of Ribonucleotide Reductase Enzyme in Mitochondria Function and Woody Breast Condition in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2038. [PMID: 37370548 DOI: 10.3390/ani13122038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The cellular events leading to the development of the woody breast myopathy in broiler breast muscle are unclear. Affected woody breast muscle exhibits muscle fiber degeneration/regeneration, connective tissue accumulation, and adverse morphological changes in mitochondria. Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an enzyme for the synthesis of dNTP, which is important for mitochondria DNA content (mtDNA). RNR consists of two subunits: RRM1/RRM2. A decrease in RRM2 is associated with a decrease in mtDNA and mitochondria proteins, leading to impaired ATP production. The objective of this study was to investigate potential RNR differences between woody breast (WB) and normal (N) breast muscle by examining RRM2 expression and associated pathways. Gene expression and enzyme activities were examined by qPCR and commercial kits. Results showed that RRM2 expression reduced for WB (p = 0.01) and genes related to mitochondria, including ATP6 (p = 0.03), COX1 (p = 0.001), CYTB (p = 0.07), ND2 (p = 0.001) and ND4L (p = 0.03). Furthermore, NDUFB7 and COX 14, which are related to mitochondria and ATP synthesis, tended to be reduced in WB. Compared to N, GLUT1 reduced for WB (p = 0.05), which is responsible for glucose transport in cells. Consequently, PDK4 (p = 0.0001) and PPARG (p = 0.008) increased in WB, suggesting increased fatty acid oxidation. Citric synthase activity and the NAD/NADH ratio (p = 0.02) both reduced for WB, while WB increased CHRND expression (p = 0.001), which is a possible indicator of high reactive oxygen species levels. In conclusion, a reduction in RRM2 impaired mitochondria function, potentially ATP synthesis in WB, by increasing fibrosis and the down-regulation of several genes related to mitochondria function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Shakeri
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Byungwhi Kong
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Hong Zhuang
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Brian Bowker
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Effect of Glutamine on the Growth Performance, Oxidative Stress, and Nrf2/p38 MAPK Expression in the Livers of Heat-Stressed Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040652. [PMID: 36830439 PMCID: PMC9951748 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to study the effects of glutamine (Gln) on the growth performance, oxidative stress, Nrf2, and p38 MAPK pathway in the livers of heat-stressed broilers. In total, 300 broilers were divided into five groups, including a normal temperature (NT, without dietary Gln) group and four cyclic high temperature groups (HT, GHT1, GHT2, and GHT3) fed with 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% Gln, respectively. High temperature conditions increased (p < 0.05) liver malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration, but decreased (p < 0.05), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione (GSH) levels in broilers. Nrf2 and p38 MAPK protein and mRNA expression levels were lower (p < 0.05) in the NT group than that in the HT group. However, dietary 1.5% Gln decreased (p < 0.05) liver MDA concentration, but increased (p < 0.05) BWG, FI, liver SOD, T-AOC, GSH-Px, GST, and GSH levels in heat-stressed broilers. Nrf2 and p38 MAPK protein and mRNA expression levels were higher (p < 0.05) in the GHT3 group than that in the HT group. In summary, Gln improved oxidative damage through the activation of Nrf2 and p38 MAPK expression in the livers of heat-stressed broilers.
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8
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Heat stress in poultry with particular reference to the role of probiotics in its amelioration: An updated review. J Therm Biol 2022; 108:103302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Comparison of stress biomarkers in laying hens raised under a long-term multiple stress condition. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101868. [PMID: 35477135 PMCID: PMC9058573 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current experiment was to compare various stress biomarkers including the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H:L ratio) in blood and the corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in feathers, claws, and egg yolk and to find the potential stress biomarkers in laying hens exposed to a long-term multiple stress condition. A total of 24 Hy-Line Brown laying hens at 47 wk of age were allotted to 2 distinct conditions including normal condition (NC) and multiple stress condition (MC) with 8 replicated cages. In NC treatment, 8 hens were raised individually in the cage (0.16 m2/hen) under the temperature of 21 ± 0.6°C. In MC treatment, 16 hens were raised with 2 hens per cage to decrease space allowance (0.08 m2/hen) and the temperature was maintained at 31 ± 1.6°C. The experiment lasted for 8 wk. The common diets and water were fed on an ad libitum basis during the experiment. Results indicated no interactions between stress conditions and duration of stress exposure for all measurements. Hens in MC treatment had a greater (P < 0.01) blood H:L ratio than those in NC treatment. The greater (P < 0.05) H:L ratio for MC treatment was observed at all weeks. Hens in MC treatment had greater (P < 0.05) feather CORT concentrations than those in NC treatment. Feather CORT concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) with duration of the experiment. However, stress conditions did not influence claw CORT concentrations. A tendency (P = 0.081) was observed for greater yolk CORT concentrations in MC treatment than in NC treatment. In conclusion, the H:L ratio in blood and CORT concentrations in feathers and egg yolks are considered potential stress biomarkers in laying hens exposed to stress conditions, although each measurement has its respective limitations. However, CORT concentrations in the claw appear to be insensitive to a long-term stress exposure.
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Sugiharto S. Dietary strategies to alleviate high-stocking-density-induced stress in broiler chickens – a comprehensive review. Arch Anim Breed 2022; 65:21-36. [PMID: 35106363 PMCID: PMC8795885 DOI: 10.5194/aab-65-21-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stocking broilers at a high density has been a strategy to optimize the area
of the cage and hence increase the efficiency of broiler production. If the
environmental (microclimate) conditions and rearing management are not
properly managed, stocking broilers at a high density may, however, result in
stressful conditions that are harmful for the production, health and welfare
of broilers. To ameliorate these unfavorable effects of overcrowding
stress, dietary interventions have been conducted. Probiotics, prebiotics,
synbiotics, plant-derived products, vitamins, propolis, amino acids, fatty
acids, etc. have been supplemented in diets to deal with the harmful impact
of stress induced by a high stocking density of broilers. This review
covers the detrimental effects of overcrowding-induced stress on broiler
development and attempts to ameliorate those negative effects by
dietary interventions.
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11
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The importance of nutrition in alleviating high stocking density stress in poultry. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2021-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent decades, the number of birds reared per unit area has dramatically spiked to increase profitability in egg and meat production. However, nowadays, the increase in sensitivity to animal welfare and consumer demands brings along with it a raised interest in stocking density. Stocking density is defined either as the number of animals or body weight per unit area or as the area per animal. High stocking density, which is a stress factor, can be defined as an increase in the number of animals per unit area or a decrease in the area per animal. Stress caused by high stocking density negatively affects the bird’s physiology and performance as well as the quality of the product obtained. The ideal stocking density should be 9 laying hens, 35 kilogrammes for broilers, and 45 quails per square metre. Otherwise, one will observe stress indicators in birds reared in more than the recommended stocking density per unit area and, consequently, a decrease in bird growth, egg production, feed efficiency, and egg or meat quality. Apart from increasing the concentrations of amino acids such as lysine, methionine, tryptophan and arginine, minerals such as selenium and chromium, and vitamins such as C and E in the diet, the addition of additives such as probiotics, humates, phytophenol compounds, and propolis is also effective in reducing or eliminating these negative effects caused by high stocking density. As a result, regulations in the nutrition of animals are effective in reducing/preventing such negative effects, thus improving animal welfare and ensuring the maintenance of optimum yield.
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Nasr MAF, Alkhedaide AQ, Ramadan AAI, Hafez AESE, Hussein MA. Potential impact of stocking density on growth, carcass traits, indicators of biochemical and oxidative stress and meat quality of different broiler breeds. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101442. [PMID: 34607150 PMCID: PMC8493580 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study to investigate the potential impact of different stocking densities on growth performance, carcass traits, indicators of biochemical and oxidative stress and meat quality of Arbor Acres and Ross-308 broiler breeds to recommend the better stocking density with low production cost simultaneously with high quality. A total of 312 one-day old of each Arbor Acres broiler and Ross-308 were randomly classified into 3 experimental groups with different stocking density, each of 6 replicates. The first group (SD1) was 14 birds/m2 (28 kg/m2), while the second group (SD2) was 18 birds/m2 (36 kg/m2) and the third group (SD3) was 20 birds/m2 (40 kg/m2). The growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality hematological and biochemical parameters were measured. SD3 group possessed the lowest body weight. Alanine transaminase in Arbor Acres was 15 and 14% higher in SD3 when compared with SD1 and SD2, respectively. While, was 21 and 20% of Ross-308, respectively. SD3 revealed the highest values of cholesterol, TG, MDA, and LDL of both breeds when compared with SD1 and SD2, with the lowest levels of HDL, GPX, and IGG. Birds of SD3 was the nastiest carcass weight 873 (P = 0.000) and 1,411.60 g (P = 0.000); dressing percentage 63.07 (P = 0.000) and 75.83% (P = 0.000); breast weight 513.10 g (P = 0.000) and 885.50g (P = 0.000); thigh weight 359.90 g (P = 0.000) and 526.08 g (P = 0.000) when compared with SD1 and SD2 of Arbor Acres and Ross-308, respectively. The dressing % of SD1 and SD2 was approximately 19% better than that of SD3 of Arbor Acres, while it was 4% of Ross-308. The cooking loss and drip loss of breast and thigh muscles were higher in SD3 of both breeds. Moreover, SD3 possessed the highest bacterial count. In conclusion birds reared in medium stocking density revealed better performance and welfare than high density but similar to low density. Therefore, from the economic point, medium density was the best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A F Nasr
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Adel Q Alkhedaide
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amal A I Ramadan
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Abd-El Salam E Hafez
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hussein
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt
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Liu ZL, Xue JJ, Huang XF, Chen Y, Wang QG, Zhang S, Wang C. Effect of stocking density on growth performance, feather quality, serum hormone, and intestinal development of geese from 1 to 14 days of age. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101417. [PMID: 34530230 PMCID: PMC8450253 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of stocking density on growth performance, feather quality, serum hormone, and intestinal development of geese from 1 to 14 d of age. A total of 450 one-day-old geese were randomly allotted to 45 battery cage (0.65 m × 0.62 m) pens according to 5 stocking densities (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 birds/m2). The results showed that ADG and ADFI were reduced (P < 0.05) as stocking density increased from 15 to 35 birds/m2, but increasing stocking density did not influence (P > 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body measurement traits. High stocking density significantly decreased (P < 0.05) the feather quality of back, thoracoabdominal, wing, and tail. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in serum concentration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, cortisol, corticosterone, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine. The weight of cecum and intestine decreased (P < 0.05) as the stocking density increased. Increasing stocking density decreased (P < 0.05) jejunal villus height and villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and increased (P < 0.05) jejunal crypt depth and ileal crypt depth in geese. Consequently, the high stocking density could depress the growth and impaired feather quality and intestinal development of geese. Under our experimental conditions, we recommend that the stocking density of geese from 1 to 14 d of age should not more than 20 birds/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z L Liu
- Poultry Science Institute, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China
| | - J J Xue
- Poultry Science Institute, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China
| | - X F Huang
- Poultry Science Institute, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China
| | - Y Chen
- Poultry Science Institute, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China
| | - Q G Wang
- Poultry Science Institute, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Livestock Equipment Engineering in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China
| | - S Zhang
- Kemin (China) Technologies Animal Nutrition and Health. Zhuhai 519040, P. R. China
| | - C Wang
- Poultry Science Institute, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China; Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Livestock Equipment Engineering in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 402460, P. R. China.
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14
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Yu DG, Namgung N, Kim JH, Won SY, Choi WJ, Kil DY. Effects of stocking density and dietary vitamin C on performance, meat quality, intestinal permeability, and stress indicators in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:815-826. [PMID: 34447958 PMCID: PMC8367407 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects of stocking density (SD) and dietary supplementation of vitamin C on growth performance, meat quality, intestinal permeability, and stress indicators in broiler chickens. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of 2 different SD and 2 supplemental levels of dietary vitamin C. A total of 1,368 Ross 308 broiler chickens of 21 days of age with similar body weights (BW) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments with 6 replicates each. Different numbers of birds per identical floor pen (2.0 m × 2.4 m) were used to create 2 different SD levels of low SD (9 birds/m2) and high SD (18 birds/m2). The basal diet was formulated with no supplemental vitamin C to meet or exceed nutrient recommendations of the Ross 308 manual. The other diet was prepared by supplementing 200 mg/kg vitamin C in the basal diet. The study lasted for 14 days. At the end of the study, 3 male birds per replicate were selected to analyze meat quality, intestinal permeability, and stress indicators such as blood heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) and feather corticosterone (CORT) concentrations. Results indicated that there were no interactions between different SD and dietary supplementation of vitamin C for all measurements. For the main effects of SD, birds raised at high SD had less (p < 0.01) BW, BW gain, and feed intake with increasing stress responses including greater blood H:L and feather CORT concentrations (p < 0.01) than those raised at low SD. Transepithelial electrical resistance in the jejunal mucosa was decreased (p < 0.05) at high SD, indicating an increase in intestinal permeability. However, the main effects of dietary supplementation of 200 mg/kg vitamin C were insignificant for all measurements. In conclusion, high SD of broiler chickens impairs growth performance and intestinal barrier function with increasing stress responses. However, dietary supplementation of vitamin C may have little beneficial effects on broiler chickens raised at the high SD condition used in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gwon Yu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Nyun Namgung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Won
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Won Jun Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Dong Yong Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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Effects of Dietary Brown Rice on the Growth Performance, Systemic Oxidative Status, and Splenic Inflammatory Responses of Broiler Chickens under Chronic Heat Stress. J Poult Sci 2021; 58:154-162. [PMID: 34447279 PMCID: PMC8371540 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0200063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary brown rice on the growth performance, systemic oxidative status, and splenic inflammatory responses of broiler chickens under both thermo-neutral and chronic heat stress conditions. Forty 12-day-old male broiler chickens (ROSS 308) were randomly assigned to two groups and fed either a control diet (corn-based) or a brown rice-based diet. After seven days (19 days old), both groups were randomly divided into two sub-groups (n=10), one of which was exposed to heat stress (33°C for 14 days), while the other was maintained at 24°C. Heat exposure reduced the body weight gain and feed intake (p<0.01) of both groups. In terms of oxidative plasma states, heat exposure reduced the glutathione peroxidase activity and increased the ceruloplasmin content, while the 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and reduced glutathione levels were not affected adversely. Heat exposure activated the immune responses, as evidenced by increased plasma immunoglobin levels, and altered splenic immune-related gene expressions including heat shock proteins, toll-like receptor 4, and interleukin-12. Under both thermo-neutral and heat stress conditions, dietary brown rice improved the growth performance, decreased the immunoglobulin levels, and down-regulated the expression of splenic immune-related genes of broilers, although their systemic oxidative status was not affected. Dietary brown rice should be considered as a valuable component of broiler chicken feeds subjected to both thermo-neutral and heat stress conditions. The positive effects of brown rice on bird performance may be associated with the modulation of the immune responses, as reflected by the decreased production of immunoglobulins and altered splenic immune-related gene expression.
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Effects of stocking density on the performance, tibia mineralization, and the expression of hypothalamic appetite genes in broiler chickens. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The current study investigated the effects of stocking density (SD) on the performance, tibia mineralization, and the hypothalamic appetite genes expression in broilers. A total of 2,800 1-d-old male broilers (Cobb 500) were distributed in a completely randomized design to 1 of 5 SD treatments with 8 replicate cages for each treatment. The SD treatments were 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0, and 22.5 birds/m2, corresponding to 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 birds per cage (4 m2/cage), respectively. The concentration of tibia phosphorus was determined by the ammonium metavanadate colorimetric method and the mRNA abundance in different tissues was measured by the real-time quantitative PCR method. The data were analyzed by the one-way and/or two-way analysis of variance and polynomial contrasts were used to determine the effect of increasing SD. Feed intake linearly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing SD during d 1-42 production period. On d 42, body weight and tibia breaking strength were significantly lower in the groups of 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5 birds/m2 than in the groups of 12.5 and 15 birds/m2 (P < 0.01). Concentrations of ash and phosphorus in the tibia of broilers linearly decreased (P < 0.03) with increasing SD on d 42. The SD of 22.5 birds/m2 decreased the mRNA abundance of neuropeptide Y (NPY), NPY-receptor (NPYR) 1, and NPYR2 (P < 0.05), while it increased melanocortin receptor 4 mRNA abundance (P = 0.012) in the hypothalamus of broilers as compared with the SD of 12.5 birds/m2 on d 21 and 42. The mRNA abundance of hypothalamic cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), and CRF-receptor 1 (CRFR1) were higher (P < 0.05) in the group of 22.5 birds/m2 than in the group of 12.5 birds/m2 on d 21. We concluded that increasing stocking density beyond 15 birds/m2 (corresponding to the 45 kg/m2 at 42 days of age) suppressed final BW and bone mineralization of broilers raised in multitier cage system. Hypothalamic NPY and CRF signaling might be involved in the anorexigenic effect of HSD.
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17
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Juzaitis-Boelter CP, Benson AP, Ahammad MU, Jones MK, Ferrel J, Davis AJ. Dietary inclusion of AZOMITE improves feed efficiency in broilers and egg production in laying and broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101144. [PMID: 33975050 PMCID: PMC8131723 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary inclusion of aluminosilicates has been reported to enhance pellet quality, improve feed mill throughput, bind toxins, improve feed efficiency, and promote immunological function across a variety of production systems. AZOMITE is a product marketed as a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate containing macro and trace minerals, and rare earth elements and the potential benefits of its dietary inclusion in broiler, layer, and broiler breeder diets was investigated. In a battery study, broilers were fed diets containing 0, 0.125, 0.250, or 0.500% AZOMITE from 0 to 21 d of age. Laying hens were fed a control diet or this diet supplemented with 0.25% AZOMITE from 54 through 98 wk of age, with the hens fed a standard molting diet or this diet supplemented with 0.25% AZOMITE from 71 to 72 wk of age. Broiler breeder hens were fed a control diet or this diet supplemented with 0.25% AZOMITE from the onset of photostimulation at 21 wk of age through 65 wk of age. All 3 dietary inclusion rates of AZOMITE improved (P < 0.05) the feed to body weight gain ratio in broilers fed these diets relative to broilers fed the control diet. In laying hens total marketable eggs, and in broiler breeder hens total settable eggs were increased (P < 0.05) with the dietary inclusion of AZOMITE by 8 eggs per hen. The inclusion of dietary AZOMITE also improved apparent Ca and P digestibility in broilers and tibia ash content in laying hens. The results indicate the dietary inclusion of AZOMITE in poultry diets improves bird performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A P Benson
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M U Ahammad
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - M K Jones
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - J Ferrel
- AZOMITE Mineral Products, Inc., Nephi, UT 84648, USA
| | - A J Davis
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Hanafi Sulong A, Zulkifli I, Ramiah SK, Chung ELT, Awad EA, Sazili AQ. Circulating levels of acute-phase proteins, heat shock protein 70, and corticosterone in the serum of developing chick embryos and newly hatched broiler chicks. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1978879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Hanafi Sulong
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, School of Animal Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Idrus Zulkifli
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Suriya Kumari Ramiah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Eric Lim Teik Chung
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Elmutaz Atta Awad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Poultry Production, University of Khartoum, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Idrus Z, Norsam NS, Silahuddin MF, Awad EA. Growth performance, well-being, and gut microbial population of broilers raised in cages and floor pens under the hot and humid tropical climate. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1885314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zulkifli Idrus
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Syafiqa Norsam
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Elmutaz Atta Awad
- Preclinical Department, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia
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He W, Furukawa K, Toyomizu M, Nochi T, Bailey CA, Wu G. Interorgan Metabolism, Nutritional Impacts, and Safety of Dietary L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Poultry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:107-128. [PMID: 34251641 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
L-glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant amino acid (AA) in the plasma and skeletal muscle of poultry, and L-glutamate (Glu) is among the most abundant AAs in the whole bodies of all avian tissues. During the first-pass through the small intestine into the portal circulation, dietary Glu is extensively oxidized to CO2, but dietary Gln undergoes limited catabolism in birds. Their extra-intestinal tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, kidneys, and lymphoid organs) have a high capacity to degrade Gln. To maintain Glu and Gln homeostasis in the body, they are actively synthesized from branched-chain AAs (abundant AAs in both plant and animal proteins) and glucose via interorgan metabolism involving primarily the skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and brain. In addition, ammonia (produced from the general catabolism of AAs) and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG, derived primarily from glucose) serve as substrates for the synthesis of Glu and Gln in avian tissues, particularly the liver. Over the past 20 years, there has been growing interest in Glu and Gln metabolism in the chicken, which is an agriculturally important species and also a useful model for studying some aspects of human physiology and diseases. Increasing evidence shows that the adequate supply of dietary Glu and Gln is crucial for the optimum growth, anti-oxidative responses, productivity, and health of chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and laying fowl, particularly under stress conditions. Like mammals, poultry have dietary requirements for both Glu and Gln. Based on feed intake, tissue integrity, growth performance, and health status, birds can tolerate up to 12% Glu and 3.5% Gln in diets (on the dry matter basis). Glu and Gln are quantitatively major nutrients for chickens and other avian species to support their maximum growth, production, and feed efficiency, as well as their optimum health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kyohei Furukawa
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyomizu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christopher A Bailey
- Departments of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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Alpha-Ketoglutarate: An Effective Feed Supplement in Improving Bone Metabolism and Muscle Quality of Laying Hens: A Preliminary Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122420. [PMID: 33348724 PMCID: PMC7767309 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the experiment was to assess the effect of dietary alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) supplementation on performance, serum hormonal indices, duodenum and jejunum histomorphometry, meat quality characteristics, bone quality traits and cartilage degradation in laying hens with a mature skeletal system. Forty-eight 30 week-old Bovans Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to a control group or the group fed the basal diet plus 1.0% AKG. The experimental trial lasted 30 weeks. The supplementation of AKG increases blood serum content of leptin, ghrelin, bone alkaline phosphatate and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand, while osteoprotegerin and osteocalcin decrease. While dietary AKG was given to laying hens negatively influenced villus length, crypt depth, villus/crypt ratio and absorptive surface area in duodenum and jejunum, these changes have no effect on feed intake, weight gain, nor laying performance. In breast muscles, no significant changes in skeletal muscle fatty acid composition were observed, however, a higher shear force and decreased cholesterol content following AKG supplementation were noted, showing the improvement of muscle quality. While dietary AKG supplementation did not affect the general geometric and mechanical properties of the tibia, it increased collagen synthesis and enhanced immature collagen content. In medullary bone, an increase of bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, fractal dimension and decrease of trabecular space were observed in AKG supplemented group. The trabeculae in bone metaphysis were also significantly thicker after AKG supplementation. AKG promoted fibrillogenesis in articular cartilage, as indicated by increased cartilage oligomeric matrix protein immunoexpression. By improving the structure and maintaining the proper bone turnover rate of highly reactive and metabolically active medullar and trabecular bones AKG showed its anti-osteoporotic action in laying hens.
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Jeong SB, Kim YB, Lee JW, Kim DH, Moon BH, Chang HH, Choi YH, Lee KW. Role of dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid in broiler chickens raised under high stocking density. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2020; 6:293-304. [PMID: 33005763 PMCID: PMC7503073 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in broiler chickens raised in high stocking density (HSD) on performance and physiological responses. A total of 900 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) at 1 d old were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to 4 treatments (10 replicates per treatment) with stocking density, 7.5 birds/m2 (low stocking density; LSD) or 15 birds/m2 (HSD), and dietary GABA, 0 or 100 mg/kg. Chickens raised in HSD exhibited a decrease in body weight gain in all phases (P < 0.05) and feed intake in starter and whole phases (P < 0.01), and an increase in feed conversion ratio in the finisher phase (P < 0.01) compared with LSD-raised chickens. However, dietary GABA did not affect growth performance nor interacted with stocking density on production variables. The HSD vs. LSD increased relative liver weight on d 35 whereas dietary GABA increased relative liver weight and decreased relative bursa weight on d 21. Both stocking density and dietary GABA affected yield and quality of breast and leg muscles. Dietary GABA increased (P < 0.05) width of tibia on d 35 and interacted (P = 0.054) with stocking density on breaking stocking density on d 35. The HSD vs. LSD group lowered (P < 0.05) feather coverage scores. Significant interaction between stocking density and GABA on surface temperature of shank on d 21 was noted (P = 0.024). Dietary GABA exhibited an opposite effect on the concentrations of cecal short-chain fatty acids depending on stocking density leading to a moderate to significant interaction. Stocking density decreased alpha-1-acid glycoprotein whereas dietary GABA decreased heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and corticosterone in blood or serum samples. Serum biochemical parameters were altered by stocking density or dietary GABA. It is concluded that dietary GABA alleviated stress indices including corticosterone and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, but failed to reverse stocking density-induced growth depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Been Jeong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Bhin Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hong-Hee Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang-Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Woo Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
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Li XM, Zhang MH, Liu SM, Feng JH, Ma DD, Liu QX, Zhou Y, Wang XJ, Xing S. Effects of stocking density on growth performance, growth regulatory factors, and endocrine hormones in broilers under appropriate environments. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6611-6617. [PMID: 31504910 PMCID: PMC8913966 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stocking density is an important environment factor that affects the development of poultry farming, which has caused widespread concern. This study was carried out to determine the effects of stocking density on growth performance, growth regulatory factors, and endocrine hormones in broilers under appropriate environments. A total of 144 Arbor Acres male broilers (BW 1000 ± 70 g) were randomly divided into low stocking density (LSD; 6.25 birds/m2), medium stocking density (MSD; 12.50 birds/m2), and high stocking density (HSD; 18.75 birds/m2) groups, with 6 replicates in each group, and raised in 3 environmental chambers (same size) from 29-day-old to 42-day-old, respectively. The trial period lasted for 14 D with 21 ± 1°C and 60 ± 7% relative humidity, wind speed < 0.5 m/s, ammonia level<5 ppm. The results indicated that average daily food intake and average daily gain in HSD group showed significantly lower than other 2 groups (P < 0.05). Besides, the HSD group significantly reduced breast muscle yield, tibial length, tibial width, and tibial weight of broilers (P < 0.05). The HSD group increased the mRNA expression level of myostatin, and reduced the mRNA expression levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and myogenic determination factor 1 (P < 0.05). The HSD group significantly reduced the expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein in tibial growth plate (P < 0.05). The HSD group increased the serum corticosterone levels of broilers (P < 0.05), and decreased the serum IGF-1 and thyroxine (T4) levels of broiler chickens (P < 0.05) than other stocking density groups. Moreover, the serum alkaline phosphatase levels were decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing stocking density, whereas there were no significant effects on the serum 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in 3 groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, under appropriate environments HSD reduced the growth performance of broilers and this negative effect was likely associated with decreased growth of muscle and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Min Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Si Miao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Hefei Normal University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jing Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dan Dan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Xiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xue Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Ocheja OB, Ayo JO, Aluwong T, Minka NS. Ameliorative effects of L-glutamine on haematological parameters in heat-stressed Red Sokoto goats. J Therm Biol 2020; 90:102571. [PMID: 32479401 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate haematological responses in Red Sokoto goats (RSGs) administered with L-glutamine during the hot-dry season. Experimental animals included 28 clinically healthy RSGs divided into treated group (n = 14); each administered L-glutamine at 0.2 g/kg body weight, dissolved in 10 mL distilled water, and control group (n = 14); each administered 10 mL distilled water, per os once daily for 21 days. The ambient temperature and relative humidity recorded daily for 4 weeks were used to calculate the temperature-humidity index. Three millilitres of blood sample was collected from each goat by jugular venipuncture for haematology, while rectal temperature (RT), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were also measured once weekly at weeks 0 (before), 1, 2, 3 (during) and 4 (after L-glutamine administration). The haematological, RT, HR and RR data obtained weekly were analysed using repeated-measures one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post-hoc test to evaluate differences between periods, and between treated and control groups. The PCV, haemoglobin concentration and RBC count were higher (P < 0.05) in the treated group compared to the control group during the period of L-glutamine administration. These differences were sustained till week 4. Beginning from week 1 of the study, the total leucocyte count in treated group (10.10 ± 0.25 × 103/μL) was higher (P < 0.05) than the count in control group (7.23 ± 0.41 × 103/μL), this trend was also maintained throughout the study. The neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio during weeks 3 and 4 of the experiment was lower (P < 0.05) in the treated compared to the control group. RT was lower (P < 0.05) in treated group than the control group. In conclusion, L-glutamine administration ameliorated the adverse effects of heat stress on the haematological parameters in RSGs during the hot-dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohiemi Benjamin Ocheja
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Joseph Olusegun Ayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Tagang Aluwong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, PMB 1045, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ndazo Salka Minka
- College of Agriculture and Animal Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Mando, Kaduna, Nigeria
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Beyond Heat Stress: Intestinal Integrity Disruption and Mechanism-Based Intervention Strategies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030734. [PMID: 32168808 PMCID: PMC7146479 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current climate changes have increased the prevalence and intensity of heat stress (HS) conditions. One of the initial consequences of HS is the impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity due to hyperthermia and hypoxia following blood repartition, which often results in a leaky gut followed by penetration and transfer of luminal antigens, endotoxins, and pathogenic bacteria. Under extreme conditions, HS may culminate in the onset of “heat stroke”, a potential lethal condition if remaining untreated. HS-induced alterations of the gastrointestinal epithelium, which is associated with a leaky gut, are due to cellular oxidative stress, disruption of intestinal integrity, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review summarizes the possible resilience mechanisms based on in vitro and in vivo data and the potential interventions with a group of nutritional supplements, which may increase the resilience to HS-induced intestinal integrity disruption and maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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Kridtayopas C, Rakangtong C, Bunchasak C, Loongyai W. Effect of prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation in diet on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, stress, and bacterial population under high stocking density condition of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4595-4605. [PMID: 30951594 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the effect of prebiotic mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) and synbiotic (MOS mixed with Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis) on growth performance and bacterial population under high stocking density (HSD) conditions in broilers. A total of 605 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: normal stocking density (NSD; 30 kg/m2 fed basal diets), HSD (40 kg/m2 fed basal diets), HSD chickens fed 0.1% prebiotic (HSDp), and HSD fed 0.1% synbiotic (HSDs). At 35 D of age, the body weight of HSD and HSDp were poorer than NSD group (P < 0.01), whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the HSDs) group was better than the NSD group (P < 0.01). The HSDp and HSDs groups improved FCR (P < 0.01) and has cheaper feed cost per gain compared to the HSD group. Moreover, the body weight of HSDs group was heavier than the HSDp group (P < 0.05). The level of corticosterone and the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were highest in the HSD group, whereas these indexes were reduced in both HSDp and HSDs groups (P < 0.05). Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal villus heights were shortest in the HSD group (P < 0.01), and the lowest ileal segment goblet cell counts were also observed in this group (P < 0.05). The HSDp and HSDs groups improved the morphology of gastrointestinal (GI) tract (P < 0.05). The Lactobacillus sp. and Clostridium sp. count in the GI tract of HSD group were low (P < 0.01), whereas Escherichia coli was high (P < 0.01), and Salmonella spp. in jejunum and cecum were detectable when compared with NSD group. Conversely, Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Clostridium sp. in HSDp and HSDs groups were increased, and E. coli was reduced in the HSDs group (P < 0.01). Therefore, it is clear that stress from HSD negatively affected growth performance, gut morphology, and microbial population, whereas the supplementation of prebiotic or synbiotic can mitigate the effect of stress and microbial dysbiosis in gut of broiler chickens under HSD condition. Comparatively, under this condition, using synbiotic appears to have more beneficial effects than using the prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayatid Kridtayopas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 10900 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Choawit Rakangtong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 10900 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaiyapoom Bunchasak
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 10900 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wiriya Loongyai
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, 10900 Bangkok, Thailand
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Hu H, Dai S, Li J, Wen A, Bai X. Glutamine improves heat stress-induced oxidative damage in the broiler thigh muscle by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 signaling pathway. Poult Sci 2019; 99:1454-1461. [PMID: 32115031 PMCID: PMC7587763 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of glutamine (Gln) on modulating heat stress–induced oxidative damage in the broiler thigh muscle through nuclear factor erythroid 2–related 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1) pathway. Three-hundred 22-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were reallocated into 5 groups: a control group (24 °C) fed with basal diet and 4 heat stress (HS) groups (34 °C for 8 h/D) fed with basal diet containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% Gln. This experiment lasted 21 D. Heat stress decreased (P < 0.05) pH, redness, and Gln levels, and increased (P < 0.05) luminance, water loss rate, and cooking loss (CL) values of the thigh meat. Compared with the HS group, supplementation with 1.5% Gln increased (P < 0.05) pH, redness, and Gln levels, but decreased (P < 0.05) luminance and CL values in the thigh meat. There were significant decreases (P < 0.05) in glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and Nrf2 levels, but significant increases (P < 0.05) in the malondialdehyde (MDA) and Keap1 levels of the thigh muscle after HS treatment. Compared with the HS group, supplementation with 1.0, and 1.5% Gln decreased (P < 0.05) MDA and Keap1 levels; supplementation with 1.5% Gln increased (P < 0.05) GSH, GSH-Px, T-AOC, CAT, SOD, and Nrf2 levels in the thigh muscle of heat-stressed broilers. Furthermore, HS decreased (P < 0.05) Nrf2, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px mRNA expression levels, but increased (P < 0.05) Keap1 mRNA level in the thigh muscle of broiler. Dietary supplementation with 1.5% Gln increased (P < 0.05) Nrf2, GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD mRNA expression levels, but decreased (P < 0.05) Keap1 mRNA level in the thigh muscle of heat-stressed broilers. In conclusion, dietary Gln improved the resistance of heat-stressed broiler muscles to oxidative damage possibly through reversing the muscle Gln level and inducing the expression of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Hu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 People's Republic of China
| | - Sifa Dai
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 People's Republic of China
| | - Aiyou Wen
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Bai
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100 People's Republic of China.
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Bai X, Dai S, Li J, Xiao S, Wen A, Hu H. Glutamine Improves the Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Profile and Antioxidant Status in Broilers Under Medium-Term Chronic Heat Stress. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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29
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Barekatain R, Toghyani M. High dietary zinc and glutamine do not improve the performance or reduce excreta moisture of broiler chickens fed diets with and without magnesium supplementation. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4066-4072. [PMID: 30843058 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of supplemental L-glutamine (L-Gln) and a higher concentration of zinc (Zn) on excreta moisture under nutritionally induced wet droppings via decreased intestinal water reabsorption. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to investigate 3 dietary factors of L-Gln supplementation (0 or 10 g/kg), and added Zn concentration (80 and 160 mg/kg) with or without magnesium chloride (MgCl) (2 g/kg-only in grower diets). A total of 576 male day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were assigned to the experimental diets. Each diet was replicated 6 times with 12 birds per replicate. Wheat-based diets were formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous. Starter diets were given from day 0 to 9 followed by grower (day 10 to 23) and finisher diets (day 24 to 35). Excreta moisture was measured for all the growth phases. The moisture content of different segments of intestine was assessed for starter and grower phases of feeding. There was no significant effect of any of the 3 main treatments on body weight gain or feed intake of birds during the experiment. Birds fed higher Zn (160 mg/kg) tended (P = 0.09) to have higher weight gain only in the first 9 days of age. Feeding 10 g/kg L-Gln increased the feed conversion ratio of the birds only from hatch until day 9 after which there was no significant effect. No effect of experimental treatments was found on digesta or excreta moisture, except a reduction in ileal moisture at the starter phase resulting from higher Zn concentration in the diets. MgCl at 2 g/kg was not effective in inducing wet droppings in birds fed grower diets. Under the conditions of this study, no positive response was observed in terms of performance or reduction in excreta moisture when birds were fed diets containing 10 g/kg L-Gln or higher concentration of Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Barekatain
- South Australian Research and Development Institute, Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - M Toghyani
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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30
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Walk CL, Olukosi OA. Influence of graded concentrations of phytase in high-phytate diets on growth performance, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, and phytate concentration in broilers from hatch to 28 D post-hatch. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3884-3893. [PMID: 30877747 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate graded doses of phytase in high-phytate diets. Ross 308, male broilers (n = 600) were assigned to one of 4 diets, with 10 replicate pens/diet and 15 birds/replicate pen. Diets were a nutrient adequate positive control (PC), a negative control (NC) diet with a reduction of Ca by 0.22%, available P by 0.20%, energy by 120 kcal/kg, and amino acids by 1 to 5% compared with the PC. The NC diet was supplemented with 0, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg. Phytase increased (linear, P < 0.05) weight gain from hatch to day 18. Birds fed the NC + 4000 FTU/kg ate and gained more (P < 0.05) than birds fed the PC. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of all nutrients and amino acids were reduced (P < 0.05) in birds fed the NC compared with birds fed the PC. Phytase increased (linear, P < 0.10) AID of most nutrients. Digestibility was lower (P < 0.10) in birds fed the NC + 4000 FTU/kg compared with birds fed the PC. Using daily intake and AID to determine digestible nutrient intake resulted in no differences between birds fed the PC or NC + 4000 FTU/kg diets. Digestible intake of methionine or glutamate was better correlated with BW gain (P < 0.0001) than AID (P > 0.10). Phytase reduced (linear, P < 0.01) phytate concentration and increased inositol (linear, P < 0.01), phytate hydrolysis (linear, P < 0.05), and jejunal expression (linear, P < 0.05) of SNAT-1 and LAT-4 transporters. Supplementation of increasing doses of phytase in high-phytate, low-nutrient dense diets improved gain and digestibility through nearly complete phytate destruction. Digestible nutrient intake may be a better indication of broiler gain than AID alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Walk
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, UK
| | - O A Olukosi
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK.,Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Yin D, Wu W, Sun X, Zhang Y, Guo X, Chen J, Yuan J. Effect of supplementation of nicotinamide and sodium butyrate on the growth performance, liver mitochondrial function and gut microbiota of broilers at high stocking density. Food Funct 2019; 10:7081-7090. [PMID: 31670358 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00904c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of stocking density and dietary nicotinamide (NAM) and butyrate sodium (BA) supplementation on the growth performance, liver mitochondrial function and gut microbiota of broilers at high stocking density. A total of 342, 26-d-old Cobb500 broilers were divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates. Treatments were as follows: (a) Low stocking density (L, 9 birds per cage); (b) High stocking density (H, 12 birds per cage); (c) H + 50 ppm NAM; (d) H + 500 ppm BA; (e) H + 50 ppm NAM + 500 ppm BA (COMB). The results showed that high stocking density significantly reduced the feed intake and body weight gain of broilers, while COMB improved the growth performance at high stocking density. High stocking density significantly reduced the liver metallothionein content, liver mitochondrial membrane potential and the activities of Na+K+-ATPase and Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase. In contrast, the liver metallothionein contents in the NAM, BA and COMB fed group were higher than those in the H group. COMB increased the activity of ATPase as well, but it failed to enhance the mitochondrial membrane potential. Stocking density also affected gut microbiota of broilers. The high-density group increased the relative abundance of Blautia. Supplementation of BA and NAM increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria, respectively. In conclusion, a combination of NAM and BA can improve the performance, antioxidant capacity, mitochondrial function and intestinal microbiota of broilers at high stocking density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Youli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Dafei Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaorui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Jianmin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Goo D, Kim JH, Choi HS, Park GH, Han GP, Kil DY. Effect of stocking density and sex on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1153-1160. [PMID: 30329115 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the current experiment was to investigate the effect of stocking density and sex on growth performance, meat quality, and intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of sex and four different stocking densities in battery cages. A total of 540 1-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were allotted to one of eight treatments with five replicates. Within each sex, birds were raised at four different stocking densities of 15.2, 20.2, 25.3, or 30.4 birds/m2 from 1 to 28 d of age. Different stocking densities were achieved by raising a different number of birds per battery cage with identical floor size (0.76 m × 0.78 m). At the end of the experiment, two birds per replicate were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation to collect tissue samples for further analyses. Results indicated that no interactions between sex and stocking density were observed for all measurements except for serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations. Increasing stocking density decreased (linear, P < 0.01) body weight gain and feed intake, but had no negative effects on meat quality. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance values, a measure of intestinal permeability, were decreased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing stocking density, regardless of sex. Accordingly, serum LPS concentrations were increased (linear, P < 0.01) with increasing stocking density. However, increasing stocking density increased serum LPS concentrations in male broiler chickens, but had no effects on female broiler chickens, showing an interaction (P < 0.01). The expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and junctional adhesion molecule B (JAM-2) was decreased (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing stocking density. In conclusion, increasing stocking density decreases broiler performance regardless of sex and this negative effect is likely associated with decreased intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Goo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - H S Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - G H Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - G P Han
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - D Y Kil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
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Law FL, Zulkifli I, Soleimani AF, Liang JB, Awad EA. Effects of reduced-protein diets supplemented with protease in broiler chickens under high stocking density. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of protease supplementation on productive performance and physiological responses were investigated in broiler chickens fed reduced crude-protein (low-CP) diets and reared under normal or high stocking densities (SD). Chicks were housed in pens with two stocking densities (≈10 birds/m2 or ≈15 birds/m2) and fed diets with either the recommended or reduced level of CP and metabolisable energy (ME) from 1 to 21 days. From 22 to 42 days, an equal number of birds from each dietary group was fed one of the following finisher diets: (1) recommended-CP and ME, (2) low-CP and recommended-ME or (3) low-CP and recommended-ME supplemented with protease. No interactions (P > 0.05) were observed between diet and SD for feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), Newcastle disease antibody titre, pododermatitis, caecal clostridia, Escherichia coli, lactobacilli, serum corticosterone or acute-phase proteins. Diet had no effect (P > 0.05) on FI, WG or FCR during the finisher period nor on FI and WG during the overall (1–42 days) period. High SD resulted in lower FI (P < 0.05) and Newcastle disease antibody titre (P < 0.05) and higher FCR (P < 0.05), pododermatitis incidence (P < 0.05), caecal population of clostridia (P < 0.05) and E. Coli (P < 0.05), and acute-phase protein and corticosterone concentrations than did normal SD. In conclusion, the supplementation of protease to a low-CP diet during the finisher period had no effect on the performance and immunity of overcrowded broiler chickens. Regardless of dietary CP and protease supplementation, a high SD negatively affected the growth performance, immunity, caecal microflora and welfare of the broiler chickens.
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Jarosz Ł, Marek A, Grądzki Z, Laskowska E, Kwiecień M. Effect of Zinc Sulfate and Zinc Glycine Chelate on Concentrations of Acute Phase Proteins in Chicken Serum and Liver Tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res 2019; 187:258-272. [PMID: 29675569 PMCID: PMC6314988 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-018-1346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine how inorganic and organic forms of zinc affect the concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (α-1-AGP), haptoglobin (Hp), and transferrin (TRF) in the blood and liver tissue of 450 1-day-old Ross 308 chicken. Four experimental groups received one the following: inorganic zinc (ZnSO4), a zinc phytase enzyme supplement (ZnSO4-F), organic zinc in combination with glycine (Zn-Gly), or organic zinc supplemented with phytase (Zn-Gly-F). The chicken serum and liver homogenates were assayed using an ELISA kit. The results of the study showed statistically significantly higher serum and liver concentration of SAA in the group of birds that received zinc sulfate in comparison to the group of birds receiving zinc in organic form. A statistically significantly higher serum concentration of CRP and α-1-AGP was also noted in the group receiving zinc sulfate as compared to the Zn-Gly group. Comparison of the serum concentration of TRF between the supplemented groups showed a statistically significant increase in this parameter in the Zn-Gly-F group as compared to the ZSO4-F group. The increase in the serum concentration of Hp in all groups in comparison to the control may indicate stimulation of local immune mechanisms. The results of this study showed an increase in the concentrations of APPs such as AGP and TRF following the administration of zinc glycine chelates, which may demonstrate their effect on metabolic processes in the liver and on immunocompetent cells that regulate the intensity of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Jarosz
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- Sub-Department of Preventive Veterinary and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Bases of Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Grądzki
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Laskowska
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecień
- Faculty of Biology and Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
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O’Reilly EL, Bailey RA, Eckersall PD. A comparative study of acute-phase protein concentrations in historical and modern broiler breeding lines. Poult Sci 2018; 97:3847-3853. [PMID: 29982816 PMCID: PMC6162364 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-phase proteins (APP) are secreted from the liver as a result of inflammation or infection and are measurable in serum and plasma. To determine whether the constitutive APP serum amyloid A (SAA), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), ceruloplasmin (Cp), and ovotransferrin (Ovt) have changed as a result of selection for improved production and growth characteristics over the last 40 yr two historical broilers lines were compared to a modern line of the same lineage. Serum was harvested from blood samples taken from the 3 broiler lines on days 10, 17, and 20, and the APP concentrations were determined using immunoassay methods. Most of the significant changes observed were age related, with SAA and Cp having significantly lower concentrations at day 20 than days 10 and 17 in all lines. The only significant difference between lines was observed at day 20 on which both Cp (P = 0.01) and AGP (P = 0.03) were significantly higher in the modern line than the 90s line, though no significant differences were noted between the modern and 70s line. When evaluating the difference in APP concentrations between males (Cx) and females (Px) across all 3 lines, females had a higher SAA at day 17 and lower SAA at day 20, P = 0.0078 and 0.0327 respectively, and males had a significantly higher Ovt on days 17 and 20 (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.003 respectively). These results reveal that APP concentrations fluctuate over this early period of growth and that the changes in APP serum concentration appear uniform between 3 lines with very contrasting selection history, suggesting the improvements made in meat production efficiency since the 1970s have not affected the circulating concentrations of these constitutively expressed APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L O’Reilly
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - R A Bailey
- Aviagen Ltd., Lochend Road, Newbridge, Midlothian EH28 8SZ, UK
| | - P D Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Lee S, Kim DH, Keum MC, Han E, An BK, Chang HH, Choi YH, Moon BH, Lee KW. Effects of fumonisin B1 and mycotoxin binders on growth performance, tibia characteristics, gut physiology, and stress indicators in broiler chickens raised in different stocking densities. Poult Sci 2018; 97:845-854. [PMID: 29272444 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of stocking density, fumonisin B1 (FB), and mycotoxin binder (TB) on growth performance, bone quality, physiological stress indicators, and gut health in broiler chickens. Day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks (n = 1,440/experiment) were randomly allocated to 72 floor pens in a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, using 3 stocking densities (12.5 birds/m2 [HSD], 10 birds/m2 [MSD], or 7.5 birds/m2 [LSD]), 2 levels of purified FB (0 or 10 ppm), and 2 levels of TB (0 or 0.2%). Each treatment had 6 replicates (n = 6/treatment) and experiments lasted 34 days. All data were analyzed using 3-way ANOVA with stocking density level, FB, and TB as main factors. Body weight gain and feed intake were lower (P < 0.05) in broilers kept at HSD and MSD compared to LSD-housed counterparts. Birds fed an FB-contaminated diet exhibited a higher feed-to-gain ratio compared with those fed an FB-free diet (P < 0.05). None of the treatments affected intestinal morphology or ileal secretory immunoglobulin A levels. Stocking density affected tibia breaking strength (P < 0.05), which was lower in chickens housed at HSD compared with LSD-housed chickens. The heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio) was elevated (P < 0.05) in HSD and MSD groups compared with the LSD group. Serum nitric oxide (NO) levels were elevated (P < 0.05) in chickens fed the FB-contaminated diet compared with the control diet-fed counterparts. Significant interaction (P < 0.05) between FB and TB on serum NO levels was noted. In summary, increasing stocking density lowered growth performance and bone quality, but increased the H/L ratio. Dietary TB did not affect FB-induced increases in the feed-to-gain ratio. No interaction was observed between stocking density and FB for the measured variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - D-H Kim
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - M-C Keum
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - E Han
- BIOMIN Singapore Ltd., 3791 Jalan Bukit Merah, 159471 Singapore
| | - B-K An
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - H-H Chang
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - Y-H Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, South Korea
| | - B-H Moon
- Celltech, Co., Ltd., Eumseong-gun, Chungbuk, 27622, South Korea
| | - K-W Lee
- Laboratory of Poultry Nutrition, Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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Zulkifli I, Akmal A, Soleimani A, Hossain M, Awad E. Effects of low-protein diets on acute phase proteins and heat shock protein 70 responses, and growth performance in broiler chickens under heat stress condition. Poult Sci 2018; 97:1306-1314. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Chen H, Yan F, Hu J, Wu Y, Tucker C, Green A, Cheng H. Immune Response of Laying Hens Exposed to 30 ppm Ammonia
for 25 Weeks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2017.139.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Zulkifli I, Shakeri M, Soleimani AF. Dietary supplementation of L-glutamine and L-glutamate in broiler chicks subjected to delayed placement. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2757-2763. [PMID: 27587729 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary glutamine (Gln) + glutamic acid (Glu) supplementation on growth performance and physiological stress response in broiler chickens subjected to 24 h delay in placement. Equal number of day-old broiler chicks were assigned to either immediate placement or with 24 h delay in placement with no access to feed and water. Chicks from each placement group were fed either standard starter diet (control) or standard starter diet +1% AminoGut (AG; mixture of 10% Gln and 10% Glu) from 1 to 21 d. Blood and duodenal samples were collected at 21 d for analysis of serum levels of ceruloplasmin (CER), ovotransferin (OVT) and α-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP), duodenal heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression, and villi length and crypt depth. Results showed that delayed placement for 24 h was detrimental to weight gain during the starter phase (1 to 21 d) but not thereafter. AG supplementation was not able to eliminate that reduction in weight gain and feed intake during the starter stage. However, the observed enhancement in villi length and crypt depth at d 21 resulted in improvement of FCR and weight gain during the finisher stage (22 to 42 d) and consequently the overall period (1 to 42 d). Broiler chickens supplemented with AG also showed lower mortality rate, and higher AGP, OVT, CER, and HSP 70 expression compared to their control counterparts. Based on AGP, OVT, CER, and HSP 70 expression, there is no indication that delayed placement was physiologically stressful to the broiler chickens at 21 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zulkifli
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture .,Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhang S, Saremi B, Gilbert ER, Wong EA. Physiological and biochemical aspects of methionine isomers and a methionine analogue in broilers. Poult Sci 2016; 96:425-439. [PMID: 27578876 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine is the first limiting amino acid in all poultry corn-soybean based diets. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of supplementation of L-methionine (L-Met), DL-methionine (DL-Met), and the methionine analogue, DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA), on biochemical and physiological parameters of broiler chickens. Male Cobb-500 broilers were fed from day of hatch (d 0) to d 35 posthatch using a basal diet deficient in methionine plus cysteine (Met + Cys) (control), or the basal diet supplemented with 0.22% DL-Met, 0.22% L-Met, or 0.31% DL-HMTBA to meet the Met + Cys requirements. Tissue (liver, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) and blood samples were collected at various ages, from d 0 to d 35. Performance of the birds, blood parameters (e.g., acute phase proteins, white blood cell counts), mRNA expression of intestinal nutrient transporters and DNA methylation properties of liver tissues were examined. Both body weight and feed efficiency were improved in methionine supplemented groups compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed among DL-Met, L-Met, and DL-HMTBA for growth performance parameters. L-Met and DL-Met supplementation decreased the acute phase protein, serum amyloid A, while DL-HMTBA had no effect. Methionine supplementation had no effect on white blood cell differentiation count, hepatic total DNA methylation, or DNA methyltransferase activity. L-Met and DL-Met, but not DL-HMTBA, supplementation, resulted in enhanced expression of the ATB0,+ and B0AT transporters in various small intestinal segments. All methionine sources increased expression of MCT1 in the jejunum. In conclusion, methionine supplementation improved growth performance of male broilers. Methionine supplementation was also associated with changes in intestinal nutrient transporter gene expression in certain segments and ages, suggesting that intestinal amino acid absorptive function can be regulated by the source of amino acid and effects are complex and dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | | | - Elizabeth R Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Eric A Wong
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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Najafi P, Zulkifli I, Soleimani A, Goh Y. Acute phase proteins response to feed deprivation in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:760-3. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Ribeiro Jr V, Albino LFT, Rostagno HS, Hannas MI, Ribeiro CLN, Vieira RA, Araújo WAGD, Pessoa GBS, Messias RKG, Silva DLD. Effects of Dietary L-Glutamine or L-Glutamine Plus L-Glutamic Acid Supplementation Programs on the Performance and Breast Meat Yield Uniformity of 42-d-Old Broilers. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635xspecialissuenutrition-poultryfeedingadditives093-098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - MI Hannas
- Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | - WAG de Araújo
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Northern Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - GBS Pessoa
- Ajinomoto do Brasil Ind. e Com. de Alimentos Ltda, Brazil
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Najafi P, Zulkifli I, Jajuli NA, Farjam AS, Ramiah SK, Amir AA, O'Reily E, Eckersall D. Environmental temperature and stocking density effects on acute phase proteins, heat shock protein 70, circulating corticosterone and performance in broiler chickens. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2015; 59:1577-1583. [PMID: 25649005 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-0964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different stocking densities on serum corticosterone (CORT), ovotransferrin (OVT), α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and ceruloplasmin (CP) concentrations, brain heat shock protein (HSP) 70 expression and performance in broiler chickens exposed to unheated and heated conditions. Day-old chicks were stocked at 0.100 m(2)/bird (low density (LD)) or 0.063 m(2)/bird (high density (HD)), in battery cages and housed in environmentally controlled rooms. From 21 to 35 days of age, birds from each stocking density group were exposed to either 24 or 32 °C. Growth performance was recorded during the heat treatment period, and blood and brain samples were collected to determine CORT, OVT, AGP, CP and HSP 70 levels on day 35. Heat treatment but not stocking density was detrimental to growth performance. There were significant temperature × density interactions for CORT, CP and OVT on day 35. Although HD elevated CORT, CP and OVT when compared to LD, the effects of the former were more obvious under heated condition. Both temperature and density had significant effect on AGP and HSP 70. In conclusion, irrespective of temperature, high stocking density was physiologically stressful to broiler chickens, as indicated by CORT, AGP, CP, OVT and HSP 70, but not detrimental to growth performance and survivability. As it was shown in the present study, AGP, CP and OVT could be useful biomarkers to determine the effect of overcrowding and high temperature on the welfare of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Najafi
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Idrus Zulkifli
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nurfarahin Amat Jajuli
- Department of Animal Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdoreza Soleimani Farjam
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriya Kumari Ramiah
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Anna Aryani Amir
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Emily O'Reily
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - David Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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Najafi P, Zulkifli I, Soleimani A, Kashiani P. The effect of different degrees of feed restriction on heat shock protein 70, acute phase proteins, and other blood parameters in female broiler breeders. Poult Sci 2015; 94:2322-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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