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Kuraz Abebe B, Wang J, Guo J, Wang H, Li A, Zan L. A review of the role of epigenetic studies for intramuscular fat deposition in beef cattle. Gene 2024; 908:148295. [PMID: 38387707 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition profoundly influences meat quality and economic value in beef cattle production. Meanwhile, contemporary developments in epigenetics have opened new outlooks for understanding the molecular basics of IMF regulation, and it has become a key area of research for world scholars. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to provide insight and synthesis into the intricate relationship between epigenetic mechanisms and IMF deposition in beef cattle. The methodology involves a thorough analysis of existing literature, including pertinent books, academic journals, and online resources, to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of epigenetic studies in IMF deposition in beef cattle. This review summarizes the contemporary studies in epigenetic mechanisms in IMF regulation, high-resolution epigenomic mapping, single-cell epigenomics, multi-omics integration, epigenome editing approaches, longitudinal studies in cattle growth, environmental epigenetics, machine learning in epigenetics, ethical and regulatory considerations, and translation to industry practices from perspectives of IMF deposition in beef cattle. Moreover, this paper highlights DNA methylation, histone modifications, acetylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, non-coding RNAs, DNA hydroxymethylation, epigenetic readers, writers, and erasers, chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing, whole genome bisulfite sequencing, epigenome-wide association studies, and their profound impact on the expression of crucial genes governing adipogenesis and lipid metabolism. Nutrition and stress also have significant influences on epigenetic modifications and IMF deposition. The key findings underscore the pivotal role of epigenetic studies in understanding and enhancing IMF deposition in beef cattle, with implications for precision livestock farming and ethical livestock management. In conclusion, this review highlights the crucial significance of epigenetic pathways and environmental factors in affecting IMF deposition in beef cattle, providing insightful information for improving the economics and meat quality of cattle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belete Kuraz Abebe
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; Department of Animal Science, Werabe University, P.O. Box 46, Werabe, Ethiopia
| | - Jianfang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Anning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China; National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Todosenko N, Yurova K, Vulf M, Khaziakhmatova O, Litvinova L. Prohibitions in the meta-inflammatory response: a review. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1322687. [PMID: 38813101 PMCID: PMC11133639 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1322687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Prohibitins are the central regulatory element of cellular homeostasis, especially by modulating the response at different levels: Nucleus, mitochondria and membranes. Their localization and interaction with various proteins, homons, transcription and nuclear factors, and mtDNA indicate the globality and complexity of their pleiotropic properties, which remain to be investigated. A more detailed deciphering of cellular metabolism in relation to prohibitins under normal conditions and in various metabolic diseases will allow us to understand the precise role of prohibitins in the signaling cascades of PI3K/Akt, Raf/MAP/ERK, STAT3, p53, and others and to fathom their mutual influence. A valuable research perspective is to investigate the role of prohibitins in the molecular and cellular interactions between the two major players in the pathogenesis of obesity-adipocytes and macrophages - that form the basis of the meta-inflammatory response. Investigating the subtle intercellular communication and molecular cascades triggered in these cells will allow us to propose new therapeutic strategies to eliminate persistent inflammation, taking into account novel molecular genetic approaches to activate/inactivate prohibitins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Todosenko
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Kristina Yurova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Maria Vulf
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Olga Khaziakhmatova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Larisa Litvinova
- Center for Immunology and Cellular Biotechnology, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular and Microfluidic Technologies, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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3
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Gnanamurthy P, Narasimhan MK, Sabarathinam S. GC-MS analysis of an ethanolic extract of Ocimum species: a network pharmacology analysis insight towards obesity. Future Sci OA 2024; 10:FSO940. [PMID: 38827792 PMCID: PMC11140659 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2023-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, we have selected two different Ocimum tenuiflorum plants, Ocimum tenuiflorum (Rama tulsi) (OTRT) and Ocimum tenuiflorum (Krishna tulsi) (OTKT). Materials & methods: In the present investigation, ethanol was used as a solvent to estimate the bioactive compounds present in it through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Based on the GC-MS data benzenepropanoic acid, 3-methoxy-alpha,4-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy was found to be the potent compound in OTRT (MW: 428.74 g/mol) and methyl 3-(4-benzyloxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropanoate in OTKT (MW: 342.39 g/mol). To estimate its pharmacological application, an integrated Network Pharmacology approach is performed toward the disease target obesity. Conclusion: From the protein-protein interaction from the string database, SRC, BCL2, EGFR, MTOR, CDK1, ERBB2, MAPK1, FYN, AR and MAPK14 are the top-ranked targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Gnanamurthy
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Manoj K Narasimhan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, College of Engineering & Technology, SRM Institute of Science & Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sarvesh Sabarathinam
- Drug Testing Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science & Technology, SRM IST, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
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4
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Starling AP, Friedman C, Boyle KE, Adgate JL, Glueck DH, Allshouse WB, Calafat AM, Bloemsma LD, Dabelea D. Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and early childhood adiposity and cardiometabolic health in the Healthy Start study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:276-283. [PMID: 38042932 PMCID: PMC10872497 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01420-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Observational and experimental studies have suggested that prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) can increase childhood adiposity and cardiometabolic disruption. However, most previous studies have used weight-based measures that cannot distinguish between fat mass and lean mass. We evaluated associations of prenatal PFAS exposure with precisely measured body composition and cardiometabolic biomarkers in early childhood. SUBJECTS 373 eligible mother-infant pairs in the Healthy Start longitudinal cohort. METHODS We used multiple linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression models to estimate associations between five PFAS in maternal mid-pregnancy serum, and early childhood adiposity via air displacement plethysmography. Secondary outcomes included body mass index, waist circumference, and fasting serum lipids, glucose, insulin and adipokines. Models were adjusted for potential confounders and effect modification by child sex was evaluated. RESULTS The median age of children at assessment was 4.6 years. Prenatal concentration of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) was positively associated with percent fat mass (0.89% per log2-unit increase, 95% CI: 0.15, 1.64), while perfluorononanoate (PFNA) was positively associated with fat mass index and body mass index. Cardiometabolic markers in blood were generally not associated with prenatal PFAS in this population. Mixture models confirmed the importance of PFNA and PFOA in predicting percent fat mass, while PFNA was most important for fat mass index, body mass index, and waist circumference. There were no significant effects of the five PFAS as a mixture, potentially due to opposing effects of different PFAS. CONCLUSIONS Our results agree with previous studies showing that prenatal serum concentrations of certain PFAS are positively associated with early childhood adiposity. Notably, associations were stronger for measures incorporating precisely measured fat mass compared to measures of body size or weight. Early life increases in adiposity may precede the development of adverse cardiometabolic health outcomes in children exposed to PFAS during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne P Starling
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Chloe Friedman
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristen E Boyle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John L Adgate
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Deborah H Glueck
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - William B Allshouse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lizan D Bloemsma
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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5
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Lang L, Zheng J, Liang S, Zhang F, Fu Y, Deng K, Li F, Yang X, Wang J, Luo Y, Zhang S, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao P, Zhu C, Shu G, Xi Q, Zhang Y, Jiang Q, Wang S. Browning of Mammary Fat Suppresses Pubertal Mammary Gland Development of Mice via Elevation of Serum Phosphatidylcholine and Inhibition of PI3K/Akt Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16171. [PMID: 38003364 PMCID: PMC10671055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary fat plays a profound role in the postnatal development of mammary glands. However, the specific types (white, brown, or beige) of adipocytes in mammary fat and their potential regulatory effects on modulating mammary gland development remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of the browning of mammary fat on pubertal mammary gland development and explore the underlying mechanisms. Thus, the mammary gland development and the serum lipid profile were evaluated in mice treated with CL316243, a β3-adrenoceptor agonist, to induce mammary fat browning. In addition, the proliferation of HC11 cells co-cultured with brown adipocytes or treated with the altered serum lipid metabolite was determined. Our results showed that the browning of mammary fat by injection of CL316243 suppressed the pubertal development of mice mammary glands, accompanied by the significant elevation of serum dioleoylphosphocholine (DOPC). In addition, the proliferation of HC11 was repressed when co-cultured with brown adipocytes or treated with DOPC. Furthermore, DOPC suppressed the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, while the DOPC-inhibited HC11 proliferation was reversed by SC79, an Akt activator, suggesting the involvement of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the DOPC-inhibited proliferation of HC11. Together, the browning of mammary fat suppressed the development of the pubertal mammary gland, which was associated with the elevated serum DOPC and the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Songbo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (L.L.); (J.Z.); (S.L.); (F.Z.); (Y.F.); (K.D.); (F.L.); (X.Y.); (J.W.); (Y.L.); (S.Z.); (X.Z.); (L.W.); (P.G.); (C.Z.); (G.S.); (Q.X.); (Y.Z.); (Q.J.)
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6
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Longo M, Zatterale F, Spinelli R, Naderi J, Parrillo L, Florese P, Nigro C, Leone A, Moccia A, Desiderio A, Raciti GA, Miele C, Smith U, Beguinot F. Altered H3K4me3 profile at the TFAM promoter causes mitochondrial alterations in preadipocytes from first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetics. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:144. [PMID: 37679776 PMCID: PMC10486065 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01556-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First-degree relatives of type 2 diabetics (FDR) exhibit a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and feature subcutaneous adipocyte hypertrophy, independent of obesity. In FDR, adipose cell abnormalities contribute to early insulin-resistance and are determined by adipocyte precursor cells (APCs) early senescence and impaired recruitment into the adipogenic pathway. Epigenetic mechanisms signal adipocyte differentiation, leading us to hypothesize that abnormal epigenetic modifications cause adipocyte dysfunction and enhance T2D risk. To test this hypothesis, we examined the genome-wide histone profile in APCs from the subcutaneous adipose tissue of healthy FDR. RESULTS Sequencing-data analysis revealed 2644 regions differentially enriched in lysine 4 tri-methylated H3-histone (H3K4me3) in FDR compared to controls (CTRL) with significant enrichment in mitochondrial-related genes. These included TFAM, which regulates mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content and stability. In FDR APCs, a significant reduction in H3K4me3 abundance at the TFAM promoter was accompanied by a reduction in TFAM mRNA and protein levels. FDR APCs also exhibited reduced mtDNA content and mitochondrial-genome transcription. In parallel, FDR APCs exhibited impaired differentiation and TFAM induction during adipogenesis. In CTRL APCs, TFAM-siRNA reduced mtDNA content, mitochondrial transcription and adipocyte differentiation in parallel with upregulation of the CDKN1A and ZMAT3 senescence genes. Furthermore, TFAM-siRNA significantly expanded hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced senescence, while H2O2 did not affect TFAM expression. CONCLUSIONS Histone modifications regulate APCs ability to differentiate in mature cells, at least in part by modulating TFAM expression and affecting mitochondrial function. Reduced H3K4me3 enrichment at the TFAM promoter renders human APCs senescent and dysfunctional, increasing T2D risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Longo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Zatterale
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Spinelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Jamal Naderi
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Parrillo
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Pasqualina Florese
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Nigro
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Leone
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Augusta Moccia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Desiderio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Gregory A Raciti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
| | - Claudia Miele
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ulf Smith
- Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
- URT Genomics of Diabetes, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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7
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Schäffler A. [Role of metaflammation as a systemic manifestation of metabolic diseases]. INNERE MEDIZIN (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 64:313-322. [PMID: 36346457 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01416-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Visceral obesity as a component of the metabolic syndrome is characterized by systemic and local inflammation, which can be quantified in organs (metaflammation). This process can be regarded as a chronic, sterile, and low-grade state of inflammation without infection, trauma, tumor or autoimmunity. It is caused by an inflammation of the visceral adipose tissue (adipose inflammation or adipoflammation) due to adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia with increased infiltration by monocytes and macrophages. Important is the presence of proinflammatory, so-called polarized M1 macrophages that are induced by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) with secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL‑1. In contrast, the anti-inflammatory, so-called polarized M2 macrophages induced by IL‑4 and IL-13 with secretion of IL‑8 and IL-10 decrease. In addition, the secreted adipokine pattern changes from anti-inflammatory to proinflammatory. Adipocyte necrosis, local hypoxia, dysregulated autophagy, activation of inflammasomes, modulation of toll-like receptors, and epigenetic factors play a complex role. This mechanism results in local insulin resistance and subsequently a systemic insulin resistance of peripheral organs as well as a spillover of local mediators of inflammation into the systemic circulation (measured as obesity C‑reactive protein, CRP). The activation of inflammatory signal transduction cascades leads to inhibitory phosphorylation of the insulin signaling pathway and a weakening of the effect of insulin. In parallel, ectopic lipid accumulation occurs in the liver, musculature, pancreas, pericardium and lungs. Diacylglycerol (DAG) activates specific isoforms of protein kinase C (ε in the liver and τ in the musculature), which in turn lead to inhibition of the insulin signaling pathway. Insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus is an inflammatory disease. The aim of future translational approaches is an anti-inflammatory, molecularly individualized (precision medicine) treatment in adipose tissue (targeted therapy) and in organs of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schäffler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III (Endokrinologie, Diabetologie, Stoffwechsel und Ernährungsmedizin), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU) und Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg (UKGM), Standort Gießen, Klinikstraße 33, 35392, Gießen, Deutschland.
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8
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Management of Obesity and Obesity-Related Disorders: From Stem Cells and Epigenetics to Its Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032310. [PMID: 36768633 PMCID: PMC9916844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex worldwide disease, characterized by an abnormal or excessive fat accumulation. The onset of this pathology is generally linked to a complex network of interactions among genetic and environmental factors, aging, lifestyle, and diets. During adipogenesis, several regulatory mechanisms and transcription factors are involved. As fat cells grow, adipose tissue becomes increasingly large and dysfunctional, losing its endocrine function, secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines, and recruiting infiltrating macrophages. This long-term low-grade systemic inflammation results in insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. In this review we describe the main mechanisms involved in adipogenesis, from a physiological condition to obesity. Current therapeutic strategies for the management of obesity and the related metabolic syndrome are also reported.
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9
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Fu Z, Zhao PY, Yang XP, Li H, Hu SD, Xu YX, Du XH. Cannabidiol regulates apoptosis and autophagy in inflammation and cancer: A review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1094020. [PMID: 36755953 PMCID: PMC9899821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1094020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a terpenoid naturally found in plants. The purified compound is used in the treatment of mental disorders because of its antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiepileptic effects. CBD can affect the regulation of several pathophysiologic processes, including autophagy, cytokine secretion, apoptosis, and innate and adaptive immune responses. However, several authors have reported contradictory findings concerning the magnitude and direction of CBD-mediated effects. For example, CBD treatment can increase, decrease, or have no significant effect on autophagy and apoptosis. These variable results can be attributed to the differences in the biological models, cell types, and CBD concentration used in these studies. This review focuses on the mechanism of regulation of autophagy and apoptosis in inflammatory response and cancer by CBD. Further, we broadly elaborated on the prospects of using CBD as an anti-inflammatory agent and in cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Fu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Hao Li
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Dong Hu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Xin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Du
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xiao-Hui Du,
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10
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Peng K, Dong W, Luo T, Tang H, Zhu W, Huang Y, Yang X. Butyrate and obesity: Current research status and future prospect. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1098881. [PMID: 36909336 PMCID: PMC9999029 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1098881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, increasing prevalence of obesity caused an enormous medical, social, and economic burden. As the sixth most important risk factor contributing to the overall burden of disease worldwide, obesity not only directly harms the human body, but also leads to many chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and mental illness. Weight loss is still one of the most effective strategies against obesity and related disorders. Recently, the link between intestinal microflora and metabolic health has been constantly established. Butyrate, a four-carbon short-chain fatty acid, is a major metabolite of the gut microbiota that has many beneficial effects on metabolic health. The anti-obesity activity of butyrate has been demonstrated, but its mechanisms of action have not been fully described. This review summarizes current knowledge of butyrate, including its production, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and the effect and mechanisms involved in weight loss and obesity-related diseases. The aim was to contribute to and advance our understanding of butyrate and its role in obesity. Further exploration of butyrate and its pathway may help to identify new anti-obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Taimin Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Seventh People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wanlong Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yilan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yilan Huang, ; Xuping Yang,
| | - Xuping Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yilan Huang, ; Xuping Yang,
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11
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Li K, Huang W, Wang Z, Nie Q. m 6A demethylase FTO regulate CTNNB1 to promote adipogenesis of chicken preadipocyte. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:147. [PMID: 36461116 PMCID: PMC9716549 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00795-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is an abundant post-transcriptional RNA modification that affects various biological processes. The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein, a demethylase encoded by the FTO gene, has been found to regulate adipocyte development in an m6A-dependent manner in multiple species. However, the effects of the m6A methylation and FTO demethylation functions on chicken adipogenesis remain unclear. This study aims to explore the association between m6A modification and chicken adipogenesis and the underlying mechanism by which FTO affects chicken preadipocyte development. RESULTS The association between m6A modification and chicken lipogenesis was assessed by treating chicken preadipocytes with different doses of methyl donor betaine and methylation inhibitor cycloleucine. The results showed that betaine significantly increased methylation levels and inhibited lipogenesis, and the inverse effect was found in preadipocytes after cycloleucine treatment. Overexpression of FTO significantly inhibited m6A levels and promoted proliferation and differentiation of chicken preadipocytes. Silencing FTO showed opposite results. Mechanistically, FTO overexpression increased the expression of catenin beta 1 (CTNNB1) by improving RNA stability in an m6A-dependent manner, and we proved that FTO could directly target CTNNB1. Furthermore, CTNNB1 may be a positive regulator of adipogenesis in chicken preadipocytes. CONCLUSIONS m6A methylation of RNA was negatively associated with adipogenesis of chicken preadipocytes. FTO could regulate CTNNB1 expression in a demethylation manner to promote lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Li
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Weichen Huang
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- grid.20561.300000 0000 9546 5767Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China ,grid.418524.e0000 0004 0369 6250National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Livestock Breeding, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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12
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Assessing Genetic Diversity and Searching for Selection Signatures by Comparison between the Indigenous Livni and Duroc Breeds in Local Livestock of the Central Region of Russia. DIVERSITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/d14100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous pig breeds are mainly associated with the adaptive capacity that is necessary to respond adequately to climate change, food security, and livelihood needs, and natural resources conservation. Livni pigs are an indigenous fat-type breed farmed in a single farm in the Orel region and located in the Central European part of the Russian Federation. To determine the genomic regions and genes that are affected by artificial selection, we conducted the comparative study of two pig breeds with different breeding histories and breeding objectives, i.e., the native fat-type Livni and meat-type Duroc breeds using the Porcine GGP HD BeadChip, which contains ~80,000 SNPs. To check the Livni pigs for possible admixture, the Landrace and the Large White breeds were included into the study of genetic diversity as these breeds participated in the formation of the Livni pigs. We observed the highest level of genetic diversity in Livni pigs compared to commercial breeds (UHE = 0.409 vs. 0.319–0.359, p < 0.001; AR = 1.995 vs. 1.894–1.964, p < 0.001). A slight excess of heterozygotes was found in all of the breeds. We identified 291 candidate genes, which were localized within the regions under putative selection, including 22 and 228 genes, which were specific for Livni and Duroc breeds, respectively, and 41 genes common for both breeds. A detailed analysis of the molecular functions identified the genes, which were related to the formation of meat and fat traits, and adaptation to environmental stress, including extreme temperatures, which were different between breeds. Our research results are useful for conservation and sustainable breeding of Livni breed, which shows a high level of genetic diversity. This makes Livni one of the valuable national pig genetic resources.
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13
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Wu YL, Lin H, Li HF, Don MJ, King PC, Chen HH. Salvia miltiorrhiza Extract and Individual Synthesized Component Derivatives Induce Activating-Transcription-Factor-3-Mediated Anti-Obesity Effects and Attenuate Obesity-Induced Metabolic Disorder by Suppressing C/EBPα in High-Fat-Induced Obese Mice. Cells 2022; 11:cells11061022. [PMID: 35326476 PMCID: PMC8947163 DOI: 10.3390/cells11061022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological studies indicate that Salvia miltiorrhiza extract (SME) can improve cardiac and blood vessel function. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the effects (exerted through epigenetic regulation) of SME and newly derived single compounds, with the exception of tanshinone IIA and IB, on obesity-induced metabolic disorders. In this study, we administered SME or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as controls to male C57BL/J6 mice after they were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. SME treatment significantly reduced body weight, fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride levels, insulin resistance, and adipogenesis/lipogenesis gene expression in treated mice compared with controls. Transcriptome array analysis revealed that the expression of numerous transcriptional factors, including activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and C/EBPα homologous protein (CHOP), was significantly higher in the SME group. ST32db, a novel synthetic derivative similar in structure to compounds from S. miltiorrhiza extract, ameliorates obesity and obesity-induced metabolic syndrome in HFD-fed wild-type mice but not ATF3−/− mice. ST32db treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes suppresses lipogenesis/adipogenesis through the ATF3 pathway to directly inhibit C/EBPα expression and indirectly inhibit the CHOP pathway. Overall, ST32db, a single compound modified from S. miltiorrhiza extract, has anti-obesity effects through ATF3-mediated C/EBPα downregulation and the CHOP pathway. Thus, SME and ST32db may reduce obesity and diabetes in mice, indicating the potential of both SME and ST32db as therapeutic drugs for the treatment of obesity-induced metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Lin Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-L.W.); (H.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wei-Gong Memorial Hospital, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Heng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-L.W.); (H.L.)
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-F.L.); (P.-C.K.)
| | - Hsiao-Fen Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-F.L.); (P.-C.K.)
| | - Ming-Jaw Don
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Chih King
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (H.-F.L.); (P.-C.K.)
| | - Hsi-Hsien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan; (Y.-L.W.); (H.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-27372181-3903; Fax: 886-2-5558-9890
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14
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Regulatory mechanisms of the early phase of white adipocyte differentiation: an overview. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:139. [PMID: 35184223 PMCID: PMC8858922 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adipose
organ comprises two main fat depots termed white and brown adipose tissues. Adipogenesis is a process leading to newly differentiated adipocytes starting from precursor cells, which requires the contribution of many cellular activities at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome levels. The adipogenic program is accomplished through two sequential phases; the first includes events favoring the commitment of adipose tissue stem cells/precursors to preadipocytes, while the second involves mechanisms that allow the achievement of full adipocyte differentiation. While there is a very large literature about the mechanisms involved in terminal adipogenesis, little is known about the first stage of this process. Growing interest in this field is due to the recent identification of adipose tissue precursors, which include a heterogenous cell population within different types of adipose tissue as well as within the same fat depot. In addition, the alteration of the heterogeneity of adipose tissue stem cells and of the mechanisms involved in their commitment have been linked to adipose tissue development defects and hence to the onset/progression of metabolic diseases, such as obesity. For this reason, the characterization of early adipogenic events is crucial to understand the etiology and the evolution of adipogenesis-related pathologies, and to explore the adipose tissue precursors’ potential as future tools for precision medicine.
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15
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Lizunkova P, Engdahl E, Borbély G, Gennings C, Lindh C, Bornehag CG, Rüegg J. A Mixture of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Associated with Lower Birth Weight in Children Induces Adipogenesis and DNA Methylation Changes in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042320. [PMID: 35216435 PMCID: PMC8879125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) are man-made compounds that alter functions of the endocrine system. Environmental mixtures of EDCs might have adverse effects on human health, even though their individual concentrations are below regulatory levels of concerns. However, studies identifying and experimentally testing adverse effects of real-life mixtures are scarce. In this study, we aimed at evaluating an epidemiologically identified EDC mixture in an experimental setting to delineate its cellular and epigenetic effects. The mixture was established using data from the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal Mother and child Asthma and allergy (SELMA) study where it was associated with lower birth weight, an early marker for prenatal metabolic programming. This mixture was then tested for its ability to change metabolic programming of human mesenchymal stem cells. In these cells, we assessed if the mixture induced adipogenesis and genome-wide DNA methylation changes. The mixture increased lipid droplet accumulation already at concentrations corresponding to levels measured in the pregnant women of the SELMA study. Furthermore, we identified differentially methylated regions in genes important for adipogenesis and thermogenesis. This study shows that a mixture reflecting human real-life exposure can induce molecular and cellular changes during development that could underlie adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Lizunkova
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Elin Engdahl
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.L.); (E.E.)
| | - Gábor Borbély
- The Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox), 15257 Södertälje, Sweden;
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.G.); (C.-G.B.)
| | - Christian Lindh
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, 22363 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (C.G.); (C.-G.B.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Joëlle Rüegg
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden; (P.L.); (E.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-73-7121592
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16
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Bjune JI, Strømland PP, Jersin RÅ, Mellgren G, Dankel SN. Metabolic and Epigenetic Regulation by Estrogen in Adipocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:828780. [PMID: 35273571 PMCID: PMC8901598 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.828780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones contribute to differences between males and females in body fat distribution and associated disease risk. Higher concentrations of estrogens are associated with a more gynoid body shape and with more fat storage on hips and thighs rather than in visceral depots. Estrogen-mediated protection against visceral adiposity is shown in post-menopausal women with lower levels of estrogens and the reduction in central body fat observed after treatment with hormone-replacement therapy. Estrogen exerts its physiological effects via the estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ and GPR30) in target cells, including adipocytes. Studies in mice indicate that estrogen protects against adipose inflammation and fibrosis also before the onset of obesity. The mechanisms involved in estrogen-dependent body fat distribution are incompletely understood, but involve, e.g., increased mTOR signaling and suppression of autophagy and adipogenesis/lipid storage. Estrogen plays a key role in epigenetic regulation of adipogenic genes by interacting with enzymes that remodel DNA methylation and histone tail post-translational modifications. However, more studies are needed to map the differential epigenetic effects of ER in different adipocyte subtypes, including those in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues. We here review recent discoveries of ER-mediated transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in adipocytes, which may explain sexual dimorphisms in body fat distribution and obesity-related disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Inge Bjune
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pouda Panahandeh Strømland
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Regine Åsen Jersin
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon Nitter Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Simon Nitter Dankel,
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17
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Pant R, Alam A, Choksi A, Shah VK, Firmal P, Chattopadhyay S. Chromatin remodeling protein SMAR1 regulates adipogenesis by modulating the expression of PPARγ. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:159045. [PMID: 34450266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipogenesis is described as the process of conversion of pre-adipocytes into differentiated lipid-laden adipocytes. Adipogenesis is known to be regulated by a myriad of transcription factors and co-regulators. However, there is a dearth of information regarding the mechanisms that regulate these transcription factors and hence control adipogenesis. PPARγ is the master transcriptional regulator of adipogenesis and its expression is essential for adipocyte differentiation. Herein, we identified that scaffold/matrix attachment region-binding protein 1 (SMAR1) negatively regulates adipogenesis. We observed that SMAR1 gets downregulated during adipocyte differentiation and knockdown of SMAR1 promotes lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation. Mechanistically, we have shown that SMAR1 suppresses PPARγ through recruitment of the HDAC1/mSin3a repressor complex to the PPARγ promoter. We further identified cell division cycle 20 (cdc20) mediated proteasomal degradation of SMAR1 during adipogenesis. Moreover, knockdown of cdc20 resulted in stabilization of SMAR1 and a reduction in adipocyte differentiation. Taken together, our observations suggest that SMAR1 functions as a negative regulator of adipogenesis by inhibiting PPARγ expression in differentiating adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Pant
- National Centre for Cell Science, S P Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Aftab Alam
- National Centre for Cell Science, S P Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India; Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, United States of America
| | - Arpankumar Choksi
- National Centre for Cell Science, S P Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Vibhuti Kumar Shah
- National Centre for Cell Science, S P Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Priyanka Firmal
- National Centre for Cell Science, S P Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- National Centre for Cell Science, S P Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India; Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Zuarinagar, Goa 403726, India; Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; 4, Raja S C Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.
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18
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Yi X, He Z, Tian T, Kou Z, Pang W. LncIMF2 promotes adipogenesis in porcine intramuscular preadipocyte through sponging MiR-217. Anim Biotechnol 2021; 34:268-279. [PMID: 34346296 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1956509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat is positively related to meat quality including tenderness, flavor, and juiciness. Long noncoding RNA (LncRNA) plays a vital role in regulating adipogenesis. However, it is largely unknown about lncRNAs associated with porcine intramuscular adipocyte adipogenesis. In the present study, we focus on a novel LncRNA, which is named lncIMF2, associated with adipogenesis by our previous RNA-sequence analysis and bioinformatics analysis. We demonstrated LncIMF2 knockdown inhibited the proliferation of porcine intramuscular adipocytes while expression of cell cycle-related genes was decreased. Besides, we found LncIMF2 knockdown inhibited expression of adipogenic differentiation marker genes including PPARγ (Peroxisome proliferator-activated reporter gamma) and ATGL (Adipose triglyceride lipase). Similarly, overexpression of LncIMF2 promotes proliferation and differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes. Moreover, we proved that IncIMF2 acts as a molecular sponge for MicroRNA-217 (miR-217), which has been found associated with adipogenesis, thereby affecting the expression of the miR-217 target gene. Collectively, our findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of LncRNA in pig IMF deposition for the improvement of meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- XuDong Yi
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - ZhaoZhao He
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - TingTing Tian
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - ZhongYun Kou
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - WeiJun Pang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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19
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Metformin and Vitamin D Modulate Inflammation and Autophagy during Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136686. [PMID: 34206506 PMCID: PMC8269127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) came out from the regenerative medicine landscape for their ability to differentiate into several phenotypes, contributing to tissue regeneration both in vitro and in vivo. Dysregulation in stem cell recruitment and differentiation during adipogenesis is linked to a chronic low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration inside the adipose tissue, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease and obesity. In the present paper we aimed to evaluate the role of metformin and vitamin D, alone or in combination, in modulating inflammation and autophagy in ADSCs during adipogenic commitment. ADSCs were cultured for 21 days in the presence of a specific adipogenic differentiation medium, together with metformin, or vitamin D, or both. We then analyzed the expression of FoxO1 and Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α by ELISA. Autophagy was also assessed by specific Western blot analysis of ATG12, LC3B I, and LC3B II expression. Our results showed the ability of the conditioned media to modulate adipogenic differentiation, finely tuning the inflammatory response and autophagy. We observed a modulation in HSP mRNA levels, and a significant downregulation in cytokine secretion. Taken together, our findings suggest the possible application of these molecules in clinical practice to counteract uncontrolled lipogenesis and prevent obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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20
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Zebrafish and Flavonoids: Adjuvants against Obesity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103014. [PMID: 34069388 PMCID: PMC8158719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pathological condition, defined as an excessive accumulation of fat, primarily caused by an energy imbalance. The storage of excess energy in the form of triglycerides within the adipocyte leads to lipotoxicity and promotes the phenotypic switch in the M1/M2 macrophage. These changes induce the development of a chronic state of low-grade inflammation, subsequently generating obesity-related complications, commonly known as metabolic syndromes. Over the past decade, obesity has been studied in many animal models. However, due to its competitive aspects and unique characteristics, the use of zebrafish has begun to gain traction in experimental obesity research. To counteract obesity and its related comorbidities, several natural substances have been studied. One of those natural substances reported to have substantial biological effects on obesity are flavonoids. This review summarizes the results of studies that examined the effects of flavonoids on obesity and related diseases and the emergence of zebrafish as a model of diet-induced obesity.
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21
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Cortese R. Epigenetics of Sleep Disorders: An Emerging Field in Diagnosis and Therapeutics. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11050851. [PMID: 34068472 PMCID: PMC8150507 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rene Cortese
- Department of Child Health, Child Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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22
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Bland JS. Why the Pegan Diet Makes Sense. Integr Med (Encinitas) 2021; 20:16-19. [PMID: 34373678 PMCID: PMC8325496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In 1985, S. Boyd Eaton and Melvin Konner published a landmark paper in the New England Journal of Medicine. The title was "Paleolithic Nutrition: A Consideration of Its Nature and Current Implications," and this work postulated that an increase in the prevalence of chronic disease among modern humans is the result of a dietary composition that is incompatible with both our genetic ancestry and natural metabolic function. Over the intervening decades, numerous theories about optimal dietary approaches have been put forth and much debate has ensued. Among researchers and the public, we have witnessed vocal advocates emerge in support of the paleolithic philosophy of encouraging mild ketosis, while others passionately argue for plant-based vegetarianism. There is now evidence that neither extreme provides superior health benefits in isolation. According to numerous clinical studies, a hybrid approach may convey a positive and multifactorial influence on the intestinal microbiome, the metabolome, proteomics, and overall health outcomes. A Mediterranean-style diet has been widely studied, and a new concept-Pegan, which is a contraction of the words paleo and vegan-is now gaining worldwide attention.
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23
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Epigenetics in NAFLD/NASH: Targets and therapy. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105484. [PMID: 33771699 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has grabbed considerable scientific attention, owing to its rapid increase in prevalence worldwide and growing burden on end-stage liver diseases. Metabolic syndrome including obesity, diabetes, and hypertension poses a grave risk to NAFLD etiology and progression. With no drugs available, the mainstay of NAFLD management remains lifestyle changes with exercise and dietary modifications. Nonselective drugs such as metformin, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), silymarin, etc., are also being used to target the interrelated pathways for treating NAFLD. Considering the enormous disease burden and the unmet need for drugs, fresh insights into pathogenesis and drug discovery are required. The emergence of the field of epigenetics offers a convincing explanation for the basis of lifestyle, environmental, and other risk factors to influence NAFLD pathogenesis. Therefore, understanding these epigenetic modifications to target the primary cause of the disease might prove a rational strategy to prevent the disease and develop novel therapeutic interventions. Apart from describing the role of epigenetics in the pathogenesis of NAFLD as in other reviews, this review additionally provides an elaborate discussion on exploiting the high plasticity of epigenetic modifications in response to environmental cues, for developing novel therapeutics for NAFLD. Besides, this extensive review provides evidence for epigenetic mechanisms utilized by several potential drugs for NAFLD.
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