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Rajan A, Fame RM. Brain development and bioenergetic changes. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106550. [PMID: 38849103 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioenergetics describe the biochemical processes responsible for energy supply in organisms. When these changes become dysregulated in brain development, multiple neurodevelopmental diseases can occur, implicating bioenergetics as key regulators of neural development. Historically, the discovery of disease processes affecting individual stages of brain development has revealed critical roles that bioenergetics play in generating the nervous system. Bioenergetic-dependent neurodevelopmental disorders include neural tube closure defects, microcephaly, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy, mTORopathies, and oncogenic processes. Developmental timing and cell-type specificity of these changes determine the long-term effects of bioenergetic disease mechanisms on brain form and function. Here, we discuss key metabolic regulators of neural progenitor specification, neuronal differentiation (neurogenesis), and gliogenesis. In general, transitions between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are regulated in early brain development and in oncogenesis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial maturity play key roles later in differentiation. We also discuss how bioenergetics interface with the developmental regulation of other key neural elements, including the cerebrospinal fluid brain environment. While questions remain about the interplay between bioenergetics and brain development, this review integrates the current state of known key intersections between these processes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Rajan
- Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryann M Fame
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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MacColl Garfinkel A, Mnatsakanyan N, Patel JH, Wills AE, Shteyman A, Smith PJS, Alavian KN, Jonas EA, Khokha MK. Mitochondrial leak metabolism induces the Spemann-Mangold Organizer via Hif-1α in Xenopus. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2597-2613.e4. [PMID: 37673063 PMCID: PMC10840693 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
An instructive role for metabolism in embryonic patterning is emerging, although a role for mitochondria is poorly defined. We demonstrate that mitochondrial oxidative metabolism establishes the embryonic patterning center, the Spemann-Mangold Organizer, via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (Hif-1α) in Xenopus. Hypoxia or decoupling ATP production from oxygen consumption expands the Organizer by activating Hif-1α. In addition, oxygen consumption is 20% higher in the Organizer than in the ventral mesoderm, indicating an elevation in mitochondrial respiration. To reconcile increased mitochondrial respiration with activation of Hif-1α, we discovered that the "free" c-subunit ring of the F1Fo ATP synthase creates an inner mitochondrial membrane leak, which decouples ATP production from respiration at the Organizer, driving Hif-1α activation there. Overexpression of either the c-subunit or Hif-1α is sufficient to induce Organizer cell fates even when β-catenin is inhibited. We propose that mitochondrial leak metabolism could be a general mechanism for activating Hif-1α and Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra MacColl Garfinkel
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nelli Mnatsakanyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Jeet H Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrea E Wills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amy Shteyman
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Peter J S Smith
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Ann Jonas
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Mustafa K Khokha
- Pediatric Genomics Discovery Program, Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Santos-Silva T, Hazar Ülgen D, Lopes CFB, Guimarães FS, Alberici LC, Sandi C, Gomes FV. Transcriptomic analysis reveals mitochondrial pathways associated with distinct adolescent behavioral phenotypes and stress response. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:351. [PMID: 37978166 PMCID: PMC10656500 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent individuals exhibit great variability in cortical dynamics and behavioral outcomes. The developing adolescent brain is highly sensitive to social experiences and environmental insults, influencing how personality traits emerge. A distinct pattern of mitochondrial gene expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during adolescence underscores the essential role of mitochondria in brain maturation and the development of mental illnesses. Mitochondrial features in certain brain regions account for behavioral differences in adulthood. However, it remains unclear whether distinct adolescent behavioral phenotypes and the behavioral consequences of early adolescent stress exposure in rats are accompanied by changes in PFC mitochondria-related genes and mitochondria respiratory chain capacity. We performed a behavioral characterization during late adolescence (postnatal day, PND 47-50), including naïve animals and a group exposed to stress from PND 31-40 (10 days of footshock and 3 restraint sessions) by z-normalized data from three behavioral domains: anxiety (light-dark box tests), sociability (social interaction test) and cognition (novel-object recognition test). Employing principal component analysis, we identified three clusters: naïve with higher-behavioral z-score (HBZ), naïve with lower-behavioral z-score (LBZ), and stressed animals. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling unveiled differences in the expression of mitochondria-related genes in both naïve LBZ and stressed animals compared to naïve HBZ. Genes encoding subunits of oxidative phosphorylation complexes were significantly down-regulated in both naïve LBZ and stressed animals and positively correlated with behavioral z-score of phenotypes. Our network topology analysis of mitochondria-associated genes found Ndufa10 and Cox6a1 genes as central identifiers for naïve LBZ and stressed animals, respectively. Through high-resolution respirometry analysis, we found that both naïve LBZ and stressed animals exhibited a reduced prefrontal phosphorylation capacity and redox dysregulation. Our findings identify an association between mitochondrial features and distinct adolescent behavioral phenotypes while also underscoring the detrimental functional consequences of adolescent stress on the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamyris Santos-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Doğukan Hazar Ülgen
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caio Fábio Baeta Lopes
- Ribeirão Preto Pharmaceutical Sciences School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Ribeirão Preto Pharmaceutical Sciences School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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Sakai D, Murakami Y, Shigeta D, Tomosugi M, Sakata-Haga H, Hatta T, Shoji H. Glycolytic activity is required for the onset of neural plate folding during neural tube closure in mouse embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1212375. [PMID: 37465012 PMCID: PMC10350492 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1212375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological hypoxia is critical for placental mammalian development. However, the underlying mechanisms by which hypoxia regulates embryonic development remain unclear. We discovered that the expression of glycolytic genes partially depends on hypoxia in neuroepithelial cells of E8.25 mouse embryos. Consistent with this finding, inhibiting glycolysis during the early phase of neural tube closure (E8.0-8.5) resulted in a neural tube closure defect. In contrast, inhibiting the electron transport chain did not affect neural tube formation. Furthermore, inhibiting glycolysis affected cell proliferation, but not differentiation and survival. Inhibiting glycolysis repressed the phosphorylation of myosin light chain 2, and consequent neural plate folding. Our findings revealed that anaerobic glycolysis regulates neuroepithelial cell proliferation and apical constriction during the early phase of neural tube closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sakai
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daichi Shigeta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Tomosugi
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sakata-Haga
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Hatta
- Department of Anatomy, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shoji
- Department of Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
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Mitochondria play an essential role in the trajectory of adolescent neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood: evidence from a schizophrenia rat model. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:1170-1181. [PMID: 36380234 PMCID: PMC10005953 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01865-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence implicate mitochondria in early brain development. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is only circumstantial data for mitochondria involvement in late brain development occurring through adolescence, a critical period in the pathogenesis of various psychiatric disorders, specifically schizophrenia. In schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental abnormalities and mitochondrial dysfunction has been repeatedly reported. Here we show a causal link between mitochondrial transplantation in adolescence and brain functioning in adulthood. We show that transplantation of allogenic healthy mitochondria into the medial prefrontal cortex of adolescent rats was beneficial in a rat model of schizophrenia, while detrimental in healthy control rats. Specifically, disparate initial changes in mitochondrial function and inflammatory response were associated with opposite long-lasting changes in proteome, neurotransmitter turnover, neuronal sprouting and behavior in adulthood. A similar inverse shift in mitochondrial function was also observed in human lymphoblastoid cells deived from schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects due to the interference of the transplanted mitochondria with their intrinsic mitochondrial state. This study provides fundamental insights into the essential role of adolescent mitochondrial homeostasis in the development of normal functioning adult brain. In addition, it supports a therapeutic potential for mitochondria manipulation in adolescence in disorders with neurodevelopmental and bioenergetic deficits, such as schizophrenia, yet emphasizes the need to monitor individuals' state including their mitochondrial function and immune response, prior to intervention.
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Yao PJ, Munk R, Gorospe M, Kapogiannis D. Analysis of mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthase in frozen brain tissues. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13888. [PMID: 36895388 PMCID: PMC9988573 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying mitochondrial respiration capacity is essential for gaining insights into mitochondrial functions. In frozen tissue samples, however, our ability to study mitochondrial respiration is restricted by damage elicited to the inner mitochondrial membranes by freeze-thaw cycles. We developed an approach that combines multiple assays and is tailored towards assessing mitochondrial electron transport chain and ATP synthase in frozen tissues. Using small amounts of frozen tissue, we systematically analyzed the quantity as well as activity of both the electron transport chain complexes and ATP synthase in rat brains during postnatal development. We reveal a previously little-known pattern of increasing mitochondrial respiration capacity with brain development. In addition to providing proof-of-principle evidence that mitochondrial activity changes during brain development, our study details an approach that can be applicable to many other types of frozen cell or tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Yao
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA/NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Rachel Munk
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, NIA/NIH Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Anitha A, Thanseem I, Iype M, Thomas SV. Mitochondrial dysfunction in cognitive neurodevelopmental disorders: Cause or effect? Mitochondrion 2023; 69:18-32. [PMID: 36621534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have a crucial role in brain development and neurogenesis, both in embryonic and adult brains. Since the brain is the highest energy consuming organ, it is highly vulnerable to mitochondrial dysfunction. This has been implicated in a range of brain disorders including, neurodevelopmental conditions, psychiatric illnesses, and neurodegenerative diseases. Genetic variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and nuclear DNA encoding mitochondrial proteins, have been associated with several cognitive disorders. However, it is not yet clear whether mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary cause of these conditions or a secondary effect. Our review article deals with this topic, and brings out recent advances in mitochondria-oriented therapies. Mitochondrial dysfunction could be involved in the pathogenesis of a subset of disorders involving cognitive impairment. In these patients, mitochondrial dysfunction could be the cause of the condition, rather than the consequence. There are vast areas in this topic that remains to be explored and elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Anitha
- Dept. of Neurogenetics, Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Shoranur, Palakkad 679 523, Kerala, India.
| | - Ismail Thanseem
- Dept. of Neurogenetics, Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Shoranur, Palakkad 679 523, Kerala, India
| | - Mary Iype
- Dept. of Pediatric Neurology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram 695 011, Kerala, India; Dept. of Neurology, ICCONS, Thiruvananthapuram 695 033, Kerala, India
| | - Sanjeev V Thomas
- Dept. of Neurology, ICCONS, Thiruvananthapuram 695 033, Kerala, India
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Neurogenic-angiogenic synchrony via lactate. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:839-840. [PMID: 35788196 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01111-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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