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Arden C, Park SH, Yasasilka XR, Lee EY, Lee MS. Autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction in diabetes and its complications. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00170-X. [PMID: 39054224 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is critical for energy homeostasis and the function of organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. Dysregulated autophagy due to aging, environmental factors, or genetic predisposition can be an underlying cause of not only diabetes through β-cell dysfunction and metabolic inflammation, but also diabetic complications such as diabetic kidney diseases (DKDs). Dysfunction of lysosomes, effector organelles of autophagic degradation, due to metabolic stress or nutrients/metabolites accumulating in metabolic diseases is also emerging as a cause or aggravating element in diabetes and its complications. Here, we discuss the etiological role of dysregulated autophagy and lysosomal dysfunction in diabetes and a potential role of autophagy or lysosomal modulation as a new avenue for treatment of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Arden
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Seo H Park
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Xaviera Riani Yasasilka
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Y Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
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Liu L, Wang Q, Li Y, Cai J, Wang Y, Li Y, Wang R, Sun L, Zheng X, Yin A. TAT-beclin1 treatment accelerates the development of atherosclerotic lesions in ApoE-deficient mice. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23765. [PMID: 38934372 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400161rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The importance of autophagy in atherosclerosis has garnered significant attention regarding the potential applications of autophagy inducers. However, the impact of TAT-Beclin1, a peptide inducer of autophagy, on the development of atherosclerotic plaques remains unclear. Single-cell omics analysis indicates a notable reduction in GAPR1 levels within fibroblasts, stromal cells, and macrophages during atherosclerosis. Tat-beclin1 (T-B), an autophagy-inducing peptide derived from Beclin1, could selectively bind to GAPR1, relieving its inhibition on Beclin1 and thereby augmenting autophagosome formation. To investigate its impact on atherosclerosic plaque progression, we established the ApoE-/- mouse model of carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Surprisingly, intravenous administration of Tat-beclin1 dramatically accelerated the development of carotid artery plaques. Immunofluorescence analysis suggested that macrophage aggregation and autophagosome formation within atherosclerotic plaques were significantly increased upon T-B treatment. However, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed a reduction in autophagy flux through lysosomes. In vitro, the interaction between T-B and GAPR1 was confirmed in RAW264.7 cells, resulting in the increased accumulation of p62/SQSTM1 and LC3-II in the presence of ox-LDL. Additionally, T-B treatment elevated the protein levels of p62/SQSTM1, LC3-II, and cleaved caspase 1, along with the secretion of IL-1β in response to ox-LDL exposure. In summary, our study underscores that T-B treatment amplifies abnormal autophagy and inflammation, consequently exacerbating atherosclerotic plaque development in ApoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbo Liu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Children's Hospital), Wuxi, China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yawen Li
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Children's Hospital), Wuxi, China
| | - Jiali Cai
- General Medicine Department, The First Hospital of Putian City, Putian, China
| | - Yexing Wang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Children's Hospital), Wuxi, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory, Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University (Wuxi Children's Hospital), Wuxi, China
| | - Ruxing Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou Second People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Public Health Research Center, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Anwen Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
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Ki MR, Youn S, Kim DH, Pack SP. Natural Compounds for Preventing Age-Related Diseases and Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7530. [PMID: 39062777 PMCID: PMC11276798 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multifaceted process influenced by hereditary factors, lifestyle, and environmental elements. As time progresses, the human body experiences degenerative changes in major functions. The external and internal signs of aging manifest in various ways, including skin dryness, wrinkles, musculoskeletal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Additionally, cancer, like aging, is a complex disease that arises from the accumulation of various genetic and epigenetic alterations. Circadian clock dysregulation has recently been identified as an important risk factor for aging and cancer development. Natural compounds and herbal medicines have gained significant attention for their potential in preventing age-related diseases and inhibiting cancer progression. These compounds demonstrate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, anti-metastatic, and anti-angiogenic effects as well as circadian clock regulation. This review explores age-related diseases, cancers, and the potential of specific natural compounds in targeting the key features of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Ran Ki
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.K.); (S.Y.); (D.H.K.)
- Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Youn
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.K.); (S.Y.); (D.H.K.)
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.K.); (S.Y.); (D.H.K.)
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong-Ro 2511, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (M.-R.K.); (S.Y.); (D.H.K.)
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Friuli M, Sepe C, Panza E, Travelli C, Paterniti I, Romano A. Autophagy and inflammation an intricate affair in the management of obesity and metabolic disorders: evidence for novel pharmacological strategies? Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407336. [PMID: 38895630 PMCID: PMC11184060 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy lifestyle habits including a sedentary life, the lack of physical activity, and wrong dietary habits are the major ones responsible for the constant increase of obesity and metabolic disorders prevalence worldwide; therefore, the scientific community pays significant attention to the pharmacotherapy of such diseases, beyond lifestyle interventions, the use of medical devices, and surgical approaches. The intricate interplay between autophagy and inflammation appears crucial to orchestrate fundamental aspects of cellular and organismal responses to challenging stimuli, including metabolic insults; hence, when these two processes are dysregulated (enhanced or suppressed) they produce pathologic effects. The present review summarizes the existing literature reporting the intricate affair between autophagy and inflammation in the context of metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, and liver metabolic diseases (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)). The evidence collected so far suggests that an alteration of autophagy might lead to maladaptive metabolic and inflammatory responses thus exacerbating the severity of the disease, and the most prominent conclusion underlies that autophagy might exert a protective function by contributing to balance inflammation. However, the complex nature of obesity and metabolic disorders might represent a limit of the studies; indeed, although many pharmacological treatments, producing positive metabolic effects, are also able to modulate autophagic flux and inflammation, it is not clear if the final beneficial effect might occur only by their mechanism of action, rather than because of additionally involved pathways. Finally, although future studies are needed, the observation that anti-obesity and antidiabetic drugs already on the market, including incretin mimetic agents, facilitate autophagy by dampening inflammation, strongly contributes to the idea that autophagy might represent a druggable system for the development of novel pharmacological tools that might represent an attractive strategy for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Friuli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Sepe
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Panza
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Travelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Yasasilka XR, Lee M. Role of β-cell autophagy in β-cell physiology and the development of diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2024; 15:656-668. [PMID: 38470018 PMCID: PMC11143416 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.14184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanism of autophagy was a landmark in understanding not only the physiology of cells and tissues, but also the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, including diabetes and metabolic disorders. Autophagy of pancreatic β-cells plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of the mass, structure and function of β-cells, whose dysregulation can lead to abnormal metabolic profiles or diabetes. Modulators of autophagy are being developed to improve metabolic profile and β-cell function through the removal of harmful materials and rejuvenation of organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Among the known antidiabetic drugs, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists enhance the autophagic activity of β-cells, which might contribute to the profound effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on systemic metabolism. In this review, the results from studies on the role of autophagy in β-cells and their implication in the development of diabetes are discussed. In addition to non-selective (macro)autophagy, the role and mechanisms of selective autophagy and other minor forms of autophagy that might occur in β-cells are discussed. As β-cell failure is the ultimate cause of diabetes and unresponsiveness to conventional therapy, modulation of β-cell autophagy might represent a future antidiabetic treatment approach, particularly in patients who are not well managed with current antidiabetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaviera Riani Yasasilka
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi‐bio Science and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal MedicineSoonchunhyang University College of MedicineCheonanKorea
| | - Myung‐Shik Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi‐bio Science and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal MedicineSoonchunhyang University College of MedicineCheonanKorea
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Bar-Tana J. TorS - Reframing a rational for type 2 diabetes treatment. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3712. [PMID: 37615286 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 syndrome (Tors), paradigm implies an exhaustive cohesive disease entity driven by a hyperactive mTORC1, and which includes obesity, type 2 diabetic hyperglycemia, diabetic dyslipidemia, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, some cancers, neurodegeneration, polycystic ovary syndrome, psoriasis and other. The TorS paradigm may account for the efficacy of standard-of-care treatments of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in alleviating the glycaemic and non-glycaemic diseases of TorS in T2D and non-T2D patients. The TorS paradigm may generate novel treatments for TorS diseases.
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Oh SJ, Park K, Sonn SK, Oh GT, Lee MS. Pancreatic β-cell mitophagy as an adaptive response to metabolic stress and the underlying mechanism that involves lysosomal Ca 2+ release. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1922-1932. [PMID: 37653033 PMCID: PMC10545665 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is an excellent example of selective autophagy that eliminates damaged or dysfunctional mitochondria, and it is crucial for the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and function. The critical roles of autophagy in pancreatic β-cell structure and function have been clearly shown. Furthermore, morphological abnormalities and decreased function of mitochondria have been observed in autophagy-deficient β-cells, suggesting the importance of β-cell mitophagy. However, the role of authentic mitophagy in β-cell function has not been clearly demonstrated, as mice with pancreatic β-cell-specific disruption of Parkin, one of the most important players in mitophagy, did not exhibit apparent abnormalities in β-cell function or glucose homeostasis. Instead, the role of mitophagy in pancreatic β-cells has been investigated using β-cell-specific Tfeb-knockout mice (TfebΔβ-cell mice); Tfeb is a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis or autophagy gene expression and participates in mitophagy. TfebΔβ-cell mice were unable to adaptively increase mitophagy or mitochondrial complex activity in response to high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic stress. Consequently, TfebΔβ-cell mice exhibited impaired β-cell responses and further exacerbated metabolic deterioration after HFD feeding. TFEB was activated by mitochondrial or metabolic stress-induced lysosomal Ca2+ release, which led to calcineurin activation and mitophagy. After lysosomal Ca2+ release, depleted lysosomal Ca2+ stores were replenished by ER Ca2+ through ER→lysosomal Ca2+ refilling, which supplemented the low lysosomal Ca2+ capacity. The importance of mitophagy in β-cell function was also demonstrated in mice that developed β-cell dysfunction and glucose intolerance after treatment with a calcineurin inhibitor that hampered TFEB activation and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Oh
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31151, Korea
| | - Kihyoun Park
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31151, Korea
| | - Seong Keun Sonn
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03767, Korea
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Heart-Immune-Brain Network Research Center, Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03767, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 31151, Korea.
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Oh SJ, Lee MS. Role of Autophagy in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes and Therapeutic Potential of Autophagy Modulators in the Treatment of Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e276. [PMID: 36163475 PMCID: PMC9512677 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is critically involved in the maintenance of intracellular nutrient homeostasis and organelle function. Dysregulated autophagy is likely to play a role in the development of metabolic disorders and diabetes because autophagy is critical in the rejuvenation of dysfunctional or stressed endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria that play a crucial role in the development of diabetes. Indeed, systemic autophagy insufficiency led to the increased tissue lipid content, aggravated metabolic and finally more severe diabetes when metabolic stress was imposed, suggesting that autophagy insufficiency of dysfunction of lysosome, an effector organelle of autophagy, due to aging, genetic predisposition or environmental factors could be an underlying cause of diabetes. Conversely, autophagy enhancer could improve metabolic profile of obese mice by reducing tissue lipid content and ameliorating metabolic inflammation. Furthermore, clearance of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) oligomer and amyloid that accumulate in pancreatic islets of > 90% of diabetes patients was also dependent on autophagy. Consistently, autophagy enhancer could improve glucose profile and β-cell function of transgenic mice expressing amyloidogenic hIAPP in pancreatic β-cells, which was accompanied by reduced accumulation of hIAPP oligomer or amyloid, ameliorated β-cell apoptosis and increased β-cell mass. These results suggest that autophagy enhancer could be a novel therapeutic modality against diabetes associated with lipid overload and human diabetes characterized by islet amyloid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Oh
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myung-Shik Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science and Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea.
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Li XQ, Wang Y, Yang SJ, Liu Y, Ma X, Liu L, Li SH, Niu D, Duan X. Melatonin protects against maternal diabetes-associated meiotic defects by maintaining mitochondrial function. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:386-394. [PMID: 35792241 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.06.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes has been widely reported to adversely affect oocyte quality. Although various molecules and pathways may be involved in this process, strategies to prevent maternal diabetes-induced deterioration of oocyte quality remain unexplored. Melatonin is synthesized by the pineal gland and has been shown to have beneficial effects on oocyte quality owing to its antioxidative function. In the present study, we found that the exposure of oocytes of diabetic mice to melatonin, in vitro, alleviated aberrant oocyte maturation competence. Notably, melatonin supplementation attenuated defects in spindle organization and chromosome alignment by mediating the expression of TPX2 and pericentrin localization. Importantly, melatonin eliminated the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and increased the cytosolic Ca2+ levels in diabetic oocytes by maintaining mitochondrial function. Moreover, the occurrence of autophagy and apoptosis was reversed in diabetic oocytes after melatonin exposure via decreased LC3β expression. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that melatonin supplementation can protect oocytes from maternal diabetes-related meiotic defects and poor egg quality, providing a potential strategy for improving oocyte quality in assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Shu-Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Si-Hong Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Dong Niu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Xing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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