1
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Gedeon C, Del Rio N, Furlan F, Taddeucci A, Vanthuyne N, Gregoriou VG, Fuchter MJ, Siligardi G, Gasparini N, Crassous J, Chochos CL. Rational Design of New Conjugated Polymers with Main Chain Chirality for Efficient Optoelectronic Devices: Carbo[6]Helicene and Indacenodithiophene Copolymers as Model Compounds. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2314337. [PMID: 38406997 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202314337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The unique properties of conjugated polymers (CPs) in various optoelectronic applications are mainly attributed to their different self-assembly processes and superstructures. Various methods are utilized to tune and control CP structure and properties with less attention paid to the use of chirality. CPs with main chain chirality are rare and their microscopic and macroscopic properties are still unknown. In this work, the first experimental results are provided along these lines by synthesizing a series of racemic and enantiopure CPs containing statistical and alternating carbo[6]helicene and indacenodithiophene moieties and evaluating their microscopic (optical, energy levels) and macroscopic properties (hole mobilities, photovoltaic performance). It is demonstrated that a small statistical insertion of either the racemic or enantiopure helicene into the polymer backbone finely tunes the microscopic and macroscopic properties as a function of the statistical content. The microscopic properties of the enantiopure versus the racemic polymers with the same helicene loading remain similar. On the contrary, the macroscopic properties, and more interestingly those between the two enantiomeric forms, are altered as a function of the statistical content. Once incorporated into a solar cell device, these chiral CPs display better performance in their enantiopure versus racemic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Gedeon
- Advent Technologies SA., Stadiou Str, Patras, Platani, 26504, Greece
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, Rennes, 35000, France
| | | | - Francesco Furlan
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrea Taddeucci
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0GD, UK
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, 13007, France
| | - Vasilis G Gregoriou
- Advent Technologies SA., Stadiou Str, Patras, Platani, 26504, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0GD, UK
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, White City Campus, Imperial College London, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | | | - Christos L Chochos
- Advent Technologies SA., Stadiou Str, Patras, Platani, 26504, Greece
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, 11635, Greece
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2
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Szepke D, Zarzeczny M, Pawlak M, Jarmuła P, Yoshizawa A, Pociecha D, Lewandowski W. Disentangling optical effects in 3D spiral-like, chiral plasmonic assemblies templated by a dark conglomerate liquid crystal. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:074201. [PMID: 38380754 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chiral thin films showing electronic and plasmonic circular dichroism (CD) are intensively explored for optoelectronic applications. The most studied chiral organic films are the composites exhibiting a helical geometry, which often causes entanglement of circular optical properties with unwanted linear optical effects (linearly polarized absorption or refraction). This entanglement limits tunability and often translates to a complex optical response. This paper describes chiral films based on dark conglomerate, sponge-like, liquid crystal films, which go beyond the usual helical type geometry, waiving the problem of linear contributions to chiroptical electronic and plasmonic properties. First, we show that purely organic films exhibit high electronic CD and circular birefringence, as studied in detail using Mueller matrix polarimetry. Analogous linear properties are two orders of magnitude lower, highlighting the benefits of using the bi-isotropic dark conglomerate liquid crystal for chiroptical purposes. Next, we show that the liquid crystal can act as a template to guide the assembly of chemically compatible gold nanoparticles into 3D spiral-like assemblies. The Mueller matrix polarimetry measurements confirm that these composites exhibit both electronic and plasmonic circular dichroisms, while nanoparticle presence is not compromising the beneficial optical properties of the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Szepke
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Zarzeczny
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Pawlak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Jarmuła
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Atsushi Yoshizawa
- National University Corporation, Hirosaki University, 1 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8560, Japan
| | - Damian Pociecha
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktor Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Ludwika Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Koyroytsaltis-McQuire DJP, Kumar R, Javorfi T, Siligardi G, Gadegaard N, Kadodwala M. Tuning dipolar and multipolar resonances of chiral silicon nanostructures for control of near field superchirality. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:110-122. [PMID: 38063462 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05285k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Chiral materials display a property called optical activity, which is the capability to interact differentially with left and right circularly polarised light. This leads to the ability to manipulate the polarisation state of light, which has a broad range of applications spanning from energy efficient displays to quantum technologies. Both synthesised and engineered chiral nanomaterials are exploited in such devices. The design strategy for optimising the optical activity of a chiral material is typically based on maximising a single parameter, the electric dipole-magnetic dipole response. Here we demonstrate an alternative approach of controlling optical activity by manipulating both the dipole and multipolar response of a nanomaterial. This provides an additional parameter for material design, affording greater flexibility. The exemplar systems used to illustrate the strategy are nanofabricated chiral silicon structures. The multipolar response of the structures, and hence their optical activity, can be controlled simply by varying their height. This phenomenon allows optical activity and the creation of so called superchiral fields, with enhanced asymmetries, to be controlled over a broader wavelength range, than is achievable with just the electric dipole-magnetic dipole response. This work adds to the material design toolbox providing a route to novel nanomaterials for optoelectronics and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Kumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Tamas Javorfi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- School of Engineering, Rankine Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
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4
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Szustakiewicz P, Powała F, Szepke D, Lewandowski W, Majewski PW. Unrestricted Chiral Patterning by Laser Writing in Liquid Crystalline and Plasmonic Nanocomposite Thin Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2310197. [PMID: 37905376 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining hierarchical structures with arbitrarily controlled chirality remains a challenge. Here, thin films featuring chiroptically bipolar patterns are produced by a device utilizing microscale photothermal re-melting of materials exhibiting chirality synchronization. This device operates autonomously, guided by an algorithm that facilitates the homochiral growth of supramolecular organic helices through controlling their re-melting. The chirality synchronization phenomena of constitutionally achiral molecules grants availability of both handednesses of the helices, enabling unrestricted chiral writing in the film. The collective chiroptical response of assembled molecules is utilised to guide the patterning process, creating a foundation for optically secured information. The established methodology enables achieving dissymmetry factor values for circular dichroism (CD) a magnitude higher than previously reported, as confirmed with state-of-the-art, synchrotron-based Mueller matrix polarimetry (MMP). Moreover, the developed method is extended to nanocomposites comprising gold nanoparticles, providing the opportunity to tune the CD toward the plasmonic region. This strategic application of photothermal processing, specifically laser-directed melting, uncovers the potential to broaden the selection of nanostructured materials with precisely designed functionalities for photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filip Powała
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02089, Poland
| | - Dorota Szepke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02089, Poland
| | | | - Pawel W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 02089, Poland
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5
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Taddeucci A, Zinna F, Siligardi G, Di Bari L. Circularly Polarized Microscopy of Thin Films of Chiral Organic Dyes. CHEMICAL & BIOMEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 1:471-478. [PMID: 37655166 PMCID: PMC10467535 DOI: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an optical microscopy technique, circularly polarized microscopy or CPM, able to afford spatially resolved electronic circular dichroism (ECD) of thin films of chiral organic semiconductors through a commercial microscope equipped with a camera and inexpensive optics. Provided the dichroic ratio is sufficiently large, the spatial resolution is on the order of the μm and is only limited by the magnification optics integrated in the microscope. We apply CPM to thin films of small chiral π-conjugated molecules, which gave rise to ordered aggregates in the thin layer. Primarily, conventional ECD can reveal and characterize chiral supramolecular structures and possible interferences between anisotropic properties of solid samples; however, it cannot generally account for the spatial distribution of such properties. CPM offers a characterization of supramolecular chirality and of commingling polarization anisotropies of the material, describing their local distribution. To validate CPM, we demonstrated that it can be adopted to quantify the local ECD of samples characterized by intense signals, virtually on any standard optical microscope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Taddeucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Chilton, Didcot OX11 0DE, United
Kingdom
| | - Francesco Zinna
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Di Bari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University
of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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6
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Humphreys J, Killalea CE, Pop F, Davies ES, Siligardi G, Amabilino DB. Self-assembly of chiral diketopyrrolopyrrole chromophores giving supramolecular chains in monolayers and twisted microtapes. Chirality 2023; 35:281-297. [PMID: 36760121 PMCID: PMC10947275 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Chiral diketopyrrolopyrroles appended with enantiomeric ethyl lactate functions through an ether linkage to the aryl backbone of the chromophore were synthesized via the Mitsunobu reaction. The molecules have good solubility and excellent optical properties, high molar absorption coefficients, and fluorescence quantum yields. Helical aggregates with circular dichroism arising from the supramolecular arrangement are seen in both solution and thin films, and the aggregates also display circularly polarized luminescence (glum ≈ ±0.1). The molecules assemble to give monolayers on graphite and precipitate from solution forming supramolecular twisted tapes hundreds of microns long.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Humphreys
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - C. Elizabeth Killalea
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Flavia Pop
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Present address:
MOLTECH‐Anjou, UMR 6200, CNRSUniversity of AngersAngersFrance
| | | | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotOxfordshireUK
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of Nottingham Jubilee CampusNottinghamUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB‐CSIC)Campus Universitari de CerdanyolaBarcelonaSpain
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7
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Clowes SR, Răsădean DM, Gianga TM, Jávorfi T, Hussain R, Siligardi G, Pantoş GD. Mueller Matrix Polarimetry on Cyanine Dye J-Aggregates. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041523. [PMID: 36838510 PMCID: PMC9960244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanine dyes are known to form H- and J-aggregates in aqueous solutions. Here we show that the cyanine dye, S0271, assembles in water into vortex induced chiral J-aggregates. The chirality of the J-aggregates depends on the directionality of the vortex. This study utilised both conventional benchtop CD spectropolarimeters and Mueller matrix polarimetry. It was found that J-aggregates have real chirality alongside linear dichroism and linear and circular birefringence. We identify the factors that are key to the formation of metastable chiral J-aggregates and propose a mechanism for their assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Clowes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Dora M. Răsădean
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - Tamás Jávorfi
- B23 Beamline, Diamond Light Source, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | | | | | - G. Dan Pantoş
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Correspondence:
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8
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Otis G, Benyamin M, Mastai Y, Zalevsky Z. Photoacoustic measurement of localized optical dichroism in chiral crystals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:84-87. [PMID: 34870648 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, we present a novel method to measure local optical dichroism (OD) in opaque crystal powder suspensions using photoacoustic (PA) effect. Our method is based upon the novel laser speckle contrast technique, in combination with a simple statistical approach, we were able to measure the OD of chiral crystals suspensions under completely random orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Otis
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Matan Benyamin
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nanotechnology Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Yitzhak Mastai
- Department of Chemistry and the Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Zeev Zalevsky
- Faculty of Engineering and the Nanotechnology Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
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9
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Valentín-Pérez Á, Rosa P, Hillard EA, Giorgi M. Chirality determination in crystals. Chirality 2021; 34:163-181. [PMID: 34766388 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review article discusses chirality determination in the solid state, both in single crystals and in crystal assemblies, with an emphasis on X-ray diffraction. The main principles of using X-ray diffraction to reliably determine absolute structure are summarized, and the complexity which can be encountered in chiral structures-kryptoracemates, scalemates, and inversion twinning-is illustrated with examples from our laboratories and the literature. We then address the problem of the bulk crystallization and discuss different techniques to determine chirality in a large assembly of crystal structures, with a special prominence given to an X-ray natural circular dichroism mapping technique that we recently reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Rosa
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France
| | - Elizabeth A Hillard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux-INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, F-33600 Pessac, Cedex, France.,CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, CRPP, UMR 5031, Pessac, France
| | - Michel Giorgi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, Spectropole, Marseille, France
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10
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Ruzza P, Honisch C, Hussain R, Siligardi G. Free Radical Generation in Far-UV Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism Assays-Protein and Buffer Composition Contribution. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11325. [PMID: 34768758 PMCID: PMC8583428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A useful tool to analyze the ligands and/or environmental contribution to protein stability is represented by the Synchrotron Radiation Circular Dichroism UV-denaturation assay that consists in the acquisition of several consecutive repeated far-UV SRCD spectra. Recently we demonstrated that the prevailing mechanism of this denaturation involves the generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this work, we analyzed the effect of buffering agents commonly used in spectroscopic measurements, including MOPS (3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid), HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid), TRIS-HCl (tris-hydroxymethil aminomethane hydrochloride), and phosphate, on the efficiency of protein denaturation caused by exposure to UV radiation. Fluorescence experiments confirmed the presence of ROS and were used to determine the rate of ROS generation. Our results indicate that the efficiency of the denaturation process is strongly influenced by the buffer composition with MOPS and HEPES acting also as scavengers and that the presence of proteins itself influenced the ROS formation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ruzza
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padua Unit, via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Claudia Honisch
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR, Padua Unit, via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Rohanah Hussain
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK;
| | - Giuliano Siligardi
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, UK;
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11
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Chen Z, Chi Z, Sun Y, Lv Z. Chirality in peptide-based materials: From chirality effects to potential applications. Chirality 2021; 33:618-642. [PMID: 34342057 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chirality is ubiquitous in nature with primary cellular functions that include construction of right-/left-handed helix and selective communications among diverse biomolecules. Of particularly intriguing are the chiral peptide-based materials that can be deliberately designed to change physicochemistry properties via tuning peptide sequences. Critically, understanding their chiral effects are fundamental for the development of novel materials in chemistry and biomedicine fields. Here, we review recent researches on chirality in peptide-based materials, summarizing relevant typical chiral effects towards recognition, amplification, and induction. Driven forces for the chiral discrimination in affinity interaction as well as the handedness preferences in supramolecular structure formation at both the macroscale and microscale are illustrated. The implementation of such chirality effects of artificial copolymers, assembled aggregates and their composites in the fields of bioseparation and bioenrichment, cell incubation, protein aggregation inhibitors, chiral smart gels, and bionic electro devices are also presented. At last, the challenges in these areas and possible directions are pointed out. The diversity of chiral roles in the origin of life and chirality design in different organic or composite systems as well as their applications in drug development and chirality detection in environmental protection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghui Chen
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of OEMT, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenguo Chi
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for High performance Organic and Polymer Photoelectric Functional Films, State Key Laboratory of OEMT, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifeng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyu Lv
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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