1
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N'Gadjaga MD, Perrinet S, Connor MG, Bertolin G, Millot GA, Subtil A. Chlamydia trachomatis development requires both host glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation but has only minor effects on these pathways. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102338. [PMID: 35931114 PMCID: PMC9449673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis obtain all nutrients from the cytoplasm of their epithelial host cells and stimulate glucose uptake by these cells. They even hijack host ATP, exerting a strong metabolic pressure on their host at the peak of the proliferative stage of their developmental cycle. However, it is largely unknown whether infection modulates the metabolism of the host cell. Also, the reliance of the bacteria on host metabolism might change during their progression through their biphasic developmental cycle. Herein, using primary epithelial cells and 2 cell lines of nontumoral origin, we showed that between the 2 main ATP-producing pathways of the host, oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) remained stable and glycolysis was slightly increased. Inhibition of either pathway strongly reduced bacterial proliferation, implicating that optimal bacterial growth required both pathways to function at full capacity. While we found C. trachomatis displayed some degree of energetic autonomy in the synthesis of proteins expressed at the onset of infection, functional host glycolysis was necessary for the establishment of early inclusions, whereas OxPhos contributed less. These observations correlated with the relative contributions of the pathways in maintaining ATP levels in epithelial cells, with glycolysis contributing the most. Altogether, this work highlights the dependence of C. trachomatis on both host glycolysis and OxPhos for efficient bacterial replication. However, ATP consumption appears at equilibrium with the normal production capacity of the host and the bacteria, so that no major shift between these pathways is required to meet bacterial needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimouna D N'Gadjaga
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology of Microbial Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Collège Doctoral, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Perrinet
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology of Microbial Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michael G Connor
- Institut Pasteur, Chromatin and Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Bertolin
- CNRS, IGDR (Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes), UMR 6290, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Gaël A Millot
- Institut Pasteur, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique-DBC, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3691, Cellular Biology of Microbial Infection, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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2
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Tsujikawa R, Thapa J, Okubo T, Nakamura S, Zhang S, Furuta Y, Higashi H, Yamaguchi H. Chlamydia trachomatis L2/434/Bu Favors Hypoxia for its Growth in Human Lymphoid Jurkat Cells While Maintaining Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:265. [PMID: 35859064 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02961-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The role of lymphocytes as a cornerstone of the inflammatory response in the invasive pathogenesis of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) LGV (L1-3) infection is unclear. Therefore, we assessed whether the adaptation of CtL2 to immortal lymphoid Jurkat cells under hypoxic conditions occurred through proinflammatory cytokine profile modification. The quantities of inclusion-forming units with chlamydial 16S rDNA confirmed that CtL2 grew well under hypoxic rather than normoxic conditions in the cells. Confocal microscopic imaging and transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of bacterial progeny in the inclusions and showed that the inclusions were larger under hypoxic rather than normoxic conditions; this was supported by the results of 3D image construction. Furthermore, PCR-based analysis of proinflammatory cytokines revealed that the gene expression levels under hypoxic conditions were significantly higher than those under normoxic conditions. In particular, the expression of two genes (CXCL8 and CXCR3) was significantly diminished under normoxic conditions. Taken together, the results indicated that hypoxia promoted CtL2 growth in Jurkat cells while maintaining the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, Ct LGV infection in lymphocytes under hypoxic conditions might be crucial to a complete understanding of the invasive pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Tsujikawa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Torahiko Okubo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shinji Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Imaging Research, and Division of Ultrastructural Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Saicheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Furuta
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hideaki Higashi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, North-20, West-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 5, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan.
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3
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Yang Y, Lei W, Zhao L, Wen Y, Li Z. Insights Into Mitochondrial Dynamics in Chlamydial Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:835181. [PMID: 35321312 PMCID: PMC8936178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.835181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles that are instrumental in the creation of energy, metabolism, apoptosis, and intrinsic immunity. Mitochondria exhibit an extraordinarily high degree of flexibility, and are constantly undergoing dynamic fusion and fission changes. Chlamydia is an intracellular bacterium that causes serious health problems in both humans and animals. Due to a deficiency of multiple metabolic enzymes, these pathogenic bacteria are highly dependent on their eukaryotic host cells, resulting in a close link between Chlamydia infection and host cell mitochondria. Indeed, Chlamydia increase mitochondrial fusion by inhibiting the activation of dynein-related protein 1 (DRP1), which can regulate host cell metabolism for extra energy. Additionally, Chlamydia can inhibit mitochondrial fission by blocking DRP1 oligomerization, preventing host cell apoptosis. These mechanisms are critical for maintaining a favorable environment for reproduction and growth of Chlamydia. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial fusion and fission, as well as the mechanisms by which Chlamydia infection alters the mitochondrial dynamics and the prospects of limiting chlamydial development by altering mitochondrial dynamics.
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4
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Spier A, Connor MG, Steiner T, Carvalho F, Cossart P, Eisenreich W, Wai T, Stavru F. Mitochondrial respiration restricts Listeria monocytogenes infection by slowing down host cell receptor recycling. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109989. [PMID: 34758302 PMCID: PMC8595641 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in mitochondrial genes impairing energy production cause mitochondrial diseases (MDs), and clinical studies have shown that MD patients are prone to bacterial infections. However, the relationship between mitochondrial (dys)function and infection remains largely unexplored, especially in epithelial cells, the first barrier to many pathogens. Here, we generate an epithelial cell model for one of the most common mitochondrial diseases, Leigh syndrome, by deleting surfeit locus protein 1 (SURF1), an assembly factor for respiratory chain complex IV. We use this genetic model and a complementary, nutrient-based approach to modulate mitochondrial respiration rates and show that impaired mitochondrial respiration favors entry of the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, a well-established bacterial infection model. Reversely, enhanced mitochondrial energy metabolism decreases infection efficiency. We further demonstrate that endocytic recycling is reduced in mitochondrial respiration-dependent cells, dampening L. monocytogenes infection by slowing the recycling of its host cell receptor c-Met, highlighting a previously undescribed role of mitochondrial respiration during infection. Enhanced mitochondrial respiration decreases L. monocytogenes infection Bacterial entry is affected by the host cell metabolism Mitochondrial respiration restricts host cell receptor recycling and thus infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spier
- Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Bacteria-Cell Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France; UMR2001, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Michael G Connor
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Chromatin and Infection Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Steiner
- Bavarian NMR Center - Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Filipe Carvalho
- Bacteria-Cell Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Cossart
- Bacteria-Cell Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France.
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Bavarian NMR Center - Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Timothy Wai
- Université de Paris, Paris, France; Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | - Fabrizia Stavru
- Evolutionary Biology of the Microbial Cell Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Bacteria-Cell Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France; UMR2001, CNRS, Paris, France
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5
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Käding N, Schmidt N, Scholz C, Graspeuntner S, Rupp J, Shima K. Impact of First-Line Antimicrobials on Chlamydia trachomatis-Induced Changes in Host Metabolism and Cytokine Production. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:676747. [PMID: 34484137 PMCID: PMC8414654 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.676747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urogenital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. As an obligate intracellular bacterium, chlamydial replication and pathogenesis depends on the host metabolic activity. First-line antimicrobials such as doxycycline (DOX) and azithromycin (AZM) have been recommended for the treatment of C. trachomatis infection. However, accumulating evidence suggests that treatment with AZM causes higher rates of treatment failure than DOX. Here, we show that an inferior efficacy of AZM compared to DOX is associated with the metabolic status of host cells. Chlamydial metabolism and infectious progeny of C. trachomatis were suppressed by therapeutic relevant serum concentrations of DOX or AZM. However, treatment with AZM could not suppress host cell metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which are manipulated by C. trachomatis. The host cell metabolic activity was associated with a significant reactivation of C. trachomatis after removal of AZM treatment, but not after DOX treatment. Furthermore, AZM insufficiently attenuated interleukin (IL)-8 expression upon C. trachomatis infection and higher concentrations of AZM above therapeutic serum concentration were required for effective suppression of IL-8. Our data highlight that AZM is not as efficient as DOX to revert host metabolism in C. trachomatis infection. Furthermore, insufficient treatment with AZM failed to inhibit chlamydial reactivation as well as C. trachomatis induced cytokine responses. Its functional relevance and the impact on disease progression have to be further elucidated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Käding
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nis Schmidt
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Celeste Scholz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Simon Graspeuntner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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6
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Pekmezovic M, Hovhannisyan H, Gresnigt MS, Iracane E, Oliveira-Pacheco J, Siscar-Lewin S, Seemann E, Qualmann B, Kalkreuter T, Müller S, Kamradt T, Mogavero S, Brunke S, Butler G, Gabaldón T, Hube B. Candida pathogens induce protective mitochondria-associated type I interferon signalling and a damage-driven response in vaginal epithelial cells. Nat Microbiol 2021; 6:643-657. [PMID: 33753919 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-021-00875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaginal candidiasis is an extremely common disease predominantly caused by four phylogenetically diverse species: Candida albicans; Candida glabrata; Candida parapsilosis; and Candida tropicalis. Using a time course infection model of vaginal epithelial cells and dual RNA sequencing, we show that these species exhibit distinct pathogenicity patterns, which are defined by highly species-specific transcriptional profiles during infection of vaginal epithelial cells. In contrast, host cells exhibit a homogeneous response to all species at the early stages of infection, which is characterized by sublethal mitochondrial signalling inducing a protective type I interferon response. At the later stages, the transcriptional response of the host diverges in a species-dependent manner. This divergence is primarily driven by the extent of epithelial damage elicited by species-specific mechanisms, such as secretion of the toxin candidalysin by C. albicans. Our results uncover a dynamic, biphasic response of vaginal epithelial cells to Candida species, which is characterized by protective mitochondria-associated type I interferon signalling and a species-specific damage-driven response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pekmezovic
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Hrant Hovhannisyan
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain.,Mechanisms of Disease Department, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Elise Iracane
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - João Oliveira-Pacheco
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sofía Siscar-Lewin
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Eric Seemann
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Britta Qualmann
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Till Kalkreuter
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sylvia Müller
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Kamradt
- Institute of Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Geraldine Butler
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Science and UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain. .,Life Sciences Department, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain. .,Mechanisms of Disease Department, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany. .,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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7
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André AC, Debande L, Marteyn BS. The selective advantage of facultative anaerobes relies on their unique ability to cope with changing oxygen levels during infection. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13338. [PMID: 33813807 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, including those that are pathogenic, have been generally classified according to their ability to survive and grow in the presence or absence of oxygen: aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, respectively. Strict aerobes require oxygen to grow (e.g., Neisseria), and strict anaerobes grow exclusively without, and do not survive oxygen exposure (e.g., Clostridia); aerotolerant bacteria (e.g., Lactobacilli) are insensitive to oxygen exposure. Facultative anaerobes (e.g., E. coli) have the unique ability to grow in the presence or in the absence of oxygen and are thus well-adapted to these changing conditions, which may constitute an underestimated selective advantage for infection. In the WHO antibiotic-resistant 'priority pathogens' list, facultative anaerobes are overrepresented (8 among 12 listed pathogens), consistent with clinical studies performed in populations particularly susceptible to infectious diseases. Bacteria aerobic respiratory chain plays a central role in oxygen consumption, leading to the formation of hypoxic infectious sites (infectious hypoxia). Facultative anaerobes have developed a wide diversity of aerotolerance and anaerotolerance strategies in vivo. However, at a single cell level, the modulation of the intracellular oxygen level in host infected cells remains elusive and will be discussed in this review. In conclusion, the ability of facultative bacteria to evolve in the presence or the absence of oxygen is essential for their virulence strategy and constitute a selective advantage. TAKE AWAY: Most life-threatening pathogenic bacteria are facultative anaerobes. Only facultative anaerobes are aerotolerant, anaerotolerant and capable of consuming O2 . Facultative anaerobes induce and are well adapted to cellular hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin C André
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, CNRS UPR9002, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Lorine Debande
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, CNRS UPR9002, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoit S Marteyn
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, CNRS UPR9002, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Strasbourg, France.,Institut Pasteur, Unité de Pathogenèse des Infections Vasculaires, Paris Cedex 15, France
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8
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Discovery of Spilanthol Endoperoxide as a Redox Natural Compound Active against Mammalian Prx3 and Chlamydia trachomatis Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121220. [PMID: 33287170 PMCID: PMC7761737 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is a bacterial intracellular pathogen responsible for a plethora of diseases ranging from blindness to pelvic inflammatory diseases and cervical cancer. Although this disease is effectively treated with antibiotics, concerns for development of resistance prompt the need for new low-cost treatments. Here we report the activity of spilanthol (SPL), a natural compound with demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties, against Ct infections. Using chemical probes selective for imaging mitochondrial protein sulfenylation and complementary assays, we identify an increase in mitochondrial oxidative state by SPL as the underlying mechanism leading to disruption of host cell F-actin cytoskeletal organization and inhibition of chlamydial infection. The peroxidation product of SPL (SPL endoperoxide, SPLE), envisioned to be the active compound in the cellular milieu, was chemically synthesized and showed more potent anti-chlamydial activity. Comparison of SPL and SPLE reactivity with mammalian peroxiredoxins, demonstrated preferred reactivity of SPLE with Prx3, and virtual lack of SPL reaction with any of the reduced Prx isoforms investigated. Cumulatively, these findings support the function of SPL as a pro-drug, which is converted to SPLE in the cellular milieu leading to inhibition of Prx3, increased mitochondrial oxidation and disruption of F-actin network, and inhibition of Ct infection.
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9
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Thapa J, Hashimoto K, Sugawara S, Tsujikawa R, Okubo T, Nakamura S, Yamaguchi H. Hypoxia promotes Chlamydia trachomatis L2/434/Bu growth in immortal human epithelial cells via activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway and maintenance of a balanced NAD +/NADH ratio. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:441-450. [PMID: 32442683 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis LGV (CtL2) causes systemic infection and proliferates in lymph nodes as well as genital tract or rectum producing a robust inflammatory response, presumably leading to a low oxygen environment. We therefore assessed how CtL2 growth in immortal human epithelial cells adapts to hypoxic conditions. Assessment of inclusion forming units, the quantity of chlamydial 16S rDNA, and inclusion size showed that hypoxia promotes CtL2 growth. Under hypoxia, HIF-1α was stabilized and p53 was degraded in infected cells. Moreover, AKT was strongly phosphorylated at S473 by CtL2 infection. This activation was significantly diminished by LY-294002, a PI3K-AKT inhibitor, which decreased the number of CtL2 progeny. HIF-1α stabilizers (CoCl2, desferrioxamine) had no effect on increasing CtL2 growth, indicating no autocrine impact of growth factors produced by HIF-1α stabilization. Furthermore, in normoxia, CtL2 infection changed the NAD+/NADH ratio of cells with increased gapdh expression; in contrast, under hypoxia, the NAD+/NADH ratio was the same in infected and uninfected cells with high and stable expression of gapdh, suggesting that CtL2-infected cells adapted better to hypoxia. Together, these data indicate that hypoxia promotes CtL2 growth in immortal human epithelial cells by activating the PI3K-AKT pathway and maintaining the NAD+/NADH ratio with stably activated glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewan Thapa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Kent Hashimoto
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Saori Sugawara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Ryoya Tsujikawa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Torahiko Okubo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
| | - Shinji Nakamura
- Division of Biomedical Imaging Research, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Yamaguchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, North-12, West-5, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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10
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Rao M, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Immunometabolism and Pulmonary Infections: Implications for Protective Immune Responses and Host-Directed Therapies. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:962. [PMID: 31134013 PMCID: PMC6514247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology and clinical efficacy of immune cells from patients with infectious diseases or cancer are associated with metabolic programming. Host immune- and stromal-cell genetic and epigenetic signatures in response to the invading pathogen shape disease pathophysiology and disease outcomes. Directly linked to the immunometabolic axis is the role of the host microbiome, which is also discussed here in the context of productive immune responses to lung infections. We also present host-directed therapies (HDT) as a clinically viable strategy to refocus dysregulated immunometabolism in patients with infectious diseases, which requires validation in early phase clinical trials as adjuncts to conventional antimicrobial therapy. These efforts are expected to be continuously supported by newly generated basic and translational research data to gain a better understanding of disease pathology while devising new molecularly defined platforms and therapeutic options to improve the treatment of patients with pulmonary infections, particularly in relation to multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- ImmunoSurgery Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Oncology and Haematology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential and highly dynamic organelles whose morphology is determined by a steady-state balance between fusion and fission. Mitochondrial morphology and function are tightly connected. Because they are involved in many important cellular processes, including energy production, cell-autonomous immunity, and apoptosis, mitochondria present an attractive target for pathogens. Here, we explore the relationship between host cell mitochondria and intracellular bacteria, with a focus on mitochondrial morphology and function, as well as apoptosis. Modulation of apoptosis can allow bacteria to establish their replicative niche or support bacterial dissemination. Furthermore, bacteria can manipulate mitochondrial morphology and function through secreted effector proteins and can also contribute to the establishment of a successful infection, e.g., by favoring access to nutrients and/or evasion of the immune system.
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12
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Chlamydia trachomatis Growth and Cytokine mRNA Response in a Prostate Cancer Cell Line. Adv Urol 2019; 2019:6287057. [PMID: 30800160 PMCID: PMC6360031 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6287057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, we report that C. trachomatis can be efficiently propagated and affect mRNA expression for two major cytokines, relevant to tumor progression, in CWR-R1 cells, a malignant prostate cell line. CWR-R1 and McCoy cells, a classic cell line for chlamydial research, were grown and infected with C. trachomatis under similar conditions. Cell monolayers were harvested for RNA analysis and immunostaining with major outer membrane protein (MOMP) antibody at 24, 48, and 72 hours of the postinfection (hpi) period. It was shown that the infectious cycle of chlamydial pathogen in CWR-R1 cells resembles the progression of C. trachomatis infection in McCoy cells but with a few important differences. First of all, the initial stage of C. trachomatis propagation in CWR-R1 cells (24 hpi) was characterized by larger inclusion bodies and more intense, specific immunofluorescent staining of infected cells as compared with McCoy cells. Moreover, there was a corresponding increase in infective progeny formation in CWR-R1 cells along with mRNA for EUO, a crucial gene controlling the early phase of the chlamydial development cycle (24 hpi). These changes were more minimal and became statistically insignificant at a later time point in the infectious cycle (48 hpi). Altogether, these data suggest that the early phase of C. trachomatis infection in CWR-R1 cells is accompanied by more efficient propagation of the pathogen as compared with the growth of C. trachomatis in McCoy cells. Furthermore, propagation of C. trachomatis in CWR-R1 cells leads to enhanced transcription of interleukin-6 and fibroblast growth factor-2, genes encoding two important proinflammatory cytokines implicated in the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance of prostate cancer and its ability to metastasize. The possible roles of reactive oxygen species and impaired mitochondrial oxidation in the prostate cancer cell line are discussed as factors promoting the early stages of C. trachomatis growth in CWR-R1 cells.
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Kortesoja M, Karhu E, Olafsdottir ES, Freysdottir J, Hanski L. Impact of dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans from Schisandra chinensis on the redox status and activation of human innate immune system cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:309-317. [PMID: 30578916 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Redox signaling has been established as an essential component of inflammatory responses, and redox active compounds are of interest as potential immunomodulatory agents. Dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans isolated from Schisandra chinensis, a medicinal plant with widespread use in oriental medicine, have been implicated to possess immunomodulatory properties but their effects on the human innate immune system cells have not been described. In this contribution, data are presented on the impact of schisandrin, schisandrin B and schisandrin C on human monocytic cell redox status, as well as their impact on dendritic cell maturation and T cell activation capacity and cytokine production. In THP-1 cells, levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were elevated after 1 h exposure to schisandrin. Schisandrin B and schisandrin C decreased cellular glutathione pools, which is a phenotype previously reported to promote anti-inflammatory functions. Treatment of human primary monocytes with the lignans during their maturation to dendritic cells did not have any effect on the appearance of surface markers HLA-DR and CD86 but schisandrin B and schisandrin C suppressed the secretion of cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and IL-12 by the mature dendritic cells. Dendritic cells maturated in presence of schisandrin C were further cocultured with naïve CD4+ T cells, resulting in reduced IL-12 production. In THP-1 cells, schisandrin B and schisandrin C reduced the IL-6 and IL-12 production triggered by E. coli lipopolysaccharide and IL-12 production induced by an infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae. In conclusion, the studied lignans act as immunomodulatory agents by altering the cytokine secretion, but do not interfere with dendritic cell maturation. And the observed effects may be associated with the ability of the lignans to alter cellular redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Kortesoja
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Karhu
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elin Soffia Olafsdottir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jona Freysdottir
- Department of Immunology and Center for Rheumatology Research, Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Eiriksgata, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Leena Hanski
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Best A, Abu Kwaik Y. Nutrition and Bipartite Metabolism of Intracellular Pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:550-561. [PMID: 30655036 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The host is a nutrient-rich niche for microbial pathogens, but one that comes with obstacles and challenges. Many intracellular pathogens like Legionella pneumophila, Coxiella burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Chlamydia trachomatis have developed bipartite metabolism within their hosts. This style of metabolic regulation enables pathogen sensing of specific nutrients to engage them into catabolic and anabolic processes, and contributes to temporal and spatial pathogen phenotypic modulation. Not only have intracellular pathogens adapted their metabolism to the host, they have also acquired idiosyncratic strategies to exploit host nutritional supplies and intercept metabolites. Francisella tularensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum alter host autophagy, Shigella flexneri intercepts all host pyruvate, while L. pneumophila induces host protein degradation and blocks protein translation. Strategies of pathogen manipulation of host nutrients could serve as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Best
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yousef Abu Kwaik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA; Center for Predictive Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA.
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