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Ghosh SK, Shukla D, Mahor H, Srivastava SK, Bodhale N, Banerjee R, Saha B. Leishmania surface molecule lipophosphoglycan-TLR2 interaction moderates TPL2-mediated TLR2 signalling for parasite survival. Immunology 2024; 171:117-130. [PMID: 37849037 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, resides and replicates in macrophages and inflicts the potentially fatal disease visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The parasite-expressed surface lipophosphoglycan (LPG) was implicated in binding TLR2 on NK cells, but the modus operandi of its disease-promoting influence remained unknown. As TPL2, a member of the MAPK module in mammalian macrophages, was implicated in the anti-inflammatory immune response and promoting pathogen survival, we investigated the possibility of TPL2-directed LPG-TLR2 signalling in Leishmania infection. We observed that TLR2 or TPL2 blockade differentially influenced the TLR2 ligand proteoglycan (PGN)-induced p38MAPK and ERK-1/2 activation. TLR2 blockade abrogated the PGN-induced TPL2 activation. L. donovani infection impaired the Akt activation whereas, upon TPL2 inhibition, the infection fails to control Akt phosphorylation. In L. donovani-infected macrophages, TLR2 blocking negatively affected p38, Akt and TPL2 phosphorylation while ERK1/2 phosphorylation increased relative to the infection alone. TPL2 blockade reduced TGF-β, but increased TNF-α expression and diminished amastigote count in macrophages. While exploring stimulation patterns of TLR2 ligands, LPG, unlike PGN, selectively increased TLR2 expression in macrophages. LPG blockade increased p38MAPK and AKT, but slightly affected ERK-1/2 and significantly reduced TPL2 phosphorylation from L. donovani-infected macrophages. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics analysis drew a parallel between LPG's glycan chain lengths with the frequency of interaction with TLR2 which might impact TLR2 signalling. Therefore, the parasite regulates the TLR2 signalling via TPL2 when elicited by LPG-TLR2 interaction for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kanti Ghosh
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Hima Mahor
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | | | | | - Raja Banerjee
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Nadia, West Bengal, India
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Shadmand E, Solhjoo K, Taghipour A, Tayer AH, Sadeghi F, Meshkin A. Healing effects of autologous platelet gel and growth factors on cutaneous leishmaniasis wounds in addition to antimony; a self-controlled clinical trial with randomized lesion assignment. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:200. [PMID: 37689656 PMCID: PMC10493010 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autologous platelet gel (APG) is used in most surgeries to treat a variety of tissue defects because of its healing factors composition. This randomized parallel clinical trial was conducted to investigate the healing effects of APG on cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) wounds. Eighteen male patients with CL wounds were recruited and followed for two months. The patients had more than one cutaneous wound, one of which was examined as the control and the other one as the intervention wound. APG was applied to the intervention wounds once a week, up to eight times. The primary endpoint was wound healing which defined as complete epithelialization and tissue granulation. Other clinical evaluation criteria were assessment of the wound size, and histopathology analyses. RESULTS Of 18 patients, 15 patients completed the trial (83.3%, mean age 28 years). The use of APG on the wounds was associated with complete and faster healing in 66% of the wounds and partial healing in 34% of the wounds. During the study, none of the control wounds were completely healed. The wound area in the intervention cases showed a statistically significant decrease throughout the study (P < 0.01) compared with controls. Following treatment of CL lesions with APG, the inflammatory process in the epidermis and dermis were decreased significantly (P < 0.01) compared with controls. CONCLUSION Our preliminary results confirm the clinical healing improvement described in the literature for APG-GF treatment of chronic non-leishmania wounds via immunomodulation. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCT, IRCT20190212042694N1. Registered 20 February 2019, https://en.irct.ir/trial/37522.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayatollah Shadmand
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Kavous Solhjoo
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Akbar Hashemi Tayer
- Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Sadeghi
- School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Ahmad Meshkin
- School of Medicine, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
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Gu B, Yang M, Shi L, Yuan G, Xie H, Ni B. Progranulin modulates the progression of non-small cell lung cancer through lncRNA H19. Am J Transl Res 2023; 15:4887-4901. [PMID: 37560245 PMCID: PMC10408529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the specific mechanism of action of Progranulin (PGRN) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its interaction with lncRNA H19. METHODS Normal and cancerous lung tissues were collected from patients with NSCLC and healthy volunteers. We assessed the expression of PGRN in both groups using immunohistochemistry, quantitative-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blotting (WB). RESULTS Compared to the controls, PGRN expression was noticeably higher in tumor tissues. The high expression of PGRN in patients with NSCLC was inversely correlated to the prognosis and strongly associated with the biological features and clinicopathologic data. High PGRN expression significantly improved the ability of NSCLC cells to proliferate and migrate and was positively correlated with tumor formation, based on in vitro and in vivo cellular tests. Expression of lncRNA H19 was also found to be elevated in NSCLC tissue and cells. The expression of H19 was correlated with tumor growth in vivo and in vitro, and H19 regulated PGRN by mediating the expression of miR-29b-3p. CONCLUSIONS H19 and PGRN can serve as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Gu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Huai’an No. 1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University1 Huanghe West Road, Huai’an 223300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Maoyuan Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangda Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University16 Baita West Road, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongya Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University16 Baita West Road, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin Ni
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University899 Pinghai Road, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu, China
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Therapeutic Efficacy of Arnica in Hamsters with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis and L. tropica. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070776. [PMID: 35890075 PMCID: PMC9321785 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis may occur in three different clinical forms, namely, visceral, mucocutaneous and cutaneous, which are caused by different species of trypanosomatid protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Pentavalent antimonials are the leading treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis despite the hepatic, renal, and cardiac toxicity. In addition, the response of some Leishmania species to pentavalent antimonials is increasingly poorer, and therefore new and more potent therapeutic alternatives are needed. Arnica montana L., Asteraceae, is a traditional medicinal plant of Europe and preparations of its flowers are commonly used externally to treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system as well as superficial inflammatory conditions. Previous studies have shown that Arnica tincture (AT), an ethanolic extract prepared from the flowerheads of Arnica montana as well as isolated Arnica sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) have antileishmanial activity in vitro against L. donovani and L. infantum, as well as in vivo against L. braziliensis. In this work, we studied the in vitro cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of AT and STLs against both L. braziliensis and L. tropica. The in vivo therapeutic effect of AT was studied in hamsters with cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) caused by experimental infection with L. braziliensis and L. tropica. Furthermore, various semisolid Arnica preparations were also evaluated against L. braziliensis. The STLs and the AT possess a very high in vitro activity against both Leishmania species with median effective concentrations (EC50) ranging from 1.9 to 5.9 μg/mL. The AT was not cytotoxic for human tissue macrophages, skin fibroblasts, and hepatic cells. The therapeutic response of hamsters infected with L. braziliensis to the topical treatment with AT was 87.5% at a dose of 19.2 μg STL/2× day/60 d, 72.7% at doses of 19.2 μg STL/1× d/60 d and 67% at a dose of 38.4 μg STL/2× d/60 d. In turn, the therapeutic response in hamsters infected with L. tropica was 100% when treated at a dose of 19.2 μg STL/2× day/60 d and 71% at a dose of 38.4 μg STL/2× d/60 d. On the other hand, the effectiveness of treatment with glucantime administered intralesionally at a dose of 200 mg/every three days for 30 days was 62.5% for L. braziliensis and 37.5% for L. tropica infection. These results are promising and encourage the implementation of clinical trials with AT in CL patients as a first step to using AT as a drug against CL.
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Seth A, Kar S. Host-directed antileishmanial interventions: Harvesting unripe fruits to reach fruition. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 42:217-236. [PMID: 35275772 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2047670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an exemplary paradigm of immune evasion, fraught with the perils of limited clinical assistance, escalating costs of treatment and made worse with the lack of suitable vaccine. While drugs remain central to large-scale disease control, the growing emergence of parasite resistance necessitates the need for combination therapy involving host-directed immunological agents. Also, since prolonged disease progression is associated with strong immune suppression of the host, augmentation of host immunity via restoration of the immunoregulatory circuit involving antigen-presenting cells and T-cells, activation of macrophage function and/or CD4+ T helper 1 cell differentiation may serve as an ideal approach to resolve severe cases of leishmaniasis. As such, therapies that embody a synergistic approach that involve direct killing of the parasite in addition to elevating host immunity are likely to pave the way for widespread elimination of leishmaniasis in the future. With this review, we aim to recapitulate the various immunotherapeutic agents found to hold promise in antileishmanial treatment both in vitro and in vivo. These include parasite-specific antigens, dendritic cell-targeted therapy, recombinant inhibitors of various components intrinsic to immune cell signaling and agonists or antagonists to immune cells and cytokines. We also summarize their abilities to direct therapeutic skewing of the host cell-immune response and review their potential to combat the disease either alone, or as adjunct modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Seth
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Susanta Kar
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Kumari D, Singh K. Exploring the paradox of defense between host and Leishmania parasite. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 102:108400. [PMID: 34890999 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, still remains a global concern for the healthcare sector. The primary causative agents of the disease comprise diverse leishmanial species, leading to recurring failures in disease diagnosis and delaying the initiation of appropriate chemotherapy. Various species of the Leishmania parasite cause diverse clinical manifestations ranging from skin ulcers to systemic infections. Therefore, host immunity in response to different forms of infecting species of Leishmania becomes pivotal in disease progression or regression. Thus, understanding the paradox of immune arsenals during host and parasite interface becomes crucial to eliminate this deadly disease. In the present review, we have elaborated on the immunological perspectives of the disease and discussed primary host immune cells that form a defense line to counteract parasite infection. Furthermore, we also have shed light on the immune cells and effector molecules responsible for parasite survival in host lethal milieu/ environment. Next, we have highlighted recent molecules/compounds showing potent leishmanicidal activities pertaining to their pro-oxidant and immuno-modulatory mechanisms. This review addresses an immuno-biological overview of the factors influencing the parasitic disease, as this knowledge can aid in the unraveling/ identification of potential biomarkers, novel therapeutics, and vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Paiva MB, Ribeiro-Romão RP, Resende-Vieira L, Braga-Gomes T, Oliveira MP, Saavedra AF, Silva-Couto L, Albuquerque HG, Moreira OC, Pinto EF, Da-Cruz AM, Gomes-Silva A. A Cytokine Network Balance Influences the Fate of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Infection in a Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Hamster Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:656919. [PMID: 34276650 PMCID: PMC8281932 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.656919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The golden hamster is a suitable model for studying cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Immunopathological mechanisms are well established in the L. (L.) major-mouse model, in which IL-4 instructs a Th2 response towards progressive infection. In the present study, we evaluated the natural history of L. braziliensis infection from its first stages up to lesion establishment, with the aim of identifying immunological parameters associated with the disease outcome and parasitism fate. To this end, hamsters infected with 104, 105, or 106 promastigotes were monitored during the first hours (4h, 24h), early (15 days, 30 days) and late (50 days) post-infection (pi) phases. Cytokines, iNOS and arginase gene expression were quantified in the established lesions by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Compared to the 105 or 106 groups, 104 animals presented lower lesions sizes, less tissue damage, and lower IgG levels. Basal gene expression in normal skin was high for TGF-β, and intermediary for TNF, IL-6, and IL-4. At 4hpi, no cytokine induction was observed in the 104 group, while an upregulation of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-4 was observed in the 106 group. At 15dpi, lesion appearance was accompanied by an increased expression of all assessed cytokines, markedly in the 105 and 106 groups. Upregulation of all investigated cytokines was observed in the late phase, although less expressive in the 104 group. IFN-γ was the depending variable influencing tissue damage, while IL-6 was associated to parasite load. The network correlating gene expression and clinical and laboratorial parameters indicated inoculum-independent associations at 15 and 30dpi. A strong positive network correlation was observed in the 104 group, but not in the 105 or 106 groups. In conclusion, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β are linked o L. braziliensis progression. However, a balanced cytokine network is the key for an immune response able to reduce the ongoing infection and reduce pathological damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milla B Paiva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Resende-Vieira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thais Braga-Gomes
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia P Oliveira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrea F Saavedra
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luzinei Silva-Couto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hermano G Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otacilio C Moreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Fonseca Pinto
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Rede de Pesquisas em Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Disciplina de Parasitologia-DMIP, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,The National Institute of Science and Technology on Neuroimmunomodulation (INCT-NIM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Liu C, Li J, Shi W, Zhang L, Liu S, Lian Y, Liang S, Wang H. Progranulin Regulates Inflammation and Tumor. Antiinflamm Antiallergy Agents Med Chem 2021; 19:88-102. [PMID: 31339079 PMCID: PMC7475802 DOI: 10.2174/1871523018666190724124214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) mediates cell cycle progression and cell motility as a pleiotropic growth factor and acts as a universal regulator of cell growth, migration and transformation, cell cycle, wound healing, tumorigenesis, and cytotoxic drug resistance as a secreted glycoprotein. PGRN overexpression can induce the secretion of many inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-8, -6,-10, TNF-α. At the same time, this protein can promote tumor proliferation and the occurrence and development of many related diseases such as gastric cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, renal injury, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammatory, human atherosclerotic plaque, hepatocarcinoma, acute kidney injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In short, PGRN plays a very critical role in injury repair and tumorigenesis, it provides a new direction for succeeding research and serves as a target for clinical diagnosis and treatment, thus warranting further investigation. Here, we discuss the potential therapeutic utility and the effect of PGRN on the relationship between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Liu
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Wenjing Shi
- Department of Gynecology, Weifang Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Liujia Zhang
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Yingcong Lian
- Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Shujuan Liang
- Key Lab for Immunology in Universities of Shandong Province, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Pathogenic Microbiology, Clinical Medical College, Weifang Medical University, Shandong 261053, China
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