1
|
Belean A, Xue E, Cisneros B, Roberson EDO, Paley MA, Bigley TM. Transcriptomic profiling of thymic dysregulation and viral tropism after neonatal roseolovirus infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1375508. [PMID: 38895117 PMCID: PMC11183875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1375508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Herpesviruses, including the roseoloviruses, have been linked to autoimmune disease. The ubiquitous and chronic nature of these infections have made it difficult to establish a causal relationship between acute infection and subsequent development of autoimmunity. We have shown that murine roseolovirus (MRV), which is highly related to human roseoloviruses, induces thymic atrophy and disruption of central tolerance after neonatal infection. Moreover, neonatal MRV infection results in development of autoimmunity in adult mice, long after resolution of acute infection. This suggests that MRV induces durable immune dysregulation. Methods In the current studies, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) to study the tropism of MRV in the thymus and determine cellular processes in the thymus that were disrupted by neonatal MRV infection. We then utilized tropism data to establish a cell culture system. Results Herein, we describe how MRV alters the thymic transcriptome during acute neonatal infection. We found that MRV infection resulted in major shifts in inflammatory, differentiation and cell cycle pathways in the infected thymus. We also observed shifts in the relative number of specific cell populations. Moreover, utilizing expression of late viral transcripts as a proxy of viral replication, we identified the cellular tropism of MRV in the thymus. This approach demonstrated that double negative, double positive, and CD4 single positive thymocytes, as well as medullary thymic epithelial cells were infected by MRV in vivo. Finally, by applying pseudotime analysis to viral transcripts, which we refer to as "pseudokinetics," we identified viral gene transcription patterns associated with specific cell types and infection status. We utilized this information to establish the first cell culture systems susceptible to MRV infection in vitro. Conclusion Our research provides the first complete picture of roseolovirus tropism in the thymus after neonatal infection. Additionally, we identified major transcriptomic alterations in cell populations in the thymus during acute neonatal MRV infection. These studies offer important insight into the early events that occur after neonatal MRV infection that disrupt central tolerance and promote autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Belean
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Eden Xue
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Benjamin Cisneros
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Elisha D. O. Roberson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Michael A. Paley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Tarin M. Bigley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ekka R, Gutierrez A, Johnson KA, Tan M, Sütterlin C. Chlamydia trachomatis induces disassembly of the primary cilium to promote the intracellular infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012303. [PMID: 38885287 PMCID: PMC11213297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is a clinically important bacterium that infects epithelial cells of the genitourinary and respiratory tracts and the eye. These differentiated cells are in a quiescent growth state and have a surface organelle called a primary cilium, but the standard Chlamydia cell culture infection model uses cycling cells that lack primary cilia. To investigate if these differences are relevant, we performed infections with host cells that have a primary cilium. We found that C. trachomatis caused progressive loss of the primary cilium that was prevented by disrupting Aurora A (AurA), HDAC6 or calmodulin, which are components of the cellular cilia disassembly pathway. Stabilization of the primary cilium by targeting this pathway caused a large reduction in infectious progeny although there were no changes in chlamydial inclusion growth, chlamydial replication or the ultrastructural appearance of dividing and infectious forms (RBs and EBs, respectively). Thus, the presence of a primary cilium interfered with the production of infectious EBs at a late step in the developmental cycle. C. trachomatis infection also induced quiescent cells to re-enter the cell cycle, as detected by EdU incorporation in S-phase, and Chlamydia-induced cilia disassembly was necessary for cell cycle re-entry. This study therefore describes a novel host-pathogen interaction in which the primary cilium limits a productive Chlamydia infection, and the bacterium counteracts this host cell defense by activating the cellular cilia disassembly pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseleen Ekka
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Abraham Gutierrez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kirsten A. Johnson
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Christine Sütterlin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karbassi E, Padgett R, Bertero A, Reinecke H, Klaiman JM, Yang X, Hauschka SD, Murry CE. Targeted CRISPR activation is functional in engineered human pluripotent stem cells but undergoes silencing after differentiation into cardiomyocytes and endothelium. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:95. [PMID: 38372898 PMCID: PMC10876724 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05101-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offer opportunities to study human biology where primary cell types are limited. CRISPR technology allows forward genetic screens using engineered Cas9-expressing cells. Here, we sought to generate a CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) hiPSC line to activate endogenous genes during pluripotency and differentiation. We first targeted catalytically inactive Cas9 fused to VP64, p65 and Rta activators (dCas9-VPR) regulated by the constitutive CAG promoter to the AAVS1 safe harbor site. These CRISPRa hiPSC lines effectively activate target genes in pluripotency, however the dCas9-VPR transgene expression is silenced after differentiation into cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. To understand this silencing, we systematically tested different safe harbor sites and different promoters. Targeting to safe harbor sites hROSA26 and CLYBL loci also yielded hiPSCs that expressed dCas9-VPR in pluripotency but silenced during differentiation. Muscle-specific regulatory cassettes, derived from cardiac troponin T or muscle creatine kinase promoters, were also silent after differentiation when dCas9-VPR was introduced. In contrast, in cell lines where the dCas9-VPR sequence was replaced with cDNAs encoding fluorescent proteins, expression persisted during differentiation in all loci and with all promoters. Promoter DNA was hypermethylated in CRISPRa-engineered lines, and demethylation with 5-azacytidine enhanced dCas9-VPR gene expression. In summary, the dCas9-VPR cDNA is readily expressed from multiple loci during pluripotency but induces silencing in a locus- and promoter-independent manner during differentiation to mesoderm derivatives. Researchers intending to use this CRISPRa strategy during stem cell differentiation should pilot their system to ensure it remains active in their population of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Karbassi
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ruby Padgett
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alessandro Bertero
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Hans Reinecke
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jordan M Klaiman
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Xiulan Yang
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Stephen D Hauschka
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Center for Translational Muscle Research, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Charles E Murry
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Guterres A, Filho PNS, Moura-Neto V. Breaking Barriers: A Future Perspective on Glioblastoma Therapy with mRNA-Based Immunotherapies and Oncolytic Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:61. [PMID: 38250874 PMCID: PMC10818651 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of mRNA-based immunotherapies that leverage the genomes of oncolytic viruses holds significant promise in addressing glioblastoma (GBM), an exceptionally aggressive neurological tumor. We explore the significance of mRNA-based platforms in the area of immunotherapy, introducing an innovative approach to mitigate the risks associated with the use of live viruses in cancer treatment. The ability to customize oncolytic virus genome sequences enables researchers to precisely target specific cancer cells, either through viral genome segments containing structural proteins or through a combination of regions with oncolytic potential. This strategy may enhance treatment effectiveness while minimizing unintended impacts on non-cancerous cells. A notable case highlighted here pertains to advanced findings regarding the application of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in GBM treatment. ZIKV, a member of the family Flaviviridae, shows oncolytic properties against GBM, opening novel therapeutic avenues. We explore intensive investigations of glioblastoma stem cells, recognized as key drivers in GBM initiation, progression, and resistance to therapy. However, a comprehensive elucidation of ZIKV's underlying mechanisms is imperative to pave the way for ZIKV-based clinical trials targeting GBM patients. This investigation into harnessing the potential of oncolytic-virus genomes for mRNA-based immunotherapies underscores its noteworthy implications, potentially paving the way for a paradigm shift in cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandro Guterres
- Laboratório de Hantaviroses e Rickettsioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
- Laboratório de Tecnologia Imunológica, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Vice-Diretoria de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Bio-Manguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro 20231-092, RJ, Brazil; (P.N.S.F.)
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Betsinger CN, Justice JL, Tyl MD, Edgar JE, Budayeva HG, Abu YF, Cristea IM. Sirtuin 2 promotes human cytomegalovirus replication by regulating cell cycle progression. mSystems 2023; 8:e0051023. [PMID: 37916830 PMCID: PMC10734535 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00510-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study expands the growing understanding that protein acetylation is a highly regulated molecular toggle of protein function in both host anti-viral defense and viral replication. We describe a pro-viral role for the human enzyme SIRT2, showing that its deacetylase activity supports HCMV replication. By integrating quantitative proteomics, flow cytometry cell cycle assays, microscopy, and functional virology assays, we investigate the temporality of SIRT2 functions and substrates. We identify a pro-viral role for the SIRT2 deacetylase activity via regulation of CDK2 K6 acetylation and the G1-S cell cycle transition. These findings highlight a link between viral infection, protein acetylation, and cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cora N. Betsinger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joshua L. Justice
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Matthew D. Tyl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julia E. Edgar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hanna G. Budayeva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yaa F. Abu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moniruzzaman M, Erazo Garcia MP, Farzad R, Ha AD, Jivaji A, Karki S, Sheyn U, Stanton J, Minch B, Stephens D, Hancks DC, Rodrigues RAL, Abrahao JS, Vardi A, Aylward FO. Virologs, viral mimicry, and virocell metabolism: the expanding scale of cellular functions encoded in the complex genomes of giant viruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad053. [PMID: 37740576 PMCID: PMC10583209 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylum Nucleocytoviricota includes the largest and most complex viruses known. These "giant viruses" have a long evolutionary history that dates back to the early diversification of eukaryotes, and over time they have evolved elaborate strategies for manipulating the physiology of their hosts during infection. One of the most captivating of these mechanisms involves the use of genes acquired from the host-referred to here as viral homologs or "virologs"-as a means of promoting viral propagation. The best-known examples of these are involved in mimicry, in which viral machinery "imitates" immunomodulatory elements in the vertebrate defense system. But recent findings have highlighted a vast and rapidly expanding array of other virologs that include many genes not typically found in viruses, such as those involved in translation, central carbon metabolism, cytoskeletal structure, nutrient transport, vesicular trafficking, and light harvesting. Unraveling the roles of virologs during infection as well as the evolutionary pathways through which complex functional repertoires are acquired by viruses are important frontiers at the forefront of giant virus research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33149, United States
| | - Maria Paula Erazo Garcia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Roxanna Farzad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Anh D Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Abdeali Jivaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Sangita Karki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Uri Sheyn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Joshua Stanton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Benjamin Minch
- Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33149, United States
| | - Danae Stephens
- Rosenstiel School of Marine Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33149, United States
| | - Dustin C Hancks
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Rodrigo A L Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Jonatas S Abrahao
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Frank O Aylward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-Borne Infectious Disease, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Andersen O, Ernberg I, Hedström AK. Treatment Options for Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:4599-4620. [PMID: 37465179 PMCID: PMC10351589 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s375624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a causative agent for several types of lymphomas and mucosal cancers, is a human lymphotropic herpesvirus with the capacity to establish lifelong latent infection. More than 90% of the human population worldwide is infected. The primary infection is usually asymptomatic in childhood, whereas infectious mononucleosis (IM) is common when the infection occurs in adolescence. Primary EBV infection, with or without IM, or reactivation of latent infection in immunocompromised individuals have been associated with a wide range of neurologic conditions, such as encephalitis, meningitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and cerebellitis. EBV is also involved in malignant lymphomas in the brain. An increasing number of reports on EBV-related disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) including the convincing association with multiple sclerosis (MS) have put in focus EBV-related conditions beyond its established link to malignancies. In this review, we present the clinical manifestations of EBV-related CNS-disorders, put them in the context of known EBV biology and focus on available treatment options and future therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluf Andersen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Ernberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum Q8C, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 171 77, Sweden
| | - Anna Karin Hedström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xue Y, Mei H, Chen Y, Griffin JD, Liu Q, Weisberg E, Yang J. Repurposing clinically available drugs and therapies for pathogenic targets to combat SARS-CoV-2. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e254. [PMID: 37193304 PMCID: PMC10183156 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected a large portion of the global population, both physically and mentally. Current evidence suggests that the rapidly evolving coronavirus subvariants risk rendering vaccines and antibodies ineffective due to their potential to evade existing immunity, with enhanced transmission activity and higher reinfection rates that could lead to new outbreaks across the globe. The goal of viral management is to disrupt the viral life cycle as well as to relieve severe symptoms such as lung damage, cytokine storm, and organ failure. In the fight against viruses, the combination of viral genome sequencing, elucidation of the structure of viral proteins, and identifying proteins that are highly conserved across multiple coronaviruses has revealed many potential molecular targets. In addition, the time- and cost-effective repurposing of preexisting antiviral drugs or approved/clinical drugs for these targets offers considerable clinical advantages for COVID-19 patients. This review provides a comprehensive overview of various identified pathogenic targets and pathways as well as corresponding repurposed approved/clinical drugs and their potential against COVID-19. These findings provide new insight into the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies that could be applied to the control of disease symptoms emanating from evolving SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Xue
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Husheng Mei
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
| | - Yisa Chen
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - James D. Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
- University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhuiChina
- Hefei Cancer HospitalChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| | - Ellen Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesHefeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roa-Linares VC, Escudero-Flórez M, Vicente-Manzanares M, Gallego-Gómez JC. Host Cell Targets for Unconventional Antivirals against RNA Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030776. [PMID: 36992484 PMCID: PMC10058429 DOI: 10.3390/v15030776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 crisis has highlighted the importance of RNA-based viruses. The most prominent members of this group are SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), EBOV (Ebola virus), DENV (dengue virus), HCV (hepatitis C virus), ZIKV (Zika virus), CHIKV (chikungunya virus), and influenza A virus. With the exception of retroviruses which produce reverse transcriptase, the majority of RNA viruses encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerases which do not include molecular proofreading tools, underlying the high mutation capacity of these viruses as they multiply in the host cells. Together with their ability to manipulate the immune system of the host in different ways, their high mutation frequency poses a challenge to develop effective and durable vaccination and/or treatments. Consequently, the use of antiviral targeting agents, while an important part of the therapeutic strategy against infection, may lead to the selection of drug-resistant variants. The crucial role of the host cell replicative and processing machinery is essential for the replicative cycle of the viruses and has driven attention to the potential use of drugs directed to the host machinery as therapeutic alternatives to treat viral infections. In this review, we discuss small molecules with antiviral effects that target cellular factors in different steps of the infectious cycle of many RNA viruses. We emphasize the repurposing of FDA-approved drugs with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Finally, we postulate that the ferruginol analog (18-(phthalimide-2-yl) ferruginol) is a potential host-targeted antiviral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicky C Roa-Linares
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Manuela Escudero-Flórez
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| | - Miguel Vicente-Manzanares
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan C Gallego-Gómez
- Molecular and Translation Medicine Group, University of Antioquia, Medellin 050010, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Soni S, Mebratu YA. B-cell lymphoma-2 family proteins-activated proteases as potential therapeutic targets for influenza A virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: Killing two birds with one stone? Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2411. [PMID: 36451345 PMCID: PMC9877712 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a global health emergency. There are many similarities between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV); both are single-stranded RNA viruses infecting airway epithelial cells and have similar modes of replication and transmission. Like IAVs, SARS-CoV-2 infections poses serious challenges due to the lack of effective therapeutic interventions, frequent appearances of new strains of the virus, and development of drug resistance. New approaches to control these infectious agents may stem from cellular factors or pathways that directly or indirectly interact with viral proteins to enhance or inhibit virus replication. One of the emerging concepts is that host cellular factors and pathways are required for maintaining viral genome integrity, which is essential for viral replication. Although IAVs have been studied for several years and many cellular proteins involved in their replication and pathogenesis have been identified, very little is known about how SARS-CoV-2 hijacks host cellular proteins to promote their replication. IAV induces apoptotic cell death, mediated by the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family proteins in infected epithelia, and the pro-apoptotic members of this family promotes viral replication by activating host cell proteases. This review compares the life cycle and mode of replication of IAV and SARS-CoV-2 and examines the potential roles of host cellular proteins, belonging to the Bcl-2 family, in SARS-CoV-2 replication to provide future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Yohannes A. Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineDepartment of Internal MedicineThe Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOhioUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Merino VF, Yan Y, Ordonez AA, Bullen CK, Lee A, Saeki H, Ray K, Huang T, Jain SK, Pomper MG. Nucleolin mediates SARS-CoV-2 replication and viral-induced apoptosis of host cells. Antiviral Res 2023; 211:105550. [PMID: 36740097 PMCID: PMC9896859 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Host-oriented antiviral therapeutics are promising treatment options to combat COVID-19 and its emerging variants. However, relatively little is known about the cellular proteins hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 for its replication. Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 induces expression and cytoplasmic translocation of the nucleolar protein, nucleolin (NCL). NCL interacts with SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins and co-localizes with N-protein in the nucleolus and in stress granules. Knockdown of NCL decreases the stress granule component G3BP1, viral replication and improved survival of infected host cells. NCL mediates viral-induced apoptosis and stress response via p53. SARS-CoV-2 increases NCL expression and nucleolar size and number in lungs of infected hamsters. Inhibition of NCL with the aptamer AS-1411 decreases viral replication and apoptosis of infected cells. These results suggest nucleolin as a suitable target for anti-COVID therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa F Merino
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Yu Yan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Alvaro A Ordonez
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - C Korin Bullen
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Albert Lee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harumi Saeki
- Department of Human Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xuyang L, Cristina LM, Laura MA, Xu P. A clade of RHH proteins ubiquitous in Sulfolobales and their viruses regulates cell cycle progression. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:1724-1739. [PMID: 36727447 PMCID: PMC9976892 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle regulation is crucial for all living organisms and is often targeted by viruses to facilitate their own propagation, yet cell cycle progression control is largely underexplored in archaea. In this work, we reveal a cell cycle regulator (aCcr1) carrying a ribbon-helix-helix (RHH) domain and ubiquitous in the Thermoproteota of the order Sulfolobales and their viruses. Overexpression of several aCcr1 members including gp21 of rudivirus SIRV2 and its host homolog SiL_0190 of Saccharolobus islandicus LAL14/1 results in impairment of cell division, evidenced by growth retardation, cell enlargement and an increase in cellular DNA content. Additionally, both gp21 and SiL_0190 can bind to the motif AGTATTA conserved in the promoter of several genes involved in cell division, DNA replication and cellular metabolism thereby repressing or inducing their transcription. Our results suggest that aCcr1 silences cell division and drives progression to the S-phase in Sulfolobales, a function exploited by viruses to facilitate viral propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xuyang
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Lozano-Madueño Cristina
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Martínez-Alvarez Laura
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Targeting Human Proteins for Antiviral Drug Discovery and Repurposing Efforts: A Focus on Protein Kinases. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020568. [PMID: 36851782 PMCID: PMC9966946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great technological and medical advances in fighting viral diseases, new therapies for most of them are still lacking, and existing antivirals suffer from major limitations regarding drug resistance and a limited spectrum of activity. In fact, most approved antivirals are directly acting antiviral (DAA) drugs, which interfere with viral proteins and confer great selectivity towards their viral targets but suffer from resistance and limited spectrum. Nowadays, host-targeted antivirals (HTAs) are on the rise, in the drug discovery and development pipelines, in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. These drugs target host proteins involved in the virus life cycle and are considered promising alternatives to DAAs due to their broader spectrum and lower potential for resistance. Herein, we discuss an important class of HTAs that modulate signal transduction pathways by targeting host kinases. Kinases are considered key enzymes that control virus-host interactions. We also provide a synopsis of the antiviral drug discovery and development pipeline detailing antiviral kinase targets, drug types, therapeutic classes for repurposed drugs, and top developing organizations. Furthermore, we detail the drug design and repurposing considerations, as well as the limitations and challenges, for kinase-targeted antivirals, including the choice of the binding sites, physicochemical properties, and drug combinations.
Collapse
|
14
|
Prado CADS, Fonseca DLM, Singh Y, Filgueiras IS, Baiocchi GC, Plaça DR, Marques AHC, Dantas-Komatsu RCS, Usuda JN, Freire PP, Salgado RC, Napoleao SMDS, Ramos RN, Rocha V, Zhou G, Catar R, Moll G, Camara NOS, de Miranda GC, Calich VLG, Giil LM, Mishra N, Tran F, Luchessi AD, Nakaya HI, Ochs HD, Jurisica I, Schimke LF, Cabral-Marques O. Integrative systems immunology uncovers molecular networks of the cell cycle that stratify COVID-19 severity. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28450. [PMID: 36597912 PMCID: PMC10107240 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Several perturbations in the number of peripheral blood leukocytes, such as neutrophilia and lymphopenia associated with Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity, point to systemic molecular cell cycle alterations during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, the landscape of cell cycle alterations in COVID-19 remains primarily unexplored. Here, we performed an integrative systems immunology analysis of publicly available proteome and transcriptome data to characterize global changes in the cell cycle signature of COVID-19 patients. We found significantly enriched cell cycle-associated gene co-expression modules and an interconnected network of cell cycle-associated differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and genes (DEGs) by integrating the molecular data of 1469 individuals (981 SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and 488 controls [either healthy controls or individuals with other respiratory illnesses]). Among these DEPs and DEGs are several cyclins, cell division cycles, cyclin-dependent kinases, and mini-chromosome maintenance proteins. COVID-19 patients partially shared the expression pattern of some cell cycle-associated genes with other respiratory illnesses but exhibited some specific differential features. Notably, the cell cycle signature predominated in the patients' blood leukocytes (B, T, and natural killer cells) and was associated with COVID-19 severity and disease trajectories. These results provide a unique global understanding of distinct alterations in cell cycle-associated molecules in COVID-19 patients, suggesting new putative pathways for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Aliane de Souza Prado
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennyson Leandro M Fonseca
- Interunit Postgraduate Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Youvika Singh
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Salerno Filgueiras
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Crispim Baiocchi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Desirée Rodrigues Plaça
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre H C Marques
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia N Usuda
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Paccielli Freire
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ranieri Coelho Salgado
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Nalio Ramos
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Directed Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Departament of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto D'Or de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital São Luiz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanderson Rocha
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Directed Therapy in Onco-Immuno-Hematology (LIM-31), Departament of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto D'Or de Ensino e Pesquisa, Hospital São Luiz, São Paulo, Brazil.,Fundação Pró-Sangue-Hemocentro de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Hematology, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guangyan Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rusan Catar
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guido Moll
- Department of Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) and Berlin Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), all Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gustavo Cabral de Miranda
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Garcia Calich
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lasse M Giil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Neha Mishra
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Tran
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Ducati Luchessi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicology Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, UHN, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Research Institute, UHN, Data Science Discovery Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lena F Schimke
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otavio Cabral-Marques
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Interunit Postgraduate Program on Bioinformatics, Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacy and Postgraduate Program of Health and Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Medical Investigation 29, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang H, Duan X, Liu G, Li Y, Dong S, Lin J, Zhang R, Cai X, Shan H. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of PK15 cells infected with a PRV variant and the Bartha-K/61 vaccine strain. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1164170. [PMID: 37213521 PMCID: PMC10196252 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1164170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a herpesvirus that can infect domestic animals, such as pigs, cattle and sheep, and cause fever, itching (except pigs), and encephalomyelitis. In particular, the emergence of PRV variants in 2011 have resulted in serious economic losses to the Chinese pig industry. However, the signaling pathways mediated by PRV variants and their related mechanisms are not fully understood. Methods Here, we performed RNA-seq to compare the gene expression profiling between PRV virulent SD2017-infected PK15 cells and Bartha-K/61-infected PK15 cells. Results The results showed that 5,030 genes had significantly different expression levels, with 2,239 upregulated and 2,791 downregulated. GO enrichment analysis showed that SD2017 significantly up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mainly enriched in the binding of cell cycle, protein and chromatin, while down-regulated DEGs were mainly enriched in ribosomes. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the pathways most enriched for upregulated DEGs were pathways in cancer, cell cycle, microRNAs in cancer, mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy-animal. The most down-regulated pathways of DEGs enrichment were ribosome, oxidative phosphorylation, and thermogenesis. These KEGG pathways were involved in cell cycle, signal transduction, autophagy, and virus-host cell interactions. Discussion Our study provides a general overview of host cell responses to PRV virulent infection and lays a foundation for further study of the infection mechanism of PRV variant strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Duan
- Qingdao Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingguang Li
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shaoming Dong
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiaxu Lin
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
- *Correspondence: Ruihua Zhang
| | - Xiulei Cai
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Xiulei Cai
| | - Hu Shan
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Hu Shan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ruggiero E, Richter SN. Targeting G-quadruplexes to achieve antiviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 79:129085. [PMID: 36423824 PMCID: PMC9760570 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of new viruses in the human population and the fast mutation rates of existing viruses, new antiviral targets and compounds are needed. Most existing antiviral drugs are active against proteins of a handful of viruses. Most of these proteins in the end affect viral nucleic acid processing, but direct nucleic acid targeting is less represented due to the difficulty of selectively acting at the nucleic acid of interest. Recently, nucleic acids have been shown to fold in structures alternative to the classic double helix and Watson and Crick base-pairing. Among these non-canonical structures, G-quadruplexes (G4s) have attracted interest because of their key biological roles that are being discovered. Molecules able to selectively target G4s have been developed and since G4s have been investigated as targets in several human pathologies, including viral infections. Here, after briefly introducing viruses, G4s and the G4-binding molecules with antiviral properties, we comment on the mechanisms at the base of the antiviral activity reported for G4-binding molecules. Understanding how G4-ligands act in infected cells will possibly help designing and developing next-generation antiviral drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara N Richter
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy; Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Panda M, Kalita E, Rao A, Prajapati VK. Mechanism of cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation during human viral infection. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 135:497-525. [PMID: 37061340 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the history of the coevolution of Host viral interaction, viruses have customized the host cellular machinery into their use for viral genome replication, causing effective infection and ultimately aiming for survival. They do so by inducing subversions to the host cellular pathways like cell cycle via dysregulation of important cell cycle checkpoints by viral encoded proteins, arresting the cell cycle machinery, blocking cytokinesis as well as targeting subnuclear bodies, thus ultimately disorienting the cell proliferation. Both DNA and RNA viruses have been active participants in such manipulation resulting in serious outcomes of cancer. They achieve this by employing different mechanisms-Protein-protein interaction, protein-phosphorylation, degradation, redistribution, viral homolog, and viral regulation of APC at different stages of cell cycle events. Several DNA viruses cause the quiescent staged cells to undergo cell cycle which increases nucleotide pools logistically significantly persuading viral replication whereas few other viruses arrest a particular stage of cell cycle. This allows the latter group to sustain the infection which allows them to escape host immune response and support viral multiplication. Mechanical study of signaling such viral mediated pathways could give insight into understanding the etiology of tumorigenesis and progression. Overall this chapter highlights the possible strategies employed by DNA/RNA viral families which impact the normal cell cycle but facilitate viral infected cell replication. Such information could contribute to comprehending viral infection-associated disorders to further depth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Elora Kalita
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Abhishek Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India; Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guo S, Lei X, Chang Y, Zhao J, Wang J, Dong X, Liu Q, Zhang Z, Wang L, Yi D, Ma L, Li Q, Zhang Y, Ding J, Liang C, Li X, Guo F, Wang J, Cen S. SARS-CoV-2 hijacks cellular kinase CDK2 to promote viral RNA synthesis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:400. [PMID: 36575184 PMCID: PMC9793359 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has devastated global health. Identifying key host factors essential for SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication is expected to unravel cellular targets for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral drugs which have been quested for the preparedness of future viral outbreaks. Here, we have identified host proteins that associate with nonstructural protein 12 (nsp12), the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 using a mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic approach. Among the candidate factors, CDK2 (Cyclin-dependent kinase 2), a member of cyclin-dependent kinases, interacts with nsp12 and causes its phosphorylation at T20, thus facilitating the assembly of the RdRp complex consisting of nsp12, nsp7 and nsp8 and promoting efficient synthesis of viral RNA. The crucial role of CDK2 in viral RdRp function is further supported by our observation that CDK2 inhibitors potently impair viral RNA synthesis and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Taken together, we have discovered CDK2 as a key host factor of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp complex, thus serving a promising target for the development of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saisai Guo
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Lei
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Chang
- grid.411609.b0000 0004 1758 4735Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Dong
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiong Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lidan Wang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dongrong Yi
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Ma
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiwei Ding
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Liang
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Guo
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Cen
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Immunology, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mei-Lin Zhou, Ma JN, Xue L. Effect of Protein Arginine Methyltransferase 1 Gene Knockout on the Proliferation of Human Embryonic Kidney 293T Cells. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359022140163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
20
|
IFITM proteins: Understanding their diverse roles in viral infection, cancer, and immunity. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102741. [PMID: 36435199 PMCID: PMC9800550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are broad spectrum antiviral factors that inhibit the entry of a wide range of clinically important pathogens including influenza A virus, HIV-1, and Dengue virus. IFITMs are thought to act primarily by antagonizing virus-cell membrane fusion in this regard. However, recent work on these proteins has uncovered novel post-entry viral restriction mechanisms. IFITMs are also increasingly thought to have a role regulating immune responses, including innate antiviral and inflammatory responses as well as adaptive T-cell and B-cell responses. Further, IFITMs may have pathological activities in cancer, wherein IFITM expression can be a marker of therapeutically resistant and aggressive disease courses. In this review, we summarize the respective literatures concerning these apparently diverse functions with a view to identifying common themes and potentially yielding a more unified understanding of IFITM biology.
Collapse
|
21
|
Jin Q, Li W, Yu W, Zeng M, Liu J, Xu P. Analysis and identification of potential type II helper T cell (Th2)-Related key genes and therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Comput Biol Med 2022; 150:106134. [PMID: 36201886 PMCID: PMC9528635 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic poses a severe threat to public health. However, so far, there are no effective drugs for COVID-19. Transcriptomic changes and key genes related to Th2 cells in COVID-19 have not been reported. These genes play an important role in host interactions with SARS-COV-2 and may be used as promising target. We analyzed five COVID-19-associated GEO datasets (GSE157103, GSE152641, GSE171110, GSE152418, and GSE179627) using the xCell algorithm and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Results showed that 5 closely correlated modular genes to COVID-19 and Th2 cell enrichment levels, including purple, blue, pink, tan and turquoise, were intersected with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 648 shared genes were obtained. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses revealed that they were enriched in cell proliferation, differentiation, and immune responses after virus infection. The most significantly enriched pathway involved the regulation of viral life cycle. Three key genes, namely CCNB1, BUB1, and UBE2C, may clarify the pathogenesis of COVID-19 associated with Th2 cells. 11 drug candidates were identified that could down-regulate three key genes using the cMAP database and demonstrated strong drugs binding energies aganist the three keygenes using molecular docking methods. BUB1, CCNB1 and UBE2C were identified key genes for COVID-19 and could be promising therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Jin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wanxi Li
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wendi Yu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Maosen Zeng
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinyuan Liu
- Basic Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Peiping Xu
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yan C, Niu Y, Wang X. Blood transcriptome analysis revealed the crosstalk between COVID-19 and HIV. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008653. [PMID: 36389792 PMCID: PMC9650272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has resulted in the most devastating pandemic in modern history. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) destroys immune system cells and weakens the body's ability to resist daily infections and diseases. Furthermore, HIV-infected individuals had double COVID-19 mortality risk and experienced worse COVID-related outcomes. However, the existing research still lacks the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying crosstalk between COVID-19 and HIV. The aim of our work was to illustrate blood transcriptome crosstalk between COVID-19 and HIV and to provide potential drugs that might be useful for the treatment of HIV-infected COVID-19 patients. METHODS COVID-19 datasets (GSE171110 and GSE152418) were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including 54 whole-blood samples and 33 peripheral blood mononuclear cells samples, respectively. HIV dataset (GSE37250) was also obtained from GEO database, containing 537 whole-blood samples. Next, the "Deseq2" package was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between COVID-19 datasets (GSE171110 and GSE152418) and the "limma" package was utilized to identify DEGs between HIV dataset (GSE37250). By intersecting these two DEG sets, we generated common DEGs for further analysis, containing Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, transcription factor (TF) candidate identification, microRNAs (miRNAs) candidate identification and drug candidate identification. RESULTS In this study, a total of 3213 DEGs were identified from the merged COVID-19 dataset (GSE171110 and GSE152418), and 1718 DEGs were obtained from GSE37250 dataset. Then, we identified 394 common DEGs from the intersection of the DEGs in COVID-19 and HIV datasets. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that common DEGs were mainly gathered in chromosome-related and cell cycle-related signal pathways. Top ten hub genes (CCNA2, CCNB1, CDC20, TOP2A, AURKB, PLK1, BUB1B, KIF11, DLGAP5, RRM2) were ranked according to their scores, which were screened out using degree algorithm on the basis of common DEGs. Moreover, top ten drug candidates (LUCANTHONE, Dasatinib, etoposide, Enterolactone, troglitazone, testosterone, estradiol, calcitriol, resveratrol, tetradioxin) ranked by their P values were screened out, which maybe be beneficial for the treatment of HIV-infected COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSION In this study, we provide potential molecular targets, signaling pathways, small molecular compounds, and promising biomarkers that contribute to worse COVID-19 prognosis in patients with HIV, which might contribute to precise diagnosis and treatment for HIV-infected COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yan
- *Correspondence: Cheng Yan, ; Xuannian Wang,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Porcine Circovirus 2 Activates the PERK-Reactive Oxygen Species Axis To Induce p53 Phosphorylation with Subsequent Cell Cycle Arrest at S Phase in Favor of Its Replication. J Virol 2022; 96:e0127422. [PMID: 36300938 PMCID: PMC9683002 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01274-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coinfections or noninfectious triggers have long been considered to potentiate PCV2 infection, leading to manifestation of PCVAD. The triggering mechanisms remain largely unknown.
Collapse
|
24
|
Woodson CM, Kehn-Hall K. Examining the role of EGR1 during viral infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1020220. [PMID: 36338037 PMCID: PMC9634628 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early growth response 1 (EGR1) is a multifunctional mammalian transcription factor capable of both enhancing and/or inhibiting gene expression. EGR1 can be activated by a wide array of stimuli such as exposure to growth factors, cytokines, apoptosis, and various cellular stress states including viral infections by both DNA and RNA viruses. Following induction, EGR1 functions as a convergence point for numerous specialized signaling cascades and couples short-term extracellular signals to influence transcriptional regulation of genes required to initiate the appropriate biological response. The role of EGR1 has been extensively studied in both physiological and pathological conditions of the adult nervous system where it is readily expressed in various regions of the brain and is critical for neuronal plasticity and the formation of memories. In addition to its involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders, EGR1 has also been widely examined in the field of cancer where it plays paradoxical roles as a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene. EGR1 is also associated with multiple viral infections such as Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In this review, we examine EGR1 and its role(s) during viral infections. First, we provide an overview of EGR1 in terms of its structure, other family members, and a brief overview of its roles in non-viral disease states. We also review upstream regulators of EGR1 and downstream factors impacted by EGR1. Then, we extensively examine EGR1 and its roles, both direct and indirect, in regulating replication of DNA and RNA viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Woodson
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
An anti-influenza combined therapy assessed by single cell RNA-sequencing. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1075. [PMID: 36216966 PMCID: PMC9549038 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza makes millions of people ill every year, placing a large burden on the healthcare system and the economy. To develop a treatment against influenza, we combined virucidal sialylated cyclodextrins with interferon lambda and demonstrated, in human airway epithelia, that the two compounds inhibit the replication of a clinical H1N1 strain more efficiently when administered together rather than alone. We investigated the mechanism of action of the combined treatment by single cell RNA-sequencing analysis and found that both the single and combined treatments impair viral replication to different extents across distinct epithelial cell types. We showed that each cell type comprises multiple sub-types, whose proportions are altered by H1N1 infection, and assessed the ability of the treatments to restore them. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study investigating the effectiveness of an antiviral therapy against influenza virus by single cell transcriptomic studies. When combined with interferon lambda, virucidal sialylated cyclodextrins inhibit the replication of a clinical H1N1 influenza strain in ex vivo human airway epithelia more efficiently than when delivered alone.
Collapse
|
26
|
Luperchio AM, Jónsson SR, Salamango DJ. Evolutionary Conservation of PP2A Antagonism and G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest in Maedi-Visna Virus Vif. Viruses 2022; 14:1701. [PMID: 36016323 PMCID: PMC9413702 DOI: 10.3390/v14081701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical function of lentiviral Vif proteins is to counteract the mutagenic potential of APOBEC3 antiviral restriction factors. However, recent studies have discovered that Vif proteins from diverse HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolates degrade cellular B56 phosphoregulators to remodel the host phosphoproteome and induce G2/M cell cycle arrest. Here, we evaluate the conservation of this activity among non-primate lentiviral Vif proteins using fluorescence-based degradation assays and demonstrate that maedi-visna virus (MVV) Vif efficiently degrades all five B56 family members. Testing an extensive panel of single amino acid substitution mutants revealed that MVV Vif recognizes B56 proteins through a conserved network of electrostatic interactions. Furthermore, experiments using genetic and pharmacologic approaches demonstrate that degradation of B56 proteins requires the cellular cofactor cyclophilin A. Lastly, MVV Vif-mediated depletion of B56 proteins induces a potent G2/M cell cycle arrest phenotype. Therefore, remodeling of the cellular phosphoproteome and induction of G2/M cell cycle arrest are ancient and conserved functions of lentiviral Vif proteins, which suggests that they are advantageous for lentiviral pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline M. Luperchio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Stefán R. Jónsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | - Daniel J. Salamango
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sutter SO, Lkharrazi A, Schraner EM, Michaelsen K, Meier AF, Marx J, Vogt B, Büning H, Fraefel C. Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) uncoating is a stepwise process and is linked to structural reorganization of the nucleolus. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010187. [PMID: 35816507 PMCID: PMC9302821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoli are membrane-less structures located within the nucleus and are known to be involved in many cellular functions, including stress response and cell cycle regulation. Besides, many viruses can employ the nucleolus or nucleolar proteins to promote different steps of their life cycle such as replication, transcription and assembly. While adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) capsids have previously been reported to enter the host cell nucleus and accumulate in the nucleolus, both the role of the nucleolus in AAV2 infection, and the viral uncoating mechanism remain elusive. In all prior studies on AAV uncoating, viral capsids and viral genomes were not directly correlated on the single cell level, at least not in absence of a helper virus. To elucidate the properties of the nucleolus during AAV2 infection and to assess viral uncoating on a single cell level, we combined immunofluorescence analysis for detection of intact AAV2 capsids and capsid proteins with fluorescence in situ hybridization for detection of AAV2 genomes. The results of our experiments provide evidence that uncoating of AAV2 particles occurs in a stepwise process that is completed in the nucleolus and supported by alteration of the nucleolar structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anouk Lkharrazi
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kevin Michaelsen
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jennifer Marx
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Vogt
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornel Fraefel
- Institute of Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
In vitro biological activities of the flexible and virus nanoparticle-decorated silk fibroin-based films. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:437-445. [PMID: 35809668 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flexible films were prepared from silk fibroin (SF) and gelatin (GA) with a presence of glycerol (Gly), followed by water vapor annealing to achieve water-insoluble matrices. The blended SF/GA/Gly films were chemically conjugated with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), either native (TMV-wt) or genetically modified with Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequences (TMV-rgd), to improve cellular responses. The attachment and proliferation of L929 cells on TMV-decorated films were improved, possibly due to enhanced surface roughness. The cellular responses were pronounced with TMV-rgd, due to the proper decoration of RGD, which is an integrin recognition motif supporting cell binding. However, the biological results were inconclusive for human primary cells because of an innate slow growth kinetic of the cells. Additionally, the cells on SF/GA/Gly films were greater populated in S and G2/M phase, and the cell cycle arrest was notably increased in the TMV-conjugated group. Our findings revealed that the films modified with TMV were cytocompatible and the cellular responses were significantly enhanced when conjugated with its RGD mutants. The biological analysis on the cellular mechanisms in response to TMV is further required to ensure the safety concern of the biomaterials toward clinical translation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Tiwari D, Mittal N, Jha HC. Unraveling the links between neurodegeneration and Epstein-Barr virus-mediated cell cycle dysregulation. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 3:100046. [PMID: 36685766 PMCID: PMC9846474 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2022.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus is a well-known cell cycle modulator. To establish successful infection in the host, EBV alters the cell cycle at multiple steps via antigens such as EBNAs, LMPs, and certain other EBV-encoded transcripts. Interestingly, several recent studies have indicated the possibility of EBV's neurotrophic potential. However, the effects and outcomes of EBV infection in the CNS are under-explored. Additionally, more and more epidemiological evidence implicates the cell-cycle dysregulation in neurodegeneration. Numerous hypotheses which describe the triggers that force post-mitotic neurons to re-enter the cell cycle are prevalent. Apart from the known genetic and epigenetic factors responsible, several reports have shown the association of microbial infections with neurodegenerative pathology. Although, studies implicating the herpesvirus family members in neurodegeneration exist, the involvement of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), in particular, is under-evaluated. Interestingly, a few clinical studies have reported patients of AD or PD to be seropositive for EBV. Based on the findings mentioned above, in this review, we propose that EBV infection in neurons could drive it towards neurodegeneration through dysregulation of cell-cycle events and induction of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Tiwari
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India
| | - Nitish Mittal
- Computational and Systems Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50-70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland,Corresponding author.
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, India,Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zhang F, Yu C, Xu W, Li X, Feng J, Shi H, Yang J, Sun Q, Cao X, Zhang L, Peng M. Identification of critical genes and molecular pathways in COVID-19 myocarditis and constructing gene regulatory networks by bioinformatic analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269386. [PMID: 35749386 PMCID: PMC9231758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence of a strong relationship between COVID-19 and myocarditis. However, there are few bioinformatics-based analyses of critical genes and the mechanisms related to COVID-19 Myocarditis. This study aimed to identify critical genes related to COVID-19 Myocarditis by bioinformatic methods, explore the biological mechanisms and gene regulatory networks, and probe related drugs. METHODS The gene expression data of GSE150392 and GSE167028 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), including cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and GSE150392 from patients with myocarditis infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the GSE167028 gene expression dataset. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (adjusted P-Value <0.01 and |Log2 Fold Change| ≥2) in GSE150392 were assessed by NetworkAnalyst 3.0. Meanwhile, significant modular genes in GSE167028 were identified by weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and overlapped with DEGs to obtain common genes. Functional enrichment analyses were performed by using the "clusterProfiler" package in the R software, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed on the STRING website (https://cn.string-db.org/). Critical genes were identified by the CytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape by 5 algorithms. Transcription factor-gene (TF-gene) and Transcription factor-microRibonucleic acid (TF-miRNA) coregulatory networks construction were performed by NetworkAnalyst 3.0 and displayed in Cytoscape. Finally, Drug Signatures Database (DSigDB) was used to probe drugs associated with COVID-19 Myocarditis. RESULTS Totally 850 DEGs (including 449 up-regulated and 401 down-regulated genes) and 159 significant genes in turquoise modules were identified from GSE150392 and GSE167028, respectively. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that common genes were mainly enriched in biological processes such as cell cycle and ubiquitin-protein hydrolysis. 6 genes (CDK1, KIF20A, PBK, KIF2C, CDC20, UBE2C) were identified as critical genes. TF-gene interactions and TF-miRNA coregulatory network were constructed successfully. A total of 10 drugs, (such as Etoposide, Methotrexate, Troglitazone, etc) were considered as target drugs for COVID-19 Myocarditis. CONCLUSIONS Through bioinformatics method analysis, this study provides a new perspective to explore the pathogenesis, gene regulatory networks and provide drug compounds as a reference for COVID-19 Myocarditis. It is worth highlighting that critical genes (CDK1, KIF20A, PBK, KIF2C, CDC20, UBE2C) may be potential biomarkers and treatment targets of COVID-19 Myocarditis for future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjun Zhang
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Wenchang Xu
- College of Acupuncture and Massage, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Junchen Feng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongshuo Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jingrong Yang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Qinhua Sun
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xianyi Cao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Elkhaligy H, Balbin CA, Siltberg-Liberles J. Comparative Analysis of Structural Features in SLiMs from Eukaryotes, Bacteria, and Viruses with Importance for Host-Pathogen Interactions. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11050583. [PMID: 35631103 PMCID: PMC9147284 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions drive functions in eukaryotes that can be described by short linear motifs (SLiMs). Conservation of SLiMs help illuminate functional SLiMs in eukaryotic protein families. However, the simplicity of eukaryotic SLiMs makes them appear by chance due to mutational processes not only in eukaryotes but also in pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Further, functional eukaryotic SLiMs are often found in disordered regions. Although proteomes from pathogenic bacteria and viruses have less disorder than eukaryotic proteomes, their proteins can successfully mimic eukaryotic SLiMs and disrupt host cellular function. Identifying important SLiMs in pathogens is difficult but essential for understanding potential host-pathogen interactions. We performed a comparative analysis of structural features for experimentally verified SLiMs from the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) database across viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Our results revealed that many viral SLiMs and specific motifs found across viruses and eukaryotes, such as some glycosylation motifs, have less disorder. Analyzing the disorder and coil properties of equivalent SLiMs from pathogens and eukaryotes revealed that some motifs are more structured in pathogens than their eukaryotic counterparts and vice versa. These results support a varying mechanism of interaction between pathogens and their eukaryotic hosts for some of the same motifs.
Collapse
|
32
|
Noor F, Saleem MH, Javed MR, Chen JT, Ashfaq UA, Okla MK, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Alwasel YA, Al-Qahtani WH, Alshaya H, Yasin G, Aslam S. Comprehensive computational analysis reveals H5N1 influenza virus-encoded miRNAs and host-specific targets associated with antiviral immune responses and protein binding. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263901. [PMID: 35533150 PMCID: PMC9084522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
H5N1 virus (H5N1V) is highly contagious among birds and it was first detected in humans in 1997 during a poultry outbreak in Hong Kong. As the mechanism of its pathogenesis inside the host is still lacking, in this in-silico study we hypothesized that H5N1V might create miRNAs, which could target the genes associated with host cellular regulatory pathways, thus provide persistent refuge to the virus. Using bioinformatics approaches, several H5N1V produced putative miRNAs as well as the host genes targeted by these miRNAs were found. Functional enrichment analysis of targeted genes revealed their involvement in many biological pathways that facilitate their host pathogenesis. Eventually, the microarray dataset (GSE28166) was analyzed to validate the altered expression level of target genes and found the genes involved in protein binding and adaptive immune responses. This study presents novel miRNAs and their targeted genes, which upon experimental validation could facilitate in developing new therapeutics against H5N1V infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Noor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Rizwan Javed
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Jen-Tsung Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad K. Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasmeen A. Alwasel
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wahidah H. Al-Qahtani
- Department of food sciences & nutrition, College of food & Agriculture sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda Alshaya
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States of America
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Botany, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Aslam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Seo D, Gammon DB. Manipulation of Host Microtubule Networks by Viral Microtubule-Associated Proteins. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050979. [PMID: 35632720 PMCID: PMC9147350 DOI: 10.3390/v14050979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse DNA and RNA viruses utilize cytoskeletal networks to efficiently enter, replicate, and exit the host cell, while evading host immune responses. It is well established that the microtubule (MT) network is commonly hijacked by viruses to traffic to sites of replication after entry and to promote egress from the cell. However, mounting evidence suggests that the MT network is also a key regulator of host immune responses to infection. At the same time, viruses have acquired mechanisms to manipulate and/or usurp MT networks to evade these immune responses. Central to most interactions of viruses with the MT network are virally encoded microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that bind to MTs directly or indirectly. These MAPs associate with MTs and other viral or cellular MAPs to regulate various aspects of the MT network, including MT dynamics, MT-dependent transport via motor proteins such as kinesins and dyneins, and MT-dependent regulation of innate immune responses. In this review, we examine how viral MAP interactions with the MT network facilitate viral replication and immune evasion.
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhao L, Yan Y, Dai Q, Wang Z, Yin J, Xu Y, Wang Z, Guo X, Li W, Cao R, Zhong W. The CDK1 inhibitor, Ro-3306, is a potential antiviral candidate against influenza virus infection. Antiviral Res 2022; 201:105296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
35
|
Yu X, Xu J, Xu D, Bi X, Wang H, Lu Y, Cao M, Wang W, Xu Z, Zheng D, Chen L, Zhang X, Zheng S, Li K. Comprehensive Analysis of the Carcinogenic Process, Tumor Microenvironment, and Drug Response in HPV-Positive Cancers. Front Oncol 2022; 12:842060. [PMID: 35392231 PMCID: PMC8980807 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.842060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus, and about 5% of all cancers worldwide is caused by persistent high-risk HPV infections. Here, we reported a comprehensive analysis of the molecular features for HPV-related cancer types using TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) data with HPV status. We found that the HPV-positive cancer patients had a unique oncogenic process, tumor microenvironment, and drug response compared with HPV-negative patients. In addition, HPV improved overall survival for the four cancer types, namely, cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC), head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD), and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). The stronger activity of cell-cycle pathways and lower driver gene mutation rates were observed in HPV-positive patients, which implied the different carcinogenic processes between HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups. The increased activities of immune cells and differences in metabolic pathways helped explain the heterogeneity of prognosis between the two groups. Furthermore, we constructed HPV prediction models for different cancers by the virus infection score (VIS) which was linearly correlated with HPV load and found that VIS was associated with drug response. Altogether, our study reveals that HPV-positive cancer patients have unique molecular characteristics which help the development of precision medicine in HPV-positive cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Yu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiankai Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dahua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoman Bi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yanda Lu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng Cao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhizhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Dehua Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Liyang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaodian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Shaojiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Kongning Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Information and Engineering and Cancer Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Serganov AA, Udi Y, Stein ME, Patel V, Fridy PC, Rice CM, Saeed M, Jacobs EY, Chait BT, Rout MP. Proteomic elucidation of the targets and primary functions of the picornavirus 2A protease. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101882. [PMID: 35367208 PMCID: PMC9168619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are small RNA viruses that hijack host cell machinery to promote their replication. During infection, these viruses express two proteases, 2Apro and 3Cpro, which process viral proteins. They also subvert a number of host functions, including innate immune responses, host protein synthesis, and intracellular transport, by utilizing poorly understood mechanisms for rapidly and specifically targeting critical host proteins. Here, we used proteomic tools to characterize 2Apro interacting partners, functions, and targeting mechanisms. Our data indicate that, initially, 2Apro primarily targets just two cellular proteins: eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G (a critical component of the protein synthesis machinery) and Nup98 (an essential component of the nuclear pore complex, responsible for nucleocytoplasmic transport). The protease appears to employ two different cleavage mechanisms; it likely interacts with eIF3L, utilizing the eIF3 complex to proteolytically access the eIF4G protein but also directly binds and degrades Nup98. This Nup98 cleavage results in only a marginal effect on nuclear import of proteins, while nuclear export of proteins and mRNAs were more strongly affected. Collectively, our data indicate that 2Apro selectively inhibits protein translation, key nuclear export pathways, and cellular mRNA localization early in infection to benefit viral replication at the expense of particular cell functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artem A Serganov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yael Udi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Milana E Stein
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Valay Patel
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter C Fridy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mohsan Saeed
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Erica Y Jacobs
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA; Chemistry Department, St John's University, Queens, New York, USA.
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lopez A, Nichols Doyle R, Sandoval C, Nisson K, Yang V, Fregoso OI. Viral Modulation of the DNA Damage Response and Innate Immunity: Two Sides of the Same Coin. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167327. [PMID: 34695379 PMCID: PMC9119581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The DDR consists of multiple pathways that sense, signal, and respond to anomalous DNA. To promote efficient replication, viruses have evolved to engage and even modulate the DDR. In this review, we will discuss a select set of diverse viruses and the range of mechanisms they evolved to interact with the DDR and some of the subsequent cellular consequences. There is a dichotomy in that the DDR can be both beneficial for viruses yet antiviral. We will also review the connection between the DDR and innate immunity. Previously believed to be disparate cellular functions, more recent research is emerging that links these processes. Furthermore, we will discuss some discrepancies in the literature that we propose can be remedied by utilizing more consistent DDR-focused assays. By doing so, we hope to obtain a much clearer understanding of how broadly these mechanisms and phenotypes are conserved among all viruses. This is crucial for human health since understanding how viruses manipulate the DDR presents an important and tractable target for antiviral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Lopez
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Randilea Nichols Doyle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carina Sandoval
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Karly Nisson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vivian Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Oliver I Fregoso
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yan Y, Tang YD, Zheng C. When cyclin-dependent kinases meet viral infections, including SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2962-2968. [PMID: 35288942 PMCID: PMC9088476 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) are protein kinases that play a key role in cell division and transcriptional regulation. Recent studies have demonstrated the critical roles of CDKs in various viral infections. However, the molecular processes underpinning CDKs' roles in viral infection and host antiviral defense are unknown. This minireview briefly overviews CDKs' functions and highlights the most recent discoveries of CDKs' emerging roles during viral infections, thereby providing a scientific and theoretical foundation for antiviral regulation and shedding light on developing novel drug targets and therapeutic strategies against viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yan
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Fifth People's Hospital of Wuxi, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan-Dong Tang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Chunfu Zheng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Martin CK, Samolej J, Olson AT, Bertoli C, Wiebe MS, de Bruin RAM, Mercer J. Vaccinia Virus Arrests and Shifts the Cell Cycle. Viruses 2022; 14:431. [PMID: 35216024 PMCID: PMC8874441 DOI: 10.3390/v14020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the host cell cycle is a common strategy used by viruses to create a pro-replicative environment. To facilitate viral genome replication, vaccinia virus (VACV) has been reported to alter cell cycle regulation and trigger the host cell DNA damage response. However, the cellular factors and viral effectors that mediate these changes remain unknown. Here, we set out to investigate the effect of VACV infection on cell proliferation and host cell cycle progression. Using a subset of VACV mutants, we characterise the stage of infection required for inhibition of cell proliferation and define the viral effectors required to dysregulate the host cell cycle. Consistent with previous studies, we show that VACV inhibits and subsequently shifts the host cell cycle. We demonstrate that these two phenomena are independent of one another, with viral early genes being responsible for cell cycle inhibition, and post-replicative viral gene(s) responsible for the cell cycle shift. Extending previous findings, we show that the viral kinase F10 is required to activate the DNA damage checkpoint and that the viral B1 kinase and/or B12 pseudokinase mediate degradation of checkpoint effectors p53 and p21 during infection. We conclude that VACV modulates host cell proliferation and host cell cycle progression through temporal expression of multiple VACV effector proteins. (209/200.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K. Martin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (C.K.M.); (C.B.); (R.A.M.d.B.)
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Annabel T. Olson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Cosetta Bertoli
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (C.K.M.); (C.B.); (R.A.M.d.B.)
| | - Matthew S. Wiebe
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA;
| | - Robertus A. M. de Bruin
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (C.K.M.); (C.B.); (R.A.M.d.B.)
| | - Jason Mercer
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Evangelou K, Veroutis D, Paschalaki K, Foukas PG, Lagopati N, Dimitriou M, Papaspyropoulos A, Konda B, Hazapis O, Polyzou A, Havaki S, Kotsinas A, Kittas C, Tzioufas AG, de Leval L, Vassilakos D, Tsiodras S, Stripp BR, Papantonis A, Blandino G, Karakasiliotis I, Barnes PJ, Gorgoulis VG. Pulmonary infection by SARS-CoV-2 induces senescence accompanied by an inflammatory phenotype in severe COVID-19: possible implications for viral mutagenesis. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:13993003.02951-2021. [PMID: 35086840 PMCID: PMC8796696 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02951-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of the respiratory system can progress to a multisystemic disease with aberrant inflammatory response. Cellular senescence promotes chronic inflammation, named senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We investigated whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with cellular senescence and SASP. Methods Autopsy lung tissue samples from 11 COVID-19 patients and 43 age-matched non-COVID-19 controls with similar comorbidities were analysed by immunohistochemistry for SARS-CoV-2, markers of senescence and key SASP cytokines. Virally induced senescence was functionally recapitulated in vitro, by infecting epithelial Vero-E6 cells and a three-dimensional alveosphere system of alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells with SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated from COVID-19 patients. Results SARS-CoV-2 was detected by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy predominantly in AT2 cells. Infected AT2 cells expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and exhibited increased senescence (p16INK4A and SenTraGor positivity) and interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 expression. In vitro, infection of Vero-E6 cells with SARS-CoV-2 induced senescence (SenTraGor), DNA damage (γ-H2AX) and increased cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL8) and apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing (APOBEC) enzyme expression. Next-generation sequencing analysis of progenies obtained from infected/senescent Vero-E6 cells demonstrated APOBEC-mediated SARS-CoV-2 mutations. Dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2-infection and senescence was confirmed in extrapulmonary sites (kidney and liver) of a COVID-19 patient. Conclusions We demonstrate that in severe COVID-19, AT2 cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 exhibit senescence and a proinflammatory phenotype. In vitro, SARS-CoV-2 infection induces senescence and inflammation. Importantly, infected senescent cells may act as a source of SARS-CoV-2 mutagenesis mediated by APOBEC enzymes. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2-induced senescence may be an important molecular mechanism of severe COVID-19, disease persistence and mutagenesis. In severe COVID-19, alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells infected by SARS-CoV-2 exhibit senescence accompanied by a proinflammatory phenotype, a molecular mechanism that may be important in persistence of disease (post-acute sequelae of COVID-19) and mutagenesis https://bit.ly/3fnopg9
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Veroutis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Periklis G Foukas
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nefeli Lagopati
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Dimitriou
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Angelos Papaspyropoulos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Bindu Konda
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Orsalia Hazapis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Polyzou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Havaki
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanassios Kotsinas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Kittas
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Tzioufas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Demetris Vassilakos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotirios Tsiodras
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Athens, Greece
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Lung and Regenerative Medicine Institutes, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Argyris Papantonis
- Translational Epigenetics Group, Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Ioannis Karakasiliotis
- Laboratory of Biology, Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Center for New Biotechnologies and Precision Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Genome-wide bidirectional CRISPR screens identify mucins as host factors modulating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1078-1089. [PMID: 35879412 PMCID: PMC9355872 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a range of symptoms in infected individuals, from mild respiratory illness to acute respiratory distress syndrome. A systematic understanding of host factors influencing viral infection is critical to elucidate SARS-CoV-2-host interactions and the progression of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we conducted genome-wide CRISPR knockout and activation screens in human lung epithelial cells with endogenous expression of the SARS-CoV-2 entry factors ACE2 and TMPRSS2. We uncovered proviral and antiviral factors across highly interconnected host pathways, including clathrin transport, inflammatory signaling, cell-cycle regulation, and transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. We further identified mucins, a family of high molecular weight glycoproteins, as a prominent viral restriction network that inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in murine models. These mucins also inhibit infection of diverse respiratory viruses. This functional landscape of SARS-CoV-2 host factors provides a physiologically relevant starting point for new host-directed therapeutics and highlights airway mucins as a host defense mechanism.
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu Y, Chen L, Liu W, Li D, Zeng J, Tang Q, Zhang Y, Luan F, Zeng N. Cepharanthine Suppresses Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication Through the Downregulation of the PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:795756. [PMID: 34956164 PMCID: PMC8696181 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.795756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cepharanthine (CEP) is a naturally occurring isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from Stephania cepharantha Hayata. Although its underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood, this compound is reported as a promising antiviral drug. In the present study, we explore the anti-HSV-1 effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of CEP in vitro. Our results show that CEP could significantly inhibit the formation of plaque and the expression of viral proteins and exhibit a general suppression of replication-associated genes. Whereas HSV-1 infection increases the expressions of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in host cells, CEP was effective indirectly inhibiting phosphorylation levels of the targets in PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, CEP markedly decreased G0/G1 phase and increased G2/M phase cells and decreased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase1 (CDK1) and cyclinB1 in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, CEP increased apoptosis in infected cells, reduced B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein levels, and increased the protein levels of Bcl-associated X protein (Bax), cleaved-caspase3, and nuclear IκB kinaseα (IκBα). Collectively, CEP could arrest the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induce apoptosis in infected cells by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, hence further reducing HSV-1 infection and subsequent reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuseng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Luan
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of South Western Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are among the largest pathogenic viruses in mammals. To enable replication of their long double-stranded DNA genomes, CMVs induce profound changes in cell cycle regulation. A hallmark of CMV cell cycle control is the establishment of an unusual cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition, which is characterized by the coexistence of cell cycle stimulatory and inhibitory activities. While CMVs interfere with cellular DNA synthesis and cell division, they activate S-phase-specific gene expression and nucleotide metabolism. This is facilitated by a set of CMV gene products that target master regulators of G1/S progression such as cyclin E and A kinases, Rb-E2F transcription factors, p53-p21 checkpoint proteins, the APC/C ubiquitin ligase, and the nucleotide hydrolase SAMHD1. While the major themes of cell cycle regulation are well conserved between human and murine CMVs (HCMV and MCMV), there are considerable differences at the level of viral cell cycle effectors and their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, both viruses have evolved unique mechanisms to sense the host cell cycle state and modulate the infection program accordingly. This review provides an overview of conserved and divergent features of G1/S control by MCMV and HCMV.
Collapse
|
44
|
The Oncolytic Caprine Herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1) Induces Apoptosis and Synergizes with Cisplatin in Mesothelioma Cell Lines: A New Potential Virotherapy Approach. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122458. [PMID: 34960727 PMCID: PMC8703924 DOI: 10.3390/v13122458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive asbestos-related cancer, against which no curative modalities exist. Oncolytic virotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach, for which MM is an ideal candidate; indeed, the pleural location provides direct access for the intra-tumoral injection of oncolytic viruses (OVs). Some non-human OVs offer advantages over human OVs, including the non-pathogenicity in humans and the absence of pre-existing immunity. We previously showed that caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV-1), a non-pathogenic virus for humans, can kill different human cancer cell lines. Here, we assessed CpHV-1 effects on MM (NCI-H28, MSTO, NCI-H2052) and non-tumor mesothelial (MET-5A) cells. We found that CpHV-1 reduced cell viability and clonogenic potential in all MM cell lines without affecting non-tumor cells, in which, indeed, we did not detect intracellular viral DNA after treatment. In particular, CpHV-1 induced MM cell apoptosis and accumulation in G0/G1 or S cell cycle phases. Moreover, CpHV-1 strongly synergized with cisplatin, the drug currently used in MM chemotherapy, and this agent combination did not affect normal mesothelial cells. Although further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the selective CpHV-1 action on MM cells, our data suggest that the CpHV-1-cisplatin combination could be a feasible strategy against MM.
Collapse
|
45
|
Xiao Q, Dong ZQ, Zhu Y, Zhang Q, Yang X, Xiao M, Chen P, Lu C, Pan MH. Bombyx mori Nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) Induces G2/M Arrest to Promote Viral Multiplication by Depleting BmCDK1. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12121098. [PMID: 34940186 PMCID: PMC8708760 DOI: 10.3390/insects12121098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Baculoviruses arrest the cell cycle in the S or G2/M phase in insect cells, but the exact mechanism of this process still remains obscure. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV), one of the best characterized baculoviruses, is an important pathogen in silkworms. In the present study, we determined that downregulation of BmCDK1 and BmCyclin B expression was required for BmNPV-mediated G2/M phase arrest, which plays an essential role in facilitating BmNPV replication. Further investigations showed that BmNPV IAP1 interacted with BmCDK1. The overexpression of the BmNPV iap1 gene led to the accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase, and BmNPV iap1 gene knockdown attenuated the effect of BmNPV-mediated G2/M phase arrest. These findings enhance the understanding of BmNPV pathogenesis, and indicate a novel mechanism through which baculoviruses impact the cell cycle progression. Abstract Understanding virus–host interaction is very important for delineating the mechanism involved in viral replication and host resistance. Baculovirus, an insect virus, can cause S or G2/M phase arrest in insect cells. However, the roles and mechanism of Baculovirus-mediated S or G2/M phase arrest are not fully understood. Our results, obtained using flow cytometry (FCM), tubulin-labeling, BrdU-labeling, and CellTiter 96® AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS), showed that Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) induced G2/M phase arrest and inhibited cellular DNA replication as well as cell proliferation in BmN-SWU1 cells. We found that BmNPV induced G2/M arrest to support its replication and proliferation by reducing the expression of BmCDK1 and BmCyclin B. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that BmNPV IAP1 interacted with BmCDK1. BmNPV iap1 was involved in the process of BmNPV-induced G2/M arrest by reducing the content of BmCDK1. Taken together, our results improve the understanding of the virus–host interaction network, and provide a potential target gene that connects apoptosis and the cell cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Zhan-Qi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Xiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Miao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Cheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (M.-H.P.); Tel.: +86-23-6825-0346 (C.L.); +86-23-6825-0076 (M.-H.P.); Fax: +86-23-6825-1128 (C.L. & M.-H.P.)
| | - Min-Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.X.); (Z.-Q.D.); (Y.Z.); (Q.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.X.); (P.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (M.-H.P.); Tel.: +86-23-6825-0346 (C.L.); +86-23-6825-0076 (M.-H.P.); Fax: +86-23-6825-1128 (C.L. & M.-H.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mehta S, Campbell H, Drummond CJ, Li K, Murray K, Slatter T, Bourdon JC, Braithwaite AW. Adaptive homeostasis and the p53 isoform network. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e53085. [PMID: 34779563 PMCID: PMC8647153 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
All living organisms have developed processes to sense and address environmental changes to maintain a stable internal state (homeostasis). When activated, the p53 tumour suppressor maintains cell and organ integrity and functions in response to homeostasis disruptors (stresses) such as infection, metabolic alterations and cellular damage. Thus, p53 plays a fundamental physiological role in maintaining organismal homeostasis. The TP53 gene encodes a network of proteins (p53 isoforms) with similar and distinct biochemical functions. The p53 network carries out multiple biological activities enabling cooperation between individual cells required for long‐term survival of multicellular organisms (animals) in response to an ever‐changing environment caused by mutation, infection, metabolic alteration or damage. In this review, we suggest that the p53 network has evolved as an adaptive response to pathogen infections and other environmental selection pressures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunali Mehta
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hamish Campbell
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Catherine J Drummond
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kunyu Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kaisha Murray
- Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Tania Slatter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Christophe Bourdon
- Dundee Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Antony W Braithwaite
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biodiscovery, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Patra U, Mukhopadhyay U, Mukherjee A, Dutta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Treading a HOSTile path: Mapping the dynamic landscape of host cell-rotavirus interactions to explore novel host-directed curative dimensions. Virulence 2021; 12:1022-1062. [PMID: 33818275 PMCID: PMC8023246 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1903198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogens and are dependent on host cellular resources to carry out their cycles of perpetuation. Obtaining an integrative view of host-virus interaction is of utmost importance to understand the complex and dynamic interplay between viral components and host machineries. Besides its obvious scholarly significance, a comprehensive host-virus interaction profile also provides a platform where from host determinants of pro-viral and antiviral importance can be identified and further be subjected to therapeutic intervention. Therefore, adjunct to conventional methods of prophylactic vaccination and virus-directed antivirals, this host-targeted antiviral approach holds promising therapeutic potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive landscape of host cellular reprogramming in response to infection with rotavirus (RV) which causes profuse watery diarrhea in neonates and infants. In addition, an emphasis is given on how host determinants are either usurped or subverted by RV in course of infection and how therapeutic manipulation of specific host factors can effectively modulate the RV life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Urbi Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sajewicz-Krukowska J, Jastrzębski JP, Grzybek M, Domańska-Blicharz K, Tarasiuk K, Marzec-Kotarska B. Transcriptome Sequencing of the Spleen Reveals Antiviral Response Genes in Chickens Infected with CAstV. Viruses 2021; 13:2374. [PMID: 34960643 PMCID: PMC8708055 DOI: 10.3390/v13122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrovirus infections pose a significant problem in the poultry industry, leading to multiple adverse effects such as a decreased egg production, breeding disorders, poor weight gain, and even increased mortality. The commonly observed chicken astrovirus (CAstV) was recently reported to be responsible for the "white chicks syndrome" associated with an increased embryo/chick mortality. CAstV-mediated pathogenesis in chickens occurs due to complex interactions between the infectious pathogen and the immune system. Many aspects of CAstV-chicken interactions remain unclear, and there is no information available regarding possible changes in gene expression in the chicken spleen in response to CAstV infection. We aim to investigate changes in gene expression triggered by CAstV infection. Ten 21-day-old SPF White Leghorn chickens were divided into two groups of five birds each. One group was inoculated with CAstV, and the other used as the negative control. At 4 days post infection, spleen samples were collected and immediately frozen at -70 °C for RNA isolation. We analyzed the isolated RNA, using RNA-seq to generate transcriptional profiles of the chickens' spleens and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The RNA-seq findings were verified by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 31,959 genes was identified in response to CAstV infection. Eventually, 45 DEGs (p-value < 0.05; log2 fold change > 1) were recognized in the spleen after CAstV infection (26 upregulated DEGs and 19 downregulated DEGs). qRT-PCR performed on four genes (IFIT5, OASL, RASD1, and DDX60) confirmed the RNA-seq results. The most differentially expressed genes encode putative IFN-induced CAstV restriction factors. Most DEGs were associated with the RIG-I-like signaling pathway or more generally with an innate antiviral response (upregulated: BLEC3, CMPK2, IFIT5, OASL, DDX60, and IFI6; downregulated: SPIK5, SELENOP, HSPA2, TMEM158, RASD1, and YWHAB). The study provides a global analysis of host transcriptional changes that occur during CAstV infection in vivo and proves that, in the spleen, CAstV infection in chickens predominantly affects the cell cycle and immune signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sajewicz-Krukowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (K.D.-B.); (K.T.)
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (K.D.-B.); (K.T.)
| | - Karolina Tarasiuk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (K.D.-B.); (K.T.)
| | - Barbara Marzec-Kotarska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, The Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Japanese Encephalitis Virus NS1' Protein Interacts with Host CDK1 Protein to Regulate Antiviral Response. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0166121. [PMID: 34756071 PMCID: PMC8579942 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01661-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) is a key component of the host innate immune system. To establish efficient replication, viruses have developed several strategies to escape from the host IFN response. Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) NS1', a larger NS1-related protein, is known to inhibit the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)-mediated IFN-β induction by increasing the binding of transcription factors (CREB and c-Rel) to the microRNA 22 (miRNA-22) promoter. However, the mechanism by which NS1' induces the recruitment of CREB and c-Rel onto the miRNA-22 promoter is unknown. Here, we found that JEV NS1' protein interacts with the host cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) protein. Mechanistically, NS1' interrupts the CDC25C phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation of CDK1, which prolongs the phosphorylation status of CDK1 and leads to the inhibition of MAVS-mediated IFN-β induction. Furthermore, the CREB phosphorylation and c-Rel activation through the IκBα phosphorylation were observed to be enhanced upon the augmentation of CDK1 phosphorylation by NS1'. The abrogation of CDK1 activity by a small-molecule inhibitor significantly suppressed the JEV replication in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the administration of CDK1 inhibitor protected the wild-type mice from JEV-induced lethality but showed no effect on the MAVS-/- mice challenged with JEV. In conclusion, our study provides new insight into the mechanism of JEV immune evasion, which may lead to the development of novel therapeutic options to treat JEV infection. IMPORTANCE Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the main cause of acute human encephalitis in Asia. The unavailability of specific treatment for Japanese encephalitis demands a better understanding of the basic cellular mechanisms that contribute to the onset of disease. The present study identifies a novel interaction between the JEV NS1' protein and the cellular CDK1 protein, which facilitates the JEV replication by dampening the cellular antiviral response. This study sheds light on a novel mechanism of JEV replication, and thus our findings could be employed for developing new therapies against JEV infection.
Collapse
|
50
|
Sanie-Jahromi F, NejatyJahromy Y, Jahromi RR. A Review on the Role of Stem Cells against SARS-CoV-2 in Children and Pregnant Women. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11787. [PMID: 34769218 PMCID: PMC8584228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 outbreak was acknowledged by the WHO on 30 January 2020, much research has been conducted to unveil various features of the responsible SARS-CoV-2 virus. Different rates of contagion in adults, children, and pregnant women may guide us to understand the underlying infection conditions of COVID-19. In this study, we first provide a review of recent reports of COVID-19 clinical outcomes in children and pregnant women. We then suggest a mechanism that explains the curious case of COVID-19 in children/pregnant women. The unique stem cell molecular signature, as well as the very low expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and the lower ACE/ACE2 ratio in stem cells of children/pregnant women compared to adults might be the cause of milder symptoms of COVID-19 in them. This study provides the main molecular keys on how stem cells can function properly and exert their immunomodulatory and regenerative effects in COVID-19-infected children/pregnant women, while failing to replicate their role in adults. This can lay the groundwork for both predicting the pattern of spread and severity of the symptoms in a population and designing novel stem cell-based treatment and prevention strategies for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sanie-Jahromi
- Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7134997446, Iran;
| | - Yaser NejatyJahromy
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53012 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rahim Raoofi Jahromi
- Department of Infectious Disease, Peymanieh Hospital, Jahrom University of Medical Science, Jahrom 7414846199, Iran
| |
Collapse
|