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Krawczyk-Łebek A, Żarowska B, Dymarska M, Janeczko T, Kostrzewa-Susłow E. Synthesis, fungal biotransformation, and evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of chalcones with a chlorine atom. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15050. [PMID: 38951205 PMCID: PMC11217454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chalcones are intermediate products in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which possess a wide range of biological properties, including antimicrobial and anticancer activities. The introduction of a chlorine atom and the glucosyl moiety into their structure may increase their bioavailability, bioactivity, and pharmacological use. The combined chemical and biotechnological methods can be applied to obtain such compounds. Therefore, 2-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone and 3-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone were synthesized and biotransformed in cultures of two strains of filamentous fungi, i.e. Isaria fumosorosea KCH J2 and Beauveria bassiana KCH J1.5 to obtain their novel glycosylated derivatives. Pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness, and biological activity of them were predicted using cheminformatics tools. 2-Chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone, 3-chloro-2'-hydroxychalcone, their main glycosylation products, and 2'-hydrochychalcone were screened for antimicrobial activity against several microbial strains. The growth of Escherichia coli 10,536 was completely inhibited by chalcones with a chlorine atom and 3-chlorodihydrochalcone 2'-O-β-D-(4″-O-methyl)-glucopyranoside. The strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 939 was the most resistant to the action of the tested compounds. However, chalcone aglycones and glycosides with a chlorine atom almost completely inhibited the growth of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus DSM 799 and yeast Candida albicans DSM 1386. The tested compounds had different effects on lactic acid bacteria depending on the tested species. In general, chlorinated chalcones were more effective in the inhibition of the tested microbial strains than their unchlorinated counterparts and aglycones were a little more effective than their glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krawczyk-Łebek
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Barbara Żarowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Monika Dymarska
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Janeczko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Edyta Kostrzewa-Susłow
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Chen B, Zhang J, Li J, Qian Y, Huang B, Wu X. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum Dermatophyte Biofilms in Response to Photodynamic Therapy. Mycopathologia 2024; 189:59. [PMID: 38890181 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-024-00865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Dermatophyte biofilms frequently count for inadequate responses and resistance to standard antifungal treatments, resulting in refractory chronic onychomycosis infection. Although antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has clinically proven to exert significant antifungal effects or even capable of eradicating dermatophyte biofilms, considerably less is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying aPDT and the potential dysregulation of signaling networks that could antagonize its action. The aim of this study is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlining aPDT combat against dermatophyte biofilm in recalcitrant onychomycosis and to decipher the potential detoxification processes elicited by aPDT, facilitating the development of more effective photodynamic interventions. We applied genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate how aPDT disrupting onychomycosis biofilm formed by three distinct dermatophytes, including Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum, the most frequently occurring pathogenic species. In total, 352.13 Gb of clean data were obtained for the transcriptomes of dermatophyte biofilms with or without aPDT treatment, resulting in 2,422.42 million reads with GC content of 51.84%, covering 99.9%, 98.5% and 99.4% of annotated genes of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and M. gypseum, respectively. The genome-wide orthologous analysis identified 6624 transcribed single-copy orthologous genes in all three species, and 36.5%, 6.8% and 17.9% of which were differentially expressed following aPDT treatment. Integrative orthology analysis demonstrated the upregulation of oxidoreductase activities is a highly conserved detoxification signaling alteration in response to aPDT across all investigated dermatophyte biofilms. This study provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms underneath anti-dermatophyte biofilm effects of aPDT and successfully identified a conserved detoxification regulation upon the aPDT application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borui Chen
- Dermatology Institute of Fuzhou, Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Xihong Road 243, Fuzhou, 350025, China
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital and Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital and Research Center for Medical Mycology, Peking University, Beijing, 100034, China
- Department of Dermatology, Fujian Provincial Geriatric Hospital, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Dermatology Institute of Fuzhou, Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Xihong Road 243, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Yuwen Qian
- Fujun Genetics Technologies Company Limited, Fuzhou, 350003, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- Dermatology Institute of Fuzhou, Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Xihong Road 243, Fuzhou, 350025, China
| | - Xiaomo Wu
- Dermatology Institute of Fuzhou, Dermatology Hospital of Fuzhou, Xihong Road 243, Fuzhou, 350025, China.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrass 70, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Filipić B, Ušjak D, Rambaher MH, Oljacic S, Milenković MT. Evaluation of novel compounds as anti-bacterial or anti-virulence agents. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1370062. [PMID: 38510964 PMCID: PMC10951914 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1370062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, leading to an alarming increase in the prevalence of bacterial infections that can no longer be treated with available antibiotics. The World Health Organization estimates that by 2050 up to 10 million deaths per year could be associated with antimicrobial resistance, which would equal the annual number of cancer deaths worldwide. To overcome this emerging crisis, novel anti-bacterial compounds are urgently needed. There are two possible approaches in the fight against bacterial infections: a) targeting structures within bacterial cells, similar to existing antibiotics; and/or b) targeting virulence factors rather than bacterial growth. Here, for the first time, we provide a comprehensive overview of the key steps in the evaluation of potential new anti-bacterial and/or anti-virulence compounds. The methods described in this review include: a) in silico methods for the evaluation of novel compounds; b) anti-bacterial assays (MIC, MBC, Time-kill); b) anti-virulence assays (anti-biofilm, anti-quorum sensing, anti-adhesion); and c) evaluation of safety aspects (cytotoxicity assay and Ames test). Overall, we provide a detailed description of the methods that are an essential tool for chemists, computational chemists, microbiologists, and toxicologists in the evaluation of potential novel antimicrobial compounds. These methods are cost-effective and have high predictive value. They are widely used in preclinical studies to identify new molecular candidates, for further investigation in animal and human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Filipić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dušan Ušjak
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Martina Hrast Rambaher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Slavica Oljacic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina T. Milenković
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Belizario JA, Bila NM, Vaso CO, Costa-Orlandi CB, Mendonça MB, Fusco-Almeida AM, Pires RH, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Exploring the Complexity of the Interaction between T. rubrum and S. aureus/ S. epidermidis in the Formation of Polymicrobial Biofilms. Microorganisms 2024; 12:191. [PMID: 38258017 PMCID: PMC10820507 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytes associated with bacteria can lead to severe, difficult-to-treat infections and contribute to chronic infections. Trichophyton rubrum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis can form biofilms influenced by nutrient availability. This study investigated biofilm formation by these species by utilizing diverse culture media and different time points. These biofilms were studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), biomass, metabolic activity, and colony-forming units (CFUs). The results revealed that mixed biofilms exhibited high biomass and metabolic activity when cultivated in the brain heart infusion (BHI) medium. Both bacterial species formed mature biofilms with T. rubrum within 72 h, irrespective of media. The timing of bacterial inoculation was pivotal in influencing biomass and metabolic activity. T. rubrum's development within mixed biofilms depended on bacterial addition timing, while pre-adhesion influenced fungal growth. Bacterial communities prevailed initially, while fungi dominated later in the mixed biofilms. CLSM revealed 363 μm thick T. rubrum biofilms with septate, well-developed hyphae; S. aureus (177 μm) and S. epidermidis (178 μm) biofilms showed primarily cocci. Mixed biofilms matched T. rubrum's thickness when associated with S. epidermidis (369 μm), with few hyphae initially. Understanding T. rubrum and Staphylococcal interactions in biofilms advances antimicrobial resistance and disease progression knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenyffie A. Belizario
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.B.); (N.M.B.); (C.O.V.); (C.B.C.-O.); (M.B.M.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Níura M. Bila
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.B.); (N.M.B.); (C.O.V.); (C.B.C.-O.); (M.B.M.); (A.M.F.-A.)
- Department of Para-Clinic, School of Veterinary, Eduardo Mondlane University (UEM), Maputo 257, Mozambique
| | - Carolina O. Vaso
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.B.); (N.M.B.); (C.O.V.); (C.B.C.-O.); (M.B.M.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Caroline B. Costa-Orlandi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.B.); (N.M.B.); (C.O.V.); (C.B.C.-O.); (M.B.M.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Matheus B. Mendonça
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.B.); (N.M.B.); (C.O.V.); (C.B.C.-O.); (M.B.M.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Ana M. Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.B.); (N.M.B.); (C.O.V.); (C.B.C.-O.); (M.B.M.); (A.M.F.-A.)
| | - Regina H. Pires
- Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil;
| | - Maria José S. Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), São Paulo 14800-903, Brazil; (J.A.B.); (N.M.B.); (C.O.V.); (C.B.C.-O.); (M.B.M.); (A.M.F.-A.)
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Gunia-Krzyżak A, Popiół J, Słoczyńska K, Żelaszczyk D, Orzeł K, Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk P, Wójcik-Pszczoła K, Kasza P, Borczuch-Kostańska M, Pękala E. In silico and in vitro evaluation of a safety profile of a cosmetic ingredient: 4-methoxychalcone (4-MC). Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 93:105696. [PMID: 37722549 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone is an important scaffold within medicinal and cosmetic chemistry. The structure enables multiple modifications which may result in obtaining compounds with desirable bioactivity. One of the chalcone derivatives, 4-methoxychalcone is a known cosmetic ingredient indexed in Cosing database as an antioxidant, bleaching, and skin conditioning substance. We investigated its in silico and in vitro safety profile. In silico study using Derek Nexus showed its potential of skin sensitisation, equivocal nature of chromosome damage in vitro in mammals, but also no mutagenic properties. In vitro research proved its activity as melanogenesis inhibitor in B16F10 cell line at the doses 12.5-3.125 μM. Evaluations performed in various cell lines showed that the cytotoxic doses were 50-25 μM. Tests in Episkin™ proved its ability to penetrate across epidermis and enabled classification of 2% formulation in PEG as non-irritant. In micronucleus tests it showed no genotoxicity. Studies in Cunninghamella echinulata model proved that 4-methoxychalcone was metabolised to less lipophilic products. 4-methoxychalcone showed phototoxic potential, its EC50(+UV) = 3.57 μg/mL, PIF = 10.19 and MPE = 0.428 were comparable to chlorpromazine. Moreover, 4-methoxychalcone showed ecotoxic potential in Microtox® assay with EC50(5 min) = 0.0047 mg/L and EC50(15 min) = 0.0033 mg/L. Although active doses were lower than toxic ones, some potential safety risks were noticed. Especially, due to the phototoxicity potential of 4-methoxychalcone, its use as depigmenting agent should involve avoidance of sunlight and use of appropriate photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gunia-Krzyżak
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Justyna Popiół
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Karolina Słoczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Dorota Żelaszczyk
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Orzeł
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Paulina Koczurkiewicz-Adamczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Patryk Kasza
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
| | - Magda Borczuch-Kostańska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pękala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, Kraków 30-688, Poland.
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L S D, M K K, Thamilselvan G. Design, synthesis and anti-Tb evaluation of chalcone derivatives as novel inhibitors of InhA. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:15165-15176. [PMID: 37349907 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2227711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of halogenated chalcone derivatives were designed and developed for anti-tubercular activity. Novel molecules were designed and in-silico screening were performed using admetSAR, SwissADME, and Osiris Property Explorer. From the initial filter the top 10 compounds were docked using the Autodock tool 1.5.6. and the binding energies of the docked compounds were higher than the standard drugs Isoniazid.and Ethionamide. Based on the in-silico and docking results, the top halogenated chalcones were synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, mass spectrometry, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The chalcones were further evaluated for anti-tubercular activity using MABA against the H37Rv strain. Among the series of compounds, DK12 and DK14 showed potent in-vitro activity, with MICs of 0.8 µg/ml, in comparison with 1.6 µg/ml of the first-line drug Isoniazid. Further molecular dynamics simulations studies for 100 ns revealed that the key interaction with TYR 158 were observed in both DK12 and DK14 in the InhA active site. The compound DK12 further showed significant interactions with PHE 149 and ARG 153 residues and is a hit molecule among the series. Further DK12 and DK14 does not show any significance toxicity. The compounds DK12 needs to be optimized and further investigation to be carried out against InhA.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya L S
- Dr. APJ Kalam Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kathiravan M K
- Dr. APJ Kalam Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
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Costa-Orlandi CB, Bila NM, Bonatti JLC, Vaso CO, Santos MB, Polaquini CR, Santoni Biasioli MM, Herculano RD, Regasini LO, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJS. Membranolytic Activity Profile of Nonyl 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoate: A New Anti-Biofilm Compound for the Treatment of Dermatophytosis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051402. [PMID: 37242644 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of dermatophytes to live in communities and resist antifungal drugs may explain treatment recurrence, especially in onychomycosis. Therefore, new molecules with reduced toxicity that target dermatophyte biofilms should be investigated. This study evaluated nonyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (nonyl) susceptibility and mechanism of action on planktonic cells and biofilms of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes. Metabolic activities, ergosterol, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were quantified, and the expression of genes encoding ergosterol was determined by real-time PCR. The effects on the biofilm structure were visualized using confocal electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes biofilms were susceptible to nonyl and resistant to fluconazole, griseofulvin (all strains), and terbinafine (two strains). The SEM results revealed that nonyl groups seriously damaged the biofilms, whereas synthetic drugs caused little or no damage and, in some cases, stimulated the development of resistance structures. Confocal microscopy showed a drastic reduction in biofilm thickness, and transmission electron microscopy results indicated that the compound promoted the derangement and formation of pores in the plasma membrane. Biochemical and molecular assays indicated that fungal membrane ergosterol is a nonyl target. These findings show that nonyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate is a promising antifungal compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B Costa-Orlandi
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Níura M Bila
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
- Department of Para-Clinic, School of Veterinary, Eduardo Modlane University (UEM), Maputo 257, Mozambique
| | - Jean Lucas C Bonatti
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina O Vaso
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana B Santos
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Polaquini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Santoni Biasioli
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Rondinelli D Herculano
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis O Regasini
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Sao Jose do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Marisa Fusco-Almeida
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria José S Mendes-Giannini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (U.N.E.S.P.), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil
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Dermatophytic Biofilms: Characteristics, Significance and Treatment Approaches. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020228. [PMID: 36836342 PMCID: PMC9960790 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes are found in the environment, possibly more often as biofilms than in planktonic forms. Biofilm formation has been described for several important fungal species. The presence of a dermatophytoma in a dermatophytic nail infection was the basis for the proposal that dermatophytes form biofilms as well. This could explain treatment failure and recurrent dermatophytic infections. Several investigators have performed in vitro and ex vivo experiments to study the formation of biofilms by dermatophytes and their properties. The nature of the biofilm structure itself contributes to fungal protection mechanisms against many harmful external agents, including antifungals. Thus, a different approach should be carried out regarding susceptibility testing and treatment. Concerning susceptibility testing, methods to evaluate either the inhibition of biofilm formation, or the ability to eradicate it, have been introduced. As for treatment, in addition to classical antifungal agents, some natural formulations, such as plant extracts or biosurfactants, and alternative approaches, such as photodynamic therapy, have been proposed. Studies that connect the results of the in vitro and ex vivo experimentation with clinical outcomes are required in order to verify the efficacy of these approaches in clinical practice.
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Zhang X, Yang X, Huang Y, Hu J, Wu D, Yang N, Wang H. 2-Hydroxychalcone as a Novel Natural Photosynthesis Inhibitor against Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15069-15079. [PMID: 36444958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The control of harmful cyanobacterial blooms has been becoming a global challenge. The development of eco-friendly algicides with strong specificity is urgently needed. The photosynthetic apparatus is a promising target site for algicides to minimize the possible harmful effects on animals and humans. In this study, biologically derived 2-hydroxychalcone efficiently inhibited the growth of bloom-forming M. aeruginosa by selectively interfering with photosynthesis. 2-Hydroxychalcone targeting Photosystem II (PSII) inhibited electron transfer between the primary and secondary electron acceptors (QA and QB) and the binding of plastoquinone (PQ) molecules to the QB binding pocket at the acceptor side of PSII, as revealed by polyphasic chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence induction and QA- reoxidation kinetics. Molecular docking for 2-hydroxychalcone to D1 protein and the proteomic responses of M. aeruginosa suggested that 2-hydroxychalcone formed a stable monodentate ligand with the nonheme iron in D1 protein, provoking significant modulation of PSII proteins. The unique binding mode of 2-hydroxychalcone with PSII differentiated it from classical PSII inhibitors. Furthermore, 2-hydroxychalcone down-regulated the expression of microcystin (MC) synthesis-related genes to restrain MC synthesis and release. These results indicated the potential application of 2-hydroxychalcone as an algicide or a template scaffold for designing novel derivatives with superior algicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Jinlu Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi710072, China
| | - Diao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Niu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei430074, China
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Effects of Coleus amboinicus L. Essential Oil and Ethanolic Extracts on Planktonic Cells and Biofilm Formation of Microsporum canis Isolated from Feline Dermatophytosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121734. [PMID: 36551390 PMCID: PMC9774219 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsporum canis is an important zoonotic fungus that causes dermatophytosis in domestic animals and their owners. Domestic cats are the primary reservoir for M. canis. Antifungal drugs frequently produce adverse effects on the host animal, increasing the demand for novel alternative treatments derived from nature. We evaluated the antifungal activity of Coleus amboinicus essential oil (CEO) and ethanolic extracts (CEE) against M. canis in planktonic and biofilm growth. Twelve clinical isolates of M. canis were identified in feline dermatophyte samples. Using GC-MS, 18 compounds were identified in CEO, with carvacrol being the major constituent. HPLC analysis of CEE revealed that it contained rosmarinic acid, apigenin, and caffeic acid. The planktonic growth of all M. canis isolates was inhibited by C. amboinicus extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration at which ≥50% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC50) was 128 µg/mL (32-256 µg/mL) for both CEO and CEE. The MIC90 values of CEO and CEE were 128 and 256 µg/mL, respectively. CEO at MIC (128 µg/mL) and 2× MIC (256 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of weak, moderate, and strong biofilm-producing M. canis. CEE at 2× MIC (256 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the biofilm formation of all isolates. Overall, C. amboinicus extracts inhibited planktonic growth and exhibited a significant antibiofilm effect against M. canis. Thus, C. amboinicus is a potential source of natural antifungal compounds.
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Evaluation of efficacy of new chalcone-based endodontic irrigant against dual biofilm Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: a study in vitro. Odontology 2022:10.1007/s10266-022-00764-y. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00764-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Satokata AAC, de Souza JH, Silva LLO, Santiago MB, Ramos SB, Assis LRD, Theodoro RDS, Oliveira LRE, Regasini LO, Martins CHG. Chalcones with potential antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against periodontopathogenic bacteria. Anaerobe 2022; 76:102588. [PMID: 35618163 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontitis is a pathology resulting from complex interaction of microorganisms in the dental biofilm with the host's immune system. Increased use of antibiotics associated with their inappropriate use has increased resistance levels in anaerobic bacteria. Therefore, identifying new antimicrobial compounds, such as chalcones, is urgent. This study evaluates the antibacterial activity and the antibiofilm activity of 15 chalcones against the periodontopathogenic bacteria Prevotella nigrescens (ATCC 33563), P. oralis (ATCC 33269), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (ATCC 27337), Actinomyces viscosus (ATCC 43146), Porphyromonas asaccharolytica (ATCC 25260), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586). METHODS The compounds were evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) tests. RESULTS Compounds 1-6 showed good antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against most of the evaluated bacteria: MIC was lower than or equal to 6.25 μg/mL, biofilm biomass was reduced by 95%, and the compounds at concentrations between 0.78 and 100 μg/mL totally inhibited cell viability. Among the tested chalcones, 3 stood out: it was effective against all the bacteria, as revealed by the MIC and MBIC results. CONCLUSIONS Our results have consolidated a base for the development of new studies on the effects of the tested chalcones as agents to combat and to prevent periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Akemi Cury Satokata
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Henrique de Souza
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Luana Luiza Oliveira Silva
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariana Brentini Santiago
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Leticia Ribeiro de Assis
- Laboratory of Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics (LAQ), Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Dos Santos Theodoro
- Laboratory of Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics (LAQ), Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lígia Rodrigues E Oliveira
- Laboratory of Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics (LAQ), Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Octavio Regasini
- Laboratory of Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutics (LAQ), Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, São Paulo State University, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing (LEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Evaluation of the Anti-Histoplasma capsulatum Activity of Indole and Nitrofuran Derivatives and Their Pharmacological Safety in Three-Dimensional Cell Cultures. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051043. [PMID: 35631629 PMCID: PMC9147190 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a fungus that causes histoplasmosis. The increased evolution of microbial resistance and the adverse effects of current antifungals help new drugs to emerge. In this work, fifty-four nitrofurans and indoles were tested against the H. capsulatum EH-315 strain. Compounds with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) equal to or lower than 7.81 µg/mL were selected to evaluate their MIC90 on ATCC G217-B strain and their minimum fungicide concentration (MFC) on both strains. The quantification of membrane ergosterol, cell wall integrity, the production of reactive oxygen species, and the induction of death by necrosis–apoptosis was performed to investigate the mechanism of action of compounds 7, 11, and 32. These compounds could reduce the extracted sterol and induce necrotic cell death, similarly to itraconazole. Moreover, 7 and 11 damaged the cell wall, causing flaws in the contour (11), or changing the size and shape of the fungal cell wall (7). Furthermore, 7 and 32 induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation higher than 11 and control. Finally, the cytotoxicity was measured in two models of cell culture, i.e., monolayers (cells are flat) and a three-dimensional (3D) model, where they present a spheroidal conformation. Cytotoxicity assays in the 3D model showed a lower toxicity in the compounds than those performed on cell monolayers. Overall, these results suggest that derivatives of nitrofurans and indoles are promising compounds for the treatment of histoplasmosis.
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Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antifungal and Toxicological Activity of Nitrofuran Derivatives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030593. [PMID: 35335969 PMCID: PMC8950151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases affect more than 1 billion people worldwide. The constant global changes, the advent of new pandemics, and chronic diseases favor the diffusion of fungal pathogens such as Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, Trichophyton, Histoplasma capsulatum, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. In this work, a series of nitrofuran derivatives were synthesized and tested against different fungal species; most of them showed inhibitory activity, fungicide, and fungistatic profile. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC90) values for the most potent compounds range from 0.48 µg/mL against H. capsulatum (compound 11) and P. brasiliensis (compounds 3 and 9) to 0.98 µg/mL against Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes (compounds 8, 9, 12, 13 and 8, 12, 13, respectively), and 3.9 µg/mL against Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans strains (compounds 1 and 5, respectively). In addition, all compounds showed low toxicity when tested in vitro on lung cell lines (A549 and MRC-5) and in vivo in Caenorhabditis elegans larvae. Many of them showed high selectivity index values. Thus, these studied nitrofuran derivatives proved to be potent against different fungal species, characterized by low toxicity and high selectivity; for these reasons, they may become promising compounds for the treatment of mycoses.
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Roudbary M, Vahedi-Shahandashti R, Santos ALSD, Roudbar Mohammadi S, Aslani P, Lass-Flörl C, Rodrigues CF. Biofilm formation in clinically relevant filamentous fungi: a therapeutic challenge. Crit Rev Microbiol 2021; 48:197-221. [PMID: 34358430 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2021.1950121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are highly-organized microbial communities attached to a biotic or an abiotic surface, surrounded by an extracellular matrix secreted by the biofilm-forming cells. The majority of fungal pathogens contribute to biofilm formation within tissues or biomedical devices, leading to serious and persistent infections. The clinical significance of biofilms relies on the increased resistance to conventional antifungal therapies and suppression of the host immune system, which leads to invasive and recurrent fungal infections. While different features of yeast biofilms are well-described in the literature, the structural and molecular basis of biofilm formation of clinically related filamentous fungi has not been fully addressed. This review aimed to address biofilm formation in clinically relevant filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Roudbary
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - André Luis Souza Dos Santos
- Department of General Microbiology, Microbiology Institute Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | | | - Peyman Aslani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Célia F Rodrigues
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Costa-Orlandi CB, Martinez LR, Bila NM, Friedman JM, Friedman AJ, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Nosanchuk JD. Nitric Oxide-Releasing Nanoparticles Are Similar to Efinaconazole in Their Capacity to Eradicate Trichophyton rubrum Biofilms. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:684150. [PMID: 34336712 PMCID: PMC8319823 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.684150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi such as Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes, the main causative agents of onychomycosis, have been recognized as biofilm-forming microorganisms. Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles (NO-np) are currently in development for the management of superficial and deep bacterial and fungal infections, with documented activity against biofilms. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the in vitro anti-T. rubrum biofilm potential of NO-np using standard ATCC MYA-4438 and clinical BR1A strains and compare it to commonly used antifungal drugs including fluconazole, terbinafine and efinaconazole. The biofilms formed by the standard strain produced more biomass than those from the clinical strain. NO-np, fluconazole, terbinafine, and efinaconazole inhibited the in vitro growth of planktonic T. rubrum cells. Similarly, NO-np reduced the metabolic activities of clinical strain BR1A preformed biofilms at the highest concentration tested (SMIC50 = 40 mg/mL). Scanning electron and confocal microscopy revealed that NO-np and efinaconazole severely damaged established biofilms for both strains, resulting in collapse of hyphal cell walls and reduced the density, extracellular matrix and thickness of the biofilms. These findings suggest that biofilms should be considered when developing and testing new drugs for the treatment of dermatophytosis. Development of a biofilm phenotype by these fungi may explain the resistance of dermatophytes to some antifungals and why prolonged treatment is usually required for onychomycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Barcelos Costa-Orlandi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Deparment of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Luis R Martinez
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Níura Madalena Bila
- Deparment of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.,Department of Para-Clinic, School of Veterinary, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane (UEM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Joel M Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Adam J Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Dermatology, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maria José S Mendes-Giannini
- Deparment of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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