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Bodmer NK, Knutsen RH, Roth RA, Castile RM, Brodt MD, Gierasch CM, Broekelmann TJ, Gibson MA, Haspel JA, Lake SP, Brody SL, Silva MJ, Mecham RP, Ornitz DM. Multi-organ phenotypes in mice lacking latent TGFβ binding protein 2 (LTBP2). Dev Dyn 2024; 253:233-254. [PMID: 37688792 PMCID: PMC10842386 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latent TGFβ binding protein-2 (LTBP2) is a fibrillin 1 binding component of the microfibril. LTBP2 is the only LTBP protein that does not bind any isoforms of TGFβ, although it may interfere with the function of other LTBPs or interact with other signaling pathways. RESULTS Here, we investigate mice lacking Ltbp2 (Ltbp2-/- ) and identify multiple phenotypes that impact bodyweight and fat mass, and affect bone and skin development. The alterations in skin and bone development are particularly noteworthy since the strength of these tissues is differentially affected by loss of Ltbp2. Interestingly, some tissues that express high levels of Ltbp2, such as the aorta and lung, do not have a developmental or homeostatic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of these mice show that LTBP2 has complex effects on development through direct effects on the extracellular matrix (ECM) or on signaling pathways that are known to regulate the ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas K. Bodmer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Russell H. Knutsen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Robyn A. Roth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Ryan M. Castile
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University School of Engineering
| | - Michael D. Brodt
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carrie M. Gierasch
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | | | - Mark A. Gibson
- Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A. Haspel
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Spencer P. Lake
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University School of Engineering
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Matthew J. Silva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P. Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - David M. Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine
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2
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Eguchi S, Sparks MA, Sawada H, Lu HS, Daugherty A, Zhuo JL. Recent Advances in Understanding the Molecular Pathophysiology of Angiotensin II Receptors: Lessons From Cell-Selective Receptor Deletion in Mice. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:1795-1807. [PMID: 37394059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.06.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an essential hormonal system involved in water and sodium reabsorption, renal blood flow regulation, and arterial constriction. Systemic stimulation of the RAS with infusion of the main peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) in animals as well as pathological elevation of renin (ie, renovascular hypertension) to increase circulatory Ang II in humans ultimately lead to hypertension and end organ damage. In addition to hypertension, accumulating evidence supports that the Ang II type 1 receptor exerts a critical role in cardiovascular and kidney diseases independent of blood pressure elevation. In the past 2 decades, the identification of an increased number of peptides and receptors has facilitated the concept that the RAS has detrimental and beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system depending on which RAS components are activated. For example, angiotensin 1-7 and Ang II type 2 receptors act as a counter-regulatory system against the classical RAS by mediating vasodilation. Although the RAS as an endocrine system for regulation of blood pressure is well established, there remain many unanswered questions and controversial findings regarding blood pressure regulation and pathophysiological regulation of cardiovascular diseases at the tissue level. This review article includes the latest knowledge gleaned from cell type-selective gene deleted mice regarding cell type-specific roles of Ang II receptors and their significance in health and diseases are discussed. In particular, we focus on the roles of these receptors expressed in vascular, cardiac, and kidney epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Eguchi
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Matthew A Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Renal Section, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Center, and Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hong S Lu
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Center, and Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Center, and Saha Aortic Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jia L Zhuo
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence and Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Brengle BM, Lin M, Roth RA, Jones KD, Wagenseil JE, Mecham RP, Halabi CM. A new mouse model of elastin haploinsufficiency highlights the importance of elastin to vascular development and blood pressure regulation. Matrix Biol 2023; 117:1-14. [PMID: 36773748 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) is an autosomal dominant disease resulting from elastin (ELN) haploinsufficiency. Individuals with SVAS typically develop a thickened arterial media with an increased number of elastic lamellae and smooth muscle cell (SMC) layers and stenosis superior to the aortic valve. A mouse model of SVAS (Eln+/-) was generated that recapitulates many aspects of the human disease, including increased medial SMC layers and elastic lamellae, large artery stiffness, and hypertension. The vascular changes in these mice were thought to be responsible for the hypertension phenotype. However, a renin gene (Ren) duplication in the original 129/Sv genetic background and carried through numerous strain backcrosses raised the possibility of renin-mediated effects on blood pressure. To exclude excess renin activity as a disease modifier, we utilized the Cre-LoxP system to rederive Eln hemizygous mice on a pure C57BL/6 background (Sox2-Cre;Elnf/f). Here we show that Sox2-Cre;Eln+/f mice, with a single Ren1 gene and normal renin levels, phenocopy the original global knockout line. Characteristic traits include an increased number of elastic lamellae and SMC layers, stiff elastic arteries, and systolic hypertension with widened pulse pressure. Importantly, small resistance arteries of Sox2-Cre;Eln+/f mice exhibit a significant change in endothelial cell function and hypercontractility to angiotensin II, findings that point to pathway-specific alterations in resistance arteries that contribute to the hypertensive phenotype. These data confirm that the cardiovascular changes, particularly systolic hypertension, seen in Eln+/- mice are due to Eln hemizygosity rather than Ren duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget M Brengle
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robyn A Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kara D Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jessica E Wagenseil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A
| | - Carmen M Halabi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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4
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Elenbaas JS, Pudupakkam U, Ashworth KJ, Kang CJ, Patel V, Santana K, Jung IH, Lee PC, Burks KH, Amrute JM, Mecham RP, Halabi CM, Alisio A, Di Paola J, Stitziel NO. SVEP1 is an endogenous ligand for the orphan receptor PEAR1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:850. [PMID: 36792666 PMCID: PMC9932102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sushi, von Willebrand factor type A, EGF and pentraxin domain containing 1 (SVEP1) is an extracellular matrix protein that causally promotes vascular disease and associates with platelet reactivity in humans. Here, using a human genomic and proteomic approach, we identify a high affinity, disease-relevant, and potentially targetable interaction between SVEP1 and the orphan receptor Platelet and Endothelial Aggregation Receptor 1 (PEAR1). This interaction promotes PEAR1 phosphorylation and disease associated AKT/mTOR signaling in vascular cells and platelets. Mice lacking SVEP1 have reduced platelet activation, and exogenous SVEP1 induces PEAR1-dependent activation of platelets. SVEP1 and PEAR1 causally and concordantly relate to platelet phenotypes and cardiovascular disease in humans, as determined by Mendelian Randomization. Targeting this receptor-ligand interaction may be a viable therapeutic strategy to treat or prevent cardiovascular and thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Elenbaas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Upasana Pudupakkam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Katrina J Ashworth
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Chul Joo Kang
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Ved Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Katherine Santana
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - In-Hyuk Jung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Paul C Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kendall H Burks
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Junedh M Amrute
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Robert P Mecham
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Carmen M Halabi
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Arturo Alisio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jorge Di Paola
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63108, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Cook ME, Bradstreet TR, Webber AM, Kim J, Santeford A, Harris KM, Murphy MK, Tran J, Abdalla NM, Schwarzkopf EA, Greco SC, Halabi CM, Apte RS, Blackshear PJ, Edelson BT. The ZFP36 family of RNA binding proteins regulates homeostatic and autoreactive T cell responses. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabo0981. [PMID: 36269839 PMCID: PMC9832469 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abo0981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RNA binding proteins are important regulators of T cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. The zinc finger protein 36 (ZFP36) family genes (Zfp36, Zfp36l1, and Zfp36l2) encode RNA binding proteins that promote the degradation of transcripts containing AU-rich elements. Numerous studies have demonstrated both individual and shared functions of the ZFP36 family in immune cells, but their collective function in T cells remains unclear. Here, we found a redundant and critical role for the ZFP36 proteins in regulating T cell quiescence. T cell-specific deletion of all three ZFP36 family members in mice resulted in early lethality, immune cell activation, and multiorgan pathology characterized by inflammation of the eyes, central nervous system, kidneys, and liver. Mice with T cell-specific deletion of any two Zfp36 genes were protected from this spontaneous syndrome. Triply deficient T cells overproduced proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF, and GM-CSF, due to increased mRNA stability of these transcripts. Unexpectedly, T cell-specific deletion of both Zfp36l1 and Zfp36l2 rendered mice resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitits due to failed priming of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells. ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 double-deficient CD4+ T cells had poor proliferation during in vitro T helper cell polarization. Thus, the ZFP36 family redundantly regulates T cell quiescence at homeostasis, but ZFP36L1 and ZFP36L2 are specifically required for antigen-specific T cell clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E. Cook
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tara R. Bradstreet
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Webber
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jongshin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Current address: Medical Science and Engineering Program, School of Convergence Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang, Korea
| | - Andrea Santeford
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kevin M. Harris
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Maegan K. Murphy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Tran
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nada M. Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Schwarzkopf
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Current address: Wugen, Inc.; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Suellen C. Greco
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carmen M. Halabi
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rajendra S. Apte
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Perry J. Blackshear
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health; Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center; Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brian T. Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine; St. Louis, MO, USA
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