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Mukherjee AG, Renu K, Gopalakrishnan AV, Jayaraj R, Dey A, Vellingiri B, Ganesan R. Epicardial adipose tissue and cardiac lipotoxicity: A review. Life Sci 2023; 328:121913. [PMID: 37414140 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) has morphological and physiological contiguity with the myocardium and coronary arteries, making it a visceral fat deposit with some unique properties. Under normal circumstances, EAT exhibits biochemical, mechanical, and thermogenic cardioprotective characteristics. Under clinical processes, epicardial fat can directly impact the heart and coronary arteries by secreting proinflammatory cytokines via vasocrine or paracrine mechanisms. It is still not apparent what factors affect this equilibrium. Returning epicardial fat to its physiological purpose may be possible by enhanced local vascularization, weight loss, and focused pharmacological therapies. This review centers on EAT's developing physiological and pathophysiological dimensions and its various and pioneering clinical utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.
| | - Rama Jayaraj
- Jindal Institute of Behavioral Sciences (JIBS), Jindal Global Institution of Eminence Deemed to Be University, 28, Sonipat 131001, India; Director of Clinical Sciences, Northern Territory Institute of Research and Training, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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2
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Takeda Y, Harada Y, Yoshikawa T, Dai P. Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism in the Regulation of Thermogenic Brown Fats and Human Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021352. [PMID: 36674862 PMCID: PMC9861294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown fats specialize in thermogenesis by increasing the utilization of circulating blood glucose and fatty acids. Emerging evidence suggests that brown adipose tissue (BAT) prevents the incidence of obesity-associated metabolic diseases and several types of cancers in humans. Mitochondrial energy metabolism in brown/beige adipocytes regulates both uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)-dependent and -independent thermogenesis for cold adaptation and the utilization of excess nutrients and energy. Many studies on the quantification of human BAT indicate that mass and activity are inversely correlated with the body mass index (BMI) and visceral adiposity. Repression is caused by obesity-associated positive and negative factors that control adipocyte browning, de novo adipogenesis, mitochondrial energy metabolism, UCP1 expression and activity, and noradrenergic response. Systemic and local factors whose levels vary between lean and obese conditions include growth factors, inflammatory cytokines, neurotransmitters, and metal ions such as selenium and iron. Modulation of obesity-associated repression in human brown fats is a promising strategy to counteract obesity and related metabolic diseases through the activation of thermogenic capacity. In this review, we highlight recent advances in mitochondrial metabolism, thermogenic regulation of brown fats, and human metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukimasa Takeda
- Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.D.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5444 (Y.T.); +81-75-251-5135 (P.D.)
| | - Yoshinori Harada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Yoshikawa
- Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research, 103-5 Tanaka-Monzen-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8225, Japan
| | - Ping Dai
- Department of Cellular Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (P.D.); Tel.: +81-75-251-5444 (Y.T.); +81-75-251-5135 (P.D.)
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3
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Zhang Q, Ye R, Zhang YY, Fan CC, Wang J, Wang S, Chen S, Liu X. Brown Adipose Tissue and Novel Management Strategies for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:847249. [PMID: 35663310 PMCID: PMC9160465 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.847249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a unique tissue, plays a key role in metabolism and energy expenditure through adaptive nonshivering thermogenesis. It has recently become a therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases. The thermogenic effect of BAT occurs through uncoupling protein-1 by uncoupling adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis from energy substrate oxidation. The review discusses the recent developments and progress associated with the biology, function, and activation of BAT, with a focus on its therapeutic potential for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The endocrine activity of brown adipocytes affects the energy balance and homeostasis of glucose and lipids, thereby affecting the association of BAT activity and the metabolic profile. PCOS is a complex reproductive and metabolic disorder of reproductive-age women. Functional abnormalities of adipose tissue (AT) have been reported in patients with PCOS. Numerous studies have shown that BAT could regulate the features of PCOS and that increases in BAT mass or activity were effective in the treatment of PCOS through approaches including cold stimulation, BAT transplantation and compound activation in various animal models. Therefore, BAT may be used as a novel management strategy for the patients with PCOS to improve women's health clinically. It is highly important to identify key brown adipokines for the discovery and development of novel candidates to establish an efficacious therapeutic strategy for patients with PCOS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Zhang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongcai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Regulation (Family Planning), Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Chen Fan
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Reproductive Regulation (Family Planning), Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyu Wang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Suwen Chen, ; Xiaowei Liu, ; Shuyu Wang,
| | - Suwen Chen
- Department of Reproductive Regulation (Family Planning), Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Suwen Chen, ; Xiaowei Liu, ; Shuyu Wang,
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Suwen Chen, ; Xiaowei Liu, ; Shuyu Wang,
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Tournissac M, Leclerc M, Valentin-Escalera J, Vandal M, Bosoi CR, Planel E, Calon F. Metabolic determinants of Alzheimer's disease: A focus on thermoregulation. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 72:101462. [PMID: 34534683 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex age-related neurodegenerative disease, associated with central and peripheral metabolic anomalies, such as impaired glucose utilization and insulin resistance. These observations led to a considerable interest not only in lifestyle-related interventions, but also in repurposing insulin and other anti-diabetic drugs to prevent or treat dementia. Body temperature is the oldest known metabolic readout and mechanisms underlying its maintenance fail in the elderly, when the incidence of AD rises. This raises the possibility that an age-associated thermoregulatory deficit contributes to energy failure underlying AD pathogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a central role in thermogenesis and maintenance of body temperature. In recent years, the modulation of BAT activity has been increasingly demonstrated to regulate energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization, which could also provide benefits for AD. Here, we review the evidence linking thermoregulation, BAT and insulin-related metabolic defects with AD, and we propose mechanisms through which correcting thermoregulatory impairments could slow the progression and delay the onset of AD.
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Ernsberger U, Deller T, Rohrer H. The sympathies of the body: functional organization and neuronal differentiation in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 386:455-475. [PMID: 34757495 PMCID: PMC8595186 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03548-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last 30 years, our understanding of the development and diversification of postganglionic sympathetic neurons has dramatically increased. In parallel, the list of target structures has been critically extended from the cardiovascular system and selected glandular structures to metabolically relevant tissues such as white and brown adipose tissue, lymphoid tissues, bone, and bone marrow. A critical question now emerges for the integration of the diverse sympathetic neuron classes into neural circuits specific for these different target tissues to achieve the homeostatic regulation of the physiological ends affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Ernsberger
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Hermann Rohrer
- Institute for Clinical Neuroanatomy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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6
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Pan R, Chen Y. Fat biology and metabolic balance: On the significance of sex. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 533:111336. [PMID: 34090969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its related metabolic disorders have become prevalent and fatal, which are faced by the entire human beings since decades. An energy equilibrium is urgently important for human metabolic health, which requires the participation of multiple organs, such as adipose tissues, liver and skeletal muscles. It seems that both sex and age play a role in the above processes. In this review, we focus on the sexual dimorphism in energy metabolism mediated by adipose tissues, including white and thermogenic (brown/beige) adipose tissues. Remarkably, past investigations have focused on targeting brown/beige adipose tissues to combat obesity because of their contributions to non-shivering thermogenesis. However, sex differences in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism are likely overlooked. Particularly, increasing data show that males display more visceral fat than females, and females show increased visceral fat after menopause. Visceral adiposity is more deleterious and closely related to metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss current findings on sexual dimorphism in WAT and BAT biology for a better metabolic balance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, PR China; Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hubei, PR China.
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7
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Valladolid-Acebes I, Åvall K, Recio-López P, Moruzzi N, Bryzgalova G, Björnholm M, Krook A, Alonso EF, Ericsson M, Landfors F, Nilsson SK, Berggren PO, Juntti-Berggren L. Lowering apolipoprotein CIII protects against high-fat diet-induced metabolic derangements. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/11/eabc2931. [PMID: 33712458 PMCID: PMC7954448 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc2931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII), a key regulator of lipid metabolism, result in obesity-related metabolic derangements. We investigated mechanistically whether lowering or preventing high-fat diet (HFD)–induced increase in apoCIII protects against the detrimental metabolic consequences. Mice, first fed HFD for 10 weeks and thereafter also given an antisense (ASO) to lower apoCIII, already showed reduced levels of apoCIII and metabolic improvements after 4 weeks, despite maintained obesity. Prolonged ASO treatment reversed the metabolic phenotype due to increased lipase activity and receptor-mediated hepatic uptake of lipids. Fatty acids were transferred to the ketogenic pathway, and ketones were used in brown adipose tissue (BAT). This resulted in no fat accumulation and preserved morphology and function of liver and BAT. If ASO treatment started simultaneously with the HFD, mice remained lean and metabolically healthy. Thus, lowering apoCIII protects against and reverses the HFD-induced metabolic phenotype by promoting physiological insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Valladolid-Acebes
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital L1, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Åvall
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital L1, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Recio-López
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital L1, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Noah Moruzzi
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital L1, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Galyna Bryzgalova
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital L1, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Björnholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Krook
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, C3, Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Fauste Alonso
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital L1, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Madelene Ericsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Physiological Chemistry 6M, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Landfors
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Physiological Chemistry 6M, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan K Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Unit of Physiological Chemistry 6M, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital L1, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea.,Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637553, Singapore.,Center for Diabetes and Metabolism Research, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Lisa Juntti-Berggren
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital L1, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Souza de Oliveira M, Sachs Nique P, Crispim D, Marmontel de Souza B. The association of uncoupling proteins 1, 2, and 3 with weight loss variability after bariatric surgery: a systematic review. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2020; 16:1858-1868. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2020.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Jung S, Han M, Korm S, Lee SI, Noh S, Phorl S, Naskar R, Lee KS, Kim GH, Choi YJ, Lee JY. HDAC6 regulates thermogenesis of brown adipocytes through activating PKA to induce UCP1 expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:285-290. [PMID: 29890133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) is responsible for nonshivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). UCP1 increases the conductance of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) for protons to make BAT mitochondria generate heat rather than ATP. HDAC6 is a cytosolic deacetylase for non-histone substrates to regulate various cellular processes, including mitochondrial quality control and dynamics. Here, we showed that the body temperature of HDAC6 knockout mice is slightly decreased in normal hosing condition. Interestingly, UCP1 was downregulated in BAT of HDAC6 knockout mice, which extensively linked mitochondrial thermogenesis. Mechanistically, we showed that cAMP-PKA signaling plays a key role in HDAC6-dependent UCP1 expression. Notably, the size of brown adipocytes and lipid droplets in HDAC6 knockout BAT is increased. Taken together, our findings suggested that HDAC6 contributes to mitochondrial thermogenesis in BAT by increasing UCP1 expression through cAMP-PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Jung
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea
| | - Miae Han
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sovannarith Korm
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-In Lee
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Solhee Noh
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sophors Phorl
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Rema Naskar
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye-Sung Lee
- Division of Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon-Hee Kim
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea; Division of Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jaie Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-921, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joo-Yong Lee
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology (GRAST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea; Division of Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34133, Republic of Korea.
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Kravchychyn A, Campos R, Corgosinho F, Masquio D, Vicente S, Ferreira Y, Silva P, Ganen A, Oyama L, Tock L, de Mello M, Tufik S, Dâmaso A. The Long-Term Impact of High Levels of Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone in Energy Balance Among Obese Adolescents. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2018; 72:279-286. [DOI: 10.1159/000488005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Deregulation of orexigenic and anorexigenic pathways occurs among adolescents with obesity. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a key catabolic mediator of energy homeostasis and an important anorexigenic neuropeptide in the control of energy balance and thermogenesis. However, it was not well explored if α-MSH can modulate long-term weight loss therapy responses in a dependent manner according to its concentration. Our hypothesis is that a high α-MSH concentration at baseline promotes better modulation of anorexigenic/orexigenic pathways in obese adolescents. Methods: One hundred ten post-pubertal obese adolescents (body mass index >95th percentile) were submitted to 1 year of interdisciplinary therapy (clinical, nutritional, psychological, physical exercise, and physiotherapy support). Body composition and plasma levels of α-MSH, neuropeptide Y (NPY), melanin-concentrating hormone, and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) were measured before and after therapy. The volunteers were grouped on the basis of Tertiles of α-MSH concentration: Low (<0.75 ng/mL), Medium (≤0.76 to ≥1.57 ng/mL), and High (>1.57 ng/mL). Significance was set as p < 0.05. Results: The treatment promoted a significant improvement in body adiposity and fat free mass for all groups. It is important to note that only in the high α-MSH group, a significant increase of the α-MSH/NPY ratio and decrease NPY/AgRP ratio post treatment were observed. Conclusion: The high α-MSH concentration promotes better modulation of anorexigenic/orexigenic pathways in obese adolescents following long-term weight loss therapy and this is important in clinical practice.
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Valencak TG, Osterrieder A, Schulz TJ. Sex matters: The effects of biological sex on adipose tissue biology and energy metabolism. Redox Biol 2017; 12:806-813. [PMID: 28441629 PMCID: PMC5406544 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a complex and multi-faceted organ. It responds dynamically to internal and external stimuli, depending on the developmental stage and activity of the organism. The most common functional subunits of adipose tissue, white and brown adipocytes, regulate and respond to endocrine processes, which then determine metabolic rate as well as adipose tissue functions. While the molecular aspects of white and brown adipose biology have become clearer in the recent past, much less is known about sex-specific differences in regulation and deposition of adipose tissue, and the specific role of the so-called pink adipocytes during lactation in females. This review summarises the current understanding of adipose tissue dynamics with a focus on sex-specific differences in adipose tissue energy metabolism and endocrine functions, focussing on mammalian model organisms as well as human-derived data. In females, pink adipocytes trans-differentiate during pregnancy from subcutaneous white adipocytes and are responsible for milk-secretion in mammary glands. Overlooking biological sex variation may ultimately hamper clinical treatments of many aspects of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa G Valencak
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anne Osterrieder
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Department of Adipocyte Development and Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, 114-116, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany.
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12
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Physiologische Relevanz des braunen Fettgewebes beim Menschen. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-016-0129-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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The role of the brown adipose tissue in β3-adrenergic receptor activation-induced sleep, metabolic and feeding responses. Sci Rep 2017; 7:958. [PMID: 28424466 PMCID: PMC5430421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system via β3-adrenergic receptors (β3-AR). Here we tested the hypothesis that pharmacological stimulation of β3-ARs leads to increased sleep in mice and if this change is BAT dependent. In wild-type (WT) animals, administration of CL-316,243, a selective β3-AR agonist, induced significant increases in non-rapid-eye movement sleep (NREMS) lasting for 4–10 h. Simultaneously, electroencephalographic slow-wave activity (SWA) was significantly decreased and body temperature was increased with a delay of 5–6 h. In uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) knockout mice, the middle and highest doses of the β3-AR agonist increased sleep and suppressed SWA, however, these effects were significantly attenuated and shorter-lasting as compared to WT animals. To determine if somnogenic signals arising from BAT in response to β3-AR stimulation are mediated by the sensory afferents of BAT, we tested the effects of CL-316,243 in mice with the chemical deafferentation of the intra-scapular BAT pads. Sleep responses to CL-316,243 were attenuated by ~50% in intra-BAT capsaicin-treated mice. Present findings indicate that the activation of BAT via β3-AR leads to increased sleep in mice and that this effect is dependent on the presence of UCP-1 protein and sleep responses require the intact sensory innervation of BAT.
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Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy and glucose homeostasis through its subtle functions at both organ and systemic levels. On one hand, adipose tissue stores energy in the form of lipid and controls the lipid mobilization and distribution in the body. On the other hand, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ and produces numerous bioactive factors such as adipokines that communicate with other organs and modulate a range of metabolic pathways. Moreover, brown and beige adipose tissue burn lipid by dissipating energy in the form of heat to maintain euthermia, and have been considered as a new way to counteract obesity. Therefore, adipose tissue dysfunction plays a prominent role in the development of obesity and its related disorders such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression and cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings of adipose tissue in the control of metabolism, focusing on its endocrine and thermogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Luo
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyMetabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyMetabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences Center,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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15
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Labbé SM, Mouchiroud M, Caron A, Secco B, Freinkman E, Lamoureux G, Gélinas Y, Lecomte R, Bossé Y, Chimin P, Festuccia WT, Richard D, Laplante M. mTORC1 is Required for Brown Adipose Tissue Recruitment and Metabolic Adaptation to Cold. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37223. [PMID: 27876792 PMCID: PMC5120333 DOI: 10.1038/srep37223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to cold, brown adipose tissue (BAT) increases its metabolic rate and expands its mass to produce heat required for survival, a process known as BAT recruitment. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) controls metabolism, cell growth and proliferation, but its role in regulating BAT recruitment in response to chronic cold stimulation is unknown. Here, we show that cold activates mTORC1 in BAT, an effect that depends on the sympathetic nervous system. Adipocyte-specific mTORC1 loss in mice completely blocks cold-induced BAT expansion and severely impairs mitochondrial biogenesis. Accordingly, mTORC1 loss reduces oxygen consumption and causes a severe defect in BAT oxidative metabolism upon cold exposure. Using in vivo metabolic imaging, metabolomics and transcriptomics, we show that mTORC1 deletion impairs glucose and lipid oxidation, an effect linked to a defect in tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity. These analyses also reveal a severe defect in nucleotide synthesis in the absence of mTORC1. Overall, these findings demonstrate an essential role for mTORC1 in the regulation of BAT recruitment and metabolism in response to cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien M Labbé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mathilde Mouchiroud
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Blandine Secco
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Elizaveta Freinkman
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Guillaume Lamoureux
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Gélinas
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Roger Lecomte
- Centre d'imagerie moléculaire de Sherbrooke (CIMS), Département de Médecine nucléaire et radiobiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Patricia Chimin
- Department of Physiology &Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - William T Festuccia
- Department of Physiology &Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Denis Richard
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Laplante
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec - Université Laval, 2725 chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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16
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Lian X, Gollasch M. A Clinical Perspective: Contribution of Dysfunctional Perivascular Adipose Tissue (PVAT) to Cardiovascular Risk. Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 18:82. [DOI: 10.1007/s11906-016-0692-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Smith DL, Yarar-Fisher C. Contributors to Metabolic Disease Risk Following Spinal Cord Injury. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2016; 4:190-199. [PMID: 29276654 PMCID: PMC5737009 DOI: 10.1007/s40141-016-0124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) induced changes in neurological function have significant impact on the metabolism and subsequent metabolic-related disease risk in injured individuals. This metabolic-related disease risk relationship is differential depending on the anatomic level and severity of the injury, with high level anatomic injuries contributing a greater risk of glucose and lipid dysregulation resulting in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk elevation. Although alterations in body composition, particularly excess adiposity and its anatomical distribution in the visceral depot or ectopic location in non-adipose organs, is known to significantly contribute to metabolic disease risk, changes in fat mass and fat-free mass do not fully account for this elevated disease risk in subjects with SCI. There are other negative adaptations in body composition including reductions in skeletal muscle mass and alterations in muscle fiber type, in addition to significant reduction in physical activity, that contribute to a decline in metabolic rate and increased metabolic disease risk following SCI. Recent studies in adult humans suggest cold- and diet-induced thermogenesis through brown adipose tissue metabolism may be important for energy balance and substrate metabolism, and particularly sensitive to sympathetic nervous signaling. Considering the alterations that occur in the autonomic nervous system (SNS) (sympathetic and parasympathetic) following a SCI, significant dysfunction of brown adipose function is expected. This review will highlight metabolic alterations following SCI and integrate findings from brown adipose tissue studies as potential new areas of research to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA
- Nathan Shock Center of Excellence in the Basic Biology of Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA
- Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA
| | - Ceren Yarar-Fisher
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA
- Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, 35294 USA
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18
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Rodrigues DB, Stauffer PR, Colebeck E, Hood AZ, Salahi S, Maccarini PF, Topsakal E. Dielectric properties measurements of brown and white adipose tissue in rats from 0.5 to 10 GHz. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2016; 2:025005. [PMID: 29354288 PMCID: PMC5773071 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/2/025005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays an important role in whole body metabolism and with appropriate stimulus could potentially mediate weight gain and insulin sensitivity. Although imaging techniques are available to detect subsurface BAT, there are currently no viable methods for continuous acquisition of BAT energy expenditure. Microwave (MW) radiometry is an emerging technology that allows the quantification of tissue temperature variations at depths of several centimeters. Such temperature differentials may be correlated with variations in metabolic rate, thus providing a quantitative approach to monitor BAT metabolism. In order to optimize MW radiometry, numerical and experimental phantoms with accurate dielectric properties are required to develop and calibrate radiometric sensors. Thus, we present for the first time, the characterization of relative permittivity and electrical conductivity of brown (BAT) and white (WAT) adipose tissues in rats across the MW range 0.5-10GHz. Measurements were carried out in situ and post mortem in six female rats of approximately 200g. A Cole-Cole model was used to fit the experimental data into a parametric model that describes the variation of dielectric properties as a function of frequency. Measurements confirm that the dielectric properties of BAT (εr = 14.0-19.4, σ = 0.3-3.3S/m) are significantly higher than those of WAT (εr = 9.1-11.9, σ = 0.1-1.9S/m), in accordance with the higher water content of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- D B Rodrigues
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - P R Stauffer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - E Colebeck
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | - A Z Hood
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
| | | | - P F Maccarini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - E Topsakal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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19
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Vaicik MK, Morse M, Blagajcevic A, Rios J, Larson J, Yang F, Cohen RN, Papavasiliou G, Brey EM. Hydrogel-Based Engineering of Beige Adipose Tissue. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:7903-7911. [PMID: 26693015 PMCID: PMC4675174 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb00952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues have a significant capacity for energy expenditure that may be exploited as a treatment for obesity and metabolic disease. However, the limited volumes of these tissues in adults hinders realization of this potential. Engineering beige adipose tissue may provide an alternative source of this tissue. In this paper we describe the preparation of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGDA) hydrogels with mechanical properties similar to native adipose tissue. Adipose derived stem cells (ASC) were cultured in hydrogels without adhesive sequences or degradable monomers. Cells were able to differentiate, independent of scaffold properties and were maintained as a viable and functioning adipose tissue mass. The cells expressed their own basement membrane proteins consistent with the composition of adipose tissue. The ASCs could be induced to express uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and cIDEA, makers of beige adipocytes with expression level varying with hydrogel stiffness. This hydrogel-based culture system serves as a first step in engineering beige adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Vaicik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL ; Research Service, Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL
| | - M Morse
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - A Blagajcevic
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - J Rios
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL
| | - J Larson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL
| | - F Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL
| | - R N Cohen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - G Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL
| | - E M Brey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL ; Research Service, Veteran Affairs Hospital, Hines, IL
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20
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Thermogenic potential and physiological relevance of human epicardial adipose tissue. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2015; 5:S28-34. [PMID: 27152172 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue is a unique fat depot around the heart that shares a close anatomic proximity and vascular supply with the myocardium and coronary arteries. Its accumulation around the heart, measured using various imaging modalities, has been associated with the onset and progression of coronary artery disease in humans. Epicardial adipose tissue is also the only fat depot around the heart that is known to express uncoupling protein 1 at both mRNA and protein levels in the detectable range. Recent advances have further indicated that human epicardial fat exhibits beige fat-like features. Here we provide an overview of the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of human epicardial fat, and further discuss whether its thermogenic properties can serve as a target for the therapeutic management of coronary heart disease in humans.
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21
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Of mice and men: novel insights regarding constitutive and recruitable brown adipocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY SUPPLEMENTS 2015; 5:S15-20. [PMID: 27152169 DOI: 10.1038/ijosup.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been great attention given to the possibility of combating obesity by targeting brown fat activity or increasing differentiation of brown adipocytes in white fat depots through a process termed 'browning'. Sympathetic innervation of brown and white adipose tissues provides adrenergic input that drives thermogenesis and regulates fatty acid metabolism, as well as stimulating adipogenesis of recruitable brown adipocyte tissue (rBAT, also known as beige or brite) in white fat. Other factors acting in an endocrine or autocrine/paracrine manner in adipose tissue may also stimulate browning. There have been significant recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of increasing adipose tissue energy expenditure, as well as how brown adipocytes appear in white fat depots, including via de novo adipogenesis from tissue precursor cells. In this article, we integrate this new knowledge with a historical perspective on the discovery of 'browning'. We also provide an overview of constitutive BAT vs rBAT in mouse and human.
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22
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Abstract
Obesity ensues from an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure that results from gene-environment interactions, which favour a positive energy balance. A society that promotes unhealthy food and encourages sedentary lifestyle (that is, an obesogenic environment) has become a major contributory factor in excess fat deposition in individuals predisposed to obesity. Energy homeostasis relies upon control of energy intake as well as expenditure, which is in part determined by the themogenesis of brown adipose tissue and mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Several areas of the brain that constitute cognitive and autonomic brain systems, which in turn form networks involved in the control of appetite and thermogenesis, also contribute to energy homeostasis. These networks include the dopamine mesolimbic circuit, as well as the opioid, endocannabinoid and melanocortin systems. The activity of these networks is modulated by peripheral factors such as hormones derived from adipose tissue and the gut, which access the brain via the circulation and neuronal signalling pathways to inform the central nervous system about energy balance and nutritional status. In this Review, I focus on the determinants of energy homeostasis that have emerged as prominent factors relevant to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Richard
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725 Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
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23
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Baraboi ED, Li W, Labbé SM, Roy MC, Samson P, Hould FS, Lebel S, Marceau S, Biertho L, Richard D. Metabolic changes induced by the biliopancreatic diversion in diet-induced obesity in male rats: the contributions of sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1316-29. [PMID: 25646712 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the body weight and fat loss after the biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD/DS) remain to be fully delineated. The aim of this study was to examine the contributions of the two main components of BPD/DS, namely sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and duodenal switch (DS), on energy balance changes in rats rendered obese with a high-fat (HF) diet. Three different bariatric procedures (BPD/DS, SG, and DS) and three sham surgeries were performed in male Wistar rats. Sham-operated animals fed HF were either fed ad libitum (Sham HF) or pair weighed (Sham HF PW) by food restriction to the BPD/DS rats. A group of sham-operated rats was kept on standard chow and served as normal diet control (Sham Chow). All three bariatric surgeries resulted in a transient reduction in food intake. SG per se induced a delay in body weight gain. BPD/DS and DS led to a noticeable gut malabsorption and a reduction in body weight and fat gains along with significant elevations in plasma levels of glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36) and peptide YY. BPD/DS and DS elevated energy expenditure above that of Sham HF PW during the dark phase. However, they reduced the volume, oxidative metabolism, and expression of thermogenic genes in interscapular brown adipose tissue. Altogether the results of this study suggest that the DS component of the BPD/DS, which led to a reduction in digestible energy intake while sustaining energy expenditure, plays a key role in the improvement in the metabolic profile led by BPD/DS in rats fed a HF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Dana Baraboi
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Chemin Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5
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24
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Rostás I, Füredi N, Tenk J, Mikó A, Solymár M, Soós S, Székely M, Pétervári E, Balaskó M. Age-related alterations in the central thermoregulatory responsiveness to alpha-MSH. J Therm Biol 2015; 49-50:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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25
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Control of food intake and energy expenditure by Nos1 neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamus. J Neurosci 2015; 34:15306-18. [PMID: 25392498 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0226-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) contains a heterogeneous cluster of Sim1-expressing cell types that comprise a major autonomic output nucleus and play critical roles in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis. The roles of specific PVH neuronal subtypes in energy balance have yet to be defined, however. The PVH contains nitric oxide synthase-1 (Nos1)-expressing (Nos1(PVH)) neurons of unknown function; these represent a subset of the larger population of Sim1-expressing PVH (Sim1(PVH)) neurons. To determine the role of Nos1(PVH) neurons in energy balance, we used Cre-dependent viral vectors to both map their efferent projections and test their functional output in mice. Here we show that Nos1(PVH) neurons project to hindbrain and spinal cord regions important for food intake and energy expenditure control. Moreover, pharmacogenetic activation of Nos1(PVH) neurons suppresses feeding to a similar extent as Sim1(PVH) neurons, and increases energy expenditure and activity. Furthermore, we found that oxytocin-expressing PVH neurons (OXT(PVH)) are a subset of Nos1(PVH) neurons. OXT(PVH) cells project to preganglionic, sympathetic neurons in the thoracic spinal cord and increase energy expenditure upon activation, though not to the same extent as Nos1(PVH) neurons; their activation fails to alter feeding, however. Thus, Nos1(PVH) neurons promote negative energy balance through changes in feeding and energy expenditure, whereas OXT(PVH) neurons regulate energy expenditure alone, suggesting a crucial role for non-OXT Nos1(PVH) neurons in feeding regulation.
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26
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Brooks VL, Shi Z, Holwerda SW, Fadel PJ. Obesity-induced increases in sympathetic nerve activity: sex matters. Auton Neurosci 2014; 187:18-26. [PMID: 25435000 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Abundant evidence obtained largely from male human and animal subjects indicates that obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA), which contributes to hypertension development. However, recent studies that included women reported that the strong relationships between muscle SNA and waist circumference or body mass index (BMI) found in men are not present in overweight and obese women. A similar sex difference in the association between adiposity and hypertension development has been identified in animal models of obesity. In this brief review, we consider two possible mechanisms for this sex difference. First, visceral adiposity, leptin, insulin, and angiotensin II have been identified as potential culprits in obesity-induced sympathoexcitation in males. We explore if these factors wield the same impact in females. Second, we consider if sex differences in vascular reactivity to sympathetic activation contribute. Our survey of the literature suggests that premenopausal females may be able to resist obesity-induced sympathoexcitation and hypertension in part due to differences in adipose disposition as well as its muted inflammatory response and reduced production of pressor versus depressor components of the renin-angiotensin system. In addition, vascular responsiveness to increased SNA may be reduced. However, more importantly, we identify the urgent need for further study, not only of sex differences per se, but also of the mechanisms that may mediate these differences. This information is required not only to refine treatment options for obese premenopausal women but also to potentially reveal new therapeutic avenues in obese men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
| | - Zhigang Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Seth W Holwerda
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
| | - Paul J Fadel
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, United States
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27
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Monge-Roffarello B, Labbe SM, Roy MC, Lemay ML, Coneggo E, Samson P, Lanfray D, Richard D. The PVH as a site of CB1-mediated stimulation of thermogenesis by MC4R agonism in male rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:3448-58. [PMID: 24949658 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the stimulating effects of the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) agonism on whole-body and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. In a first series of experiments, whole-body and BAT thermogenesis were investigated in rats infused in the third ventricle of the brain with the MC4R agonist melanotan II (MTII) and the CB1 agonist δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ(9)-THC) or the CB1 antagonist AM251. Whole-body thermogenesis was measured by indirect calorimetry and BAT thermogenesis assessed from interscapular BAT (iBAT) temperature. δ(9)-THC blunted the effects of MTII on energy expenditure and iBAT temperature, whereas AM251 tended to potentiate the MTII effects. δ(9)-THC also blocked the stimulating effect of MTII on (14)C-bromopalmitate and (3)H-deoxyglucose uptakes in iBAT. Additionally, δ(9)-THC attenuated the stimulating effect of MTII on the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α (Pgc1α), type II iodothyronine deiodinase (Dio2), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (Cpt1b), and uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1). In a second series of experiments, we addressed the involvement of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) in the CB1-mediated effects of MTII on iBAT thermogenesis, which were assessed following the infusion of MTII in the PVH and δ(9)-THC or AM251 in the fourth ventricle of the brain. We demonstrated the ability of δ(9)-THC to blunt MTII-induced iBAT temperature elevation. δ(9)-THC also blocked the PVH effect of MTII on (14)C-bromopalmitate uptake as well as on Pgc1α and Dio2 expression in iBAT. Altogether the results of this study demonstrate the involvement of the PVH in the CB1-mediated stimulating effects of the MC4R agonist MTII on whole-body and BAT thermogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Animals
- Male
- Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Piperidines
- Pyrazoles
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/agonists
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4/metabolism
- Thermogenesis
- alpha-MSH/analogs & derivatives
- alpha-MSH/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Monge-Roffarello
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 4G5
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28
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Monge-Roffarello B, Labbe SM, Lenglos C, Caron A, Lanfray D, Samson P, Richard D. The medial preoptic nucleus as a site of the thermogenic and metabolic actions of melanotan II in male rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R158-66. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00059.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the role of the medial preoptic nucleus (MPO) as a site of the thermogenic and metabolic effects of the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog melanotan II (MTII). We also assessed the involvement of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) by investigating the effects of the MPO infusion of MTII in rats with DMH lesions produced by kainic acid. Infusion of MTII in the MPO led to increases in interscapular brown adipose tissue (iBAT) temperature and iBAT uptake of 14C-bromopalmitate. Both increases were blocked by DMH lesions. iBAT temperature increase (area under curve) and 14C-bromopalmitate uptake emerged as two correlated variables ( r = 0.63, P < 0.001). DMH lesions also blocked MTII-induced expression of mRNAs coding for proteins involved in 1) thermogenesis [type II iodothyronine deiodinase ( Dio2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α ( Pgc1α)], 2) lipolysis [hormone-sensitive lipase ( Hsl)], and 3) lipogenesis [diacylglycerol-O-acyltransferase 2 ( Dgat2), fatty acid synthase ( Fas)], in iBAT of rats killed 1 h after MPO infusion of MTII. MTII also stimulated expression of genes in iWAT but only in rats with DMH lesions. These genes included glucose transporter member 4 ( Glut4), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3 ( Gpat3), Dgat1, Dgat2, triglyceride lipase ( Atgl), Hsl, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1β ( Cpt1β). Altogether, the present results reveal the MPO as a site of the thermogenic and metabolic actions of MTII. They also contribute to establish the MPO-DMH duet as a significant target for melanocortins to modulate energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Monge-Roffarello
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sebastien M. Labbe
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Christophe Lenglos
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Damien Lanfray
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Samson
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Denis Richard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Shen Y, Liu X, Dong M, Lin J, Zhao Q, Lee H, Jin W. Recent advances in brown adipose tissue biology. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0386-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C, García MC. Energy Balance Regulating Neuropeptides Are Expressed through Pregnancy and Regulated by Interleukin-6 Deficiency in Mouse Placenta. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:537603. [PMID: 24744782 PMCID: PMC3972931 DOI: 10.1155/2014/537603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta produces a number of signaling molecules including metabolic and reproductive hormones as well as several inflammatory mediators. Among them, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a well-known immune and metabolic regulator, acts peripherally modulating metabolic function and centrally increasing energy expenditure and reducing body fat. IL-6 interacts with key hypothalamic neuropeptidergic systems controlling energy homeostasis such as those producing the orexigenic/anabolic: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and anorectic/catabolic neuropeptides: proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART). Human and rat placenta have been identified as source of these neuropeptides, but their expression and regulation in murine placental tissues remain unknown. Therefore, placental mRNA levels of IL-6, NPY, AgRP, POMC, and CART at different pregnancy stages (gestational days 13, 15, and 18) were analyzed by real time PCR, as were the effect of IL-6 deficiency (IL-6 knockout mice) on their placental expression. Our results showed that placenta-derived neuropeptides were regulated by gestational age and IL-6 throughout the second half of mouse pregnancy. These data suggest that IL-6 may participate in the fine tune control of energy balance during pregnancy by extending its action as a metabolic signal to the main organ at the fetomaternal interface: the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María C. García
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Chechi K, Nedergaard J, Richard D. Brown adipose tissue as an anti-obesity tissue in humans. Obes Rev 2014; 15:92-106. [PMID: 24165204 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the 11th Stock Conference held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, world-leading experts came together to present and discuss recent developments made in the field of brown adipose tissue biology. Owing to the vast capacity of brown adipose tissue for burning food energy in the process of thermogenesis, and due to demonstrations of its presence in adult humans, there is tremendous interest in targeting brown adipose tissue as an anti-obesity tissue in humans. However, the future of such therapeutic approaches relies on our understanding of the origin, development, recruitment, activation and regulation of brown adipose tissue in humans. As reviewed here, the 11th Stock Conference was organized around these themes to discuss the recent progress made in each aspect, to identify gaps in our current understanding and to further provide a common groundwork that could support collaborative efforts aimed at a future therapy for obesity, based on brown adipose tissue thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chechi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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Chechi K, Carpentier AC, Richard D. Understanding the brown adipocyte as a contributor to energy homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:408-20. [PMID: 23711353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipocytes are specialized cells capable of undergoing thermogenesis, a phenomenon regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, due to the presence of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). The recent demonstrations of their presence in adult humans, and the discovery that brown adipocytes can be derived from distinct precursors and express specific genes depending on their anatomic location, have sparked intense interest in enhancing the current understanding of their biology and relevance to human energy homeostasis. We provide an overview of the latest advances related to the developmental origins of brown adipocytes, discuss their regulation and function in both rodents and humans, and offer a critical perspective on the relevance of brown adipocyte-mediated thermogenesis in human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Chechi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
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Bowers J, Terrien J, Clerget-Froidevaux MS, Gothié JD, Rozing MP, Westendorp RGJ, van Heemst D, Demeneix BA. Thyroid hormone signaling and homeostasis during aging. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:556-89. [PMID: 23696256 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans and in animal models show negative correlations between thyroid hormone (TH) levels and longevity. TH signaling is implicated in maintaining and integrating metabolic homeostasis at multiple levels, notably centrally in the hypothalamus but also in peripheral tissues. The question is thus raised of how TH signaling is modulated during aging in different tissues. Classically, TH actions on mitochondria and heat production are obvious candidates to link negative effects of TH to aging. Mitochondrial effects of excess TH include reactive oxygen species and DNA damage, 2 factors often considered as aging accelerators. Inversely, caloric restriction, which can retard aging from nematodes to primates, causes a rapid reduction of circulating TH, reducing metabolism in birds and mammals. However, many other factors could link TH to aging, and it is these potentially subtler and less explored areas that are highlighted here. For example, effects of TH on membrane composition, inflammatory responses, stem cell renewal and synchronization of physiological responses to light could each contribute to TH regulation of maintenance of homeostasis during aging. We propose the hypothesis that constraints on TH signaling at certain life stages, notably during maturity, are advantageous for optimal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bowers
- Muséum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Physiologie Générale et Comparée, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7221, 75231 Paris cedex 5, France
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The central administration of C75, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor, activates sympathetic outflow and thermogenesis in interscapular brown adipose tissue. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:1687-99. [PMID: 23827961 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-013-1301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigated the participation of interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), which is an important site for thermogenesis, in the anti-obesity effects of C75, a synthetic inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (FAS). We report that a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of C75 induced hypophagia and weight loss in fasted male Wistar rats. Furthermore, C75 induced a rapid increase in core body temperature and an increase in heat dissipation. In parallel, C75 stimulated IBAT thermogenesis, which was evidenced by a marked increase in the IBAT temperature that preceded the rise in the core body temperature and an increase in the mRNA levels of uncoupling protein-1. As with C75, an i.c.v. injection of cerulenin, a natural FAS inhibitor, increased the core body and IBAT temperatures. The sympathetic IBAT denervation attenuated all of the thermoregulatory effects of FAS inhibitors as well as the C75 effect on weight loss and hypophagia. C75 induced the expression of Fos in the paraventricular nucleus, preoptic area, dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, and raphé pallidus, all of which support a central role of FAS in regulating IBAT thermogenesis. These data indicate a role for IBAT in the increase in body temperature and hypophagia that is induced by FAS inhibitors and suggest new mechanisms explaining the weight loss induced by these compounds.
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Carter S, Caron A, Richard D, Picard F. Role of leptin resistance in the development of obesity in older patients. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:829-44. [PMID: 23869170 PMCID: PMC3706252 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s36367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic associated with aging-like cellular processes; in both aging and obesity, resistance to hormones such as insulin and leptin can be observed. Leptin is a circulating hormone/cytokine with central and peripheral effects that is released mainly by subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Centrally, leptin controls food intake, energy expenditure, and fat distribution, whereas it controls (among several others) insulin sensitivity, free fatty acids (FFAs) oxidation, and lipolysis in the periphery. Aging is associated with important changes in both the distribution and the composition of adipose tissue. Fat is redistributed from the subcutaneous to the visceral depot and increased inflammation participates in adipocyte dysfunction. This redistribution of adipose tissue in favor of visceral fat influences negatively both longevity and healthy aging as shown in numerous animal models. These modifications observed during aging are also associated with leptin resistance. This resistance blunts normal central and peripheral functions of leptin, which leads to a decrease in neuroendocrine function and insulin sensitivity, an imbalance in energy regulation, and disturbances in lipid metabolism. Here, we review how age-related leptin resistance triggers metabolic disturbances and affects the longevity of obese patients. Furthermore, we discuss the potential impacts of leptin resistance on the decline of brown adipose tissue thermogenesis observed in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Carter
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Seale P. Brown adipose tissue biology and therapeutic potential. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:14. [PMID: 23513074 PMCID: PMC3601303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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