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Murayama T, Ito Y, Narita K, Ishida T, Hinotsu S, Fujita M. The effect of lemborexant on insomnia in patients with psychiatric disorders: Detailed evaluation using the Athens Insomnia Scale. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2024; 3:e165. [PMID: 38868465 PMCID: PMC11114419 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Aim Chronic insomnia disorder is common and associated with reduced quality of life. Benzodiazepine hypnotics are commonly prescribed for insomnia, but have potential side effects such as concentration impairment, somnolence, and dependence. Lemborexant (LEM) is an orexin receptor antagonist considered to have fewer side effects than benzodiazepine hypnotics. This study evaluated the effect of LEM on sleep in detail and examined whether benzodiazepine hypnotics can be gradually tapered by adding LEM. Methods We retrospectively examined the effectiveness of LEM in 28 outpatients with insomnia. Insomnia symptoms were assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) before and after LEM administration. We also attempted to taper benzodiazepine hypnotics and assessed benzodiazepine dose using diazepam equivalents for some patients taking benzodiazepine hypnotics. Wilcoxon's signed-rank test was used for statistical analysis. Results The mean AIS score was significantly improved after LEM treatment (8.7 ± 5.2 vs. 3.8 ± 3.3; P < 0.01). Among the AIS subitems, significant improvement was observed for six items: sleep induction, awakenings during the night, sleep quality, well-being, functioning capacity, and sleepiness during the day. The mean benzodiazepine dose was significantly lower after LEM treatment (4.6 ± 5.0 mg vs. 2.1 ± 3.3 mg; P < 0.01). Conclusions This study indicated the potential of LEM for improving insomnia and reducing benzodiazepine dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Murayama
- Department of PsychiatryAsahikawa Keisenkai HospitalHokkaidoJapan
- Department of PsychiatryKushiro Red Cross HospitalHokkaidoJapan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of PsychiatryKushiro Red Cross HospitalHokkaidoJapan
| | - Kenji Narita
- Department of PsychiatryKushiro Red Cross HospitalHokkaidoJapan
- Graduate school of MedicineSapporo Medical UniversityHokkaidoJapan
| | - Tetsuro Ishida
- Department of PsychiatryJapan Health Care UniversityHokkaidoJapan
| | - Shiro Hinotsu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data ManagementSapporo Medical UniversityHokkaidoJapan
| | - Masahiko Fujita
- Wellness Boyo Hospital Otaru Sleep Disorders ClinicHokkaidoJapan
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Kobayashi I, Forcelli PA. The effects of a dual orexin receptor antagonist on fear extinction memory and sleep in mice: Implications for exposure therapy. Behav Brain Res 2024; 458:114741. [PMID: 37931704 PMCID: PMC10841840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Extinction of conditioned fear is considered a fundamental process in the recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders. Sleep, especially rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, has been implicated in promoting extinction memory. The orexin system contributes to the regulation of sleep and wakefulness and emotional behaviors. In rodents, administrations of an orexin receptor antagonist following fear extinction training enhanced consolidation of extinction memory. Although orexin antagonists increase sleep, including REM sleep, the possible contribution of sleep to the effects of orexin antagonists on extinction memory has not been examined. Therefore, this study examined the effects of suvorexant, a dual orexin receptor antagonist, on extinction memory and sleep and their associations in mice. C57BL/6 mice underwent sleep recording for 24 h before and after contextual fear conditioning with footshocks and extinction learning during the early light phase or early dark phase. Mice were systemically injected with either 25 mg/kg of suvorexant or vehicle immediately after the extinction session. We found that suvorexant neither altered sleep nor improved extinction memory recall compared with vehicle. The higher percentages of REM sleep during the post-extinction dark phase were associated with lower extinction memory recall and greater freezing responses to the fear context. Results also indicate that animals did not reach complete extinction of fear with the fear extinction training protocol used in this study. These findings suggest that promoting REM sleep may not enhance fear extinction memory when extinction of fear is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihori Kobayashi
- Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St. NW, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
| | - Patrick A Forcelli
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3970 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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3
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Ouaidat S, Amaral IM, Monteiro DG, Harati H, Hofer A, El Rawas R. Orexins/Hypocretins: Gatekeepers of Social Interaction and Motivation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2609. [PMID: 38473854 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the brain's orexin/hypocretin system, most research was directed toward unveiling its contribution to the normal functioning of individuals. The investigation of reward-seeking behaviors then gained a lot of attention once the distribution of orexinergic neurons was revealed. Here, we discuss findings on the involvement of orexins in social interaction, a natural reward type. While some studies have succeeded in defining the relationship between orexin and social interaction, the controversy regarding its nature (direct or inverse relation) raises questions about what aspects have been overlooked until now. Upon examining the literature, we identified a research gap concerning conditions influencing the impact of orexins on social behavior expression. In this review, we introduce a number of factors (e.g., stress, orexin's source) that must be considered while studying the role of orexins in social interaction. Furthermore, we refer to published research to investigate the stage at which orexins affect social interaction and we highlight the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell's role in social interaction and other rewarding behaviors. Finally, the underlying orexin molecular pathway influencing social motivation in particular illnesses is proposed. We conclude that orexin's impact on social interaction is multifactorial and depends on specific conditions available at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ouaidat
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 1533, Lebanon
| | - Inês M Amaral
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Diogo G Monteiro
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hayat Harati
- Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut P.O. Box 1533, Lebanon
| | - Alex Hofer
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rana El Rawas
- Division of Psychiatry I, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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4
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Sheibani M, Shayan M, Khalilzadeh M, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR. Orexin receptor antagonists in the pathophysiology and treatment of sleep disorders and epilepsy. Neuropeptides 2023; 99:102335. [PMID: 37003137 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2023.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The correlation between sleep and epilepsy has been argued over the past decades among scientists. Although the similarities and contrasts between sleep and epilepsy had been considered, their intertwined nature was not revealed until the nineteenth century. Sleep is recognized as a recurring state of mind and body through alternating brain electrical activities. It is documented that sleep disorders are associated with epilepsy. The origin, suppression, and spread of seizures are affected by sleep. As such, in patients with epilepsy, sleep disorders are a frequent comorbidity. Meanwhile, orexin, a wake-promoting neuropeptide, provides a bidirectional effect on both sleep and epilepsy. Orexin and its cognate receptors, orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and type 2 (OX2R), orchestrate their effects by activating various downstream signaling pathways. Although orexin was considered a therapeutic target in insomnia shortly after its discovery, its potential usefulness for psychiatric disorders and epileptic seizures has been suggested in the pre-clinical studies. This review aimed to discuss whether the relationship between sleep, epilepsy, and orexin is clearly reciprocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sheibani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Razi Drug Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Shayan
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Khalilzadeh
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Maness EB, Blumenthal SA, Burk JA. Dual orexin/hypocretin receptor antagonism attenuates attentional impairments in an NMDA receptor hypofunction model of schizophrenia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.05.527043. [PMID: 36778441 PMCID: PMC9915718 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.05.527043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neuropsychiatric condition that is associated with impaired attentional processing and performance. Failure to support increasing attentional load may result, in part, from abnormally overactive basal forebrain projections to the prefrontal cortex, and available antipsychotics often fail to address this issue. Orexin/hypocretin receptors are expressed on corticopetal cholinergic neurons, and their blockade has been shown to decrease the activity of cortical basal forebrain outputs and prefrontal cortical cholinergic neurotransmission. In the present experiment, rats (N = 14) trained in a visual sustained attention task that required discrimination of trials which presented a visual signal from trials during which no signal was presented. Once trained, rats were then co-administered the psychotomimetic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801: 0 or 0.1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injections) and the dual orexin receptor antagonist filorexant (MK-6096: 0, 0.1, or 1 mM, intracerebroventricular infusions) prior to task performance across six sessions. Dizocilpine impaired overall accuracy during signal trials, slowed reaction times for correctly-responded trials, and increased the number of omitted trials throughout the task. Dizocilpine-induced increases in signal trial deficits, correct response latencies, and errors of omission were reduced following infusions of the 0.1 mM, but not 1 mM, dose of filorexant. Orexin receptor blockade, perhaps through anticholinergic mechanisms, may improve attentional deficits in a state of NMDA receptor hypofunction. Highlights Schizophrenia is associated with attentional deficits that may stem from abnormally reactive BF projections to the prefrontal cortexOrexin receptor antagonists decrease acetylcholine release and reduce prefrontal cortical activityThe dual orexin receptor antagonist filorexant alleviated impairments of attention following NMDA receptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden B. Maness
- VA Boston Healthcare System and Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, USA,Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23187, USA,Please address correspondence to: Eden B. Maness, West Roxbury VA Medical Center, 1400 Veterans of Foreign Wars Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, 02132, Tel: 857-203-4359,
| | - Sarah A. Blumenthal
- Center for Translational Social Neuroscience, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Joshua A. Burk
- Department of Psychological Sciences, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA, 23187, USA
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Dye TJ, Simakajornboon N. Narcolepsy in Children: Sleep disorders in children, A rapidly evolving field seeking consensus. Pediatr Pulmonol 2022; 57:1952-1962. [PMID: 34021733 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy is a life-long sleep disorder with two distinct subtypes, narcolepsy type I and narcolepsy type II. It is now well recognized that the loss of hypocretin neurons underlies the pathogenesis of narcolepsy type I, however, the pathogenesis of narcolepsy type II is currently unknown. Both genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of narcolepsy. There is increasing evidence that autoimmune processes may play a critical role in the loss of hypocretin neurons. Infections especially streptococcus and influenza have been proposed as a potential trigger for the autoimmune-mediated mechanism. Several recent studies have shown increased cases of pediatric narcolepsy following the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. The increased cases in Europe seem to be related to a specific type of H1N1 influenza vaccination (Pandemrix), while the increased cases in China are related to influenza infection. Children with narcolepsy can have an unusual presentation at disease onset including complex motor movements which may lead to delayed diagnosis. All classic narcolepsy tetrads are present in only a small proportion of children. The diagnosis of narcolepsy is confirmed by either obtaining cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin or overnight sleep study with the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). There are limitations of using MSLT in young children such that a negative MSLT test cannot exclude narcolepsy. HLA markers have limited utility in narcolepsy, but it may be useful in young children with clinical suspicion of narcolepsy. For management, both pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments are important in the management of narcolepsy. Pharmacotherapy is primarily aimed to address excessive daytime sleepiness and REM-related symptoms such as cataplexy. In addition to pharmacotherapy, routine screening of behavioral and psychosocial issues is warranted to identify patients who would benefit from bio-behavior intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Dye
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Narong Simakajornboon
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Insulin-like Growth Factor I Couples Metabolism with Circadian Activity through Hypo-Thalamic Orexin Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094679. [PMID: 35563069 PMCID: PMC9101627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoupling of metabolism and circadian activity is associated with an increased risk of a wide spectrum of pathologies. Recently, insulin and the closely related insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) were shown to entrain feeding patterns with circadian rhythms. Both hormones act centrally to modulate peripheral glucose metabolism; however, whereas central targets of insulin actions are intensely scrutinized, those mediating the actions of IGF-I remain less defined. We recently showed that IGF-I targets orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, and now we evaluated whether IGF-I modulates orexin neurons to align circadian rhythms with metabolism. Mice with disrupted IGF-IR activity in orexin neurons (Firoc mice) showed sexually dimorphic alterations in daily glucose rhythms and feeding activity patterns which preceded the appearance of metabolic disturbances. Thus, Firoc males developed hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance, while females developed obesity. Since IGF-I directly modulates orexin levels and hepatic expression of KLF genes involved in circadian and metabolic entrainment in an orexin-dependent manner, it seems that IGF-I entrains metabolism and circadian rhythms by modulating the activity of orexin neurons.
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8
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Babaie F, Kourosh-Arami M, Farhadi M. Administration of Orexin-A into the Rat Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus Enhances the Naloxone Induced Morphine Withdrawal. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2022; 72:209-214. [PMID: 35385881 DOI: 10.1055/a-1744-5868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Orexin neuropeptides are implicated in physical dependence on opioids and expression of withdrawal symptoms in drug abuse. The paraventricular nucleus of the midline thalamus (PVT) has a high expression of orexin receptors. The current research studied the effect of orexin-A in the PVT area on the development of behavioral indices produced by morphine withdrawal in rats. METHODS Male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 gr were utilised. To produce drug dependence, morphine (6, 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, and 66 mg/kg, 2 ml/kg) was injected at an interval of 24 hrs for 7 days. To assess the involvement of the orexin in withdrawal syndrome, we injected orexin-A (100 μM, 200 nl) into the PVT for 7 days before each morphine injection. On the day after the last injection of morphine, naloxone (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected to elicit the morphine withdrawal symptoms which were observed and checked for 25 min. RESULTS The results of the current research showed that the orexin-A in PVT enhances the severity of behavioral symptoms prompted by the injection of naloxone in drug-dependent rats. CONCLUSIONS These observations imply that targeting the orexin receptors in PVT might exhibit a new therapeutic strategy for the future treatment of dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Babaie
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh-Arami
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Farhadi
- Department of Microbiology, Karaj Branch Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Elahdadi Salmani M, Sarfi M, Goudarzi I. Hippocampal orexin receptors: Localization and function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 118:393-421. [PMID: 35180935 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Orexin (hypocretin) is secreted from the perifornical/lateral hypothalamus and is well known for sleep regulation. Orexin has two, orexin A and B, transcripts and two receptors, type 1 and 2 (OX1R and OX2R), located in the plasma membrane of neurons in different brain areas, including the hippocampus involved in learning, memory, seizures, and epilepsy, as physiologic and pathologic phenomena. OX1R is expressed in the dentate gyrus and CA1 and the OX2R in the CA3 areas. Orexin enhances learning and memory as well as reward, stress, seizures, and epilepsy, partly through OX1Rs, while either aggravating or alleviating those phenomena via OX2Rs. OX1Rs activation induces long-term changes of synaptic responses in the hippocampus, an age and concentration-dependent manner. Briefly, we will review the localization and functions of hippocampal orexin receptors, their role in learning, memory, stress, reward, seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iran Goudarzi
- School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
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10
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Kaushik MK, Aritake K, Cherasse Y, Imanishi A, Kanbayashi T, Urade Y, Yanagisawa M. Induction of narcolepsy-like symptoms by orexin receptor antagonists in mice. Sleep 2021; 44:6145803. [PMID: 33609365 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins are hypothalamic neuropeptides that promote and stabilize wakefulness by binding to the orexin receptor type-1 (OX1R) and type-2 (OX2R). Disruption of orexinergic signaling results in the sleep disorder narcolepsy in mice, rats, dogs, and humans. The orexin receptor antagonist suvorexant promotes sleep by blocking both OX1R and OX2R. Whereas suvorexant has been clinically approved for the treatment of insomnia because it is well tolerated in experimental animals as well as in human patients, a logical question remains as to why orexin receptor antagonists do not induce overt narcolepsy-like symptoms. Here we show that acute and chronic suvorexant promotes both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep without inducing cataplexy in mice. Interestingly, chronic suvorexant increases OX2R mRNA and decreases orexin mRNA and peptide levels, which remain low long after termination of suvorexant administration. When mice are chronically treated with suvorexant and then re-challenged with the antagonist after a 1-week washout, however, cataplexy and sleep-onset REM (SOREM) are observed, which are exacerbated by chocolate administration. Heterozygous orexin knockout mice, with lower brain orexin levels, show cataplexy and SOREM after acute suvorexant administration. Furthermore, we find that acute suvorexant can induce cataplexy and SOREM in wild-type mice when co-administered with chocolate under stress-free (temporally anesthetized) conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that suvorexant can inhibit orexin synthesis resulting in susceptibility to narcolepsy-like symptoms in mice under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh K Kaushik
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoan Cherasse
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Aya Imanishi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanbayashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- R&D Center for Frontiers of MIRAI in Policy and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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11
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Inhibition of orexin receptor 1 contributes to the development of morphine dependence via attenuation of cAMP response element-binding protein and phospholipase Cβ3. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 108:101801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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PSPH-D-18-00526: Effect of a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12) on sleep and event-related oscillations in rats exposed to ethanol vapor during adolescence. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:2917-2927. [PMID: 31659377 PMCID: PMC7186151 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05371-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Sleep difficulties are one of the problems associated with adolescent binge drinking. However, the mechanisms underlying adolescent alcohol-associated sleep disturbances and potential targets for therapy remain under investigated. Orexin receptor antagonists may have therapeutic value in the treatment of insomnia, yet the use of this class of drugs in the treatment of sleep disturbances following adolescent alcohol exposure has not been studied. OBJECTIVES This study employed a model whereby ethanol vapor exposure occurred for 5 weeks during adolescence (AIE), and waking event-related oscillations (EROs) and EEG sleep were subsequently evaluated in young adult rats. The ability of two doses (10, 30 mg/kg PO) of a dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA-12) to modify sleep, EEG, and EROs was investigated in AIE rats and controls. RESULTS Adolescent vapor exposure was found to produce a fragmentation of sleep, in young adults, that was partially ameliorated by DORA-12. DORA-12 also produced increases in delta and theta power in waking EROs recorded before sleep, and deeper sleep as indexed by increases in delta and theta power in the sleep EEG in both ethanol and control rats. Rats given DORA-12 also fell asleep faster than vehicle-treated rats as measured by a dose-dependent reduction in the latency to both the first slow wave and REM sleep episodes. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that DORA-12 can affect the sleep disturbance that is associated with a history of adolescent ethanol exposure and also has several other sleep-promoting effects that are equivalent in both ethanol and control rats.
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Tang H, Zhu Q, Li W, Qin S, Gong Y, Wang H, Shioda S, Li S, Huang J, Liu B, Fang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Guo Y, Xia Q, Guo Y, Xu Z. Neurophysiology and Treatment of Disorders of Consciousness Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury: Orexin Signaling as a Potential Therapeutic Target. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:4208-4220. [PMID: 31663471 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191029101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause disorders of consciousness (DOC) by impairing the neuronal circuits of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) structures, including the hypothalamus, which are responsible for the maintenance of the wakefulness and awareness. However, the effectiveness of drugs targeting ARAS activation is still inadequate, and novel therapeutic modalities are urgently needed. METHODS The goal of this work is to describe the neural loops of wakefulness, and explain how these elements participate in DOC, with emphasis on the identification of potential new therapeutic options for DOC induced by TBI. RESULTS Hypothalamus has been identified as a sleep/wake center, and its anterior and posterior regions have diverse roles in the regulation of the sleep/wake function. In particular, the posterior hypothalamus (PH) possesses several types of neurons, including the orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) with widespread projections to other wakefulness-related regions of the brain. Orexins have been known to affect feeding and appetite, and recently their profound effect on sleep disorders and DOC has been identified. Orexin antagonists are used for the treatment of insomnia, and orexin agonists can be used for narcolepsy. Additionally, several studies demonstrated that the agonists of orexin might be effective in the treatment of DOC, providing novel therapeutic opportunities in this field. CONCLUSION The hypothalamic-centered orexin has been adopted as the point of entry into the system of consciousness control, and modulators of orexin signaling opened several therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of DOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tang
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiumei Zhu
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Siru Qin
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinan Gong
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Peptide Drug Innovation, Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shanshan Li
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jin Huang
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Baohu Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Fang
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shenjun Wang
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongming Guo
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Xia
- Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Acupuncture Research Center, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Acu-moxibustion and Tuina Department, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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14
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The complex nature of narcolepsy symptoms, along with the use of stimulants and anticataplectic medications, poses diagnostic difficulties in terms of underlying neuropsychiatric comorbidities. This study reviews recent evidence for the association between narcolepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders. We also critically analyze studies that have addressed the neuropsychiatric correlates of patients with narcolepsy, with a discussion of the possible pathophysiological mechanisms linking narcolepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Neuropsychiatric manifestations are common among patients with narcolepsy as narcolepsy and some neuropsychiatric disorders share common clinical features. This may create challenges in making the correct diagnosis, and hence result in a delay in starting appropriate treatment. Comorbid neuropsychiatric manifestations in patients with narcolepsy include depression, anxiety, psychosis, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder, and cognitive impairment. Although hypocretin deficiency has been proposed as a pathophysiological mechanism underlying both narcolepsy and neuropsychiatric disorders, further research is necessary to identify the exact mechanisms. Narcolepsy patients often manifest comorbid neuropsychiatric symptoms, which makes the diagnosis difficult. Therefore, it is essential to address neuropsychiatric symptoms in the clinical care of patients with narcolepsy.
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15
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Williams RH, Black SW, Thomas AM, Piquet J, Cauli B, Kilduff TS. Excitation of Cortical nNOS/NK1R Neurons by Hypocretin 1 is Independent of Sleep Homeostasis. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1090-1108. [PMID: 29462275 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have proposed that cortical nNOS/NK1R interneurons have a role in sleep homeostasis. The hypocretins (orexins) are wake-promoting neuropeptides and hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons project to the cortex. Hcrt peptides affect deep layer cortical neurons, and Hcrt receptor 1 (Hcrtr1; Ox1r) mRNA is expressed in cortical nNOS/NK1R cells. Therefore, we investigated whether Hcrt neuron stimulation affects cingulate cortex nNOS/NK1R neurons. Bath application of HCRT1/orexin-A evoked an inward current and membrane depolarization in most nNOS/NK1R cells which persisted in tetrodotoxin; optogenetic stimulation of Hcrt terminals expressing channelrhodopsin-2 confirmed these results, and pharmacological studies determined that HCRTR1 mediated these responses. Single-cell RT-PCR found Hcrtr1 mRNA in 31% of nNOS/NK1R cells without any Hcrtr2 mRNA expression; immunohistochemical studies of Hcrtr1-EGFP mice confirmed that a minority of nNOS/NK1R cells express HCRTR1. When Hcrt neurons degenerated in orexin-tTA;TetO DTA mice, the increased EEG delta power during NREM sleep produced in response to 4 h sleep deprivation and c-FOS expression in cortical nNOS/NK1R cells during recovery sleep were indistinguishable from that of controls. We conclude that Hcrt excitatory input to these deep layer cells is mediated through HCRTR1 but is unlikely to be involved in the putative role of cortical nNOS/NK1R neurons in sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhîannan H Williams
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Institute for Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah W Black
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Alexia M Thomas
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Juliette Piquet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Bruno Cauli
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neuroscience Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS-IBPS), Paris, France
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA
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16
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Comorbid psychiatric disorders among patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Breath 2019; 24:629-636. [PMID: 31280401 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-019-01890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This case-control study assessed the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Arab (Saudi) patients with narcolepsy using a structured clinical interview. METHODS The study included 74 adult patients with narcolepsy and 265 controls matched for age and sex. Narcolepsy diagnosis was made according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-Third Edition. Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed via using a validated Arabic version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview DSM-IV (MINI version 6). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the potential influence of narcolepsy on the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 29.4 ± 10.2 years, and males accounted for 81% of the study sample. Forty-four patients (60%) were diagnosed with narcolepsy type-1 (NT1) and 30 (40%) with narcolepsy type-2 (NT2). Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed in 45% of patients with narcolepsy compared with 15% of the controls (p < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression models demonstrated that compared with the controls, patients with narcolepsy were more likely to have major depressive disorders (OR, 4.3 [CI, 2.2-8.2]), and generalized anxiety disorders (OR, 9.5 [CI, 1.8-50.2]). No difference was detected between the prevalence of various psychiatric disorders in patients with NT1 and NT2. CONCLUSION Comorbid psychiatric disorders are common among Arab (Saudi) patients with narcolepsy compared with the general population. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of the comorbidity of narcolepsy and psychiatric disorders, particularly depression.
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17
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Yamamoto K, Okui R, Yamatodani A. Activation of orexinergic and histaminergic pathway involved in therapeutic effect of histamine H 4 receptor antagonist against cisplatin-induced anorexia in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:925-936. [PMID: 30919010 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that hypothalamic tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) mRNA expression via histamine H4 receptors contributes to the development of cisplatin-induced anorexia; however, its precise mechanisms remain unclear. It has been reported that chemotherapeutic agents induce the suppression of orexin neuron activity, and the administration of orexin inhibits chemotherapeutic agent-induced gastric discomfort. Other studies demonstrated that the central administration of TNF-α impairs the orexinergic system, and that orexin excites the histaminergic system. We investigated the involvement of orexinergic and histaminergic systems in the therapeutic effect of an H4 receptor antagonist against cisplatin-induced anorexia. Cisplatin decreased the expression of prepro-orexin mRNA, which encodes precursors of orexin, in the hypothalamus of mice. The period of expression decreased in parallel with the onset of anorexia, and treatment with an H4 receptor antagonist (JNJ7777120, 10 mg/kg) inhibited the decrease in expression. The effect of the H4 receptor antagonist on cisplatin-induced anorexia in mice was antagonized by an orexin OX2 receptor antagonist (JNJ10397049, 5 mg/kg) rather than an orexin OX1 receptor antagonist (SB408124, 30 mg/kg). Although an OX2 receptor agonist (YNT-185, 20 mg/kg) or a histamine H3 receptor inverse agonist (ciproxifan, 1 mg/kg) inhibited the cisplatin-induced anorexia, the inhibitory effect of the OX2 receptor agonist was antagonized by an H3 receptor silent antagonist (VUF5681, 5 mg/kg). The combination of JNJ7777120 (10 mg/kg) and ciproxifan (0.5 mg/kg) completely resolved the cisplatin-induced anorexia. These results suggest that activation of the orexinergic and histaminergic pathway is involved in the therapeutic effect of an H4 receptor antagonist against cisplatin-induced anorexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouichi Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Rikuya Okui
- Department of Medical Science and Technology, Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-7, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamatodani
- Professor Emeritus, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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18
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Zhang T, Jiang X, Xu M, Wang H, Sang X, Qin M, Bao P, Wang R, Zhang C, Lu H, Li Y, Ren J, Chang HC, Yan J, Sun Q, Xu J. Sleep and circadian abnormalities precede cognitive deficits in R521C FUS knockin rats. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 72:159-170. [PMID: 30273830 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in fused in sarcoma (Fus) cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and occasionally frontotemporal dementia. Here we report the establishment and characterization of a novel knockin (KI) rat model expressing a Fus point mutation (R521C) via CRISPR/Cas9. The mutant animals developed adult-onset learning and memory behavioral deficits, with reduced spine density in hippocampal neurons. Remarkably, sleep-wake cycle and circadian abnormalities preceded the onset of cognitive deficit. RNA-seq study further demonstrated altered expression of some key sleep and circadian regulators, such as orexin/hypocretin receptor type 2 and casein kinase 1 epsilon, in the mutant rats. Therefore, we have established a rodent model expressing physiological level of a pathogenic mutant FUS, and we found cognitive impairment as a main behavioral deficit at mid age. Furthermore, we have revealed a new role of FUS in sleep and circadian regulation and demonstrated that functional change in FUS could cause sleep-wake and circadian disturbance as early symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Sang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiling Qin
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Puhua Bao
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Lu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuzhuo Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Ren
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hung-Chun Chang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Narcolepsy and Psychiatric Disorders: Comorbidities or Shared Pathophysiology? Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6010016. [PMID: 29462876 PMCID: PMC5872173 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy and psychiatric disorders have a significant but unrecognized relationship, which is an area of evolving interest, but unfortunately, the association is poorly understood. It is not uncommon for the two to occur co-morbidly. However, narcolepsy is frequently misdiagnosed initially as a psychiatric condition, contributing to the protracted time to accurate diagnosis and treatment. Narcolepsy is a disabling neurodegenerative condition that carries a high risk for development of social and occupational dysfunction. Deterioration in function may lead to the secondary development of psychiatric symptoms. Inversely, the development of psychiatric symptoms can lead to the deterioration in function and quality of life. The overlap in pharmaceutical intervention may further enhance the difficulty to distinguish between diagnoses. Comprehensive care for patients with narcolepsy should include surveillance for psychiatric illness and appropriate treatment when necessary. Further research is necessary to better understand the underlying pathophysiology between psychiatric disease and narcolepsy.
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20
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Iqbal M, Ezzeldin E, Khalil NY, Al-Rashood STA, Al-Rashood KA. Simple and Highly Sensitive UPLC-ESI-MS/MS Assay for Rapid Determination of Suvorexant in Plasma. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:114-120. [PMID: 28376227 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Suvorexant is a dual orexin receptor antagonist, recently approved by USFDA for the treatment of insomnia. It is drug-of-abuse and listed in Schedule IV drug of the Controlled Substances Act. In this study, a simple and highly sensitive UPLC-MS/MS assay was developed and fully validated for the determination of suvorexant in rat plasma. Both suvorexant and internal standard (rivaroxaban; IS) were separated on Aquity BEHTM C18 column after the extraction form plasma using diethyl ether as extracting agent. An isocratic mobile phase, consisting of acetonitrile and 10 mM ammonium acetate in composition ratio of 85:15 was eluted at flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Both suvorexant and IS were eluted within one min with total run time of 1.5 min only. The ionization was performed on electrospray ionization interface in positive mode by multiple reaction monitoring. Precursor to product ion transition of 451.12 > 104.01 for qualifier and 451.12 > 186.04 for quantifier were used for suvorexant whereas 436.10 > 144.93 for IS, respectively. The calibration curves in plasma were linear in the concentration range of 0.33-200 ng/mL (r2 ≥ 0.995) having limit of detection and limit of quantification of 0.10 and 0.33 ng/mL, respectively. All the validation parameters results were found to be within the acceptable limits according to the "Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) guidelines" and can be implemented for forensic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzaffar Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Bioavailability Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam Ezzeldin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Bioavailability Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasr Y Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara T A Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A Al-Rashood
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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21
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Gao Y, Sun T. Molecular regulation of hypothalamic development and physiological functions. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4275-85. [PMID: 26223804 PMCID: PMC4733441 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is composed of many heterogeneous nuclei that control distinct physiological functions. Investigating molecular mechanisms that regulate the specification of these nuclei and specific neuronal subtypes, and their contribution to diverse hypothalamic functions, is an exciting research focus. Here, we begin by summarizing the hypothalamic functions of feeding regulation, sleep-wake cycles, stress responses, and circadian rhythm, and describing their anatomical bases. Next, we review the molecular regulation of formation of hypothalamic territories, specification of nuclei and subnuclei, and generation of specific neurons. Finally, we highlight physiological and behavioral consequences of altered hypothalamic development. Identifying molecules that regulate hypothalamic development and function will increase our understanding of hypothalamus-related disorders, such as obesity and diabetes, and aid in the development of therapies aimed specifically at their etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Tao Sun
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, Box 60, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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22
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Zhang LN, Yang C, Ouyang PR, Zhang ZC, Ran MZ, Tong L, Dong HL, Liu Y. Orexin-A facilitates emergence of the rat from isoflurane anesthesia via mediation of the basal forebrain. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:7-14. [PMID: 26919917 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that orexinergic neurons involve in promoting emergence from anesthesia of propofol, an intravenous anesthetics, while whether both of orexin-A and orexin-B have promotive action on emergence via mediation of basal forebrain (BF) in isoflurane anesthesia has not been elucidated. In this study, we observed c-Fos expressions in orexinergic neurons following isoflurane inhalation (for 0, 30, 60, and 120min) and at the time when the righting reflex returned after the cessation of anesthesia. The plasma concentrations of orexin-A and -B in anesthesia-arousal process were measured by radioimmunoassay. Orexin-A and -B (30 or 100pmol) or the orexin receptor-1 and -2 antagonist SB-334867A and TCS-OX2-29 (5 or 20μg) were microinjected into the basal forebrain respectively. The effects of them on the induction (loss of the righting reflex) and the emergence time (return of the righting reflex) under isoflurane anesthesia were observed. The results showed that the numbers of c-Fos-immunoreactive orexinergic neurons in the hypothalamus decreased over time with continued isoflurane inhalation, but restored at emergence. Similar alterations were observed in changes of plasma orexin-A concentrations but not in orexin-B during emergence. Administration of orexins had no effect on the induction time, but orexin-A facilitated the emergence of rats from isoflurane anesthesia while orexin-B didn't. Conversely, microinjection of the orexin receptor-1 antagonist SB-334867A delayed emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. The results indicate that orexin-A plays a promotive role in the emergence of isoflurane anesthesia and this effect is mediated by the basal forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Education Ministry, Xian Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Cen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Peng-Rong Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Education Ministry, Xian Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Ming-Zi Ran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China
| | - Hai-Long Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Education Ministry, Xian Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China.
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23
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Urrestarazu E, Iriarte J. Clinical management of sleep disturbances in Alzheimer's disease: current and emerging strategies. Nat Sci Sleep 2016; 8:21-33. [PMID: 26834500 PMCID: PMC4716729 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s76706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and circadian disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are more frequent than in the general population and appear early in the course of the disease. Quality of sleep and quality of life are parallel in these patients, and such disorders also represent a heavy burden for caregivers. Although alterations in melatonin and hypocretins (orexins) seem to play a key role in the origin of these disturbances, the etiology of these disorders is multifactorial, including many factors such as environment, behavior, treatments, and comorbidities, among others. A comprehensive evaluation of sleep in each patient is essential in the design of the treatment that includes nonpharmacological and pharmacological approaches. One particularly interesting point is the possibility of a role of sleep disorders in the pathogenesis of AD, raising the possibility that treating the sleep disorder may alter the course of the disease. In this review, we present an update on the role of sleep disorders in AD, the bidirectional influence of sleep problems and AD, and treatment options. Behavioral measures, bright light therapy (BLT), melatonin, and other drugs are likely well known and correctly managed by the physicians in charge of these patients. In spite of the multiple treatments used, evidence of efficacy is scarce and more randomized double-blind placebo-controlled studies are needed. Future directions for treatment are the establishment of BLT protocols and the development of drugs with new mechanisms of action, especially hypocretin receptor antagonists, melatonin receptor agonists, and molecules that modulate the circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Urrestarazu
- Sleep Unit, Clinical Neurophysiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Jorge Iriarte
- Sleep Unit, Clinical Neurophysiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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24
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Khan Z, Trotti LM. Central Disorders of Hypersomnolence: Focus on the Narcolepsies and Idiopathic Hypersomnia. Chest 2015; 148:262-273. [PMID: 26149554 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-1304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The central disorders of hypersomnolence are characterized by severe daytime sleepiness, which is present despite normal quality and timing of nocturnal sleep. Recent reclassification distinguishes three main subtypes: narcolepsy type 1, narcolepsy type 2, and idiopathic hypersomnia (IH), which are the focus of this review. Narcolepsy type 1 results from loss of hypothalamic hypocretin neurons, while the pathophysiology underlying narcolepsy type 2 and IH remains to be fully elucidated. Treatment of all three disorders focuses on the management of sleepiness, with additional treatment of cataplexy in those patients with narcolepsy type 1. Sleepiness can be treated with modafinil/armodafinil or sympathomimetic CNS stimulants, which have been shown to be beneficial in randomized controlled trials of narcolepsy and, quite recently, IH. In those patients with narcolepsy type 1, sodium oxybate is effective for the treatment of both sleepiness and cataplexy. Despite these treatments, there remains a subset of hypersomnolent patients with persistent sleepiness, in whom alternate therapies are needed. Emerging treatments for sleepiness include histamine H3 antagonists (eg, pitolisant) and possibly negative allosteric modulators of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor (eg, clarithromycin and flumazenil).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Khan
- Emory Sleep Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Lynn Marie Trotti
- Emory Sleep Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.
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25
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Crittenden F, Thomas HR, Parant JM, Falany CN. Activity Suppression Behavior Phenotype in SULT4A1 Frameshift Mutant Zebrafish. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1037-44. [PMID: 25934576 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its identification in 2000, sulfotransferase (SULT) 4A1 has presented an enigma to the field of cytosolic SULT biology. SULT4A1 is exclusively expressed in neural tissue, is highly conserved, and has been identified in every vertebrate studied to date. Despite this singular level of conservation, no substrate or function for SULT4A1 has been identified. Previous studies demonstrated that SULT4A1 does not bind the obligate sulfate donor, 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, yet SULT4A1 is classified as a SULT superfamily member based on sequence and structural similarities to the other SULTs. In this study, transcription activator-like effector nucleases were used to generate heritable mutations in the SULT4A1 gene of zebrafish. The mutation (SULT4A1(Δ8)) consists of an 8-nucleotide deletion within the second exon of the gene, resulting in a frameshift mutation and premature stop codon after 132 AA. During early adulthood, casual observations were made that mutant zebrafish were exhibiting excessively sedentary behavior during the day. These observations were inconsistent with published reports on activity in zebrafish that are largely diurnal organisms and are highly active during the day. Thus, a decrease in activity during the day represents an abnormal behavior and warranted further systematic analysis. EthoVision video tracking software was used to monitor activity levels in wild-type (WT) and SULT4A1(Δ8/Δ8) fish over 48 hours of a normal light/dark cycle. SULT4A1(Δ8/Δ8) fish were shown to exhibit increased inactivity bout length and frequency as well as a general decrease in daytime activity levels when compared with their WT counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Crittenden
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (F.C., H.R.T., J.M.P., C.N.F.)
| | - Holly R Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (F.C., H.R.T., J.M.P., C.N.F.)
| | - John M Parant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (F.C., H.R.T., J.M.P., C.N.F.)
| | - Charles N Falany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (F.C., H.R.T., J.M.P., C.N.F.)
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26
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Bocian R, Kazmierska P, Kłos-Wojtczak P, Kowalczyk T, Konopacki J. Orexinergic theta rhythm in the rat hippocampal formation: In vitro and in vivo findings. Hippocampus 2015; 25:1393-406. [PMID: 25820995 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Previous in vivo data suggested that orexin neuropeptides (ORX(A) and ORX(B) ) synthetized in hypothalamic neurons were involved in the mechanism of generation of the hippocampal formation theta rhythm. Surprisingly, this suggestion has never been directly proved by experiments using intraseptal or intrahippocampal administration of orexins. In this study, involving the use of in vitro hippocampal formation slices and in vivo model of anesthetized rat, we provide the first convergent electropharmacological evidence that in the presence of both ORX(A) and ORX(B) the hippocampal formation neuronal network is capable of producing oscillations in the theta band. This effect of orexin peptides was antagonized by selective blockers of orexin receptors (OX1 R and OX2 R), SB 334867 and TCS OX2 29, respectively. These results provide evidence for a novel, orexinergic mechanism responsible for the production of theta rhythm in the hippocampal formation neuronal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Bocian
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Kazmierska
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Kłos-Wojtczak
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Jan Konopacki
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Poland
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27
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Abstract
Cataplexy is defined as episodes of sudden loss of voluntary muscle tone triggered by emotions generally lasting <2 minutes. Cataplexy is most commonly associated with and considered pathognomonic for narcolepsy, a sleep disorder affecting ~0.05% of the general population. Knowledge of the pathophysiology of cataplexy has advanced through study of canine, murine, and human models. It is now generally considered that loss of signaling by hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin-producing neurons plays a key role in the development of cataplexy. Although the cause of hypocretin/orexin neuron loss in narcolepsy with cataplexy is unknown, an autoimmune etiology is widely hypothesized. Despite these advances, a literature review shows that treatment of cataplexy remains limited. Multiple classes of antidepressants have been commonly used off-label for cataplexy in narcolepsy and are suggested for this use in expert consensus guidelines based on traditional practice, case reports, and small trials. However, systematic research evidence supporting antidepressants for cataplexy is lacking. The single pharmacotherapy indicated for cataplexy and the guideline-recommended first-line treatment in Europe and the US is sodium oxybate, the sodium salt of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Clinical trial evidence of its efficacy and safety in cataplexy is robust, and it is hypothesized that its therapeutic effects may occur through gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor type B-mediated effects at noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and thalamocortical neurons. Additional possible mechanisms for cataplexy therapy suggested by preliminary research include antagonism of the histamine H3 autoreceptor with pitolisant and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for amelioration of the presumed autoimmune-mediated hypocretin/orexin cell loss. Further research and development of therapeutic approaches to cataplexy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Swick
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas School of Medicine-Houston, Houston, TX, USA ; The Sleep Center at North Cypress Medical Center, Cypress, TX, USA ; Apnix Sleep Diagnostics, Houston, TX, USA ; Neurology and Sleep Medicine Consultants, Houston, TX, USA
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28
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Laboratory and practical synthesis of Suvorexant, a selective dual orexin receptor antagonist. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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29
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Soni N, Satpathy S, Kohlmeier KA. Neurophysiological evidence for the presence of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3635-52. [PMID: 25251035 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana, which acts within the endocannabinoid (eCB) system as an agonist of the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R), exhibits addictive properties and has powerful actions on the state of arousal of an organism. The laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (LDT), as a component of the reticular activating system, is involved in cortical activation and is important in the development of drug addiction-associated behaviours. Therefore, eCBs might exert behavioural effects by actions on the LDT; however, it is unknown whether eCBs have actions on neurons in this nucleus. Accordingly, whole-cell voltage- and current-clamp recordings were conducted from mouse brain slices, and responses of LDT neurons to the CB1R agonist WIN-2 were monitored. Our results showed that WIN-2 decreased the frequency of spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs and mIPSCs). Ongoing activity of endogenous eCBs was confirmed as AM251, a potent CB1R antagonist, elicited sIPSCs. WIN-2 reduced the firing frequency of LDT neurons. In addition, our RT-PCR studies confirmed the presence of CB1R transcript in the LDT. Taken together, we conclude that CB1Rs are functionally active in the LDT, and their activation changes the firing frequency and synaptic activity of neurons in this nucleus. Therefore, endogenous eCB transmission could play a role in processes involving the LDT, such as cortical activation and motivated behaviours and, further, behavioural actions of marijuana are probably mediated, in part, via cellular actions within the LDT induced by this addictive and behavioural state-altering drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Soni
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Donlin M, Cavanaugh BL, Spagnuolo OS, Yan L, Lonstein JS. Effects of sex and reproductive experience on the number of orexin A-immunoreactive cells in the prairie vole brain. Peptides 2014; 57:122-8. [PMID: 24874707 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Large populations of cells synthesizing the neuropeptide orexin (OX) exist in the caudal hypothalamus of all species examined and are implicated in physiological and behavioral processes including arousal, stress, anxiety and depression, reproduction, and goal-directed behaviors. Hypothalamic OX expression is sexually dimorphic in different directions in laboratory rats (F>M) and mice (M>F), suggesting different roles in male and female physiology and behavior that are species-specific. We here examined if the number of hypothalamic cells immunoreactive for orexin A (OXA) differs between male and female prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster), a socially monogamous species that pairbonds after mating and in which both sexes care for offspring, and if reproductive experience influences their number of OXA-immunoreactive (OXA-ir) cells. It was found that the total number of OXA-ir cells did not differ between the sexes, but females had more OXA-ir cells than males in anterior levels of the caudal hypothalamus, while males had more OXA-ir cells posteriorly. Sexually experienced females sacrificed 12 days after the birth of their first litter, or one day after birth of a second litter, had more OXA-ir cells in anterior levels but not posterior levels of the caudal hypothalamus compared to females housed with a brother (incest avoidance prevents sibling mating). Male prairie voles showed no effect of reproductive experience but showed an unexpected effect of cohabitation duration regardless of mating. The sex difference in the distribution of OXA-ir cells, and their increased number in anterior levels of the caudal hypothalamus of reproductively experienced female prairie voles, may reflect a sex-specific mechanism involved in pairbonding, parenting, or lactation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Donlin
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Breyanna L Cavanaugh
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Olivia S Spagnuolo
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Lily Yan
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Joseph S Lonstein
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, 108 Giltner Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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31
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Kolaj M, Zhang L, Hermes MLHJ, Renaud LP. Intrinsic properties and neuropharmacology of midline paraventricular thalamic nucleus neurons. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:132. [PMID: 24860449 PMCID: PMC4029024 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei are components of an interconnected brainstem, limbic and prefrontal cortex neural network that is engaged during arousal, vigilance, motivated and addictive behaviors, and stress. To better understand the cellular mechanisms underlying these functions, here we review some of the recently characterized electrophysiological and neuropharmacological properties of neurons in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PVT), derived from whole cell patch clamp recordings in acute rat brain slice preparations. PVT neurons display firing patterns and ionic conductances (IT and IH) that exhibit significant diurnal change. Their resting membrane potential (RMP) is maintained by various ionic conductances that include inward rectifier (Kir), hyperpolarization-activated nonselective cation (HCN) and TWIK-related acid sensitive (TASK) K+ channels. Firing patterns are regulated by high voltage-activated (HVA) and low voltage-activated (LVA) Ca2+ conductances. Moreover, transient receptor potential (TRP)-like nonselective cation channels together with Ca2+- and Na+-activated K+ conductances (KCa; KNa) contribute to unique slow afterhyperpolarizing potentials (sAHPs) that are generally not detectable in lateral thalamic or reticular thalamic nucleus neurons. The excitability of PVT neurons is also modulated by activation of neurotransmitter receptors associated with afferent pathways to PVT and other thalamic midline nuclei. We report on receptor-mediated actions of GABA, glutamate, monoamines and several neuropeptides: arginine vasopressin, gastrin-releasing peptide, thyrotropin releasing hormone and the orexins (hypocretins). This review represents an initial survey of intrinsic and transmitter-sensitive ionic conductances that are deemed to be unique to this population of midline thalamic neurons, information that is fundamental to an appreciation of the role these thalamic neurons may play in normal central nervous system (CNS) physiology and in CNS disorders that involve the dorsomedial thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Kolaj
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael L H J Hermes
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leo P Renaud
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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32
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Orexin A and B in vitro modify orexins receptors expression and gonadotropins secretion of anterior pituitary cells of proestrous rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 188:25-30. [PMID: 24333629 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Orexin A and orexin B (hypocretins) are neuropeptides synthesized mainly by neurons located in the lateral hypothalamus and projections throughout the brain. They are agonists at both the orexin 1 and orexin 2G protein-coupled receptors. They have been related to arousal, sleep and feeding, autonomic and neuroendocrine functions. Their role in the brain control of gonadotropins secretion was postulated in rodents and humans. Previously, we demonstrated the participation of the orexinergic system in attaining successful reproduction in in vivo studies. METHODS We studied in vitro the effects of both neuropeptides, in the presence or absence of selective antagonists, on the mRNA expression of orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors in anterior pituitary cells of proestrous rats, as well as the direct effects on FSH and LH secretion. RESULTS Both orexin A and orexin B increased FSH and LH secretion; these effects were suppressed by the orexin 1 receptor blocking agent SB-334867 and the orexin 2 receptor antagonists JNJ-10397049. Orexin A and orexin B decreased OX1 receptor mRNA expression and this effect was modified only when both blocking agents were present. Neither orexin A nor the blocking drugs by themselves modified OX2 receptor mRNA expression. Orexin B treatment increased the mRNA expression of OX2 receptor. The effect was abolished only by the OX2 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSION In an in vitro model, we demonstrated a direct effect of orexins on gonadotropins release and orexins receptors expression, underlining the hypothesis that orexins participate in the brain control of pituitary functions.
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33
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Hoyer D, Dürst T, Fendt M, Jacobson LH, Betschart C, Hintermann S, Behnke D, Cotesta S, Laue G, Ofner S, Legangneux E, Gee CE. Distinct effects of IPSU and suvorexant on mouse sleep architecture. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:235. [PMID: 24368893 PMCID: PMC3857892 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor (OXR) antagonists (DORAs) such as almorexant, SB-649868, suvorexant (MK-4305), and filorexant (MK-6096), have shown promise for the treatment of insomnias and sleep disorders. Whether antagonism of both OX1R and OX2R is necessary for sleep induction has been a matter of some debate. Experiments using knockout mice suggest that it may be sufficient to antagonize only OX2R. The recent identification of an orally bioavailable, brain penetrant OX2R preferring antagonist 2-((1H-Indol-3-yl)methyl)-9-(4-methoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-2,9-diazaspiro[5.5]undecan-1-one (IPSU) has allowed us to test whether selective antagonism of OX2R may also be a viable strategy for induction of sleep. We previously demonstrated that IPSU and suvorexant increase sleep when dosed during the mouse active phase (lights off); IPSU inducing sleep primarily by increasing NREM sleep, suvorexant primarily by increasing REM sleep. Here, our goal was to determine whether suvorexant and IPSU affect sleep architecture independently of overall sleep induction. We therefore tested suvorexant (25 mg/kg) and IPSU (50 mg/kg) in mice during the inactive phase (lights on) when sleep is naturally more prevalent and when orexin levels are normally low. Whereas IPSU was devoid of effects on the time spent in NREM or REM, suvorexant substantially disturbed the sleep architecture by selectively increasing REM during the first 4 h after dosing. At the doses tested, suvorexant significantly decreased wake only during the first hour and IPSU did not affect wake time. These data suggest that OX2R preferring antagonists may have a reduced tendency for perturbing NREM/REM architecture in comparison with DORAs. Whether this effect will prove to be a general feature of OX2R antagonists vs. DORAs remains to be seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoyer
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland ; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Dürst
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Fendt
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland ; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura H Jacobson
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland ; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Claudia Betschart
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Hintermann
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Behnke
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simona Cotesta
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Grit Laue
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Ofner
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Legangneux
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christine E Gee
- Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Basel, Switzerland ; Center for Molecular Neuroscience Hamburg, Institute for Synaptic Physiology Hamburg, Germany
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34
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Heifetz A, Barker O, Morris GB, Law R, Slack M, Biggin PC. Toward an understanding of agonist binding to human Orexin-1 and Orexin-2 receptors with G-protein-coupled receptor modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Biochemistry 2013; 52:8246-60. [PMID: 24144388 PMCID: PMC3880013 DOI: 10.1021/bi401119m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Orexin-1 (OX1) and Orexin-2 (OX2) are located predominantly in the brain and are linked to a range of different physiological functions, including the control of feeding, energy metabolism, modulation of neuro-endocrine function, and regulation of the sleep-wake cycle. The natural agonists for OX1 and OX2 are two neuropeptides, Orexin-A and Orexin-B, which have activity at both receptors. Site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) has been reported on both the receptors and the peptides and has provided important insight into key features responsible for agonist activity. However, the structural interpretation of how these data are linked together is still lacking. In this work, we produced and used SDM data, homology modeling followed by MD simulation, and ensemble-flexible docking to generate binding poses of the Orexin peptides in the OX receptors to rationalize the SDM data. We also developed a protein pairwise similarity comparing method (ProS) and a GPCR-likeness assessment score (GLAS) to explore the structural data generated within a molecular dynamics simulation and to help distinguish between different GPCR substates. The results demonstrate how these newly developed methods of structural assessment for GPCRs can be used to provide a working model of neuropeptide-Orexin receptor interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec
(U.K.) Ltd., 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K.
| | - Oliver Barker
- Evotec
(U.K.) Ltd., 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K.
| | - G. Benjamin Morris
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
| | - Richard
J. Law
- Evotec
(U.K.) Ltd., 114 Innovation
Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, U.K.
| | - Mark Slack
- Evotec
AG, Manfred Eigen Campus,
Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip C. Biggin
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K.
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