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De Ruyter T, Martens DS, Bijnens EM, De Henauw S, Nawrot TS, Michels N. Exploring the impact of lifestyle and environmental exposures on appetite hormone levels in children and adolescents: An observational study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118846. [PMID: 38582428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appetite hormones are considered a promising target in fighting obesity as impaired appetite hormone levels have already been associated with obesity. However, further insights in the drivers of appetite hormone levels are needed. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the associations of fasting appetite hormone levels with lifestyle and environmental exposures in children and adolescents. METHODS A total of 534 fasting blood samples were collected from children and adolescents (4-16y,50% boys) and appetite hormone levels (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), leptin and ghrelin) were measured. Exposures included dietary quality (fiber-rich food intake, sugar propensity, fat propensity), psychosocial stress (happiness, negative emotions, negative life events and emotional problems), sleep duration, physical activity and environmental quality (long term black carbon (BC), particulate matter <2.5 μM (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure, and green space in a 100 m and 2000 m radius around the residence). A multi-exposure score was calculated to combine all the exposures at study in one measure. Associations of individual exposures and multi-exposure score with appetite hormone levels were evaluated using linear mixed regression models adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, waist-to-height ratio and multiple testing. RESULTS GLP-1 was associated with air pollution exposure (NO2 β* = -0.13, BC β* = -0.15, PM2.5 β* = -0.16, all p < 0.001). Leptin was associated with green space in a 100 m radius around the residence (β* = -0.11; p = 0.002). Ghrelin was associated with negative emotions (active ghrelin β* = -0.16; p = 0.04, total ghrelin β* = -0.23; p = 0.0051) and happiness (active ghrelin β* = 0.25; p < 0.001, total ghrelin β* = 0.26; p < 0.001). Furthermore, total ghrelin levels were associated with the multi-exposure score, reflecting unhealthy exposures and lifestyle (β* = -0.22; p = 0.036). DISCUSSION Our findings provide new insights into the associations of exposures with appetite hormone levels, which are of high interest for preventive obesity research. Further research is crucial to reveal the underlying mechanisms of the observed associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaïs De Ruyter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Dries S Martens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Esmée M Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open University, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
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Healy DR, Kårlund A, Mikkonen S, Puhakka S, Karhunen L, Kolehmainen M. Associations of low levels of air pollution with cardiometabolic outcomes and the role of diet quality in individuals with obesity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 242:117637. [PMID: 37993047 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse cardiometabolic health effects and increased mortality, even at low concentrations. Some of the biological mechanisms through which air pollution can affect cardiometabolic health overlap with health outcomes associated with diet quality and changes in diet. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate associations of air pollutants at average concentrations below the World Health Organization, 2021 air quality guidelines with cardiometabolic outcomes. Furthermore, potential interaction between air pollutants and diet quality will be assessed. METHODS 82 individuals with obesity participated in a combined weight loss and weight loss maintenance study for a total of 33 weeks. A secondary analysis was conducted incorporating air pollution measurements. Data were analysed with linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS A total of 17 significant associations were observed for single pollutants with 10 cardiometabolic outcomes, predominantly related to blood lipids, hormones, and glucose regulation. Diet quality, as measured by the Baltic Sea Diet score, did not appear to mediate the association of air pollution with cardiometabolic outcomes, however, diet quality was observed to significantly modify the association of PM2.5 with total cholesterol, and the associations of NO and O3 with ghrelin. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that exposure to ambient air pollutants, especially particulate matter, at levels below World Health Organization, 2021 air quality guidelines, were associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors. Diet may be a personal-level approach for individuals to modify the impact of exposure to air pollution on cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R Healy
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anna Kårlund
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Santtu Mikkonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Soile Puhakka
- Department of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland; Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., P. O. Box 365, 90100, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leila Karhunen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Li X, Wu Y, Li G, Shen W, Xiao W, Liu J, Hu W, Lu H, Huang F. The combined effects of exposure to multiple PM 2.5 components on overweight and obesity in middle-aged and older adults: a nationwide cohort study from 125 cities in China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:8749-8760. [PMID: 37726540 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of overweight or obesity increased rapidly over the past decades in most countries, including China. However, little evidence exists about the effects of long-term exposure to PM2.5 components on overweight or obesity, particularly in developing countries. We measured different weight stages according to body mass index (BMI), and investigated the effects of exposure to PM2.5 components (ammonium [[Formula: see text]], sulfate [[Formula: see text]], nitrate [[Formula: see text]], black carbon and organic matter) on different BMI levels in middle-aged and elderly people of China. Our study explored the effects of single and multiple air pollution exposures on overweight and obesity by using the Generalized Linear Model and Quantile g-Computation model (QgC). This study found a significantly positive association between five PM2.5 components and overweight/obesity. In the QgC model, there was still a positive association between multiple exposure to PM2.5 components and overweight when all PM2.5 components were considered as a whole. In addition, males, the elderly, and urban residents were also more sensitive to five PM2.5 components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yueyang Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Guoao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wenbin Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wenlei Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fen Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Shushan District, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Liu L, Wang T, Xu H, Zhu Y, Guan X, He X, Fang J, Xie Y, Zhang Q, Song X, Zhao Q, Huang W. Exposure to ambient oxidant pollution associated with ceramide changes and cardiometabolic responses. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 103:104276. [PMID: 37717721 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of impact of ambient oxidant pollution on cardiometabolic responses remains limited. We aimed to examine associations of oxidant pollutants with cardiometabolic responses, and effect modification by ceramides. During 2019-2020, 152 healthy adults were visited 4 times in Beijing, China, and indicators of ceramides, glucose homeostasis, and vascular function were measured. We found significant increases in ceramides of 13.9% (p = 0.020) to 110.1% (p = 0.005) associated with an interquartile increase in oxidant pollutants at prior 1-7 days. Exposure to oxidant pollutants was also related to elevations in insulin and reductions in adiponectin, and elevations in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Further, stratified analyses revealed larger changes in oxidant pollutant related cardiometabolic responses among participants with higher ceramide levels compared to those with lower levels. Our findings suggested cardiometabolic effects associated with exposure to oxidant pollutants, which may be modified by ceramide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; Department of Geriatrics, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Lab of Medical Protection for Electromagnetic Radiation, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbing Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yutong Zhu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinpeng Guan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinghou He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiakun Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaochi Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, and Peking University Institute of Environmental Medicine, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling,Peking University, Beijing, China.
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Feng S, Huang F, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Wang X. The pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of atmospheric PM 2.5 affecting cardiovascular health: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114444. [PMID: 38321663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5, with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) is a leading environmental risk factor for global cardiovascular health concern. OBJECTIVE To provide a roadmap for those new to this field, we reviewed the new insights into the pathophysiological and cellular/molecular mechanisms of PM2.5 responsible for cardiovascular health. MAIN FINDINGS PM2.5 is able to disrupt multiple physiological barriers integrity and translocate into the systemic circulation and get access to a range of secondary target organs. An ever-growing body of epidemiological and controlled exposure studies has evidenced a causal relationship between PM2.5 exposure and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A variety of cellular and molecular biology mechanisms responsible for the detrimental cardiovascular outcomes attributable to PM2.5 exposure have been described, including metabolic activation, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammation, dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling, disturbance of autophagy, and induction of apoptosis, by which PM2.5 exposure impacts the functions and fates of multiple target cells in cardiovascular system or related organs and further alters a series of pathophysiological processes, such as cardiac autonomic nervous system imbalance, increasing blood pressure, metabolic disorder, accelerated atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability, platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and disruption in cardiac structure and function, ultimately leading to cardiovascular events and death. Therein, oxidative stress and inflammation were suggested to play pivotal roles in those pathophysiological processes. CONCLUSION Those biology mechanisms have deepen insights into the etiology, course, prevention and treatment of this public health concern, although the underlying mechanisms have not yet been entirely clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Feng
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fangfang Huang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yashi Feng
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposomics and Entire Lifecycle Heath, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yunchang Cao
- The Department of Molecular Biology, School of Intelligent Medicine and Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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6
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Rahman MM, Liu FF, Eckel SP, Sankaranarayanan I, Shafiei-Jahani P, Howard E, Baronikian L, Sattler F, Lurmann FW, Allayee H, Akbari O, McConnell R. Near-roadway air pollution, immune cells and adipokines among obese young adults. Environ Health 2022; 21:36. [PMID: 35305663 PMCID: PMC8933931 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-022-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution has been associated with metabolic disease and obesity. Adipokines are potential mediators of these effects, but studies of air pollution-adipokine relationships are inconclusive. Macrophage and T cells in adipose tissue (AT) and blood modulate inflammation; however, the role of immune cells in air pollution-induced dysregulation of adipokines has not been studied. We examined the association between air pollution exposure and circulating and AT adipokine concentrations, and whether these relationships were modified by macrophage and T cell numbers in the blood and AT. METHODS Fasting blood and abdominal subcutaneous AT biopsies were collected from 30 overweight/obese 18-26 year-old volunteers. Flow cytometry was used to quantify T effector (Teff, inflammatory) and regulatory (Treg, anti-inflammatory) lymphocytes and M1 [inflammatory] and M2 [anti-inflammatory]) macrophage cell number. Serum and AT leptin and adiponectin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Exposure to near-roadway air pollution (NRAP) from freeway and non-freeway vehicular sources and to regional particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone were estimated for the year prior to biopsy, based on participants' residential addresses. Linear regression models were used to examine the association between air pollution exposures and adipokines and to evaluate effect modification by immune cell counts. RESULTS An interquartile increase in non-freeway NRAP exposure during 1 year prior to biopsy was associated with higher leptin levels in both serum [31.7% (95% CI: 10.4, 52.9%)] and AT [19.4% (2.2, 36.6%)]. Non-freeway NRAP exposure effect estimates were greater among participants with greater than median Teff/Treg ratio and M1/M2 ratio in blood, and with greater M1 counts in AT. No adipokine associations with regional air pollutants were found. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that NRAP may increase serum leptin levels in obese young adults, and this association may be promoted in a pro-inflammatory immune cell environment in blood and AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mostafijur Rahman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Fei Fei Liu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Ishwarya Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pedram Shafiei-Jahani
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily Howard
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lilit Baronikian
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fred Sattler
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rob McConnell
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street Building: SSB, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
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Wang YL, Zheng CM, Lee YH, Cheng YY, Lin YF, Chiu HW. Micro- and Nanosized Substances Cause Different Autophagy-Related Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4787. [PMID: 33946416 PMCID: PMC8124422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With rapid industrialization, humans produce an increasing number of products. The composition of these products is usually decomposed. However, some substances are not easily broken down and gradually become environmental pollutants. In addition, these substances may cause bioaccumulation, since the substances can be fragmented into micro- and nanoparticles. These particles or their interactions with other toxic matter circulate in humans via the food chain or air. Whether these micro- and nanoparticles interfere with extracellular vesicles (EVs) due to their similar sizes is unclear. Micro- and nanoparticles (MSs and NSs) induce several cell responses and are engulfed by cells depending on their size, for example, particulate matter with a diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5). Autophagy is a mechanism by which pathogens are destroyed in cells. Some artificial materials are not easily decomposed in organisms. How do these cells or tissues respond? In addition, autophagy operates through two pathways (increasing cell death or cell survival) in tumorigenesis. Many MSs and NSs have been found that induce autophagy in various cells and tissues. As a result, this review focuses on how these particles interfere with cells and tissues. Here, we review MSs, NSs, and PM2.5, which result in different autophagy-related responses in various tissues or cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Li Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-F.L.)
| | - Cai-Mei Zheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Yun Cheng
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-F.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.-L.W.); (Y.-F.L.)
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
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