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Niu B, Ma L, Yao L, Zhang Y, Su H. HCV affects K ATP channels through GnT-IVa-mediated N-glycosylation of GLUT2 on the surface of pancreatic β-cells leading to impaired insulin secretion. Endocrine 2024; 84:427-440. [PMID: 37962815 PMCID: PMC11076383 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the mechanism of insulin secretion dysfunction in pancreatic beta cells induced by N-glycosylation mediated by an infection from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHODS Min6 cell models infected with HCV and stimulated with glucose were constructed. Meanwhile, an HCV-infected animal model and a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model were constructed. Glucose uptake in the Min6 cells was detected, and insulin secretion was detected by ELISA. Flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, Western blotting, RT-qPCR, and lectin blotting were used to detect the expression levels of related proteins and mRNA, as well as the level of N-glycosylation. HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the pancreatic tissue, and an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was used to evaluate the glucose tolerance of the rats. RESULTS Compared with the NC group, the expression levels of GnT-IVa, GLUT2, galectin-9, and voltage-dependent calcium channel 1.2 (Cav1.2) were significantly downregulated in the HCV-infected group. The ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) component proteins SUR1 and Kir6.2 were significantly upregulated, while intracellular glucose intake and insulin secretion decreased, N-glycosylation levels and ATP levels significantly decreased, and the overexpression of GnT-IVa reversed the effect of the HCV infection. However, treatment with the glycosylation inhibitor kifunensine (KIF) or the KATP channel activator diazine (Dia) reversed the effects of the overexpression of GnT-IVa. In the animal experiments, HE staining revealed serious pathological injuries in the pancreatic tissue of the HCV-infected rats, with decreased glucose tolerance and glycosylation levels, decreased insulin secretion, downregulated expression of GnT-IVa, GLUT2, and Cav1.2, and upregulated expression of SUR1 and Kir6.2. The overexpression treatment of GnT-IVa or the KATP channel antagonist miglinide reversed the effects of HCV. CONCLUSION HCV infection inhibits GLUT2 N-glycosylation on the pancreatic β cell surface by downregulating the expression of GnT-IVa and then activates the KATP pathway, which ultimately leads to disturbances in insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lijing Ma
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Lixuan Yao
- Department of Nephrology, Bao Ji People's Hospital, Baoji, 721000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yating Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Heng Su
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China.
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Bian Z, Luo N, Sun J, Yu B, Fang J. The efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302228. [PMID: 38662762 PMCID: PMC11045088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus, which is the most common neuropathy worldwide. Owing to the inadequacies of existing treatment methods, managing DPN remains a significant challenge. Studies suggest that electroacupuncture (EA) could potentially serve as a beneficial alternative treatment for this condition. Nevertheless, there is still inadequate proof of its therapeutic effectiveness and safety. As a result, the goal of this protocol is to methodically compile the data pertaining to the effectiveness and security of EA in the management of DPN. METHODS To find appropriate randomized controlled trials (RCTs), nine reliable databases in the English and Chinese languages will be examined. RevMan5.3 will be used to combine the retrieved data and perform meta-analyses. The methodological quality of the included RCTs will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment 2.0 tool. The Grades of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system will be utilized to evaluate the degree of strength and certainty of the evidence. We will also perform publication bias, sensitivity and subgroup analyses. DISCUSSION This protocol describes the intended scope and approach for a forthcoming systematic review and meta-analysis that will inform therapeutic decision-making by offering current information on the efficacy and safety of EA in the treatment of DPN. The results of the study will help standardize strategies for EA in the treatment of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Department of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Massage, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Bian
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Luo
- The Third Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binyan Yu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Xue C, Kui W, Huang A, Li Y, Li L, Gu Z, Xie L, Kong S, Yu J, Ruan H, Wang K. Electroacupuncture suppresses neuronal ferroptosis to relieve chronic neuropathic pain. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18240. [PMID: 38509741 PMCID: PMC10955159 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the analgesic efficacy of electroacupuncture (EA) in managing chronic neuropathic pain (NP) in both patients and NP models induced by peripheral nerve injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Ferroptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death, has been found to be activated during NP development, while EA has shown potential in promoting neurological recovery following acute cerebral injury by targeting ferroptosis. In this study, to investigate the detailed mechanism underlying EA intervention on NP, male Sprague-Dawley rats with chronic constriction injury (CCI)-induced NP model received EA treatment at acupoints ST36 and GV20 for 14 days. Results demonstrated that EA effectively attenuated CCI-induced pain hypersensitivity and mitigated neuron damage and loss in the spinal cord of NP rats. Moreover, EA reversed the oxidative stress-mediated spinal ferroptosis phenotype by upregulating reduced expression of xCT, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and downregulating increased expression of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), malondialdehyde levels and iron overload. Furthermore, EA increased the immunofluorescence co-staining of GPX4 in neurons cells of the spinal cord of CCI rats. Mechanistic analysis unveiled that the inhibition of antioxidant pathway of Nrf2 signalling via its specific inhibitor, ML385, significantly countered EA's protective effect against neuronal ferroptosis in NP rats while marginally diminishing its analgesic effect. These findings suggest that EA treatment at acupoints ST36 and GV20 may protect against NP by inhibiting neuronal ferroptosis in the spinal cord, partially through the activation of Nrf2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunchun Xue
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wenyun Kui
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Aiping Huang
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lingxing Li
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shuyi Kong
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Hongfeng Ruan
- Institute of Orthopaedics and TraumatologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine)HangzhouChina
| | - Kaiqiang Wang
- Department of Pain, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
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Cheng Y, Chen Y, Li K, Liu S, Pang C, Gao L, Xie J, Wenjing LV, Yu H, Deng B. How inflammation dictates diabetic peripheral neuropathy: An enlightening review. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14477. [PMID: 37795833 PMCID: PMC11017439 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) constitutes a debilitating complication associated with diabetes. Although, the past decade has seen rapid developments in understanding the complex etiology of DPN, there are no approved therapies that can halt the development of DPN, or target the damaged nerve. Therefore, clarifying the pathogenesis of DPN and finding effective treatment are the crucial issues for the clinical management of DPN. AIMS This review is aiming to summary the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of DPN, especially the mechanism and application of inflammatory response. METHODS We systematically summarized the latest studies on the pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies of diabetic neuropathy in PubMed. RESULTS In this seminal review, the underappreciated role of immune activation in the progression of DPN is scrutinized. Novel insights into the inflammatory regulatory mechanisms of DPN have been unearthed, illuminating potential therapeutic strategies of notable clinical significance. Additionally, a nuanced examination of DPN's complex etiology, including aberrations in glycemic control and insulin signaling pathways, is presented. Crucially, an emphasis has been placed on translating these novel understandings into tangible clinical interventions to ameliorate patient outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This review is distinguished by synthesizing cutting-edge mechanisms linking inflammation to DPN and identifying innovative, inflammation-targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Cheng
- Center for Rehabilitation Medicine, Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People's HospitalAffiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical CollegeHangzhouChina
| | - Yinuo Chen
- Department of NeurologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
- First School of Clinical MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Kezheng Li
- Department of NeurologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
- First School of Clinical MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Shuwei Liu
- First School of Clinical MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Chunyang Pang
- Department of NeurologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Lingfei Gao
- Department of NeurologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
| | - Jiali Xie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East HospitalTongji UniversityShanghaiP.R. China
| | - L. V. Wenjing
- Department of GeriatricsThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoShandong ProvinceChina
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of PediatricsSecond Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Binbin Deng
- Department of NeurologyFirst Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
- First School of Clinical MedicineWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina
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Tian T, Li H, Zhang S, Yang M. Characterization of sensory and motor dysfunction and morphological alterations in late stages of type 2 diabetic mice. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1374689. [PMID: 38532899 PMCID: PMC10964478 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1374689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes and lacks effective treatments. Although sensory dysfunction during the early stages of diabetes has been extensively studied in various animal models, the functional and morphological alterations in sensory and motor systems during late stages of diabetes remain largely unexplored. In the current work, we examined the influence of diabetes on sensory and motor function as well as morphological changes in late stages of diabetes. The obese diabetic Leprdb/db mice (db/db) were used for behavioral assessments and subsequent morphological examinations. The db/db mice exhibited severe sensory and motor behavioral defects at the age of 32 weeks, including significantly higher mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal latency of hindpaws compared with age-matched nondiabetic control animals. The impaired response to noxious stimuli was mainly associated with the remarkable loss of epidermal sensory fibers, particularly CGRP-positive nociceptive fibers. Unexpectedly, the area of CGRP-positive terminals in the spinal dorsal horn was dramatically increased in diabetic mice, which was presumably associated with microglial activation. In addition, the db/db mice showed significantly more foot slips and took longer time during the beam-walking examination compared with controls. Meanwhile, the running duration in the rotarod test was markedly reduced in db/db mice. The observed sensorimotor deficits and motor dysfunction were largely attributed to abnormal sensory feedback and muscle atrophy as well as attenuated neuromuscular transmission in aged diabetic mice. Morphological analysis of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) demonstrated partial denervation of NMJs and obvious fragmentation of acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). Intrafusal muscle atrophy and abnormal muscle spindle innervation were also detected in db/db mice. Additionally, the number of VGLUT1-positive excitatory boutons on motor neurons was profoundly increased in aged diabetic mice as compared to controls. Nevertheless, inhibitory synaptic inputs onto motor neurons were similar between the two groups. This excitation-inhibition imbalance in synaptic transmission might be implicated in the disturbed locomotion. Collectively, these results suggest that severe sensory and motor deficits are present in late stages of diabetes. This study contributes to our understanding of mechanisms underlying neurological dysfunction during diabetes progression and helps to identify novel therapeutic interventions for patients with diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tian
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Haofeng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sensen Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Maojun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Cryo-EM Facility Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Li S, Zheng Y, Kang Y, He X, Zheng Y, Jiang M, Xu X, Ma L, Wang X, Zhang K, Shao X, Fang J, Jiang Y. Electroacupuncture alleviates streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathic pain via suppressing phosphorylated CaMKIIα in rats. Neuroreport 2024; 35:258-268. [PMID: 38305135 PMCID: PMC10852042 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000002000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a frequent complication of diabetes. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II α (CaMKIIα), a multi-functional serine/threonine kinase subunit, is mainly located in the surface layer of the spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) and the primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Numerous studies have indicated electroacupuncture (EA) takes effect in various kinds of pain. In this research, we explored whether CaMKIIα on rats' SCDH and DRG participated in DNP and further explored the mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of EA. The DNP model in rats was successfully established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Certain DNP rats were treated with intrathecal injections of KN93, a CaMKII antagonist, and some of the DNP rats received EA intervention. The general conditions, behaviors, the expressions of CaMKIIα and phosphorylated CaMKIIα (p-CaMKIIα) were evaluated. DNP rats' paw withdrawal threshold was reduced and the expressions of p-CaMKIIα in SCDH and DRG were upregulated compared with the Normal group, while the level of CaMKIIα showed no significance. KN93 attenuated DNP rats' hyperalgesia and reduced the expressions of p-CaMKIIα. We also found EA attenuated the hyperalgesia of DNP rats and reduced the expressions of p-CaMKIIα. The above findings suggest that p-CaMKIIα in SCDH and DRG is involved in DNP. The analgesic effect of EA in DNP might be related to the downregulation of p-CaMKIIα expression level. Our study further supports that EA can be an effective clinical treatment for DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinmu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yurong Kang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofen He
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minjian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinnan Xu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqian Ma
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunlong Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqiao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongliang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Wu C, Jiang W, Cao Y, Chen D. VGLUT2 and APP family: unraveling the neurobiochemical mechanisms of neurostimulation therapy to STZ-induced diabetes and neuropathy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1336854. [PMID: 38370359 PMCID: PMC10869491 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1336854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) poses an escalating threat to public health, profoundly impacting well-being and quality of life. Despite its rising prevalence, the pathogenesis of DPN remains enigmatic, and existing clinical interventions fall short of achieving meaningful reversals of the condition. Notably, neurostimulation techniques have shown promising efficacy in alleviating DPN symptoms, underscoring the imperative to elucidate the neurobiochemical mechanisms underlying DPN. This study employs an integrated multi-omics approach to explore DPN and its response to neurostimulation therapy. Our investigation unveiled a distinctive pattern of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) expression in DPN, rigorously confirmed through qPCR and Western blot analyses in DPN C57 mouse model induced by intraperitoneal Streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Additionally, combining microarray and qPCR methodologies, we revealed and substantiated variations in the expression of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) family in STZ-induced DPN mice. Analyzing the transcriptomic dataset generated from neurostimulation therapy for DPN, we intricately explored the differential expression patterns of VGLUT2 and APPs. Through correlation analysis, protein-protein interaction predictions, and functional enrichment analyses, we predicted the key biological processes involving VGLUT2 and the APP family in the pathogenesis of DPN and during neurostimulation therapy. This comprehensive study not only advances our understanding of the pathogenesis of DPN but also provides a theoretical foundation for innovative strategies in neurostimulation therapy for DPN. The integration of multi-omics data facilitates a holistic view of the molecular intricacies of DPN, paving the way for more targeted and effective therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxuan Wu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongtai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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Zhu J, Hu Z, Luo Y, Liu Y, Luo W, Du X, Luo Z, Hu J, Peng S. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: pathogenetic mechanisms and treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1265372. [PMID: 38264279 PMCID: PMC10803883 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1265372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) refers to the development of peripheral nerve dysfunction in patients with diabetes when other causes are excluded. Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSPN) is the most representative form of DPN. As one of the most common complications of diabetes, its prevalence increases with the duration of diabetes. 10-15% of newly diagnosed T2DM patients have DSPN, and the prevalence can exceed 50% in patients with diabetes for more than 10 years. Bilateral limb pain, numbness, and paresthesia are the most common clinical manifestations in patients with DPN, and in severe cases, foot ulcers can occur, even leading to amputation. The etiology and pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy are not yet completely clarified, but hyperglycemia, disorders of lipid metabolism, and abnormalities in insulin signaling pathways are currently considered to be the initiating factors for a range of pathophysiological changes in DPN. In the presence of abnormal metabolic factors, the normal structure and function of the entire peripheral nervous system are disrupted, including myelinated and unmyelinated nerve axons, perikaryon, neurovascular, and glial cells. In addition, abnormalities in the insulin signaling pathway will inhibit neural axon repair and promote apoptosis of damaged cells. Here, we will discuss recent advances in the study of DPN mechanisms, including oxidative stress pathways, mechanisms of microvascular damage, mechanisms of damage to insulin receptor signaling pathways, and other potential mechanisms associated with neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cellular oxidative damage. Identifying the contributions from each pathway to neuropathy and the associations between them may help us to further explore more targeted screening and treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ziyan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yifan Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yinuo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhenzhong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jialing Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shengliang Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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9
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Sun Z, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Xu Y. Animal Models of Type 2 Diabetes Complications: A Review. Endocr Res 2024; 49:46-58. [PMID: 37950485 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2023.2278049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a multifactorial metabolic disease, of which type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the most common. The complications of diabetes are far more harmful than diabetes itself. Type 2 diabetes complications include diabetic nephropathy (DN), diabetic heart disease, diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), and diabetic retinopathy (DR) et al. Many animal models have been developed to study the pathogenesis of T2D and discover an effective strategy to treat its consequences. In this sense, it is crucial to choose the right animal model for the corresponding diabetic complication. This paper summarizes and classifies the animal modeling approaches to T2D complications and provides a comprehensive review of their advantages and disadvantages. It is hopeful that this paper will provide theoretical support for animal trials of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Sun
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, Taipa, PR China
| | - Yadi Liu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, Taipa, PR China
| | - Yonghua Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, Taipa, PR China
| | - Youhua Xu
- Faculty of Chinese Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, Taipa, PR China
- Zhuhai Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine,Macau University of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, PR China
- Macau University of Science and Technology, Zhuhai MUST Science and Technology Research Institute, Hengqin, Zhuhai, PR China
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10
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Song LZX, Xu N, Yu Z, Yang H, Xu CC, Qiu Z, Dai JW, Xu B, Hu XM. The effect of electroacupuncture at ST25 on Parkinson's disease constipation through regulation of autophagy in the enteric nervous system. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023; 306:3214-3228. [PMID: 36655864 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness and safety of electroacupuncture (EA) for constipation have been confirmed by numerous clinical studies and experiments, and there are also studies on the efficacy of EA for Parkinson's disease (PD) motor symptoms. However, there are few researches on EA for PD constipation. Autophagy is thought to be involved in the mechanistic process of EA in the central nervous system (CNS) intervention in Parkinson's pathology. However, whether it has the same effect on the enteric nervous system (ENS) has not been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated whether EA at Tianshu (ST25) acupoint promotes the clearance of α-Syn and damaged mitochondria aggregated in the ENS in a model of rotenone-induced PD constipation. This study evaluated constipation symptoms by stool characteristics, excretion volume, and water content, and the expression levels of colonic ATG5, LC3II, and Parkin were detected by Western Blot (WB) and Real-Time Quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The relationship between the location of α-Syn and Parkin in the colonic ENS was observed by immunofluorescence (IF). The results showed that EA intervention significantly relieved the symptoms of rotenone-induced constipation in PD rats, reversed the rotenone-induced down-regulation of colonic ATG5, LC3II, and Parkin expression, and the positional relationship between colonic α-Syn and Parkin proved to be highly correlated. It is suggested that EA might be helpful in treating PD constipation by modulating Parkin-induced mitochondrial autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhe-Xiong Song
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Xu
- Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Wen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan-Ming Hu
- Nanjing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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11
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Choi SR, Lee J, Moon JY, Baek SJ, Lee JH. NAG-1/GDF-15 Transgenic Female Mouse Shows Delayed Peak Period of the Second Phase Nociception in Formalin-induced Inflammatory Pain. Exp Neurobiol 2023; 32:247-258. [PMID: 37749926 PMCID: PMC10569140 DOI: 10.5607/en23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1), also known as growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), is associated with cancer, diabetes, and inflammation, while there is limited understanding of the role of NAG-1 in nociception. Here, we examined the nociceptive behaviors of NAG-1 transgenic (TG) mice and wild-type (WT) littermates. Mechanical sensitivity was evaluated by using the von Frey filament test, and thermal sensitivity was assessed by the hot-plate, Hargreaves, and acetone tests. c-Fos, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 (Iba-1) immunoreactivity was examined in the spinal cord following observation of the formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors. There was no difference in mechanical or thermal sensitivity for NAG-1 TG and WT mice. Intraplantar formalin injection induced nociceptive behaviors in both male and female NAG-1 TG and WT mice. The peak period in the second phase was delayed in NAG-1 TG female mice compared with that of WT female mice, while there was no difference in the cumulative time of nociceptive behaviors between the two groups of mice. Formalin increased spinal c-Fos immunoreactivity in both TG and WT female mice. Neither GFAP nor Iba-1 immunoreactivity was increased in the spinal cord of TG and WT female mice. These findings indicate that NAG-1 TG mice have comparable baseline sensitivity to mechanical and thermal stimulation as WT mice and that NAG-1 in female mice may have an inhibitory effect on the second phase of inflammatory pain. Therefore, it could be a novel target to inhibit central nervous system response in pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung 25601, Korea
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaehak Lee
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Baek
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jang-Hern Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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12
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Lin Q, Li K, Chen Y, Xie J, Wu C, Cui C, Deng B. Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Pathway and Mechanism-Based Treatment. Mol Neurobiol 2023:10.1007/s12035-023-03342-7. [PMID: 37115404 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a major complication of diabetes mellitus with a high incidence. Oxidative stress, which is a crucial pathophysiological pathway of DPN, has attracted much attention. The distortion in the redox balance due to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the deregulation of antioxidant defense systems promotes oxidative damage in DPN. Therefore, we have focused on the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of DPN and elucidated its interaction with other physiological pathways, such as the glycolytic pathway, polyol pathway, advanced glycosylation end products, protein kinase C pathway, inflammation, and non-coding RNAs. These interactions provide novel therapeutic options targeting oxidative stress for DPN. Furthermore, our review addresses the latest therapeutic strategies targeting oxidative stress for the rehabilitation of DPN. Antioxidant supplements and exercise have been proposed as fundamental therapeutic strategies for diabetic patients through ROS-mediated mechanisms. In addition, several novel drug delivery systems can improve the bioavailability of antioxidants and the efficacy of DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kezheng Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinuo Chen
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Xie
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Wencheng County People's Hospital, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Cui
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Binbin Deng
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Electroacupuncture Alleviates Diabetic Neuropathic Pain and Downregulates p-PKC and TRPV1 in Dorsal Root Ganglions and Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:3333563. [PMID: 36777630 PMCID: PMC9918371 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3333563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is a common complication of diabetes. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced changes of protein in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord dorsal horn (SCDH) are critical for DNP genesis. However, which proteins change remains elusive. Here, the DNP model was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ, accompanied by increased fasting blood glucose (FBG), decreased body weight (BW), and decreased paw withdrawal latency (PWL). Proteins change in L4-L6 DRGs and SCDH of rats were detected. Western blot and immunofluorescence results showed that expression levels of phosphorylated protein kinase C (p-PKC), transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1), Substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the DRG and the SCDH of rats were increased after STZ injection. A preliminary study from our previous study showed that 2 Hz electroacupuncture (EA) effectively alleviates DNP. However, the analgesic mechanism of EA needs further elucidation. Here, EA at the bilateral Zusanli (ST36) and KunLun (BL60) acupoints was applied for one week, and to investigate the effect on DNP. EA reversed thermal hyperalgesia in DNP rats and downregulated the expression of p-PKC, TRPV1, SP, and CGRP in DRG and SCDH.
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Five Traditional Chinese Medicine External Treatment Methods Combined with Mecobalamin for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Network Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4251022. [PMID: 36569342 PMCID: PMC9788892 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4251022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common chronic complications of diabetes. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) external treatment has been widely used in China as adjunctive treatment, and some small sample clinical studies have proved its effectiveness. However, due to the limited number of studies, we used network meta-analysis to compare the effectiveness of 5 commonly used external treatment methods of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM, WanFang Knowledge Service Platform, and VIP databases and collected and screened randomised controlled trials on the external treatment of traditional Chinese medicine combined with mecobalamin in the treatment of DPN according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search period was from 2011 to May 2021. The quality of included studies was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. The outcome indicators are Toronto score, median nerve sensory conduction velocity, and median nerve motor conduction velocity. Results A total of 22 publications were included in the study. The results of the network meta-analysis showed that acupuncture combined with mecobalamin was superior to other TCM external treatments combined with mecobalamin in terms of decreasing the Toronto score (MD = -2.8, 95% CI: -5.2∼-0.49), improving median nerve sensory conduction velocity (MD = 3.6, 95% CI: 2.4∼4.9), and median nerve motor conduction velocity (MD = 4.5, 95% CI: 2.6∼6.5). The SUCRA value and probability ranking chart showed that among the three outcome indicators, acupuncture combined with mecobalamin was the best, followed by acupoint injection combined with mecobalamin. Conclusion In this network meta-analysis, acupuncture combined with mecobalamin shows the best results in the treatment of DPN, followed by acupoint injection combined with mecobalamin.
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Wang H, Chen X, Chen C, Pan T, Li M, Yao L, Li X, Lu Q, Wang H, Wang Z. Electroacupuncture at Lower He-Sea and Front-Mu Acupoints Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Regulating the Intestinal Flora and Gut Barrier. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2265-2276. [PMID: 35936053 PMCID: PMC9348137 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s374843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The study objective was to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture performed at the he-sea and front-mu acupoints on the intestinal microflora and intestinal barrier in db/db mice and to explore the related mechanism in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Db/m mice in the normal control group (NOC), electroacupuncture group (EA), metformin group (MET) and T2DM group (T2DM) were used as model controls, and db/db mice were used in all three groups, with 8 mice in each group. The treatment period was 2 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride (TG) levels were measured. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were detected by enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA). The ileal tissue was stained with hematoxylin-eosin staining (H&E), and histopathological changes were observed under a light microscope. Illumina sequencing was used to analyze the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to evaluate the effect of EA on the intestinal flora. RESULTS Our results suggest that EA treatment can reduce the expression of diabetes-related markers, with an effect similar to that of metformin. After EA intervention, the abundance of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes increased, while the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Eubacterium decreased. In addition, the serum levels of LPS and TNF-α in the electroacupuncture group were downregulated, and ileal tissue damage was alleviated under an electron microscope. CONCLUSION EA combined with acupoints can restore the intestinal flora structure, decrease the blood LPS level, reduce levels of inflammation, maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier, and play a therapeutic role in the treatment of T2DM, mainly by increasing the abundance of Firmicutes and the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes and decreasing the abundances of Bacteroidetes and Eubacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Affiliated Hospital of Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Pan
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Yao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Lu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hongfeng Wang, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 431 86172008, Email
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China
- Bao’an Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Shenzhen, 518101, People’s Republic of China
- Zhaohui Wang, School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 431 8687856, Email
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