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Bui NL, Chu DT. An introduction to RNA therapeutics and their potentials. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 203:1-12. [PMID: 38359993 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
RNA therapeutics is a biological term regarding the usage of RNA-based molecules for medical purposes. Thanks to the success of mRNA-vaccine production against COVID-19, RNA therapeutics has gained more and more attention and investigation from worldwide scientists. It is considered as one of the promising alternatives for conventional drugs. In this first chapter, we presented an overview of the history and perspectives of RNA therapeutics' development. This chapter also explained the underlying mechanisms of different RNA-based molecules, including antisense oligonucleotide, interfering RNA (iRNA), aptamer, and mRNA, from degrading mRNA to inactivating targeted protein. Although there are many advantages of RNA therapeutics, its challenges in designing RNA chemical structure and the delivery vehicle need to be discussed. We described advanced technologies in the development of drug delivery systems that are positively correlated to the efficacy of the drug. Our aim is to provide a general background of RNA therapeutics to the audience before introducing plenty of more detailed parts, including clinical applications in certain diseases in the following chapters of the "RNA therapeutics" book.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhat-Le Bui
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam; Faculty of Applied Sciences, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam.
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2
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Hınçer A, Ahan RE, Aras E, Şeker UÖŞ. Making the Next Generation of Therapeutics: mRNA Meets Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:2505-2515. [PMID: 37672348 PMCID: PMC10510722 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.3c00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The development of mRNA-based therapeutics centers around the natural functioning of mRNA molecules to provide the genetic information required for protein translation. To improve the efficacy of these therapeutics and minimize side effects, researchers can focus on the features of mRNA itself or the properties of the delivery agent to achieve the desired response. The tools considered for mRNA manipulation can be improved in terms of targetability, tunability, and translatability to medicine. While ongoing studies are dedicated to improving conventional approaches, innovative approaches can also be considered to unleash the full potential of mRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we discuss the opportunities that emerged from introducing synthetic biology to mRNA therapeutics. It includes a discussion of modular self-assembled mRNA nanoparticles, logic gates on a single mRNA molecule, and other possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Hınçer
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National
Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent
University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Recep Erdem Ahan
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National
Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent
University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ebru Aras
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National
Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent
University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Urartu Özgür Şafak Şeker
- UNAM
− Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National
Nanotechnology Research Center, Bilkent
University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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3
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Chandramohan K, Balan DJ, Devi KP, Nabavi SF, Reshadat S, Khayatkashani M, Mahmoodifar S, Filosa R, Amirkhalili N, Pishvaei S, Aval OS, Nabavi SM. Short interfering RNA in colorectal cancer: is it wise to shoot the messenger? Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175699. [PMID: 37011722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the leading cause of gastrointestinal cancer death. 90% of people diagnosed with colorectal cancer are over the age of 50; nevertheless, the illness is more aggressive among those detected at a younger age. Chemotherapy-based treatment has several adverse effects on both normal and malignant cells. The primary signaling pathways implicated in the advancement of CRC include hedgehog (Hh), janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), Wingless-related integration site (Wnt)/β-catenin, transforming growth factor-β (TNF-β), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and Notch. Loss of heterozygosity in tumor suppressor genes like adenomatous polyposis coli, as well as mutation or deletion of genes like p53 and Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS), are all responsible for the occurrence of CRC. Novel therapeutic targets linked to these signal-transduction cascades have been identified as a consequence of advances in small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatments. This study focuses on many innovative siRNA therapies and methodologies for delivering siRNA therapeutics to the malignant site safely and effectively for the treatment of CRC. Treatment of CRC using siRNA-associated nanoparticles (NPs) may inhibit the activity of oncogenes and MDR-related genes by targeting a range of signaling mechanisms. This study summarizes several siRNAs targeting signaling molecules, as well as the therapeutic approaches that might be employed to treat CRC in the future.
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Fan R, Tao X, Zhai X, Zhu Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Dong D, Yang S, Lv L. Application of aptamer-drug delivery system in the therapy of breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114444. [PMID: 36857912 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant treatment advances, breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in women. From the current treatment situation, in addition to developing chemoresistant tumours, distant organ metastasis, and recurrences, patients with breast cancer often have a poor prognosis. Aptamers as "chemical antibodies" may be a way to resolve this dilemma. Aptamers are single-stranded, non-coding oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA), resulting their many advantages, including stability for long-term storage, simplicity of synthesis and function, and low immunogenicity, a high degree of specificity and antidote. Aptamers have gained popularity as a method for diagnosing and treating specific tumors in recent years. This article introduces the application of ten different aptamer delivery systems in the treatment and diagnosis of breast cancer, and systematically reviews their latest research progress in breast cancer treatment and diagnosis. It provides a new direction for the clinical treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xufeng Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yunming Li
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Deshi Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shilei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Linlin Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
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Woldekidan HB, Woldesemayat AA, Adam G, Tafesse M, Thimiri Govinda Raj DB. Aptamer-Based Tumor-Targeted Diagnosis and Drug Delivery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1409:173-192. [PMID: 35896892 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Early cancer identification is crucial for providing patients with safe and timely therapy. Highly dependable and adaptive technologies will be required to detect the presence of biological markers for cancer at very low levels in the early stages of tumor formation. These techniques have been shown to be beneficial in encouraging patients to develop early intervention plans, which could lead to an increase in the overall survival rate of cancer patients. Targeted drug delivery (TDD) using aptamer is promising due to its favorable properties. Aptamer is suitable for superior TDD system candidates due to its desirable properties including a high binding affinity and specificity, a low immunogenicity, and a chemical composition that can be simply changed.Due to these properties, aptamer-based TDD application has limited drug side effect along with organ damages. The development of aptasensor has been promising in TDD for cancer cell treatment. There are biomarkers and expressed molecules during cancer cell development; however, only few are addressed in aptamer detection study of those molecules. Its great potential of attachment of binding to specific target molecule made aptamer a reliable recognition element. Because of their unique physical, chemical, and biological features, aptamers have a lot of potential in cancer precision medicine.In this review, we summarized aptamer technology and its application in cancer. This includes advantages properties of aptamer technology over other molecules were thoroughly discussed. In addition, we have also elaborated the application of aptamer as a direct therapeutic function and as a targeted drug delivery molecule (aptasensor) in cancer cells with several examples in preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haregewoin Bezu Woldekidan
- Synthetic Nanobiotechnology and Biomachines, Synthetic Biology and Precision Medicine Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna A Woldesemayat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Adam
- Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Tafesse
- Synthetic Nanobiotechnology and Biomachines, Synthetic Biology and Precision Medicine Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Biotechnology and Bioprocessing Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Deepak B Thimiri Govinda Raj
- Synthetic Nanobiotechnology and Biomachines, Synthetic Biology and Precision Medicine Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Development and classification of RNA aptamers for therapeutic purposes: an updated review with emphasis on cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:1573-1598. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04614-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pang X, Zhang Q, Li S, Zhao J, Cai M, Wang H, Xu H, Yang G, Shan Y. Spatiotemporal tracking of the transport of RNA nano-drugs: from transmembrane to intracellular delivery. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:8919-8928. [PMID: 35699091 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of RNA nanoparticles (RNPs) has risen rapidly during the past decade due to the development of RNA nanotechnology. Understanding the fast dynamic process of cell entry and intracellular delivery of RNPs is essential for the design of intelligent therapeutic RNA nano-drugs and mRNA vaccines.How the interaction between the membrane and target ligand of RNPs influences the cell entry, and how the dynamic mechanism of RNPs takes place in different organelles remain ill-defined. Herein, the cell entry of Antimir21-RNP-Apt is monitored using a force tracing technique with a high spatiotemporal resolution at the single particle level, the specific interaction of Apt and EGFR promotes the cell entry efficiency and achieves long-lasting curative effects. Furthermore, the intracellular delivery pathway through different organelles is discovered using fluorescence tracking, and the low motility in early endosomes and the high motility in late endosomes are analyzed. This report provides key strategies for engineering RNA nanomedicines and facilitating clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Pang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Qingrong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Siying Li
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Mingjun Cai
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Haijiao Xu
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Guocheng Yang
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuping Shan
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China.
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Liu Z, Chen J, Bai Q, Lin YN, Liang D. Coacervate Formed by an ATP-Binding Aptamer and Its Dynamic Behavior under Nonequilibrium Conditions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6425-6434. [PMID: 35543367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous protocell models have been developed to explore the possible pathway of the origin of life on the early earth, few truly fulfill the roles of the DNA/RNA sequence and ATP molecules, which are keys to cell replication and evolution. The ATP-binding aptamer offers an opportunity to combine sequence and energy molecules. In this work, we choose the coacervate droplet as the protocell model and investigate the interaction of the DNA aptamer, poly(l-lysine)(PLL), and ATP under varying conditions. PLL and aptamers form solid precipitates, which spontaneously transform to coacervate droplets as ATP is introduced. The selective uptake and sequestration of exogenous molecules is achieved by the ATP-containing coacervates. As an electric field is applied to expel ATP, the portion of the droplet deficient in ATP becomes solid. The solid/liquid phase ratio is tunable by varying the electric field strength and excitation time. Together with the vacuolization process, a solid head with a soft mouth periodically opening and closing is created. Moreover, the composite coacervate droplet gradually grows as it is treated with an electric field and cannot recover to the original liquid phase after the power is turned off and replenished with ATP. Our work highlights that the proper integration of the DNA sequence, ATP, and energy input could be a powerful strategy for creating a protocell with certain living features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qingwen Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ya-Nan Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dehai Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and the Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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9
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Dzuvor CKO, Tettey EL, Danquah MK. Aptamers as promising nanotheranostic tools in the COVID-19 pandemic era. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1785. [PMID: 35238490 PMCID: PMC9111085 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS‐COV‐2, the causative agent of new coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) has become a pandemic threat. Early and precise detection of the virus is vital for effective diagnosis and treatment. Various testing kits and assays, including nucleic acid detection methods, antigen tests, serological tests, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), have been implemented or are being explored to detect the virus and/or characterize cellular and antibody responses to the infection. However, these approaches have inherent drawbacks such as nonspecificity, high cost, are characterized by long turnaround times for test results, and can be labor‐intensive. Also, the circulating SARS‐COV‐2 variant of concerns, reduced antibody sensitivity and/or neutralization, and possible antibody‐dependent enhancement (ADE) have warranted the search for alternative potent therapeutics. Aptamers, which are single‐stranded oligonucleotides, generated artificially by SELEX (Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) may offer the capacity to generate high‐affinity neutralizers and/or bioprobes for monitoring relevant SARS‐COV‐2 and COVID‐19 biomarkers. This article reviews and discusses the prospects of implementing aptamers for rapid point‐of‐care detection and treatment of SARS‐COV‐2. We highlight other SARS‐COV‐2 targets (N protein, spike protein stem‐helix), SELEX augmented with competition assays and in silico technologies for rapid discovery and isolation of theranostic aptamers against COVID‐19 and future pandemics. It further provides an overview on site‐specific bioconjugation approaches, customizable molecular scaffolding strategies, and nanotechnology platforms to engineer these aptamers into ultrapotent blockers, multivalent therapeutics, and vaccines to boost both humoral and cellular immunity against the virus. This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Respiratory Disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian K O Dzuvor
- Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Michael K Danquah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Chattanooga, Tennessee, USA
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Chakraborty B, Das S, Gupta A, Xiong Y, Vyshnavi TV, Kizer ME, Duan J, Chandrasekaran AR, Wang X. Aptamers for Viral Detection and Inhibition. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:667-692. [PMID: 35220716 PMCID: PMC8905934 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent times have experienced more than ever the impact of viral infections in humans. Viral infections are known to cause diseases not only in humans but also in plants and animals. Here, we have compiled the literature review of aptamers selected and used for detection and inhibition of viral infections in all three categories: humans, animals, and plants. This review gives an in-depth introduction to aptamers, different types of aptamer selection (SELEX) methodologies, the benefits of using aptamers over commonly used antibody-based strategies, and the structural and functional mechanism of aptasensors for viral detection and therapy. The review is organized based on the different characterization and read-out tools used to detect virus-aptasensor interactions with a detailed index of existing virus-targeting aptamers. Along with addressing recent developments, we also discuss a way forward with aptamers for DNA nanotechnology-based detection and treatment of viral diseases. Overall, this review will serve as a comprehensive resource for aptamer-based strategies in viral diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banani Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sreyashi Das
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Arushi Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Yanyu Xiong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - T-V Vyshnavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Megan E. Kizer
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jinwei Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Chang’an University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710064, China
| | - Arun Richard Chandrasekaran
- The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Xing Wang
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory (HMNTL), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology (IGB), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Abstract
Purpose of Review RNA therapeutics are a new and rapidly expanding class of drugs to prevent or treat a wide spectrum of diseases. We discuss the defining characteristics of the diverse family of molecules under the RNA therapeutics umbrella. Recent Findings RNA therapeutics are designed to regulate gene expression in a transient manner. For example, depending upon the strategy employed, RNA therapies offer the versatility to replace, supplement, correct, suppress, or eliminate the expression of a targeted gene. RNA therapies include antisense nucleotides, microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, RNA aptamers, and messenger RNAs. Further, we discuss the mechanism(s) by which different RNA therapies either reduce or increase the expression of their targets. Summary We review the RNA therapeutics approved (and those in trials) to treat cardiovascular indications. RNA-based therapeutics are a new, rapidly growing class of drugs that will offer new alternatives for an increasing array of cardiovascular conditions.
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Kim YK. RNA therapy: rich history, various applications and unlimited future prospects. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:455-465. [PMID: 35440755 PMCID: PMC9016686 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA therapy refers to the treatment or prevention of diseases using RNA-based molecules. The recent advent of a series of effective messenger RNA-based vaccines in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has reignited research interest in RNA therapy. Based on the accumulated results of long-term research in the field of RNA therapy spanning several decades, therapeutic agents for various diseases are being rapidly developed. These therapeutics tend to target diseases that cannot be treated with other conventional drug groups, and several clinical studies are underway for a variety of RNA-based therapeutics against various incurable diseases. This review describes the history of several important discoveries in RNA biology and their impact on key developments in RNA therapy as well as the advantages of RNA therapy. In addition, it describes the action mechanisms and examples of drugs approved for RNA therapy. Finally, this review discusses methods for RNA drug delivery to target organs and cells. Given that RNA therapy is expected to advance and play an integral role in the development of novel therapeutic agents for human diseases in the future, this review is designed to offer an updated reference point for researchers in this field. RNA-based therapies should improve the lives of many people affected by difficult-to-treat diseases, provided novel drug delivery methods are fully explored and optimized. Young-Kook Kim at Chonnam National University Medical School in Hwasun, Korea, reviewed the current status of RNA therapies, particularly given recent successes in developing messenger RNA vaccines for COVID-19. RNA therapeutics work by manipulating the expression and activity of specific target molecules, providing the means to treat diseases that do not respond to conventional drug types. Such therapies can be tweaked to cover a wide range of different forms of RNA and protein, and could open the way to personalized medicines and treatments for rare diseases. However, RNA-based drugs are larger molecules than other therapeutics, making targeted delivery within the body more difficult. Kim suggests that ensuring effective RNA drug delivery should be a paramount focus for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Abstract
RNA-based therapeutics have entered the mainstream with seemingly limitless possibilities to treat all categories of neurological disease. Here, common RNA-based drug modalities such as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNAs, RNA aptamers, RNA-based vaccines and mRNA drugs are reviewed highlighting their current and potential applications. Rapid progress has been made across rare genetic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders, but safe and effective delivery to the brain remains a significant challenge for many applications. The advent of individualized RNA-based therapies for ultra-rare diseases is discussed against the backdrop of the emergence of this field into more common conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and ischaemic stroke. There remains significant untapped potential in the use of RNA-based therapeutics for behavioural disorders and tumours of the central nervous system; coupled with the accelerated development expected over the next decade, the true potential of RNA-based therapeutics to transform the therapeutic landscape in neurology remains to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Anthony
- Centre for Physical Activity and Life Sciences, University of Northampton, Northampton, UK
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14
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Ulfo L, Costantini PE, Di Giosia M, Danielli A, Calvaresi M. EGFR-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020241. [PMID: 35213974 PMCID: PMC8879084 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a pivotal role in the proliferation and metastatization of cancer cells. Aberrancies in the expression and activation of EGFR are hallmarks of many human malignancies. As such, EGFR-targeted therapies hold significant potential for the cure of cancers. In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained increased interest as a non-invasive cancer treatment. In PDT, a photosensitizer is excited by light to produce reactive oxygen species, resulting in local cytotoxicity. One of the critical aspects of PDT is to selectively transport enough photosensitizers to the tumors environment. Accordingly, an increasing number of strategies have been devised to foster EGFR-targeted PDT. Herein, we review the recent nanobiotechnological advancements that combine the promise of PDT with EGFR-targeted molecular cancer therapy. We recapitulate the chemistry of the sensitizers and their modes of action in PDT, and summarize the advantages and pitfalls of different targeting moieties, highlighting future perspectives for EGFR-targeted photodynamic treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ulfo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (P.E.C.)
| | - Paolo Emidio Costantini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (P.E.C.)
| | - Matteo Di Giosia
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alberto Danielli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.U.); (P.E.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (M.C.)
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Ma S, Lv J, Feng Z, Rong Z, Lin Y. Get ready for the CRISPR/Cas system: A beginner's guide to the engineering and design of guide RNAs. J Gene Med 2021; 23:e3377. [PMID: 34270141 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system is a state-of-the-art tool for versatile genome editing that has advanced basic research dramatically, with great potential for clinic applications. The system consists of two key molecules: a CRISPR-associated (Cas) effector nuclease and a single guide RNA. The simplicity of the system has enabled the development of a wide spectrum of derivative methods. Almost any laboratory can utilize these methods, although new users may initially be confused when faced with the potentially overwhelming abundance of choices. Cas nucleases and their engineering have been systematically reviewed previously. In the present review, we discuss single guide RNA engineering and design strategies that facilitate more efficient, more specific and safer gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Lv
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zinan Feng
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhili Rong
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Lin
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Berdnikova DV. Photoswitches for controllable RNA binding: a future approach in the RNA-targeting therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10819-10826. [PMID: 34585681 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04241f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA is an emerging drug target that opens new perspectives in the treatment of viral and bacterial infections, cancer and a range of so far incurable genetic diseases. Among the various strategies towards the design and development of selective and efficient ligands for targeting and detection of therapeutically relevant RNA, photoswitchable RNA binders represent a very promising approach due to the possibility to control the ligand-RNA and protein-RNA interactions by light with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, the field of photoswitchable RNA binders still remains underexplored due to challenging design of lead structures that should combine high RNA binding selectivity with efficient photochemical performance. The aim of this highlight article is to describe the development of photoswitchable noncovalent RNA binders and to outline the current situation and perspectives of this emerging interdisciplinary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Berdnikova
- Universität Siegen, Organische Chemie II, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany.
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17
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Liu L, Han Z, An F, Gong X, Zhao C, Zheng W, Mei L, Zhou Q. Aptamer-based biosensors for the diagnosis of sepsis. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:216. [PMID: 34281552 PMCID: PMC8287673 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, the syndrome of infection complicated by acute organ dysfunction, is a serious and growing global problem, which not only leads to enormous economic losses but also becomes one of the leading causes of mortality in the intensive care unit. The detection of sepsis-related pathogens and biomarkers in the early stage plays a critical role in selecting appropriate antibiotics or other drugs, thereby preventing the emergence of dangerous phases and saving human lives. There are numerous demerits in conventional detection strategies, such as high cost, low efficiency, as well as lacking of sensitivity and selectivity. Recently, the aptamer-based biosensor is an emerging strategy for reasonable sepsis diagnosis because of its accessibility, rapidity, and stability. In this review, we first introduce the screening of suitable aptamer. Further, recent advances of aptamer-based biosensors in the detection of bacteria and biomarkers for the diagnosis of sepsis are summarized. Finally, the review proposes a brief forecast of challenges and future directions with highly promising aptamer-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubin Liu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Zeyu Han
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Fei An
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuening Gong
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Chenguang Zhao
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Weiping Zheng
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Li Mei
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qihui Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Stomatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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18
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Zeng L, Li D, Tong W, Shi T, Ning B. Biochemical features and mutations of key proteins in SARS-CoV-2 and their impacts on RNA therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 189:114424. [PMID: 33482149 PMCID: PMC7816569 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic. Three viral proteins, the spike protein (S) for attachment of virus to host cells, 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease (Mpro) for digestion of viral polyproteins to functional proteins, and RNA-dependent-RNA-polymerase (RdRp) for RNA synthesis are the most critical proteins for virus infection and replication, rendering them the most important drug targets for both antibody and chemical drugs. Due to its low-fidelity polymerase, the virus is subject to frequent mutations. To date, the sequence data from tens of thousands of virus isolates have revealed hundreds of mutations. Although most mutations have a minimum consequence, a small number of non-synonymous mutations may alter the virulence and antigenicity of the mutants. To evaluate the effects of viral mutations on drug safety and efficacy, we reviewed the biochemical features of the three main proteins and their potentials as drug targets, and analyzed the mutation profiles and their impacts on RNA therapeutics. We believe that monitoring and predicting mutation-introduced protein conformational changes in the three key viral proteins and evaluating their binding affinities and enzymatic activities with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated drugs by using computational modeling and machine learning processes can provide valuable information for the consideration of drug efficacy and drug safety for drug developers and drug reviewers. Finally, we propose an interactive database for drug developers and reviewers to use in evaluating the safety and efficacy of U.S. FDA regulated drugs with regard to viral mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Changde Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedicine, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan 415000, China
| | - Dongying Li
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States
| | - Weida Tong
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Changde Research Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Biomedicine, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan 415000, China,Corresponding authors at: National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, HFT100, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States, (Baitang Ning); 3050 Dongting Avenue, Changde 415006, China, (Tieliu Shi)
| | - Baitang Ning
- National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Jefferson, AR, 72079, United States,Corresponding authors at: National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Road, HFT100, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States, (Baitang Ning); 3050 Dongting Avenue, Changde 415006, China, (Tieliu Shi)
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Mahmood N, Rabbani SA. Fibrinolytic System and Cancer: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094358. [PMID: 33921923 PMCID: PMC8122389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolysis is a crucial physiological process that helps to maintain a hemostatic balance by counteracting excessive thrombosis. The components of the fibrinolytic system are well established and are associated with a wide array of physiological and pathophysiological processes. The aberrant expression of several components, especially urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), its cognate receptor uPAR, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), has shown a direct correlation with increased tumor growth, invasiveness, and metastasis. As a result, targeting the fibrinolytic system has been of great interest in the field of cancer biology. Even though there is a plethora of encouraging preclinical evidence on the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting the key oncogenic components of the fibrinolytic system, none of them made it from “bench to bedside” due to a limited number of clinical trials on them. This review summarizes our existing understanding of the various diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting the fibrinolytic system during cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Mahmood
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A3J1, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
| | - Shafaat A. Rabbani
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A3J1, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC H4A3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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20
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Lin Y, Zhang K, Zhang R, She Z, Tan R, Fan Y, Li X. Magnetic nanoparticles applied in targeted therapy and magnetic resonance imaging: crucial preparation parameters, indispensable pre-treatments, updated research advancements and future perspectives. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:5973-5991. [PMID: 32597454 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00552e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted much attention in cancer treatment as carriers for drug delivery and imaging contrast agents due to their distinctive performances based on their magnetic properties and nanoscale structure. In this review, we aim to comprehensively dissect how the applications of MNPs in targeted therapy and magnetic resonance imaging are achieved and their specificities by focusing on the following aspects: (1) several important preparation parameters (pH, temperature, ratio of the reactive substances, etc.) that have crucial effects on the properties of MNPs, (2) indispensable treatments to improve the biocompatibility, stability, and targeting ability of MNPs and prolong their circulation time for biomedical applications, (3) the mechanism for MNPs to deliver and release medicine to the desired sites and be applied in magnetic hyperthermia as well as related updated research advancements, (4) comparatively promising research directions of MNPs in magnetic resonance imaging, and (5) perspectives in the further optimization of their preparations, pre-treatments and applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Lin
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Research and Teaching, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhending She
- Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Rongwei Tan
- Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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21
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Shanaa OA, Rumyantsev A, Sambuk E, Padkina M. In Vivo Production of RNA Aptamers and Nanoparticles: Problems and Prospects. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051422. [PMID: 33800717 PMCID: PMC7961669 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA aptamers are becoming increasingly attractive due to their superior properties. This review discusses the early stages of aptamer research, the main developments in this area, and the latest technologies being developed. The review also highlights the advantages of RNA aptamers in comparison to antibodies, considering the great potential of RNA aptamers and their applications in the near future. In addition, it is shown how RNA aptamers can form endless 3-D structures, giving rise to various structural and functional possibilities. Special attention is paid to the Mango, Spinach and Broccoli fluorescent RNA aptamers, and the advantages of split RNA aptamers are discussed. The review focuses on the importance of creating a platform for the synthesis of RNA nanoparticles in vivo and examines yeast, namely Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as a potential model organism for the production of RNA nanoparticles on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ousama Al Shanaa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (E.S.)
- Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, Damascus P.O.B 6091, Syria
- Correspondence: (O.A.S.); (M.P.); Tel.: +7-812-328-2822 (O.A.S.); +7-812-327-9827 (M.P.)
| | - Andrey Rumyantsev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Sambuk
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Marina Padkina
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (A.R.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (O.A.S.); (M.P.); Tel.: +7-812-328-2822 (O.A.S.); +7-812-327-9827 (M.P.)
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22
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Chavda V, Madhwani K. Coding and non-coding nucleotides': The future of stroke gene therapeutics. Genomics 2021; 113:1291-1307. [PMID: 33677059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the foremost cause of death ranked after heart disease and cancer. It is the fatal life-threatening event that requires immediate medical admissions to overcome following morbidity and mortality. The therapeutic advances in stroke therapy have been manipulated with diverse paths for last 5 years. Recent research and clinical trials have investigated a variety of anti-stroke agents including anti-coagulants, cerebro-protective agents, antiplatelet therapy, stem-cell therapy, and specified gene therapy. In recent advanced studies, genetic therapies including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi interacting RNAs (PiWi RNAs) have shown better potential as targeted future therapeutics with a better outcome than conventional stroke therapeutics. The potential of targeted gene therapy is much more advanced in not only the induction of neuroprotection but also safer non-toxic targeted therapeutics. In the current state of the art review, we have focused on the recent advancements made towards the stroke with RNA modifications and targeted gene therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pharmacology, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India.
| | - Kajal Madhwani
- Department of Microbiology, Nirma University, Ahmadabad, Gujarat, India
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Rotoli D, Santana-Viera L, Ibba ML, Esposito CL, Catuogno S. Advances in Oligonucleotide Aptamers for NSCLC Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176075. [PMID: 32842557 PMCID: PMC7504093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer worldwide, with the highest incidence in developed countries. NSCLC patients often face resistance to currently available therapies, accounting for frequent relapses and poor prognosis. Indeed, despite great recent advancements in the field of NSCLC diagnosis and multimodal therapy, most patients are diagnosed at advanced metastatic stage, with a very low overall survival. Thus, the identification of new effective diagnostic and therapeutic options for NSCLC patients is a crucial challenge in oncology. A promising class of targeting molecules is represented by nucleic-acid aptamers, short single-stranded oligonucleotides that upon folding in particular three dimensional (3D) structures, serve as high affinity ligands towards disease-associated proteins. They are produced in vitro by SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), a combinatorial chemistry procedure, representing an important tool for novel targetable biomarker discovery of both diagnostic and therapeutic interest. Aptamer-based approaches are promising options for NSCLC early diagnosis and targeted therapy and may overcome the key obstacles of currently used therapeutic modalities, such as the high toxicity and patients’ resistance. In this review, we highlight the most important applications of SELEX technology and aptamers for NSCLC handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Rotoli
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy; (D.R.); (L.S.-V.)
| | - Laura Santana-Viera
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy; (D.R.); (L.S.-V.)
| | - Maria L. Ibba
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, “Federico II” University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Carla L. Esposito
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy; (D.R.); (L.S.-V.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.E.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-3722343 (C.L.E. & S.C.)
| | - Silvia Catuogno
- Institute Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), 80145 Naples, Italy; (D.R.); (L.S.-V.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.E.); (S.C.); Tel.: +39-081-3722343 (C.L.E. & S.C.)
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Emerging Therapeutic RNAs for the Targeting of Cancer Associated Fibroblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061365. [PMID: 32466591 PMCID: PMC7352655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor mass consists of a complex ensemble of malignant cancer cells and a wide variety of resident and infiltrating cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix proteins that are referred as tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key TME components that support tumor growth, generating a physical barrier against drugs and immune infiltration, and contributing to regulate malignant progression. Thus, it is largely accepted that therapeutic approaches aimed at hampering the interactions between tumor cells and CAFs can enhance the effectiveness of anti-cancer treatments. In this view, nucleic acid therapeutics have emerged as promising molecules. Here, we summarize recent knowledge about their role in the regulation of CAF transformation and tumor-promoting functions, highlighting their therapeutic utility and challenges.
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Yao J, Li S, Zhang L, Yang Y, Gopinath SC, Lakshmipriya T, Zhou Y. Aptamer-antibody dual probes on single-walled carbon nanotube bridged dielectrode: Comparative analysis on human blood clotting factor. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 151:1133-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Wu R, Karunanayake Mudiyanselage AP, Ren K, Sun Z, Tian Q, Zhao B, Bagheri Y, Lutati D, Keshri P, You M. Ratiometric Fluorogenic RNA-Based Sensors for Imaging Live-Cell Dynamics of Small Molecules. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:2633-2642. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rigumula Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | - Kewei Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zhining Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Qian Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Yousef Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - David Lutati
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Puspam Keshri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mingxu You
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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Macdonald J, Denoyer D, Henri J, Jamieson A, Burvenich IJ, Pouliot N, Shigdar S. Bifunctional Aptamer-Doxorubicin Conjugate Crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier and Selectively Delivers Its Payload to EpCAM-Positive Tumor Cells. Nucleic Acid Ther 2020; 30:117-128. [PMID: 32027209 PMCID: PMC7133447 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2019.0807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis for breast cancer patients diagnosed with brain metastases is poor, with survival time measured merely in months. This can largely be attributed to the limited treatment options capable of reaching the tumor as a result of the highly restrictive blood-brain barrier (BBB). While methods of overcoming this barrier have been developed and employed with current treatment options, the majority are highly invasive and nonspecific, leading to severe neurotoxic side effects. A novel approach to address these issues is the development of therapeutics targeting receptor-mediated transport mechanisms on the BBB endothelial cell membranes. Using this approach, we intercalated doxorubicin (DOX) into a bifunctional aptamer targeting the transferrin receptor on the BBB and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) on metastatic cancer cells. The ability of the DOX-loaded aptamer to transcytose the BBB and selectively deliver the payload to EpCAM-positive tumors was evaluated in an in vitro model and confirmed for the first time in vivo using the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer metastasis model (MDA-MB-231Br). We show that colocalized aptamer and DOX are clearly detectable within the brain lesions 75 min postadministration. Collectively, results from this study demonstrate that through intercalation of a cytotoxic drug into the bifunctional aptamer, a therapeutic delivery vehicle can be developed for specific targeting of EpCAM-positive brain metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Macdonald
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Delphine Denoyer
- Matrix Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justin Henri
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Ingrid J.G. Burvenich
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Normand Pouliot
- Matrix Microenvironment and Metastasis Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Tumour Targeting Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
- Address correspondence to: Sarah Shigdar, MSc, PhD, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
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Paulmurugan R, Malhotra M, Massoud TF. The protean world of non-coding RNAs in glioblastoma. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:909-925. [PMID: 31129756 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01798-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) are a diverse group of RNA molecules that are mostly not translated into proteins following transcription. We review the role of ncRNAs in the pathobiology of glioblastoma (GBM), and their potential applications for GBM therapy. Significant advances in our understanding of the protean manifestations of ncRNAs have been made, allowing us to better decipher the molecular complexity of GBM. A large number of regulatory ncRNAs appear to have a greater influence on the molecular pathology of GBM than thought previously. Importantly, also, a range of therapeutic approaches are emerging whereby ncRNA-based systems may be used to molecularly target GBM. The most successful of these is RNA interference, and some of these strategies are being evaluated in ongoing clinical trials. However, a number of limitations exist in the clinical translation of ncRNA-based therapeutic systems, such as delivery mechanisms and cytotoxicity; concerted research endeavors are currently underway in an attempt to overcome these. Ongoing and future studies will determine the potential practical role for ncRNA-based therapeutic systems in the clinical management of GBM. These applications may be especially promising, given that current treatment options are limited and prognosis remains poor for this challenging malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Cellular Pathway Imaging Laboratory (CPIL), Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Meenakshi Malhotra
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Neuroimaging (LEMNI), Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Grant S-031, Stanford, CA, 94305-5105, USA
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Neuroimaging (LEMNI), Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Grant S-031, Stanford, CA, 94305-5105, USA.
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Randrianjatovo-Gbalou I, Delarue M. Rapid enzymatic synthesis of long RNA polymers: A simple protocol to generate RNA libraries with random sequences. Methods 2019; 161:83-90. [PMID: 30926532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA aptamers have several advantages over DNA aptamers due to their propensity to fold into three-dimensional structures. However, the synthesis of large RNA libraries remains a challenge as it requires more precautions to conserve their functional integrity, especially when such libraries are intended for aptamers or ribozymes selection. Here, we present an enzymatic method that enables the rapid synthesis of RNA polymers thanks to the efficient incorporation of ribonucleotides (NTPs) as well as chemically modified ribonucleotides by human DNA polymerase Theta (θ) mutants. These mutants have the ability to generate long single-stranded RNA polynucleotides of random sequences due to their improved template-free terminal nucleotidyltransferase activity. Here we describe the detailed protocols to produce large and diverse libraries of RNA, to make them ready to use in repeated cycles of Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential enrichment (SELEX) and to synthesize C2'-modified nucleic acids with higher nuclease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Randrianjatovo-Gbalou
- Unit of Structural Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules and CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | - Marc Delarue
- Unit of Structural Dynamics of Biological Macromolecules and CNRS UMR 3528, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Jasinski DL, Binzel DW, Guo P. One-Pot Production of RNA Nanoparticles via Automated Processing and Self-Assembly. ACS NANO 2019; 13:4603-4612. [PMID: 30888787 PMCID: PMC6542271 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
From the original sequencing of the human genome, it was found that about 98.5% of the genome did not code for proteins. Subsequent studies have now revealed that a much larger portion of the genome is related to short or long noncoding RNAs that regulate cellular activities. In addition to the milestones of chemical and protein drugs, it has been proposed that RNA drugs or drugs targeting RNA will become the third milestone in drug development ( Shu , Y. ; Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2014 , 66 , 74 . ). Currently, the yield and cost for RNA nanoparticle or RNA drug production requires improvement in order to advance the RNA field in both research and clinical translation by reducing the multiple tedious manufacturing steps. For example, with 98.5% incorporation efficiency of chemical synthesis of a 100 nucleotide RNA strand, RNA oligos will result with 78% contamination of aborted byproducts. Thus, RNA nanotechnology is one of the remedies, because large RNA can be assembled from small RNA fragments via bottom-up self-assembly. Here we report the one-pot production of RNA nanoparticles via automated processing and self-assembly. The continuous production of RNA by rolling circle transcription (RCT) using a circular dsDNA template is coupled with self-cleaving ribozymes encoded in the concatemeric RNA transcripts. Production was monitored in real-time. Automatic production of RNA fragments enabled their assembly either in situ or via one-pot co-transcription to obtain RNA nanoparticles of desired motifs and functionalities from bottom-up assembly of multiple RNA fragments. In combination with the RNA nanoparticle construction process, a purification method using a large-scale electrophoresis column was also developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peixuan Guo
- Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine; College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology & Cell Biology; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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31
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Chong C, Low C. Synthetic antibody: Prospects in aquaculture biosecurity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:361-367. [PMID: 30502461 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The emerging technology of aptamers that is also known as synthetic antibodies is rivalling antibodies research in the recent years. The unique yet important features of aptamers are advancing antibodies in diverse applications, which include disease diagnosis, prophylactic and therapeutic. The versatility of aptamer has further extended its application to function as gene expression modulator, known as synthetic riboswitches. This report reviewed and discussed the applications of aptamers technology in the biosecurity of aquaculture, the promising developments in biosensor detection for disease diagnosis as well as prophylactic and therapeutic measurements. The application of aptamers technology in immunophenotyping study of aquatic animal is highlighted. Lastly, the future perspective of aptamers in the management of aquatic animal health is discussed, special emphasis on the potential application of aptamers as synthetic riboswitches to enhance host immunity, as well as the growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChouMin Chong
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - ChenFei Low
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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32
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Ma Y, Li X, Li W, Liu Z. Glycan-Imprinted Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based SELEX for Efficient Screening of Glycoprotein-Binding Aptamers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40918-40926. [PMID: 30379519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers, as useful alternatives of antibodies, have found a large range of promising applications such as affinity separation and bioassays. The screening of aptamers is critical for their applications. Aptamers are often screened by an in vitro methodology called SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment). Although numerous SELEX methods have been established to facilitate the selection, new efficient selection methods are still much needed. Molecularly imprinted polymers, which are antibody alternatives at the material level and competitors of aptamers, have not been used as a platform for aptamer selection yet so far. In this study, a glycan-imprinted magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)-based SELEX was developed to efficiently screen aptamers against glycoproteins. Glycan-imprinted MNPs were used as an affinity interface to bind target glycoprotein, and then the target glycoprotein-bound MNPs were used as an affinity substrate for aptamer selection. The glycan-imprinted MNPs were synthesized by a state-of-the-art imprinting approach called boronate affinity controllable oriented surface imprinting. The glycan-imprinted MNPs exhibited high affinity and specificity and therefore allowed preferential binding toward target glycoproteins while excluding unwanted species. Two representative glycoproteins, including RNase B and transferrin, were employed as target glycoproteins, and aptamers with high affinity and specificity toward the two target glycoproteins were screened out in 3 rounds. This method exhibited some merits, such as high affinity, fast speed, and avoiding negative screening. Therefore, the glycan-imprinted MNP-based SELEX approach holds great values for the efficient screening of high-performance aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Xinglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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Aptamer Chimeras for Therapeutic Delivery: The Challenging Perspectives. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9110529. [PMID: 30384431 PMCID: PMC6266988 DOI: 10.3390/genes9110529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based aptamers have emerged as efficient delivery carriers of therapeutics. Thanks to their unique features, they can be, to date, considered one of the best targeting moieties, allowing the specific recognition of diseased cells and avoiding unwanted off-target effects on healthy tissues. In this review, we revise the most recent contributes on bispecific and multifunctional aptamer therapeutic chimeras. We will discuss key examples of aptamer-mediated delivery of nucleic acid and peptide-based therapeutics underlying their great potentiality and versatility. Achieved objectives and challenges will be highlighted as well.
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Xuan W, Peng Y, Deng Z, Peng T, Kuai H, Li Y, He J, Jin C, Liu Y, Wang R, Tan W. A basic insight into aptamer-drug conjugates (ApDCs). Biomaterials 2018; 182:216-226. [PMID: 30138784 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are often compared with antibodies since both types of molecules function as targeting ligands for specific cancer cell recognition. However, aptamers offer several advantages, including small size, facile chemical modification, high chemical stability, low immunogenicity, rapid tissue penetration, and engineering simplicity. Despite these advantages, several crucial factors have delayed their clinical translation, such as concerns over inherent physicochemical stability and safety. Meanwhile, steps have been taken to make aptamer-drug conjugates, or ApDCs, a clinically practical tool. In this review, we highlight the development of ApDCs and discuss how researchers are solving some problems associated with their clinical application for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xuan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yongbo Peng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhengyu Deng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Tianhuan Peng
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Hailan Kuai
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jiaxuan He
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yanlan Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Ruowen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai 200240, China; Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-7200, United States.
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Zheng CX, Sui BD, Hu CH, Qiu XY, Zhao P, Jin Y. Reconstruction of structure and function in tissue engineering of solid organs: Toward simulation of natural development based on decellularization. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:1432-1447. [PMID: 29701314 DOI: 10.1002/term.2676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Failure of solid organs, such as the heart, liver, and kidney, remains a major cause of the world's mortality due to critical shortage of donor organs. Tissue engineering, which uses elements including cells, scaffolds, and growth factors to fabricate functional organs in vitro, is a promising strategy to mitigate the scarcity of transplantable organs. Within recent years, different construction strategies that guide the combination of tissue engineering elements have been applied in solid organ tissue engineering and have achieved much progress. Most attractively, construction strategy based on whole-organ decellularization has become a popular and promising approach, because the overall structure of extracellular matrix can be well preserved. However, despite the preservation of whole structure, the current constructs derived from decellularization-based strategy still perform partial functions of solid organs, due to several challenges, including preservation of functional extracellular matrix structure, implementation of functional recellularization, formation of functional vascular network, and realization of long-term functional integration. This review overviews the status quo of solid organ tissue engineering, including both advances and challenges. We have also put forward a few techniques with potential to solve the challenges, mainly focusing on decellularization-based construction strategy. We propose that the primary concept for constructing tissue-engineered solid organs is fabricating functional organs based on intact structure via simulating the natural development and regeneration processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing-Dong Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cheng-Hu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin-Yu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Shaanxi, China
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36
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Haque F, Pi F, Zhao Z, Gu S, Hu H, Yu H, Guo P. RNA versatility, flexibility, and thermostability for practice in RNA nanotechnology and biomedical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2018; 9:10.1002/wrna.1452. [PMID: 29105333 PMCID: PMC5739991 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, RNA has attracted widespread attention as a unique biomaterial with distinct biophysical properties for designing sophisticated architectures in the nanometer scale. RNA is much more versatile in structure and function with higher thermodynamic stability compared to its nucleic acid counterpart DNA. Larger RNA molecules can be viewed as a modular structure built from a combination of many 'Lego' building blocks connected via different linker sequences. By exploiting the diversity of RNA motifs and flexibility of structure, varieties of RNA architectures can be fabricated with precise control of shape, size, and stoichiometry. Many structural motifs have been discovered and characterized over the years and the crystal structures of many of these motifs are available for nanoparticle construction. For example, using the flexibility and versatility of RNA structure, RNA triangles, squares, pentagons, and hexagons can be constructed from phi29 pRNA three-way-junction (3WJ) building block. This review will focus on 2D RNA triangles, squares, and hexamers; 3D and 4D structures built from basic RNA building blocks; and their prospective applications in vivo as imaging or therapeutic agents via specific delivery and targeting. Methods for intracellular cloning and expression of RNA molecules and the in vivo assembly of RNA nanoparticles will also be reviewed. WIREs RNA 2018, 9:e1452. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1452 This article is categorized under: RNA Methods > RNA Nanotechnology RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics and Chemistry RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Haque
- Nanobio Delivery Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Fengmei Pi
- Nanobio Delivery Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhengyi Zhao
- Nanobio Delivery Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Shanqing Gu
- Nanobio Delivery Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Haibo Hu
- Nanobio Delivery Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hang Yu
- Nanobio Delivery Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peixuan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Comprehensive Cancer Center; and Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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37
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Selection and Identification of Skeletal-Muscle-Targeted RNA Aptamers. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 10:199-214. [PMID: 29499933 PMCID: PMC5862129 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Oligonucleotide gene therapy has shown great promise for the treatment of muscular dystrophies. Nevertheless, the selective delivery to affected muscles has shown to be challenging because of their high representation in the body and the high complexity of their cell membranes. Current trials show loss of therapeutic molecules to non-target tissues leading to lower target efficacy. Therefore, strategies that increase uptake efficiency would be particularly compelling. To address this need, we applied a cell-internalization SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) approach and identified a skeletal muscle-specific RNA aptamer. A01B RNA aptamer preferentially internalizes in skeletal muscle cells and exhibits decreased affinity for off-target cells. Moreover, this in vitro selected aptamer retained its functionality in vivo, suggesting a potential new approach for targeting skeletal muscles. Ultimately, this will aid in the development of targeted oligonucleotide therapies against muscular dystrophies.
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38
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Henri JL, Macdonald J, Strom M, Duan W, Shigdar S. Aptamers as potential therapeutic agents for ovarian cancer. Biochimie 2017; 145:34-44. [PMID: 29224849 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Current therapy for ovarian cancer typically involves indiscriminate chemotherapies that can have severe off target effects on healthy tissue and are still plagued by aggressive recurrence. Recent shifts towards targeted therapies offer the possibility of circumventing the obstacles experienced by these traditional treatments. While antibodies are the pioneering agents in targeted therapies, clinical experience has demonstrated that their antitumor efficacy is limited due to their high immunogenicity, large molecular size, and costly and laborious production. In contrast, nucleic acid based chemical antibodies, also known as aptamers, are ideal for this application given their small size, lack of immunogenicity and in vitro production. As aptamers have begun to demonstrate their promise through targeting Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM), as well as a number of ovarian cancer biomarkers, in in vivo and in vitro models, their clinical applicability is slowly being realised. This review explores some of the current progress of aptamers targeting cancer biomarkers and their potential role as ovarian cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Liam Henri
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Joanna Macdonald
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Mia Strom
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia.
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39
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Kuhlmann M, Hamming JBR, Voldum A, Tsakiridou G, Larsen MT, Schmøkel JS, Sohn E, Bienk K, Schaffert D, Sørensen ES, Wengel J, Dupont DM, Howard KA. An Albumin-Oligonucleotide Assembly for Potential Combinatorial Drug Delivery and Half-Life Extension Applications. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:284-293. [PMID: 29246307 PMCID: PMC5676087 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The long blood circulatory property of human serum albumin, due to engagement with the cellular recycling neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), is an attractive drug half-life extension enabling technology. This work describes a novel site-specific albumin double-stranded (ds) DNA assembly approach, in which the 3′ or 5′ end maleimide-derivatized oligodeoxynucleotides are conjugated to albumin cysteine at position 34 (cys34) and annealed with complementary strands to allow single site-specific protein modification with functionalized ds oligodeoxynucleotides. Electrophoretic gel shift assays demonstrated successful annealing of complementary strands bearing Atto488, 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-FAM), or a factor IXa aptamer to the albumin-oligodeoxynucleotide conjugate. A fluorometric factor IXa activity assay showed retained aptamer inhibitory activity upon assembly with the albumin and completely blocked factor IXa at a concentration of 100 nM for 2 hr. The assembled construct exhibited stability in serum-containing buffer and FcRn engagement that could be increased using an albumin variant engineered for higher FcRn affinity. This work presents a novel albumin-oligodeoxynucleotide assembly technology platform that offers potential combinatorial drug delivery and half-life extension applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kuhlmann
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jonas B R Hamming
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders Voldum
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Georgia Tsakiridou
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Maja T Larsen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Julie S Schmøkel
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Emil Sohn
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Konrad Bienk
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - David Schaffert
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Esben S Sørensen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Wengel
- Nucleic Acid Center, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Daniel M Dupont
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kenneth A Howard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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40
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Bagheri M, Mohammadi M, Steele TW, Ramezani M. Nanomaterial coatings applied on stent surfaces. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2017; 11:1309-26. [PMID: 27111467 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2015-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of percutaneous coronary intervention and intravascular stents has revolutionized the field of interventional cardiology. Nonetheless, in-stent restenosis, inflammation and late-stent thrombosis are the major obstacles with currently available stents. In order to enhance the hemocompatibility of stents, advances in the field of nanotechnology allow novel designs of nanoparticles and biomaterials toward localized drug/gene carriers or stent scaffolds. The current review focuses on promising polymers used in the fabrication of newer generations of stents with a short synopsis on atherosclerosis and current commercialized stents, nanotechnology's impact on stent development and recent advancements in stent biomaterials is discussed in context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Bagheri
- Shariati Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, PO Box 935189-9983, Iran.,Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1365, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mohammadi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1365, Iran
| | - Terry Wj Steele
- Division of Materials Technology, Materials & Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Ramezani
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1365, Iran
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41
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Kiliszek A, Blaszczyk L, Kierzek R, Rypniewski W. Stabilization of RNA hairpins using non-nucleotide linkers and circularization. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:e92. [PMID: 28334744 PMCID: PMC5449636 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An RNA hairpin is an essential structural element of RNA. Hairpins play crucial roles in gene expression and intermolecular recognition but are also involved in the pathogenesis of some congenital diseases. Structural studies of the hairpin motifs are impeded by their thermodynamic instability, as they tend to unfold to form duplexes, especially at high concentrations required for crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We have elaborated techniques to stabilize the RNA hairpins by linking the free ends of the RNA strand at the base of the hairpin stem. One method involves stilbene diether or hexaethylene glycol linkers and circularization by T4 RNA ligase. Another method uses click chemistry to stitch the RNA ends with a triazole linker. Both techniques are efficient and easy to perform. They should be useful in making stable, biologically relevant RNA constructs for structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kiliszek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Leszek Blaszczyk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ryszard Kierzek
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rypniewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
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42
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Huang Z, Kangovi GN, Wen W, Lee S, Niu L. An RNA Aptamer Capable of Forming a Hydrogel by Self-Assembly. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:2056-2063. [PMID: 28609610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are supramolecular assemblies with both solute transport properties like liquids and mechanical properties like elastomers. To date, every type of biomolecules except ribonucleic acid (RNA), is capable of forming a hydrogel. Here, we report an RNA that forms a hydrogel by self-assembly. This RNA is originally identified by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) to enhance the activity of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors as a potential RNA drug for the treatment of cognitive disorders. The RNA hydrogel exhibits an elastic modulus plateau on the order of 102 Pa and shows dynamic RNA chain interactions with relaxation behaviors similar to living wormlike micellar solutions. Small-angle X-ray scattering and cryogenic electron microscopy characterization support the RNA network structures. By sequence mutation and rheological measurements, we reveal two key sequence motifs in the RNA responsible for intermolecular recognition and the formation of a polymer network by self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Gagan N Kangovi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Wei Wen
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Li Niu
- Chemistry Department, University at Albany, State University of New York , Albany, New York 12222, United States
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43
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Abstract
Aptamers are nucleic acids referred to as chemical antibodies as they bind to their specific targets with high affinity and selectivity. They are selected via an iterative process known as ‘selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment’ (SELEX). Aptamers have been developed against numerous cancer targets and among them, many tumor cell-membrane protein biomarkers. The identification of aptamers targeting cell-surface proteins has mainly been performed by two different strategies: protein- and cell-based SELEX, when the targets used for selection were proteins and cells, respectively. This review aims to update the literature on aptamers targeting tumor cell surface protein biomarkers, highlighting potentials, pitfalls of protein- and cell-based selection processes and applications of such selected molecules. Aptamers as promising agents for diagnosis and therapeutic approaches in oncology are documented, as well as aptamers in clinical development.
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44
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Schmøkel J, Voldum A, Tsakiridou G, Kuhlmann M, Cameron J, Sørensen ES, Wengel J, Howard KA. Site-selective conjugation of an anticoagulant aptamer to recombinant albumins and maintenance of neonatal Fc receptor binding. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:204004. [PMID: 28362634 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa6a9b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are an attractive molecular medicine that offers high target specificity. Nucleic acid-based aptamers, however, are prone to nuclease degradation and rapid renal excretion that require blood circulatory half-life extension enabling technologies. The long circulatory half-life, predominately facilitated by engagement with the cellular recycling neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), and ligand transport properties of albumin promote it as an attractive candidate to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of aptamers. This study investigates the effect of Cys34 site-selective covalent attachment of a factor IXa anticoagulant aptamer on aptamer functionality and human FcRn (hFcRn) engagement using recombinant human albumin (rHA) of either a wild type (WT) or an engineered human FcRn high binding variant (HB). Albumin-aptamer conjugates, connected covalently through a heterobifunctional succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate linker, were successfully prepared and purified by high performance liquid chromatography as confirmed by gel electrophoresis band-shift analysis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight. Minimal reduction (∼25%) in activity of WT-linked aptamer to that of aptamer alone was found using an anticoagulant activity assay measuring temporal levels of activated partial thrombin. Covalent albumin-aptamer conjugation, however, substantially compromized binding to hFcRn, to 10% affinity of that of non-conjugated WT, determined by biolayer interferometry. Binding could be rescued by aptamer conjugation to recombinant albumin engineered for higher FcRn affinity (HB) that exhibited an 8-fold affinity compared to WT alone. This work describes a novel albumin-based aptamer delivery system whose hFcRn binding can be increased using a HB engineered albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Schmøkel
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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45
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Moskalev A, Chernyagina E, Kudryavtseva A, Shaposhnikov M. Geroprotectors: A Unified Concept and Screening Approaches. Aging Dis 2017; 8:354-363. [PMID: 28580190 PMCID: PMC5440114 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the geroprotectors discovery is a new biomedicine trend and more than 200 compounds can slow aging and increase the lifespan of the model organism, there are still no geroprotectors on the market. The reasons may be partly related to the lack of a unified concept of geroprotector, accepted by the scientific community. Such concept as a system of criteria for geroprotector identification and classification can form a basis for an analytical model of anti-aging drugs, help to consolidate the efforts of various research initiatives in this area and compare their results. Here, we review the existing classification and characteristics of geroprotectors based on their effect on the survival of a group of individuals or pharmaceutics classes, according to the proposed mechanism of their geroprotective action or theories of aging. After discussing advantages and disadvantages of these approaches, we offer a new concept based on the maintenance of homeostatic capacity because aging can be considered as exponential shrinkage of homeostatic capacity leading to the onset of age-related diseases and death. Besides, we review the most promising current screening approaches to finding new geroprotectors. Establishing the classification of existing geroprotectors based on physiology and current understanding of the nature of aging is essential for putting the existing knowledge into a single system. This system could be useful to formulate standards for finding and creating new geroprotectors. Standardization, in turn, would allow easier comparison and combination of experimental data obtained by different research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Moskalev
- 1Laboratory of postgenomic studies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,2Laboratory of genetics of aging and longevity, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia.,3Laboratory of molecular radiobiology and gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Chernyagina
- 2Laboratory of genetics of aging and longevity, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, 141700, Russia
| | - Anna Kudryavtseva
- 1Laboratory of postgenomic studies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shaposhnikov
- 3Laboratory of molecular radiobiology and gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, 167982, Russia
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46
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Macdonald J, Henri J, Goodman L, Xiang D, Duan W, Shigdar S. Development of a Bifunctional Aptamer Targeting the Transferrin Receptor and Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EpCAM) for the Treatment of Brain Cancer Metastases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:777-784. [PMID: 28010059 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of brain disorders is greatly hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which restricts the overwhelming majority of small molecules from entering the brain. A novel approach by which to overcome this barrier is to target receptor mediated transport mechanisms present on the endothelial cell membranes. Therefore, we fused an aptamer that binds to epithelial cell adhesion molecule-expressing cancer cells to an aptamer targeting the transferrin receptor. This generated a proof of concept bifunctional aptamer that can overcome the blood-brain barrier and potentially specifically target brain disorders. The initial fusion of the two sequences enhanced the binding affinity of both aptamers while maintaining specificity. Additionally, mutations were introduced into both binding loops to determine their effect on aptamer specificity. The ability of the aptamer to transcytose the blood-brain barrier was then confirmed in vivo following a 1 nmol injection. This study has shown that through the fusion of two aptamer sequences, a bifunctional aptamer can be generated that has the potential to be developed for the specific treatment of brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Macdonald
- School
of Medicine and ‡Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3128, Australia
| | - Justin Henri
- School
of Medicine and ‡Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3128, Australia
| | - Lynda Goodman
- School
of Medicine and ‡Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3128, Australia
| | - Dongxi Xiang
- School
of Medicine and ‡Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3128, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- School
of Medicine and ‡Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3128, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School
of Medicine and ‡Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3128, Australia
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47
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de Almeida CEB, Alves LN, Rocha HF, Cabral-Neto JB, Missailidis S. Aptamer delivery of siRNA, radiopharmaceutics and chemotherapy agents in cancer. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:334-342. [PMID: 28373101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are oligonucleotide reagents with high affinity and specificity, which among other therapeutic and diagnostic applications have the capability of acting as delivery agents. Thus, aptamers are capable of carrying small molecules, nanoparticles, radiopharmaceuticals or fluorescent agents as well as nucleic acid therapeutics specifically to their target cells. In most cases, the molecules may possess interesting therapeutic properties, but their lack of specificity for a particular cell type, or ability to internalise in such a cell, hinders their clinical development, or cause unwanted side effects. Thus, chemotherapy or radiotherapy agents, famous for their side effects, can be coupled to aptamers for specific delivery. Equally, siRNA have great therapeutic potential and specificity, but one of their shortcomings remain the delivery and internalisation into cells. Various methodologies have been proposed to date, including aptamers, to resolve this problem. Therapeutic or imaging reagents benefit from the adaptability and ease of chemical manipulation of aptamers, their high affinity for the specific marker of a cell type, and their internalisation ability via cell mediated endocytosis. In this review paper, we explore the potential of the aptamers as delivery agents and offer an update on current status and latest advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E B de Almeida
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Divisão de Física Médica, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Salvador Allende S/N., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 22783-127, Brazil
| | - Lais Nascimento Alves
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Divisão de Física Médica, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Salvador Allende S/N., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 22783-127, Brazil
| | - Henrique F Rocha
- Laboratório de Anticorpos Monoclonais, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Januário Bispo Cabral-Neto
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Divisão de Física Médica, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear, Av. Salvador Allende S/N., Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 22783-127, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Brg. Trompowski-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21044-020, Brazil
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Laboratório de Anticorpos Monoclonais, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos (Bio-Manguinhos), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21040-900, Brazil.
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48
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Zheng J, Zhao S, Yu X, Huang S, Liu HY. Simultaneous targeting of CD44 and EpCAM with a bispecific aptamer effectively inhibits intraperitoneal ovarian cancer growth. Theranostics 2017; 7:1373-1388. [PMID: 28435472 PMCID: PMC5399600 DOI: 10.7150/thno.17826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 and EpCAM play crucial roles in intraperitoneal ovarian cancer development. In this study, we developed an RNA-based bispecific CD44-EpCAM aptamer that is capable of blocking CD44 and EpCAM simultaneously by fusing single CD44 and EpCAM aptamers with a double stranded RNA adaptor. With the aid of a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines, we found that bispecific CD44-EpCAM aptamer was much more effective than either single CD44 or EpCAM aptamer in the ability to inhibit cell growth and to induce apoptosis. When these aptamers were tested in intraperitoneal ovarian cancer xenograft model, bispecific CD44-EpCAM aptamer suppressed intraperitoneal tumor outgrowth much more significantly than single CD44 and EpCAM aptamer either alone or in combination. The enhanced efficacy of bispecific CD44-EpCAM aptamer is most likely to be attributed to its increased circulation time over the single aptamers. Moreover, we showed that bispecific CD44-EpCAM aptamer exhibited no toxicity to the host and was unable to trigger innate immunogenicity. Our study suggests that bispecific CD44-EpCAM aptamer may represent a promising therapeutic agent against advanced ovarian cancer.
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49
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Ding F, Gao Y, He X. Recent progresses in biomedical applications of aptamer-functionalized systems. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4256-4269. [PMID: 28803753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers, known as "chemical antibodies" are screened via a combinational technology of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Due to their specific targeting ability, high binding affinity, low immunogenicity and easy modification, aptamer-functionalized systems have been extensively applied in various fields and exhibit favorable results. However, there is still a long way for them to be commercialized, and few aptamer-functionalized systems have yet successfully entered clinical and industrial use. Thus, it is necessary to overview the recent research progresses of aptamer-functionalized systems for the researchers to improve or design novel and better aptamer-functionalized systems. In this review, we first introduce the recent progresses of aptamer-functionalized systems' applications in biosensing, targeted drug delivery, gene therapy and cancer cell imaging, followed by a discussion of the challenges faced with extensive applications of aptamer-functionalized systems and speculation of the future prospects of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ding
- Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China.
| | - Yangguang Gao
- Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
| | - Xianran He
- Wuhan Economic and Technological Development Zone, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, PR China
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50
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Jasinski D, Haque F, Binzel DW, Guo P. Advancement of the Emerging Field of RNA Nanotechnology. ACS NANO 2017; 11:1142-1164. [PMID: 28045501 PMCID: PMC5333189 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of RNA nanotechnology has advanced rapidly during the past decade. A variety of programmable RNA nanoparticles with defined shape, size, and stoichiometry have been developed for diverse applications in nanobiotechnology. The rising popularity of RNA nanoparticles is due to a number of factors: (1) removing the concern of RNA degradation in vitro and in vivo by introducing chemical modification into nucleotides without significant alteration of the RNA property in folding and self-assembly; (2) confirming the concept that RNA displays very high thermodynamic stability and is suitable for in vivo trafficking and other applications; (3) obtaining the knowledge to tune the immunogenic properties of synthetic RNA constructs for in vivo applications; (4) increased understanding of the 4D structure and intermolecular interaction of RNA molecules; (5) developing methods to control shape, size, and stoichiometry of RNA nanoparticles; (6) increasing knowledge of regulation and processing functions of RNA in cells; (7) decreasing cost of RNA production by biological and chemical synthesis; and (8) proving the concept that RNA is a safe and specific therapeutic modality for cancer and other diseases with little or no accumulation in vital organs. Other applications of RNA nanotechnology, such as adapting them to construct 2D, 3D, and 4D structures for use in tissue engineering, biosensing, resistive biomemory, and potential computer logic gate modules, have stimulated the interest of the scientific community. This review aims to outline the current state of the art of RNA nanoparticles as programmable smart complexes and offers perspectives on the promising avenues of research in this fast-growing field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel W Binzel
- College of Pharmacy, Division
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine,
Department of Physiology & Cell Biology; and Dorothy M. Davis
Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Peixuan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Division
of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry; College of Medicine,
Department of Physiology & Cell Biology; and Dorothy M. Davis
Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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