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Kayser EB, Chen Y, Mulholland M, Truong V, James K, Hanaford A, Johnson S. Evaluating the efficacy of vatiquinone in preclinical models of mitochondrial disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4202689. [PMID: 38883711 PMCID: PMC11177993 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4202689/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Genetic mitochondrial diseases are a major challenge in modern medicine, impacting around 1:4,000 individuals. Leigh syndrome is the most common pediatric presentation of mitochondrial disease. There are currently no effective clinical treatments for mitochondrial disease. In humans, patients are often treated with antioxidants, vitamins, and strategies targeting energetics. The vitamin-E related compound vatiquinone (EPI-743, α-tocotrienol quinone) has been the subject of at least 19 clinical trials in the US since 2012, but the effects of vatiquinone on an animal model of mitochondrial disease have not yet been reported. Here, assessed the impact of vatiquinone on disease progression and in two animal models of mitochondrial disease. Methods The efficacy of vatiquinone in vitro was assessed using human fibroblasts treated with the general mitochondrial oxidative stress inducer paraquat, the GPX4 inhibitor RSL3, or the glutathione synthase inhibitor BSO in combination with excess iron. The therapeutic potential of vatiquinone in vivo was assessed using tamoxifen-induced mouse model for GPX4 deficiency and the Ndufs4 knockout mouse model of Leigh syndrome. In both models, animals were treated daily with vatiquinone or vehicle and relevant disease endpoints were assessed. Results Vatiquinone robustly prevented death in cultured cells induced by RSL3 or BSO/iron, but had no effect on paraquat induced cell death. Vatiquinone had no impact on disease onset, progression, or survival in either the tamoxifen-inducible GPX4 deficient model or the Ndufs4(-/-) mouse model, though the drug may have reduced seizure risk. Conclusions Vatiquinone provided no benefit to survival in two mouse models of disease, but may prevent seizures in the Ndufs4(-/-) model. Our findings are consistent with recent press statements regarding clinical trial results and have implications for drug trial design and reporting in patients with rare diseases.
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Davoody S, Asgari Taei A, Khodabakhsh P, Dargahi L. mTOR signaling and Alzheimer's disease: What we know and where we are? CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14463. [PMID: 37721413 PMCID: PMC11017461 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great body of research done on Alzheimer's disease, the underlying mechanisms have not been vividly investigated. To date, the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and tau tangles constitutes the hallmark of the disease; however, dysregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) seems to be significantly involved in the pathogenesis of the disease as well. mTOR, as a serine-threonine protein kinase, was previously known for controlling many cellular functions such as cell size, autophagy, and metabolism. In this regard, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) may leave anti-aging impacts by robustly inhibiting autophagy, a mechanism that inhibits the accumulation of damaged protein aggregate and dysfunctional organelles. Formation and aggregation of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid-beta plaques seem to be significantly regulated by mTOR signaling. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and connection between mTOR signaling and AD may suggest conducting clinical trials assessing the efficacy of rapamycin, as an mTOR inhibitor drug, in managing AD or may help develop other medications. In this literature review, we aim to elaborate mTOR signaling network mainly in the brain, point to gaps of knowledge, and define how and in which ways mTOR signaling can be connected with AD pathogenesis and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Davoody
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neuroscience Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Department of NeurophysiologyInstitute of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neurobiology Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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3
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Elliehausen CJ, Anderson RM, Diffee GM, Rhoads TW, Lamming DW, Hornberger TA, Konopka AR. Geroprotector drugs and exercise: friends or foes on healthy longevity? BMC Biol 2023; 21:287. [PMID: 38066609 PMCID: PMC10709984 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity and several pharmacological approaches individually combat age-associated conditions and extend healthy longevity in model systems. It is tantalizing to extrapolate that combining geroprotector drugs with exercise could extend healthy longevity beyond any individual treatment. However, the current dogma suggests that taking leading geroprotector drugs on the same day as exercise may limit several health benefits. Here, we review leading candidate geroprotector drugs and their interactions with exercise and highlight salient gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed to identify if geroprotector drugs can have a harmonious relationship with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Elliehausen
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rozalyn M Anderson
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gary M Diffee
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Timothy W Rhoads
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam R Konopka
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Blagosklonny MV. Towards disease-oriented dosing of rapamycin for longevity: does aging exist or only age-related diseases? Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:6632-6640. [PMID: 37477535 PMCID: PMC10415559 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Both individuals taking rapamycin, an anti-aging drug, and those not taking it will ultimately succumb to age-related diseases. However, the former, if administered disease-oriented dosages for a long time, may experience a delayed onset of such diseases and live longer. The goal is to delay a particular disease that is expected to be life-limiting in a particular person. Age-related diseases, quasi-programmed during development, progress at varying rates in different individuals. Rapamycin is a prophylactic anti-aging drug that decelerates early development of age-related diseases. I further discuss hyperfunction theory of quasi-programmed diseases, which challenges the need for the traditional concept of aging itself.
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5
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Mannick JB, Lamming DW. Targeting the biology of aging with mTOR inhibitors. NATURE AGING 2023; 3:642-660. [PMID: 37142830 PMCID: PMC10330278 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-023-00416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved therapeutic rapamycin promotes health and longevity in diverse model organisms. More recently, specific inhibition of mTORC1 to treat aging-related conditions has become the goal of basic and translational scientists, clinicians and biotechnology companies. Here, we review the effects of rapamycin on the longevity and survival of both wild-type mice and mouse models of human diseases. We discuss recent clinical trials that have explored whether existing mTOR inhibitors can safely prevent, delay or treat multiple diseases of aging. Finally, we discuss how new molecules may provide routes to the safer and more selective inhibition of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) in the decade ahead. We conclude by discussing what work remains to be done and the questions that will need to be addressed to make mTOR inhibitors part of the standard of care for diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dudley W Lamming
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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6
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Bitto A, Grillo AS, Ito TK, Stanaway IB, Nguyen BMG, Ying K, Tung H, Smith K, Tran N, Velikanje G, Urfer SR, Snyder JM, Barton J, Sharma A, Kayser EB, Wang L, Smith DL, Thompson JW, DuBois L, DePaolo W, Kaeberlein M. Acarbose suppresses symptoms of mitochondrial disease in a mouse model of Leigh syndrome. Nat Metab 2023; 5:955-967. [PMID: 37365290 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00815-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases represent a spectrum of disorders caused by impaired mitochondrial function, ranging in severity from mortality during infancy to progressive adult-onset disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction is also recognized as a molecular hallmark of the biological ageing process. Rapamycin, a drug that increases lifespan and health during normative ageing, also increases survival and reduces neurological symptoms in a mouse model of the severe mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome. The Ndufs4 knockout (Ndufs4-/-) mouse lacks the complex I subunit NDUFS4 and shows rapid onset and progression of neurodegeneration mimicking patients with Leigh syndrome. Here we show that another drug that extends lifespan and delays normative ageing in mice, acarbose, also suppresses symptoms of disease and improves survival of Ndufs4-/- mice. Unlike rapamycin, acarbose rescues disease phenotypes independently of inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin. Furthermore, rapamycin and acarbose have additive effects in delaying neurological symptoms and increasing maximum lifespan in Ndufs4-/- mice. We find that acarbose remodels the intestinal microbiome and alters the production of short-chain fatty acids. Supplementation with tributyrin, a source of butyric acid, recapitulates some effects of acarbose on lifespan and disease progression, while depletion of the endogenous microbiome in Ndufs4-/- mice appears to fully recapitulate the effects of acarbose on healthspan and lifespan in these animals. To our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that alteration of the gut microbiome plays a significant role in severe mitochondrial disease and provides further support for the model that biological ageing and severe mitochondrial disorders share underlying common mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bitto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anthony S Grillo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Takashi K Ito
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ian B Stanaway
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Harborview Medical Center, Kidney Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bao M G Nguyen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kejun Ying
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Ngoc Tran
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gunnar Velikanje
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Silvan R Urfer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jessica M Snyder
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Barton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ayush Sharma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lu Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel L Smith
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Will Thompson
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Laura DuBois
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William DePaolo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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7
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Ames K, Kaur I, Shi Y, Tong MM, Sinclair T, Hemmati S, Glushakow-Smith SG, Tein E, Gurska L, Steidl U, Dubin R, Shan J, Montagna C, Pradhan K, Verma A, Gritsman K. PI3-kinase deletion promotes myelodysplasia by dysregulating autophagy in hematopoietic stem cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8222. [PMID: 36812307 PMCID: PMC9946350 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal malignancy arising in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The mechanisms of MDS initiation in HSCs are still poorly understood. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is frequently activated in acute myeloid leukemia, but in MDS, PI3K/AKT is often down-regulated. To determine whether PI3K down-regulation can perturb HSC function, we generated a triple knockout (TKO) mouse model with Pik3ca, Pik3cb, and Pik3cd deletion in hematopoietic cells. Unexpectedly, PI3K deficiency caused cytopenias, decreased survival, and multilineage dysplasia with chromosomal abnormalities, consistent with MDS initiation. TKO HSCs exhibit impaired autophagy, and pharmacologic autophagy induction improved HSC differentiation. Using intracellular LC3 and P62 flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy, we also observed abnormal autophagic degradation in patient MDS HSCs. Therefore, we have uncovered an important protective role for PI3K in maintaining autophagic flux in HSCs to preserve the balance between self-renewal and differentiation and to prevent MDS initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ames
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Imit Kaur
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Meng M. Tong
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Taneisha Sinclair
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shayda Hemmati
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shira G. Glushakow-Smith
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Tein
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lindsay Gurska
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Robert Dubin
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jidong Shan
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Genomic Instability and Cancer Genetics, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, NJ, USA
| | - Kith Pradhan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Kira Gritsman
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
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8
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Tu M, Wei T, Jia Y, Wang Y, Wu J. Molecular mechanisms of alveolar epithelial cell senescence and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a narrative review. J Thorac Dis 2023; 15:186-203. [PMID: 36794134 PMCID: PMC9922607 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-22-886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial pneumonia of unknown etiology. An increasing number of studies have reported that the incidence of IPF increases with age. Simultaneously, the number of senescent cells increased in IPF. Epithelial cell senescence, an important component of epithelial cell dysfunction, plays a key role in IPF pathogenesis. This article summarizes the molecular mechanisms associated with alveolar epithelial cell senescence and recent advances in the applications of drugs targeting pulmonary epithelial cell senescence to explore novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods All literature published in English on PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were electronically searched online using the following keyword combinations: aging, alveolar epithelial cell, cell senescence, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, WNT/β-catenin, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Key Content and Findings We focused on signaling pathways associated with alveolar epithelial cell senescence in IPF, including WNT/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and mTOR signaling pathways. Some of these signaling pathways are involved in alveolar epithelial cell senescence by affecting cell cycle arrest and secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotype-associated markers. We also found that changes in lipid metabolism in alveolar epithelial cells can be induced by mitochondrial dysfunction, both of which contribute to cellular senescence and development of IPF. Conclusions Decreasing senescent alveolar epithelial cells may be a promising strategy for the treatment of IPF. Therefore, further investigations into new treatments of IPF by applying inhibitors of relevant signaling pathways, as well as senolytic drugs, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Tu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yufang Jia
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Shunde Women and Children’s Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China;,Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China;,Peptide and Protein Research and Application Key Laboratory of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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9
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Tibarewal P, Rathbone V, Constantinou G, Pearce W, Adil M, Varyova Z, Folkes L, Hampson A, Classen GAE, Alves A, Carvalho S, Scudamore CL, Vanhaesebroeck B. Long-term treatment of cancer-prone germline PTEN mutant mice with low-dose rapamycin extends lifespan and delays tumour development. J Pathol 2022; 258:382-394. [PMID: 36073856 PMCID: PMC9828006 DOI: 10.1002/path.6009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PTEN is one of the most commonly inactivated tumour suppressor genes in sporadic cancer. Germline heterozygous PTEN gene alterations also underlie PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome (PHTS), a rare human cancer-predisposition condition. A key feature of systemic PTEN deregulation is the inability to adequately dampen PI3-kinase (PI3K)/mTORC1 signalling. PI3K/mTORC1 pathway inhibitors such as rapamycin are therefore expected to neutralise the impact of PTEN loss, rendering this a more druggable context compared with those of other tumour suppressor pathways such as loss of TP53. However, this has not been explored in cancer prevention in a model of germline cancer predisposition, such as PHTS. Clinical trials of short-term treatment with rapamycin have recently been initiated for PHTS, focusing on cognition and colon polyposis. Here, we administered a low dose of rapamycin from the age of 6 weeks onwards to mice with heterozygous germline Pten loss, a mouse model that recapitulates most characteristics of human PHTS. Rapamycin was well tolerated and led to a highly significant improvement of survival in both male and female mice. This was accompanied by a delay in, but not full blockade of, the development of a range of proliferative lesions, including gastro-intestinal and thyroid tumours and endometrial hyperplasia, with no impact on mammary and prostate tumours, and no effect on brain overgrowth. Our data indicate that rapamycin may have cancer prevention potential in human PHTS. This might also be the case for sporadic cancers in which genetic PI3K pathway activation is an early event in tumour development, such as endometrial cancer and some breast cancers. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a long-term treatment of a germline cancer predisposition model with a PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitor. © 2022 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wayne Pearce
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahreen Adil
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zofia Varyova
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lisa Folkes
- Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alix Hampson
- Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Adriana Alves
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sara Carvalho
- Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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10
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Mu W, Rezek V, Martin H, Carrillo MA, Tomer S, Hamid P, Lizarraga MA, Tibbe TD, Yang OO, Jamieson BD, Kitchen SG, Zhen A. Autophagy inducer rapamycin treatment reduces IFN-I-mediated Inflammation and improves anti-HIV-1 T cell response in vivo. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e159136. [PMID: 36509289 PMCID: PMC9746825 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic inflammation, even in patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Chronic inflammation drives HIV-1 pathogenesis, leading to loss of CD4+ T cells and exhaustion of antiviral immunity. Therefore, strategies to safely reduce systematic inflammation are needed to halt disease progression and restore defective immune responses. Autophagy is a cellular mechanism for disposal of damaged organelles and elimination of intracellular pathogens. Autophagy is pivotal for energy homeostasis and plays critical roles in regulating immunity. However, how it regulates inflammation and antiviral T cell responses during HIV infection is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that autophagy is directly linked to IFN-I signaling, which is a key driver of immune activation and T cell exhaustion during chronic HIV infection. Impairment of autophagy leads to spontaneous IFN-I signaling, and autophagy induction reduces IFN-I signaling in monocytic cells. Importantly, in HIV-1-infected humanized mice, autophagy inducer rapamycin treatment significantly reduced persistent IFN-I-mediated inflammation and improved antiviral T cell responses. Cotreatment of rapamycin with ART led to significantly reduced viral rebound after ART withdrawal. Taken together, our data suggest that therapeutically targeting autophagy is a promising approach to treat persistent inflammation and improve immune control of HIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Mu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Valerie Rezek
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heather Martin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mayra A. Carrillo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Shallu Tomer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Philip Hamid
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Miguel A. Lizarraga
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tristan D. Tibbe
- Statistic Core, Department of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Otto O. Yang
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Scott G. Kitchen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anjie Zhen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and
- UCLA AIDS Institute and the Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
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11
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Blagosklonny MV. Rapamycin treatment early in life reprograms aging: hyperfunction theory and clinical practice. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:8140-8149. [DOI: 10.18632/aging.204354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Therapeutic Antiaging Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102515. [PMID: 36289777 PMCID: PMC9599338 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging constitutes progressive physiological changes in an organism. These changes alter the normal biological functions, such as the ability to manage metabolic stress, and eventually lead to cellular senescence. The process itself is characterized by nine hallmarks: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. These hallmarks are risk factors for pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. Emerging evidence has been focused on examining the genetic pathways and biological processes in organisms surrounding these nine hallmarks. From here, the therapeutic approaches can be addressed in hopes of slowing the progression of aging. In this review, data have been collected on the hallmarks and their relative contributions to aging and supplemented with in vitro and in vivo antiaging research experiments. It is the intention of this article to highlight the most important antiaging strategies that researchers have proposed, including preventive measures, systemic therapeutic agents, and invasive procedures, that will promote healthy aging and increase human life expectancy with decreased side effects.
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13
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Gonzalez-Alcocer A, Gopar-Cuevas Y, Soto-Dominguez A, Loera-Arias MDJ, Saucedo-Cardenas O, Montes de Oca-Luna R, Rodriguez-Rocha H, Garcia-Garcia A. Peripheral tissular analysis of rapamycin's effect as a neuroprotective agent in vivo. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:1239-1255. [PMID: 35895156 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapamycin is the best-characterized autophagy inducer, which is related to its antiaging and neuroprotective effects. Although rapamycin is an FDA-approved drug for human use in organ transplantation and cancer therapy, its administration as an antiaging and neuroprotective agent is still controversial because of its immunosuppressive and reported side effects. Therefore, it is critical to determine whether the dose that exerts a neuroprotective effect, 35 times lower than that used as an immunosuppressant agent, harms peripheral organs. We validated the rapamycin neuroprotective dosage in a Parkinson's disease (PD) model induced with paraquat. C57BL/6 J mice were treated with intraperitoneal (IP) rapamycin (1 mg/kg) three times per week, followed by paraquat (10 mg/kg) twice per week for 6 weeks, along with rapamycin on alternate days. Rapamycin significantly decreased dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by paraquat. Since rapamycin's neuroprotective effect in a PD model was observed at 7 weeks of treatment; we evaluated its effect on the liver, kidney, pancreas, and spleen. In addition, we prolonged treatment with rapamycin for 14 weeks. Tissue sections were subjected to histochemical, immunodetection, and morphometric analysis. Chronic rapamycin administration does not affect bodyweight, survival, and liver or kidney morphology. Although the pancreas tissular architecture and cellular distribution in Langerhans islets are modified, they may be reversible. The spleen B lymphocyte and macrophage populations were decreased. Notably, the lymphocyte T population was not affected. Therefore, chronic administration of a rapamycin neuroprotective dose does not produce significant tissular alterations. Our findings support the therapeutic potential of rapamycin as a neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Gonzalez-Alcocer
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero S/N, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Yareth Gopar-Cuevas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero S/N, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Adolfo Soto-Dominguez
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero S/N, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Maria de Jesus Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero S/N, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero S/N, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero S/N, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero S/N, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco I. Madero S/N, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México.
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14
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Hanaford A, Johnson SC. The immune system as a driver of mitochondrial disease pathogenesis: a review of evidence. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2022; 17:335. [PMID: 36056365 PMCID: PMC9438277 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-022-02495-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic mitochondrial diseases represent a significant challenge to human health. These diseases are extraordinarily heterogeneous in clinical presentation and genetic origin, and often involve multi-system disease with severe progressive symptoms. Mitochondrial diseases represent the most common cause of inherited metabolic disorders and one of the most common causes of inherited neurologic diseases, yet no proven therapeutic strategies yet exist. The basic cell and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases have not been resolved, hampering efforts to develop therapeutic agents. Main body In recent pre-clinical work, we have shown that pharmacologic agents targeting the immune system can prevent disease in the Ndufs4(KO) model of Leigh syndrome, indicating that the immune system plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of at least this form of mitochondrial disease. Intriguingly, a number of case reports have indicated that immune-targeting therapeutics may be beneficial in the setting of genetic mitochondrial disease. Here, we summarize clinical and pre-clinical evidence suggesting a key role for the immune system in mediating the pathogenesis of at least some forms of genetic mitochondrial disease. Conclusions Significant clinical and pre-clinical evidence indicates a key role for the immune system as a significant in the pathogenesis of at least some forms of genetic mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Hanaford
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave., JMB-925, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Simon C Johnson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Ave., JMB-925, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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15
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Tong WH, Ollivierre H, Noguchi A, Ghosh MC, Springer DA, Rouault TA. Hyperactivation of mTOR and AKT in a cardiac hypertrophy animal model of Friedreich ataxia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10371. [PMID: 36061025 PMCID: PMC9433723 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathy is a primary cause of death in Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) patients with defective iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) biogenesis due to loss of functional frataxin and in rare patients with functional loss of other ISC biogenesis factors. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AKT signaling cascades that coordinate eukaryotic cell growth and metabolism with environmental inputs, including nutrients and growth factors, are crucial regulators of cardiovascular growth and homeostasis. We observed increased phosphorylation of AKT and dysregulation of multiple downstream effectors of mTORC1, including S6K1, S6, ULK1 and 4EBP1, in a cardiac/skeletal muscle specific FRDA conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model and in human cell lines depleted of ISC biogenesis factors. Knockdown of several mitochondrial metabolic proteins that are downstream targets of ISC biogenesis, including lipoyl synthase and subunit B of succinate dehydrogenase, also resulted in activation of mTOR and AKT signaling, suggesting that mTOR and AKT hyperactivations are part of the metabolic stress response to ISC deficiencies. Administration of rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTOR signaling, enhanced the survival of the Fxn cKO mice, providing proof of concept for the potential of mTOR inhibition to ameliorate cardiac disease in patients with defective ISC biogenesis. However, AKT phosphorylation remained high in rapamycin-treated Fxn cKO hearts, suggesting that parallel mTOR and AKT inhibition might be necessary to further improve the lifespan and healthspan of ISC deficient individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hang Tong
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Hayden Ollivierre
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Audrey Noguchi
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Manik C. Ghosh
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Danielle A. Springer
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Tracey A. Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
- Corresponding author.
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16
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van de Wal MAE, Adjobo-Hermans MJW, Keijer J, Schirris TJJ, Homberg JR, Wieckowski MR, Grefte S, van Schothorst EM, van Karnebeek C, Quintana A, Koopman WJH. Ndufs4 knockout mouse models of Leigh syndrome: pathophysiology and intervention. Brain 2022. [PMID: 34849584 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab426%jbrain] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are small cellular constituents that generate cellular energy (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Dysfunction of these organelles is linked to a heterogeneous group of multisystemic disorders, including diabetes, cancer, ageing-related pathologies and rare mitochondrial diseases. With respect to the latter, mutations in subunit-encoding genes and assembly factors of the first OXPHOS complex (complex I) induce isolated complex I deficiency and Leigh syndrome. This syndrome is an early-onset, often fatal, encephalopathy with a variable clinical presentation and poor prognosis due to the lack of effective intervention strategies. Mutations in the nuclear DNA-encoded NDUFS4 gene, encoding the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4 (NDUFS4) of complex I, induce 'mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 1' (MC1DN1) and Leigh syndrome in paediatric patients. A variety of (tissue-specific) Ndufs4 knockout mouse models were developed to study the Leigh syndrome pathomechanism and intervention testing. Here, we review and discuss the role of complex I and NDUFS4 mutations in human mitochondrial disease, and review how the analysis of Ndufs4 knockout mouse models has generated new insights into the MC1ND1/Leigh syndrome pathomechanism and its therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A E van de Wal
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, RIMLS, RCMM, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RIMLS, RCMM, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sander Grefte
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clara van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, RIMLS, RCMM, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Personalized Medicine Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Emma Personalized Medicine Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Quintana
- Mitochondrial Neuropathology Laboratory, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, RIMLS, RCMM, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Blagosklonny MV. As predicted by hyperfunction theory, rapamycin treatment during development extends lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2020-2024. [PMID: 35306486 PMCID: PMC8954961 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Differential effects of mTOR inhibition and dietary ketosis in a mouse model of subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 163:105594. [PMID: 34933094 PMCID: PMC8770160 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic mitochondrial diseases are the most frequent cause of inherited metabolic disorders and one of the most prevalent causes of heritable neurological disease. Leigh syndrome is the most common clinical presentation of pediatric mitochondrial disease, typically appearing in the first few years of life, and involving severe multisystem pathologies. Clinical care for Leigh syndrome patients is difficult, complicated by the wide range of symptoms including characteristic progressive CNS lesion, metabolic sequelae, and epileptic seizures, which can be intractable to standard management. While no proven therapies yet exist for the underlying mitochondrial disease, a ketogenic diet has led to some reports of success in managing mitochondrial epilepsies, with ketosis reducing seizure risk and severity. The impact of ketosis on other aspects of disease progression in Leigh syndrome has not been studied, however, and a rigorous study of the impact of ketosis on seizures in mitochondrial disease is lacking. Conversely, preclinical efforts have identified the intracellular nutrient signaling regulator mTOR as a promising therapeutic target, with data suggesting the benefits are mediated by metabolic changes. mTOR inhibition alleviates epilepsies arising from defects in TSC, an mTOR regulator, but the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibition in seizures related to primary mitochondrial dysfunction is unknown. Given that ketogenic diet is used clinically in the setting of mitochondrial disease, and mTOR inhibition is in clinical trials for intractable pediatric epilepsies of diverse causal origins, a direct experimental assessment of their effects is imperative. Here, we define the impact of dietary ketosis on survival and CNS disease in the Ndufs4(KO) mouse model of Leigh syndrome and the therapeutic potential of both dietary ketosis and mTOR inhibition on seizures in this model. These data provide timely insight into two important clinical interventions.
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19
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Stokes JC, Bornstein RL, James K, Park KY, Spencer KA, Vo K, Snell JC, Johnson BM, Morgan PG, Sedensky MM, Baertsch NA, Johnson SC. Leukocytes mediate disease pathogenesis in the Ndufs4(KO) mouse model of Leigh syndrome. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156522. [PMID: 35050903 PMCID: PMC8983133 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Symmetric, progressive, necrotizing lesions in the brainstem are a defining feature of Leigh syndrome (LS). A mechanistic understanding of the pathogenesis of these lesions has been elusive. Here, we report that leukocyte proliferation is causally involved in the pathogenesis of LS. Depleting leukocytes with a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor disrupted disease progression, including suppression of CNS lesion formation and a substantial extension of survival. Leukocyte depletion rescued diverse symptoms, including seizures, respiratory center function, hyperlactemia, and neurologic sequelae. These data reveal a mechanistic explanation for the beneficial effects of mTOR inhibition. More importantly, these findings dramatically alter our understanding of the pathogenesis of LS, demonstrating that immune involvement is causal in disease. This work has important implications for the mechanisms of mitochondrial disease and may lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Stokes
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Rebecca L Bornstein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Katerina James
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Kyung Yeon Park
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Kira A Spencer
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Katie Vo
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - John C Snell
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Brittany M Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Philip G Morgan
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Margaret M Sedensky
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Simon C Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
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20
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Blagosklonny MV. No limit to maximal lifespan in humans: how to beat a 122-year-old record. Oncoscience 2021; 8:110-119. [PMID: 34869788 PMCID: PMC8636159 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although average human life expectancy is rising, the maximum lifespan is not increasing. Leading demographers claim that human lifespan is fixed at a natural limit around 122 years. However, there is no fixed limit in animals. In animals, anti-aging interventions (dietary restrictions, rapamycin, genetic manipulations) postpone age-related diseases and thus automatically extend maximum lifespan. In humans, anti-aging interventions have not been yet implemented. Instead, by treating individual diseases, medical interventions allow a patient to live longer (despite morbidity), expanding morbidity span. In contrast, slowly aging individuals (centenarians) enter very old age in good health, but, when diseases finally develop, they do not receive thorough medical care and die fast. Although the oldest old die from age-related diseases, death certificates often list "old age", meaning that diseases were not even diagnosed and even less treated. The concept of absolute compression of morbidity is misleading in humans (in truth, there is no other way to compress morbidity as by denying thorough medical care) and false in animals (in truth, anti-aging interventions do not condense morbidity, they postpone it). Anti-aging interventions such as rapamycin may potentially extend both healthspan and maximal lifespan in humans. Combining anti-aging medicine with cutting-edge medical care, regardless of chronological age, will extend maximal lifespan further.
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21
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van de Wal M, Adjobo-Hermans M, Keijer J, Schirris T, Homberg J, Wieckowski MR, Grefte S, van Schothorst EM, van Karnebeek C, Quintana A, Koopman WJH. Ndufs4 knockout mouse models of Leigh syndrome: pathophysiology and intervention. Brain 2021; 145:45-63. [PMID: 34849584 PMCID: PMC8967107 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are small cellular constituents that generate cellular energy (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Dysfunction of these organelles is linked to a heterogeneous group of multisystemic disorders, including diabetes, cancer, ageing-related pathologies and rare mitochondrial diseases. With respect to the latter, mutations in subunit-encoding genes and assembly factors of the first OXPHOS complex (complex I) induce isolated complex I deficiency and Leigh syndrome. This syndrome is an early-onset, often fatal, encephalopathy with a variable clinical presentation and poor prognosis due to the lack of effective intervention strategies. Mutations in the nuclear DNA-encoded NDUFS4 gene, encoding the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit S4 (NDUFS4) of complex I, induce ‘mitochondrial complex I deficiency, nuclear type 1’ (MC1DN1) and Leigh syndrome in paediatric patients. A variety of (tissue-specific) Ndufs4 knockout mouse models were developed to study the Leigh syndrome pathomechanism and intervention testing. Here, we review and discuss the role of complex I and NDUFS4 mutations in human mitochondrial disease, and review how the analysis of Ndufs4 knockout mouse models has generated new insights into the MC1ND1/Leigh syndrome pathomechanism and its therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa van de Wal
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, RIMLS, RCMM, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel Adjobo-Hermans
- Department of Biochemistry (286), RIMLS, RCMM, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Schirris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RIMLS, RCMM, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sander Grefte
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Clara van Karnebeek
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, RIMLS, RCMM, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Quintana
- Mitochondrial Neuropathology Laboratory, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, RIMLS, RCMM, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Pakradooni R, Shukla N, Gupta K, Kumar J, Isali I, Khalifa AO, Shukla S. Diosmetin Induces Modulation of Igf-1 and Il-6 Levels to Alter Rictor-Akt-PKCα Cascade in Inhibition of Prostate Cancer. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204741. [PMID: 34682865 PMCID: PMC8538102 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth signals, which typically originate from the surrounding microenvironment, are important for cells. However, when stimulation by growth factors becomes excessive and exceeds their threshold limit, deleterious effects may ensue. In patients with cancer, maintenance of tumors depends, at least in part, on growth factor stimulation, which can also facilitate cancer progression into advanced stages. This is particularly important when the tumor grows beyond its tissue boundaries or when it invades and colonizes other tissues. These aforementioned malignant events are known to be partly supported by elevated cytokine levels. Among the currently known growth signals, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IL-6 have been previously studied for their roles in prostate cancer. Both IGF-1 and IL-6 have been reported to activate the RAPTOR independent companion of MTOR complex 2 (Rictor)/AKT/protein kinase C α (PKCα) signaling pathway as one of their downstream mechanisms. At present, research efforts are mainly focused on the exploration of agents that alter growth factor (such as IGF-1) and cytokine (such as IL-6) signaling for their potential application as therapeutic agents, as both of these have been reported to modulate disease outcome. In the present study, IGF-1 and IL-6 served distinct roles in the androgen responsive LNCaP cell line and in the androgen refractory PC-3 cell line in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Increased phosphorylation of Rictor at the Thr-1135 residue, AKT at the Ser-473 residue and PKCα at the Ser-657 residue were observed after treatment with IGF-1 and IL-6. Subsequently, it was found that diosmetin, a natural plant aglycone, had the potential to modulate the downstream signaling cascade of Rictor/AKT/PKCα to inhibit the progression of prostate cancer. Treatment of LNCaP and PC-3 cells with diosmetin inhibited the phosphorylation of Rictor (Thr-1135), AKT (Ser-473) and PKCα (Ser-657) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio was increased in response to diosmetin treatment, which would result in increased apoptosis. Based on these observations, diosmetin may represent a novel therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Pakradooni
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (R.P.); (I.I.); (A.O.K.)
| | - Nishka Shukla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (N.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Kalpana Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (N.S.); (K.G.)
| | - Jatinder Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Florida Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
- Department of Urology, ACMH Hospital, 1 Nolte Drive, Kittanning, PE 16201, USA
| | - Ilaha Isali
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (R.P.); (I.I.); (A.O.K.)
| | - Ahmed O. Khalifa
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (R.P.); (I.I.); (A.O.K.)
| | - Sanjeev Shukla
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (R.P.); (I.I.); (A.O.K.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; (N.S.); (K.G.)
- Department of Urology, University of Florida Health Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA;
- Correspondence:
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23
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Anti-aging: senolytics or gerostatics (unconventional view). Oncotarget 2021; 12:1821-1835. [PMID: 34504654 PMCID: PMC8416555 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Senolytics are basically anti-cancer drugs, repurposed to kill senescent cells selectively. It is even more difficult to selectively kill senescent cells than to kill cancer cells. Based on lessons of cancer therapy, here I suggest how to exploit oncogene-addiction and to combine drugs to achieve selectivity. However, even if selective senolytic combinations will be developed, there is little evidence that a few senescent cells are responsible for organismal aging. I also discuss gerostatics, such as rapamycin and other rapalogs, pan-mTOR inhibitors, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, which inhibit growth- and aging-promoting pathways. Unlike senolytics, gerostatics do not kill cells but slow down cellular geroconversion to senescence. Numerous studies demonstrated that inhibition of the mTOR pathways by any means (genetic, pharmacological and dietary) extends lifespan. Currently, only two studies demonstrated that senolytics (fisetin and a combination Dasatinib plus Quercetin) extend lifespan in mice. These senolytics slightly inhibit the mTOR pathway. Thus, life extension by these senolytics can be explained by their slight rapamycin-like (gerostatic) effects.
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Selvarani R, Mohammed S, Richardson A. Effect of rapamycin on aging and age-related diseases-past and future. GeroScience 2021; 43:1135-1158. [PMID: 33037985 PMCID: PMC8190242 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2009, rapamycin was reported to increase the lifespan of mice when implemented later in life. This observation resulted in a sea-change in how researchers viewed aging. This was the first evidence that a pharmacological agent could have an impact on aging when administered later in life, i.e., an intervention that did not have to be implemented early in life before the negative impact of aging. Over the past decade, there has been an explosion in the number of reports studying the effect of rapamycin on various diseases, physiological functions, and biochemical processes in mice. In this review, we focus on those areas in which there is strong evidence for rapamycin's effect on aging and age-related diseases in mice, e.g., lifespan, cardiac disease/function, central nervous system, immune system, and cell senescence. We conclude that it is time that pre-clinical studies be focused on taking rapamycin to the clinic, e.g., as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Selvarani
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sabira Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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25
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An energetics perspective on geroscience: mitochondrial protonmotive force and aging. GeroScience 2021; 43:1591-1604. [PMID: 33864592 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that provide energy to cells through ATP production. Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been postulated to mediate cellular declines that drive biological aging. Many well-characterized hallmarks of aging may involve underlying energetic defects that stem from loss of mitochondrial function with age. Why and how mitochondrial function declines with age is an open question and one that has been difficult to answer. Mitochondria are powered by an electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane known as the protonmotive force (PMF). This gradient decreases with age in several experimental models. However, it is unclear if a diminished PMF is a cause or a consequence of aging. Herein, we briefly review and define mitochondrial function, we summarize how PMF changes with age in several models, and we highlight recent studies that implicate PMF in aging biology. We also identify barriers that must be addressed for the field to progress. Emerging technology permits more precise in vivo study of mitochondria that will allow better understanding of cause and effect in metabolic models of aging. Once cause and effect can be discerned more precisely, energetics approaches to combat aging may be developed to prevent or reverse functional decline.
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Ramalingam P, Poulos MG, Gutkin MC, Katsnelson L, Freire AG, Lazzari E, Butler JM. Endothelial mTOR maintains hematopoiesis during aging. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151661. [PMID: 32289154 PMCID: PMC7971143 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging leads to a decline in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) function. We recently discovered that aging of bone marrow endothelial cells (BMECs) leads to an altered crosstalk between the BMEC niche and HSPCs, which instructs young HSPCs to behave as aged HSPCs. Here, we demonstrate aging leads to a decrease in mTOR signaling within BMECs that potentially underlies the age-related impairment of their niche activity. Our findings reveal that pharmacological inhibition of mTOR using Rapamycin has deleterious effects on hematopoiesis. To formally determine whether endothelial-specific inhibition of mTOR can influence hematopoietic aging, we conditionally deleted mTOR in ECs (mTOR(ECKO)) of young mice and observed that their HSPCs displayed attributes of an aged hematopoietic system. Transcriptional profiling of HSPCs from mTOR(ECKO) mice revealed that their transcriptome resembled aged HSPCs. Notably, during serial transplantations, exposure of wild-type HSPCs to an mTOR(ECKO) microenvironment was sufficient to recapitulate aging-associated phenotypes, confirming the instructive role of EC-derived signals in governing HSPC aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Ramalingam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Michael G Poulos
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Michael C Gutkin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Lizabeth Katsnelson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Ana G Freire
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Elisa Lazzari
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ
| | - Jason M Butler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY.,Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ.,Molecular Oncology Program, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
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Blagosklonny MV. DNA- and telomere-damage does not limit lifespan: evidence from rapamycin. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:3167-3175. [PMID: 33578394 PMCID: PMC7906135 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Failure of rapamycin to extend lifespan in DNA repair mutant and telomerase-knockout mice, while extending lifespan in normal mice, indicates that neither DNA damage nor telomere shortening limits normal lifespan or causes normal aging.
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28
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Blagosklonny MV. The goal of geroscience is life extension. Oncotarget 2021; 12:131-144. [PMID: 33613842 PMCID: PMC7869575 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although numerous drugs seemingly extend healthspan in mice, only a few extend lifespan in mice and only one does it consistently. Some of them, alone or in combination, can be used in humans, without further clinical trials.
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KABAKLIOĞLU M, ERÖZ R, KAYA M. Evaluation of the Effects of Rapamycin Treatment on Antioxidant Enzyme Changes and AgNOR in Testicular Torsion. KONURALP TIP DERGISI 2021. [DOI: 10.18521/ktd.845245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Grillo AS, Bitto A, Kaeberlein M. The NDUFS4 Knockout Mouse: A Dual Threat Model of Childhood Mitochondrial Disease and Normative Aging. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2277:143-155. [PMID: 34080150 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mice missing the Complex I subunit NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Fe-S Protein 4 (NDUFS4) of the electron transport chain are a leading model of the severe mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome. These mice have enabled a better understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in human disease, as well as in the discovery of interventions that can potentially suppress mitochondrial disease manifestations. In addition, increasing evidence suggests significant overlap between interventions that increase survival in NDUFS4 knockout mice and that extend life span during normative aging. This chapter discusses the practical aspects of handling and studying these mice, which can be challenging due to their severe disease phenotype. Common procedures such as breeding, genotyping, weaning, or treating these transgenic mice are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Grillo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alessandro Bitto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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31
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Ignatenko O, Nikkanen J, Kononov A, Zamboni N, Ince-Dunn G, Suomalainen A. Mitochondrial spongiotic brain disease: astrocytic stress and harmful rapamycin and ketosis effect. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/9/e202000797. [PMID: 32737078 PMCID: PMC7409372 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte-specific mtDNA depletion causes spongiotic encephalopathy, aggravated by ketogenic diet or rapamycin. Astrocytes, but not neurons, drive mitochondrial integrated stress response in the CNS. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome (MDS) is a group of severe, tissue-specific diseases of childhood with unknown pathogenesis. Brain-specific MDS manifests as devastating spongiotic encephalopathy with no curative therapy. Here, we report cell type–specific stress responses and effects of rapamycin treatment and ketogenic diet (KD) in mice with spongiotic encephalopathy mimicking human MDS, as these interventions were reported to improve some mitochondrial disease signs or symptoms. These mice with astrocyte-specific knockout of Twnk gene encoding replicative mtDNA helicase Twinkle (TwKOastro) show wide-spread cell-autonomous astrocyte activation and mitochondrial integrated stress response (ISRmt) induction with major metabolic remodeling of the brain. Mice with neuronal-specific TwKO show no ISRmt. Both KD and rapamycin lead to rapid deterioration and weight loss of TwKOastro and premature trial termination. Although rapamycin had no robust effects on TwKOastro brain pathology, KD exacerbated spongiosis, gliosis, and ISRmt. Our evidence emphasizes that mitochondrial disease treatments and stress responses are tissue- and disease specific. Furthermore, rapamycin and KD are deleterious in MDS-linked spongiotic encephalopathy, pointing to a crucial role of diet and metabolism for mitochondrial disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesia Ignatenko
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni Nikkanen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicola Zamboni
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gulayse Ince-Dunn
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland .,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSlab, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Johnson SC, Kayser EB, Bornstein R, Stokes J, Bitto A, Park KY, Pan A, Sun G, Raftery D, Kaeberlein M, Sedensky MM, Morgan PG. Regional metabolic signatures in the Ndufs4(KO) mouse brain implicate defective glutamate/α-ketoglutarate metabolism in mitochondrial disease. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:118-132. [PMID: 32331968 PMCID: PMC7272141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leigh Syndrome (LS) is a mitochondrial disorder defined by progressive focal neurodegenerative lesions in specific regions of the brain. Defects in NDUFS4, a subunit of complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, cause LS in humans; the Ndufs4 knockout mouse (Ndufs4(KO)) closely resembles the human disease. Here, we probed brain region-specific molecular signatures in pre-symptomatic Ndufs4(KO) to identify factors which underlie focal neurodegeneration. Metabolomics revealed that free amino acid concentrations are broadly different by region, and glucose metabolites are increased in a manner dependent on both region and genotype. We then tested the impact of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, which dramatically attenuates LS in Ndufs4(KO), on region specific metabolism. Our data revealed that loss of Ndufs4 drives pathogenic changes to CNS glutamine/glutamate/α-ketoglutarate metabolism which are rescued by mTOR inhibition Finally, restriction of the Ndufs4 deletion to pre-synaptic glutamatergic neurons recapitulated the whole-body knockout. Together, our findings are consistent with mTOR inhibition alleviating disease by increasing availability of α-ketoglutarate, which is both an efficient mitochondrial complex I substrate in Ndufs4(KO) and an important metabolite related to neurotransmitter metabolism in glutamatergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ernst-Bernhard Kayser
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Rebecca Bornstein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Julia Stokes
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Alessandro Bitto
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kyung Yeon Park
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Amanda Pan
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Grace Sun
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, United States
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Margaret M Sedensky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Philip G Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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Partridge L, Fuentealba M, Kennedy BK. The quest to slow ageing through drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:513-532. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Reynaud-Dulaurier R, Benegiamo G, Marrocco E, Al-Tannir R, Surace EM, Auwerx J, Decressac M. Gene replacement therapy provides benefit in an adult mouse model of Leigh syndrome. Brain 2020; 143:1686-1696. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Mutations in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes are responsible for a broad spectrum of disorders among which Leigh syndrome is the most common in infancy. No effective therapies are available for this severe disease mainly because of the limited capabilities of the standard adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to transduce both peripheral organs and the CNS when injected systemically in adults. Here, we used the brain-penetrating AAV-PHP.B vector to reinstate gene expression in the Ndufs4 knockout mouse model of Leigh syndrome. Intravenous delivery of an AAV.PHP.B-Ndufs4 vector in 1-month-old knockout mice restored mitochondrial complex I activity in several organs including the CNS. This gene replacement strategy extended lifespan, rescued metabolic parameters, provided behavioural improvement, and corrected the pathological phenotype in the brain, retina, and heart of Ndufs4 knockout mice. These results provide a robust proof that gene therapy strategies targeting multiple organs can rescue fatal neurometabolic disorders with CNS involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Reynaud-Dulaurier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Giorgia Benegiamo
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Marrocco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Racha Al-Tannir
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Enrico Maria Surace
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medicine, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Decressac
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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Rhooms SK, Murari A, Goparaju NSV, Vilanueva M, Owusu-Ansah E. Insights from Drosophila on mitochondrial complex I. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:607-618. [PMID: 31485716 PMCID: PMC7289077 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, more commonly referred to as mitochondrial complex I (CI), is the largest discrete enzyme of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). It is localized to the mitochondrial inner membrane. CI oxidizes NADH generated from the tricarboxylic acid cycle to NAD+, in a series of redox reactions that culminates in the reduction of ubiquinone, and the transport of protons from the matrix across the inner membrane to the intermembrane space. The resulting proton-motive force is consumed by ATP synthase to generate ATP, or harnessed to transport ions, metabolites and proteins into the mitochondrion. CI is also a major source of reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, impaired CI function has been associated with a host of chronic metabolic and degenerative disorders such as diabetes, cardiomyopathy, Parkinson's disease (PD) and Leigh syndrome. Studies on Drosophila have contributed to our understanding of the multiple roles of CI in bioenergetics and organismal physiology. Here, we explore and discuss some of the studies on Drosophila that have informed our understanding of this complex and conclude with some of the open questions about CI that can be resolved by studies on Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna-Kay Rhooms
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Anjaneyulu Murari
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Naga Sri Vidya Goparaju
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Maximino Vilanueva
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Edward Owusu-Ansah
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
- The Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Unnikrishnan A, Kurup K, Salmon AB, Richardson A. Is Rapamycin a Dietary Restriction Mimetic? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:4-13. [PMID: 30854544 PMCID: PMC6909904 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial suggestion that rapamycin, an inhibitor of target of rapamycin (TOR) nutrient signaling, increased lifespan comparable to dietary restriction, investigators have viewed rapamycin as a potential dietary restriction mimetic. Both dietary restriction and rapamycin increase lifespan across a wide range of evolutionarily diverse species (including yeast, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mice) as well as reducing pathology and improving physiological functions that decline with age in mice. The purpose of this article is to review the research comparing the effect of dietary restriction and rapamycin in mice. The current data show that dietary restriction and rapamycin have different effects on many pathways and molecular processes. In addition, these interventions affect the lifespan of many genetically manipulated mouse models differently. In other words, while dietary restriction and rapamycin may have similar effects on some pathways and processes; overall, they affect many pathways/processes quite differently. Therefore, rapamycin is likely not a true dietary restriction mimetic. Rather dietary restriction and rapamycin appear to be increasing lifespan and retarding aging largely through different mechanisms/pathways, suggesting that a combination of dietary restriction and rapamycin will have a greater effect on lifespan than either manipulation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Unnikrishnan
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Kavitha Kurup
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Adam B Salmon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and the Sam and Ann Barhop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio,Geratric Research Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging and Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma,Address correspondence to: Arlan Richardson, PhD, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE 10th Street, BRC 1372, Oklahoma City, OK 73104. E-mail:
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Chang CC, Chuang CL, Hsin IF, Hsu SJ, Huang HC, Lee FY, Lee SD. A high-dose rapamycin treatment alleviates hepatopulmonary syndrome in cirrhotic rats. J Chin Med Assoc 2020; 83:32-40. [PMID: 31567652 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapamycin is a type of immunosuppressive agent that acts through inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a lethal complication in cirrhotic patients. It is characterized by hypoxia and increased intrapulmonary shunts, in which pulmonary inflammation and angiogenesis play important roles. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of rapamycin on HPS using the experimental model of common bile duct ligation (CBDL)-induced cirrhosis in rats. METHODS The rats received low-dose (0.5 mg/kg), high-dose (2 mg/kg) rapamycin, or vehicle from the 15th to the 28th day post CBDL. Then the mortality rate, hemodynamics, biochemistry parameters, arterial blood gas and plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were evaluated on the 28th day post CBDL. Pulmonary histopathological stains were performed, and protein expression was examined. In parallel groups, the intrapulmonary shunts of CBDL rats were measured. RESULTS Compared with the control, a high-dose rapamycin treatment decreased portal pressure and improved hypoxia in CBDL rats. It also reduced the plasma level of VEGF and TNF-α and decreased intrapulmonary shunts. Meanwhile, it ameliorated pulmonary inflammation and angiogenesis and downregulated the protein expression of mTOR, P70S6K, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), VEGF, and VEGF receptor 2. In contrast, low-dose rapamycin did not attenuate intrapulmonary shunts despite ameliorating portal hypertension. CONCLUSION High-dose rapamycin ameliorates HPS in cirrhotic rats as evidenced by the alleviated hypoxia and decreased intrapulmonary shunts. Downregulation of the mTOR/P70S6K, NFκB, and VEGF signaling pathways might play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chih Chang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiao-Lin Chuang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Fang Hsin
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Endoscopy Center for Diagnosis and Treatment, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shao-Jung Hsu
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shou-Dong Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Blagosklonny MV. Disease or not, aging is easily treatable. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:3067-3078. [PMID: 30448823 PMCID: PMC6286826 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Is aging a disease? It does not matter because aging is already treated using a combination of several clinically-available drugs, including rapamycin. Whether aging is a disease depends on arbitrary definitions of both disease and aging. For treatment purposes, aging is a deadly disease (or more generally, pre-disease), despite being a normal continuation of normal organismal growth. It must and, importantly, can be successfully treated, thereby delaying classic age-related diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, and neurodegeneration.
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Blagosklonny MV. Rapamycin for longevity: opinion article. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:8048-8067. [PMID: 31586989 PMCID: PMC6814615 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
From the dawn of civilization, humanity has dreamed of immortality. So why didn't the discovery of the anti-aging properties of mTOR inhibitors change the world forever? I will discuss several reasons, including fear of the actual and fictional side effects of rapamycin, everolimus and other clinically-approved drugs, arguing that no real side effects preclude their use as anti-aging drugs today. Furthermore, the alternative to the reversible (and avoidable) side effects of rapamycin/everolimus are the irreversible (and inevitable) effects of aging: cancer, stroke, infarction, blindness and premature death. I will also discuss why it is more dangerous not to use anti-aging drugs than to use them and how rapamycin-based drug combinations have already been implemented for potential life extension in humans. If you read this article from the very beginning to its end, you may realize that the time is now.
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Garcia DN, Saccon TD, Pradiee J, Rincón JAA, Andrade KRS, Rovani MT, Mondadori RG, Cruz LAX, Barros CC, Masternak MM, Bartke A, Mason JB, Schneider A. Effect of caloric restriction and rapamycin on ovarian aging in mice. GeroScience 2019; 41:395-408. [PMID: 31359237 PMCID: PMC6815295 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) increases the preservation of the ovarian primordial follicular reserve, which can potentially delay menopause. Rapamycin also increases preservation on the ovarian reserve, with similar mechanism to CR. Therefore, the aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of rapamycin and CR on metabolism, ovarian reserve, and gene expression in mice. Thirty-six female mice were allocated into three groups: control, rapamycin-treated (4 mg/kg body weight every other day), and 30% CR. Caloric restricted females had lower body weight (P < 0.05) and increased insulin sensitivity (P = 0.003), while rapamycin injection did not change body weight (P > 0.05) and induced insulin resistance (P < 0.05). Both CR and rapamycin females displayed a higher number of primordial follicles (P = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively), fewer primary, secondary, and tertiary follicles (P < 0.05) and displayed increased ovarian Foxo3a gene expression (P < 0.05). Despite the divergent metabolic effects of the CR and rapamycin treatments, females from both groups displayed a similar increase in ovarian reserve, which was associated with higher expression of ovarian Foxo3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driele N. Garcia
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Tatiana D. Saccon
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Jorgea Pradiee
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Joao A. A. Rincón
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | | | - Monique T. Rovani
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | | | - Luis A. X. Cruz
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Carlos C. Barros
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
| | - Michal M. Masternak
- College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL USA
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL USA
| | - Jeffrey B. Mason
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Center for Integrated BioSystems, School of Veterinary Medicine, Utah State University, Logan, UT USA
| | - Augusto Schneider
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS Brazil
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Heaton R, Millichap L, Saleem F, Gannon J, Begum G, Hargreaves IP. Current biochemical treatments of mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2019.1638250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Heaton
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lauren Millichap
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fatima Saleem
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jennifer Gannon
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gemma Begum
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Iain P. Hargreaves
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Kallijärvi J, Fellman V. Rapamycin - "One size does not fit all". EBioMedicine 2019; 42:30-31. [PMID: 30956172 PMCID: PMC6491909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Kallijärvi
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vineta Fellman
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Clinicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Pediatrics, Lund University, Sweden.
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Barriocanal-Casado E, Hidalgo-Gutiérrez A, Raimundo N, González-García P, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Escames G, López LC. Rapamycin administration is not a valid therapeutic strategy for every case of mitochondrial disease. EBioMedicine 2019; 42:511-523. [PMID: 30898651 PMCID: PMC6492073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The vast majority of mitochondrial disorders have limited the clinical management to palliative care. Rapamycin has emerged as a potential therapeutic drug for mitochondrial diseases since it has shown therapeutic benefits in a few mouse models of mitochondrial disorders. However, the underlying therapeutic mechanism is unclear, the minimal effective dose needs to be defined and whether this therapy can be generally used is unknown. Methods We have evaluated whether low and high doses of rapamycin administration may result in therapeutic effects in a mouse model (Coq9R239X) of mitochondrial encephalopathy due to CoQ deficiency. The evaluation involved phenotypic, molecular, image (histopathology and MRI), metabolomics, transcriptomics and bioenergetics analyses. Findings Low dose of rapamycin induces metabolic changes in liver and transcriptomics modifications in midbrain. The high dose of rapamycin induces further changes in the transcriptomics profile in midbrain due to the general inhibition of mTORC1. However, neither low nor high dose of rapamycin were able to improve the mitochondrial bioenergetics, the brain injuries and the phenotypic characteristics of Coq9R239X mice, resulting in the lack of efficacy for increasing the survival. Interpretation These results may be due to the lack of microgliosis-derived neuroinflammation, the limitation to induce autophagy, or the need of a functional CoQ-junction. Therefore, the translation of rapamycin therapy into the clinic for patients with mitochondrial disorders requires, at least, the consideration of the particularities of each mitochondrial disease. Fund Supported by the grants from “Fundación Isabel Gemio - Federación Española de Enfermedades Neuromusculares – Federación FEDER” (TSR-1), the NIH (P01HD080642) and the ERC (Stg-337327).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Barriocanal-Casado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Agustín Hidalgo-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Institute fur Zellbiochemie, Humboldtallee 23, room 01.423, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pilar González-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Spain
| | - Germaine Escames
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Spain
| | - Luis C López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Spain.
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Comparison of Cardiac miRNA Transcriptomes Induced by Diabetes and Rapamycin Treatment and Identification of a Rapamycin-Associated Cardiac MicroRNA Signature. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:8364608. [PMID: 30647817 PMCID: PMC6311877 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8364608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin (Rap), an inhibitor of mTORC1, reduces obesity and improves lifespan in mice. However, hyperglycemia and lipid disorders are adverse side effects in patients receiving Rap treatment. We previously reported that diabetes induces pansuppression of cardiac cytokines in Zucker obese rats (ZO-C). Rap treatment (750 μg/kg/day for 12 weeks) reduced their obesity and cardiac fibrosis significantly; however, it increased their hyperglycemia and did not improve their cardiac diastolic parameters. Moreover, Rap treatment of healthy Zucker lean rats (ZL-C) induced cardiac fibrosis. Rap-induced changes in ZL-C's cardiac cytokine profile shared similarities with that of diabetes-induced ZO-C. Therefore, we hypothesized that the cardiac microRNA transcriptome induced by diabetes and Rap treatment could share similarities. Here, we compared the cardiac miRNA transcriptome of ZL-C to ZO-C, Rap-treated ZL (ZL-Rap), and ZO (ZO-Rap). We report that 80% of diabetes-induced miRNA transcriptome (40 differentially expressed miRNAs by minimum 1.5-fold in ZO-C versus ZL-C; p ≤ 0.05) is similar to 47% of Rap-induced miRNA transcriptome in ZL (68 differentially expressed miRNAs by minimum 1.5-fold in ZL-Rap versus ZL-C; p ≤ 0.05). This remarkable similarity between diabetes-induced and Rap-induced cardiac microRNA transcriptome underscores the role of miRNAs in Rap-induced insulin resistance. We also show that Rap treatment altered the expression of the same 17 miRNAs in ZL and ZO hearts indicating that these 17 miRNAs comprise a unique Rap-induced cardiac miRNA signature. Interestingly, only four miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed between ZO-C and ZO-Rap, indicating that, unlike the nondiabetic heart, Rap did not substantially change the miRNA transcriptome in the diabetic heart. In silico analyses showed that (a) mRNA-miRNA interactions exist between differentially expressed cardiac cytokines and miRNAs, (b) human orthologs of rat miRNAs that are strongly correlated with cardiac fibrosis may modulate profibrotic TGF-β signaling, and (c) changes in miRNA transcriptome caused by diabetes or Rap treatment include cardioprotective miRNAs indicating a concurrent activation of an adaptive mechanism to protect the heart in conditions that exacerbate diabetes.
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Abstract
Rapamycin inhibits cell proliferation, yet preserves (re)-proliferative potential (RPP). RPP is a potential of quiescent cells that is lost in senescent cells. mTOR drives conversion from quiescence to senescence (geroconversion). By suppressing geroconversion, rapamycin preserves RPP. Geroconversion is characterized by proliferation-like levels of phospho-S6K/S6/4E-BP1 in nonproliferating cells arrested by p16 and/or p21. mTOR-driven geroconversion is associated with cellular hyperfunction, which in turn leads to organismal aging manifested by age-related diseases.
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46
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mTOR inhibitors may benefit kidney transplant recipients with mitochondrial diseases. Kidney Int 2018; 95:455-466. [PMID: 30471880 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases represent a significant clinical challenge. Substantial efforts have been devoted to identifying therapeutic strategies for mitochondrial disorders, but effective interventions have remained elusive. Recently, we reported attenuation of disease in a mouse model of the human mitochondrial disease Leigh syndrome through pharmacological inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). The human mitochondrial disorder MELAS/MIDD (Mitochondrial Encephalopathy with Lactic Acidosis and Stroke-like Episodes/Maternally Inherited Diabetes and Deafness) shares many phenotypic characteristics with Leigh syndrome. MELAS/MIDD often leads to organ failure and transplantation and there are currently no effective treatments. To examine the therapeutic potential of mTOR inhibition in human mitochondrial disease, four kidney transplant recipients with MELAS/MIDD were switched from calcineurin inhibitors to mTOR inhibitors for immunosuppression. Primary fibroblast lines were generated from patient dermal biopsies and the impact of rapamycin was studied using cell-based end points. Metabolomic profiles of the four patients were obtained before and after the switch. pS6, a measure of mTOR signaling, was significantly increased in MELAS/MIDD cells compared to controls in the absence of treatment, demonstrating mTOR overactivation. Rapamycin rescued multiple deficits in cultured cells including mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential, and replicative capacity. Clinical measures of health and mitochondrial disease progression were improved in all four patients following the switch to an mTOR inhibitor. Metabolomic analysis was consistent with mitochondrial function improvement in all patients.
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47
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Civiletto G, Dogan SA, Cerutti R, Fagiolari G, Moggio M, Lamperti C, Benincá C, Viscomi C, Zeviani M. Rapamycin rescues mitochondrial myopathy via coordinated activation of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:emmm.201708799. [PMID: 30309855 PMCID: PMC6220341 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin ameliorates the clinical and biochemical phenotype of mouse, worm, and cellular models of mitochondrial disease, via an unclear mechanism. Here, we show that prolonged rapamycin treatment improved motor endurance, corrected morphological abnormalities of muscle, and increased cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity of a muscle-specific Cox15 knockout mouse (Cox15sm/sm ). Rapamycin treatment restored autophagic flux, which was impaired in naïve Cox15sm/sm muscle, and reduced the number of damaged mitochondria, which accumulated in untreated Cox15sm/sm mice. Conversely, rilmenidine, an mTORC1-independent autophagy inducer, was ineffective on the myopathic features of Cox15sm/sm animals. This stark difference supports the idea that inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin has a key role in the improvement of the mitochondrial function in Cox15sm/sm muscle. In contrast to rilmenidine, rapamycin treatment also activated lysosomal biogenesis in muscle. This effect was associated with increased nuclear localization of TFEB, a master regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, which is inhibited by mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation. We propose that the coordinated activation of autophagic flux and lysosomal biogenesis contribute to the effective clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria by rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sukru Anil Dogan
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Raffaele Cerutti
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Gigliola Fagiolari
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases UnitFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases UnitFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanItaly
| | | | | | - Carlo Viscomi
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Tao YX, Conn PM. Pharmacoperones as Novel Therapeutics for Diverse Protein Conformational Diseases. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:697-725. [PMID: 29442594 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00029.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
After synthesis, proteins are folded into their native conformations aided by molecular chaperones. Dysfunction in folding caused by genetic mutations in numerous genes causes protein conformational diseases. Membrane proteins are more prone to misfolding due to their more intricate folding than soluble proteins. Misfolded proteins are detected by the cellular quality control systems, especially in the endoplasmic reticulum, and proteins may be retained there for eventual degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system or through autophagy. Some misfolded proteins aggregate, leading to pathologies in numerous neurological diseases. In vitro, modulating mutant protein folding by altering molecular chaperone expression can ameliorate some misfolding. Some small molecules known as chemical chaperones also correct mutant protein misfolding in vitro and in vivo. However, due to their lack of specificity, their potential as therapeutics is limited. Another class of compounds, known as pharmacological chaperones (pharmacoperones), binds with high specificity to misfolded proteins, either as enzyme substrates or receptor ligands, leading to decreased folding energy barriers and correction of the misfolding. Because many of the misfolded proteins are misrouted but do not have defects in function per se, pharmacoperones have promising potential in advancing to the clinic as therapeutics, since correcting routing may ameliorate the underlying mechanism of disease. This review will comprehensively summarize this exciting area of research, surveying the literature from in vitro studies in cell lines to transgenic animal models and clinical trials in several protein misfolding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama ; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center , Lubbock, Texas
| | - P Michael Conn
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama ; and Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center , Lubbock, Texas
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Naviaux RK. Metabolic features and regulation of the healing cycle-A new model for chronic disease pathogenesis and treatment. Mitochondrion 2018; 46:278-297. [PMID: 30099222 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Without healing, multicellular life on Earth would not exist. Without healing, one injury predisposes to another, leading to disability, chronic disease, accelerated aging, and death. Over 60% of adults and 30% of children and teens in the United States now live with a chronic illness. Advances in mass spectrometry and metabolomics have given scientists a new lens for studying health and disease. This study defines the healing cycle in metabolic terms and reframes the pathophysiology of chronic illness as the result of metabolic signaling abnormalities that block healing and cause the normal stages of the cell danger response (CDR) to persist abnormally. Once an injury occurs, active progress through the stages of healing is driven by sequential changes in cellular bioenergetics and the disposition of oxygen and carbon skeletons used for fuel, signaling, defense, repair, and recovery. >100 chronic illnesses can be organized into three persistent stages of the CDR. One hundred and two targetable chemosensory G-protein coupled and ionotropic receptors are presented that regulate the CDR and healing. Metabokines are signaling molecules derived from metabolism that regulate these receptors. Reframing the pathogenesis of chronic illness in this way, as a systems problem that maintains disease, rather than focusing on remote trigger(s) that caused the initial injury, permits new research to focus on novel signaling therapies to unblock the healing cycle, and restore health when other approaches have failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 214 Dickinson St., Bldg CTF, Rm C102, MC#8467, San Diego, CA 92103, United States.
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Wang A, Mouser J, Pitt J, Promislow D, Kaeberlein M. Rapamycin enhances survival in a Drosophila model of mitochondrial disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80131-80139. [PMID: 27741510 PMCID: PMC5348310 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric mitochondrial disorders are a devastating category of diseases caused by deficiencies in mitochondrial function. Leigh Syndrome (LS) is the most common of these diseases with symptoms typically appearing within the first year of birth and progressing rapidly until death, usually by 6-7 years of age. Our lab has recently shown that genetic inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (TOR) rescues the short lifespan of yeast mutants with defective mitochondrial function, and that pharmacological inhibition of TOR by administration of rapamycin significantly rescues the shortened lifespan, neurological symptoms, and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of LS. However, the mechanism by which TOR inhibition exerts these effects, and the extent to which these effects can extend to other models of mitochondrial deficiency, are unknown. Here, we probe the effects of TOR inhibition in a Drosophila model of complex I deficiency. Treatment with rapamycin robustly suppresses the lifespan defect in this model of LS, without affecting behavioral phenotypes. Interestingly, this increased lifespan in response to TOR inhibition occurs in an autophagy-independent manner. Further, we identify a fat storage defect in the ND2 mutant flies that is rescued by rapamycin, supporting a model that rapamycin exerts its effects on mitochondrial disease in these animals by altering metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Wang
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacob Mouser
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jason Pitt
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel Promislow
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA.,University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matt Kaeberlein
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA, USA
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