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Mokin YI, Povarova OI, Antifeeva IA, Artemov AV, Uversky VN, Turoverov KK, Kuznetsova IM, Fonin AV. Bioinformatics Analysis of Actin Interactome: Characterization of the Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Actin-Binding Proteins. Protein J 2024:10.1007/s10930-024-10207-y. [PMID: 38824467 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Actin is present in the cytoplasm and nucleus of every eukaryotic cell. In the cytoplasm, framework and motor functions of actin are associated with its ability to polymerize to form F-actin. In the nucleus, globular actin plays a significant functional role. For a globular protein, actin has a uniquely large number of proteins with which it interacts. Bioinformatics analysis of the actin interactome showed that only a part of actin-binding proteins are both cytoplasmic and nuclear. There are proteins that interact only with cytoplasmic, or only with nuclear actin. The first pool includes proteins associated with the formation, regulation, and functioning of the actin cytoskeleton predominate, while nuclear actin-binding proteins are involved in the majority of key nuclear processes, from regulation of transcription to DNA damage response. Bioinformatics analysis of the structure of actin-binding proteins showed that these are mainly intrinsically disordered proteins, many of which are part of membrane-less organelles. Interestingly, although the number of intrinsically disordered actin-binding proteins in the nucleus is greater than in the cytoplasm, the drivers for the formation of the membrane-less organelles in the cytoplasm are significantly (four times) greater than in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov I Mokin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Povarova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Iuliia A Antifeeva
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey V Artemov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC07, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
| | - Konstantin K Turoverov
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexander V Fonin
- Laboratory of Structural Dynamics, Stability and Folding of Proteins, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russian Federation.
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2
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Bogolyubova IO, Sailau ZK, Bogolyubov DS. Nuclear Distribution of the Chromatin-Remodeling Protein ATRX in Mouse Early Embryos during Normal Development and Developmental Arrest In Vitro. Life (Basel) 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 38276254 PMCID: PMC10817635 DOI: 10.3390/life14010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The chromatin-remodeling protein ATRX, which is currently recognized as one of the key genome caretakers, plays an important role in oogenesis and early embryogenesis in mammals. ATRX distribution in the nuclei of mouse embryos developing in vivo and in vitro, including when the embryos are arrested at the two-cell stage-the so-called two-cell block in vitro-was studied using immunofluorescent labeling and FISH. In normally developing two- and four-cell embryos, ATRX was found to be closely colocalized with pericentromeric DNA sequences detected with a probe to the mouse major satellite DNA. The association of ATRX with pericentromeric heterochromatin is mediated by nuclear actin and reduced after the treatment of embryos with latrunculin B. When culturing embryos in vitro, the distribution pattern of ATRX changes, leading to a decrease in the association of this protein with major satellite DNA especially under the two-cell block in vitro. Taken together, our data suggest that the intranuclear distribution of ATRX reflects the viability of mouse embryos and their probability of successful preimplantation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina O. Bogolyubova
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
| | - Zhuldyz K. Sailau
- PERSONA International Clinical Center for Reproductology, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan;
| | - Dmitry S. Bogolyubov
- Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 194064, Russia;
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3
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Jia Q, Tan Y, Li Y, Wu Y, Wang J, Tang F. JUN-induced super-enhancer RNA forms R-loop to promote nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:459. [PMID: 37479693 PMCID: PMC10361959 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05985-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic super-enhancers (SEs) generate noncoding enhancer/SE RNAs (eRNAs/seRNAs) that exert a critical function in malignancy through powerful regulation of target gene expression. Herein, we show that a JUN-mediated seRNA can form R-loop to regulate target genes to promote metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). A combination of global run-on sequencing, chromatin-immunoprecipitation sequencing, and RNA sequencing was used to screen seRNAs. A specific seRNA associated with NPC metastasis (seRNA-NPCM) was identified as a transcriptional regulator for N-myc downstream-regulated gene 1 (NDRG1). JUN was found to regulate seRNA-NPCM through motif binding. seRNA-NPCM was elevated in NPC cancer tissues and highly metastatic cell lines, and promoted the metastasis of NPC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, the 3' end of seRNA-NPCM hybridizes with the SE region to form an R-loop, and the middle segment of seRNA-NPCM binds to heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein R (hnRNPR) at the promoter of distal gene NDRG1 and neighboring gene tribbles pseudokinase 1 (TRIB1). These structures promote chromatin looping and long-distance chromatin interactions between SEs and promoters, thus facilitating NDRG1 and TRIB1 transcription. Furthermore, the clinical analyses showed that seRNA-NPCM and NDRG1 were independent prognostic factors for NPC patients. seRNA-NPCM plays a critical role in orchestrating target gene transcription to promote NPC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Jia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene and Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Yuan Tan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene and Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Yuejin Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene and Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene and Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, 410013, Changsha, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, 410208, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene and Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, 410013, Changsha, China
| | - Faqin Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oncotarget Gene and Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, 410013, Changsha, China.
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4
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Talbot DE, Vormezeele BJ, Kimble GC, Wineland DM, Kelpsch DJ, Giedt MS, Tootle TL. Prostaglandins limit nuclear actin to control nucleolar function during oogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1072456. [PMID: 36875757 PMCID: PMC9981675 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1072456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs), locally acting lipid signals, regulate female reproduction, including oocyte development. However, the cellular mechanisms of PG action remain largely unknown. One cellular target of PG signaling is the nucleolus. Indeed, across organisms, loss of PGs results in misshapen nucleoli, and changes in nucleolar morphology are indicative of altered nucleolar function. A key role of the nucleolus is to transcribe ribosomal RNA (rRNA) to drive ribosomal biogenesis. Here we take advantage of the robust, in vivo system of Drosophila oogenesis to define the roles and downstream mechanisms whereby PGs regulate the nucleolus. We find that the altered nucleolar morphology due to PG loss is not due to reduced rRNA transcription. Instead, loss of PGs results in increased rRNA transcription and overall protein translation. PGs modulate these nucleolar functions by tightly regulating nuclear actin, which is enriched in the nucleolus. Specifically, we find that loss of PGs results in both increased nucleolar actin and changes in its form. Increasing nuclear actin, by either genetic loss of PG signaling or overexpression of nuclear targeted actin (NLS-actin), results in a round nucleolar morphology. Further, loss of PGs, overexpression of NLS-actin or loss of Exportin 6, all manipulations that increase nuclear actin levels, results in increased RNAPI-dependent transcription. Together these data reveal PGs carefully balance the level and forms of nuclear actin to control the level of nucleolar activity required for producing fertilization competent oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tina L. Tootle
- Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, United States
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5
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Abstract
In this chapter, we highlight examples of the diverse array of developmental, cellular, and biochemical insights that can be gained by using Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis as a model tissue. We begin with an overview of ovary development and adult oogenesis. Then we summarize how the adult Drosophila ovary continues to advance our understanding of stem cells, cell cycle, cell migration, cytoplasmic streaming, nurse cell dumping, and cell death. We also review emerging areas of study, including the roles of lipid droplets, ribosomes, and nuclear actin in egg development. Finally, we conclude by discussing the growing conservation of processes and signaling pathways that regulate oogenesis and female reproduction from flies to humans.
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6
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Tomikawa J, Miyamoto K. Structural alteration of the nucleus for the reprogramming of gene expression. FEBS J 2022; 289:7221-7233. [PMID: 33891358 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is a critical process for establishing and maintaining cellular identity. Gene expression is controlled through a chromatin-based mechanism in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Recent studies suggest that chromatin accessibility and the higher-order structure of chromatin affect transcriptional outcome. This is especially evident when cells change their fate during development and nuclear reprogramming. Furthermore, non-chromosomal contents of the cell nucleus, namely nucleoskeleton proteins, can also affect chromatin and nuclear structures, resulting in transcriptional alterations. Here, we review our current mechanistic understanding about how chromatin and nuclear structures impact transcription in the course of embryonic development, cellular differentiation and nuclear reprogramming, and also discuss unresolved questions that remain to be addressed in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Tomikawa
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
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7
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Borkúti P, Kristó I, Szabó A, Bajusz C, Kovács Z, Réthi-Nagy Z, Lipinszki Z, Lukácsovich T, Bogdan S, Vilmos P. Parallel import mechanisms ensure the robust nuclear localization of actin in Drosophila. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:963635. [PMID: 36060241 PMCID: PMC9437273 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.963635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin, as an ancient and fundamental protein, participates in various cytoplasmic as well as nuclear functions in eukaryotic cells. Based on its manifold tasks in the nucleus, it is a reasonable assumption that the nuclear presence of actin is essential for the cell, and consequently, its nuclear localization is ensured by a robust system. However, today only a single nuclear import and a single nuclear export pathway is known which maintain the dynamic balance between cytoplasmic and nuclear actin pools. In our work, we tested the robustness of the nuclear import of actin, and investigated whether the perturbations of nuclear localization affect the viability of the whole organism. For this aim, we generated a genetic system in Drosophila, in which we rescued the lethal phenotype of the null mutation of the Actin5C gene with transgenes that express different derivatives of actin, including a Nuclear Export Signal (NES)-tagged isoform which ensures forced nuclear export of the protein. We also disrupted the SUMOylation site of actin, suggested earlier to be responsible for nuclear retention, and eliminated the activity of the single nuclear import factor dedicated to actin. We found that, individually, none of the above mentioned manipulations led to a notable reduction in nuclear actin levels and thus, fully rescued lethality. However, the NES tagging of actin, together with the knock out of its importin, significantly reduced the amount of nuclear actin and induced lethality, confirming that the presence of actin in the nucleus is essential, and thereby, over-secured. Supporting this, we identified novel nuclear importins specific to actin, which sheds light on the mechanism behind the robustness of nuclear localization of actin, and supports the idea of essentiality of its nuclear functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Borkúti
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Kristó
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anikó Szabó
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Bajusz
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsánna Réthi-Nagy
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Lipinszki
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Sven Bogdan
- Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Péter Vilmos
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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8
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Sun F, Zhu G, He P, Wei E, Wang R, Wang Q, Tang X, Zhang Y, Shen Z. Identification, expression and subcellular localization of Orc1 in the microsporidian Nosema bombycis. Gene X 2022; 834:146607. [PMID: 35609797 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a typical species of microsporidium, Nosema bombycis is the pathogen causing the pébrine disease of silkworm. Rapid proliferation of N. bombycis in host cells requires replication of genetic material. As eukaryotic origin recognition protein, origin recognition complex (ORC) plays an important role in regulating DNA replication, and Orc1 is a key subunit of the origin recognition complex. In this study, we identified the Orc1 in the microsporidian N. bombycis (NbOrc1) for the first time. The NbOrc1 gene contains a complete ORF of 987 bp in length that encodes a 328 amino acid polypeptide. Indirect immunofluorescence results showed that NbOrc1 were colocalized with Nbactin and NbSAS-6 in the nuclei of N. bombycis. Subsequently, we further identified the interaction between the NbOrc1 and Nbactin by CO-IP and Western blot. These results imply that Orc1 may be involved in the proliferation of the microsporidian N. bombycis through interacting with actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuzhen Sun
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guanyu Zhu
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping He
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Erjun Wei
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Runpeng Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China; Sericulture Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China; Sericulture Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiling Zhang
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China; Sericulture Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhongyuan Shen
- Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China; Sericulture Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, Jiangsu Province, China.
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9
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Gunasekaran S, Miyagawa Y, Miyamoto K. Actin nucleoskeleton in embryonic development and cellular differentiation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2022; 76:102100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2022.102100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Medvedeva AV, Rebrova AV, Zalomaeva ES, Turaeva SK, Nikitina EA, Tokmacheva EV, Vasileva SA, Shchegolev BF, Savvateeva-Popova EV. Role of LIM Kinase 1 in Dopaminergic and Serotonergic Neurons in Genome Stability, Learning and Memory during Stress Response to Weakening of Earth’s Magnetic Field in Drosophila. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Titelbaum M, Brant B, Baumel D, Burstein-Willensky A, Perez S, Barsheshet Y, Avni O. Ezh2 harnesses the intranuclear actin cytoskeleton to remodel chromatin in differentiating Th cells. iScience 2021; 24:103093. [PMID: 34622148 PMCID: PMC8479699 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Following their first interaction with the antigen, quiescent naive T-helper (Th; CD4+) cells enlarge, differentiate, and proliferate; these processes are accompanied by substantial epigenetic alterations. We showed previously that the epigenetic regulators the polycomb-group (PcG) proteins have a dual function as both positive and negative transcriptional regulators; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that during Th cell differentiation the methyltransferase activity of the PcG protein Ezh2 regulates post-transcriptionally inducible assembly of intranuclear actin filaments. These filaments are colocalized with the actin regulators Vav1 and WASp, vertically oriented to the T cell receptor, and intermingle with the chromatin fibers. Ezh2 and Vav1 are observed together at chromatin-actin intersections. Furthermore, the inducible assembly of nuclear actin filaments is required for chromatin spreading and nuclear growth. Altogether these findings delineate a model in which the epigenetic machinery orchestrates the dynamic mechanical force of the intranuclear cytoskeleton to reorganize chromatin during differentiation. Ezh2 regulates post-transcriptionally the inducible assembly of intranuclear F-actin F-actin is oriented toward the TCR and intermingled with the chromatin fibers F-actin is required for chromatin spreading and nuclear growth The epigenetic machinery harnesses intranuclear cytoskeleton to reorganize chromatin
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Titelbaum
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Boris Brant
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Daniel Baumel
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Shira Perez
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Orly Avni
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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12
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Shoaib Z, Fan TM, Irudayaraj J. Osteosarcoma mechanobiology and therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:201-217. [PMID: 34679192 PMCID: PMC9305477 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the one of the most common primary tumors of bone with less than a 20% 5-year survival rate after the development of metastases. OS is highly predisposed in Paget's disease (PD) of bone, and both have common characteristic skeletal features due to rapid bone remodeling. OS prognosis is location dependent which further emphasizes the likely contribution of the bone microenvironment in its pathogenesis. Mechanobiology is the phenomenon when mechanical cues from the changing physical microenvironment of bone are transduced to biological pathways through mechanosensitive cellular components. Mechanobiology-driven therapies have been used for curbing tumor progression by direct alteration of the physical microenvironment or inhibition of metastasis-associated mechanosensitive proteins. This review emphasizes the contribution of mechanobiology to OS progression, and sheds light on current mechanobiology-based therapies and potential new targets for improving disease management. Additionally, the variety of 3D models currently used to study OS mechanobiology are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Shoaib
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.,Biomedical Research Center, Carle Foundation Hospital, Urbana, IL, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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13
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Karvas RM, McInturf S, Zhou J, Ezashi T, Schust DJ, Roberts RM, Schulz LC. Use of a human embryonic stem cell model to discover GABRP, WFDC2, VTCN1 and ACTC1 as markers of early first trimester human trophoblast. Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:425-440. [PMID: 32359161 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human placental development during early pregnancy is poorly understood. Many conceptuses are lost at this stage. It is thought that preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and other placental syndromes that manifest later in pregnancy may originate early in placentation. Thus, there is a need for models of early human placental development. Treating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with BMP4 (bone morphogenic protein 4) plus A83-01 (ACTIVIN/NODAL signaling inhibitor) and PD173074 (fibroblast growth factor 2 or FGF2 signaling inhibitor) (BAP conditions) induces differentiation to the trophoblast lineage (hESCBAP), but it is not clear which stage of trophoblast differentiation these cells resemble. Here, comparison of the hESCBAP transcriptome to those of trophoblasts from human blastocysts, trophoblast stem cells and placentas collected in the first-third trimester of pregnancy by principal component analysis suggests that hESC after 8 days BAP treatment most resemble first trimester syncytiotrophoblasts. To further test this hypothesis, transcripts were identified that are expressed in hESCBAP but not in cultures of trophoblasts isolated from term placentas. Proteins encoded by four genes, GABRP (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit Pi), WFDC2 (WAP four-disulfide core domain 2), VTCN1 (V-set domain containing T-cell activation inhibitor 1) and ACTC1 (actin alpha cardiac muscle 1), immunolocalized to placentas at 4-9 weeks gestation, and their expression declined with gestational age (R2 = 0.61-0.83). None are present at term. Expression was largely localized to syncytiotrophoblast of both hESCBAP cells and placental material from early pregnancy. WFDC2, VTCN1 and ACTC1 have not previously been described in placenta. These results support the hypothesis that hESCBAP represent human trophoblast analogous to that of early first trimester and are a tool for discovery of factors important to this stage of placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowan M Karvas
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Samuel McInturf
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Toshihiko Ezashi
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Danny J Schust
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - R Michael Roberts
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Biochemistry University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Laura C Schulz
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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14
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Miyamoto K, Harata M. Nucleoskeleton proteins for nuclear dynamics. J Biochem 2021; 169:237-241. [PMID: 33479767 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic nucleus shows organized structures of chromosomes, transcriptional components and their associated proteins. It has been believed that such a dense nuclear environment prevents the formation of a cytoskeleton-like network of protein filaments. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the cell nucleus also possesses structural filamentous components to support nuclear organization and compartments, which are referred to as nucleoskeleton proteins. Nucleoskeleton proteins including lamins and actin influence nuclear dynamics including transcriptional regulation, chromatin organization and DNA damage responses. Furthermore, these nucleoskeleton proteins play a pivotal role in cellular differentiation and animal development. In this commentary, we discuss how nucleoskeleton-based regulatory mechanisms orchestrate nuclear dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyamoto
- Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, 930 Nishimitani, Kinokawa-shi, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza-Aoba 468-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
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15
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Takahashi Y, Hiratsuka S, Machida N, Takahashi D, Matsushita J, Hozak P, Misteli T, Miyamoto K, Harata M. Impairment of nuclear F-actin formation and its relevance to cellular phenotypes in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nucleus 2021; 11:250-263. [PMID: 32954953 PMCID: PMC7529414 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1815395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a premature aging disorder caused by a mutation of lamin A, which contributes to nuclear architecture and the spatial organization of chromatin in the nucleus. The expression of a lamin A mutant, named progerin, leads to functional and structural disruption of nuclear organization. Since progerin lacks a part of the actin-binding site of lamin A, we hypothesized that nuclear actin dynamics and function are altered in HGPS cells. Nuclear F-actin is required for the organization of nuclear shape, transcriptional regulation, DNA damage repair, and activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Here we show that the expression of progerin decreases nuclear F-actin and impairs F-actin-regulated transcription. When nuclear F-actin levels are increased by overexpression of nuclear-targeted actin or by using jasplakinolide, a compound that stabilizes F-actin, the irregularity of nuclear shape and defects in gene expression can be reversed. These observations provide evidence for a novel relationship between nuclear actin and the etiology of HGPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Shogo Hiratsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Nanako Machida
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Junpei Matsushita
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
| | - Pavel Hozak
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tom Misteli
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University , Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masahiko Harata
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Japan
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16
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Malone ET, Ganther S, Mena N, Radaic A, Shariati K, Kindberg A, Tafolla C, Kamarajan P, Fenno JC, Zhan L, Kapila YL. Treponema denticola-Induced RASA4 Upregulation Mediates Cytoskeletal Dysfunction and MMP-2 Activity in Periodontal Fibroblasts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:671968. [PMID: 34094999 PMCID: PMC8171266 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.671968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal complex consists of the periodontal ligament (PDL), alveolar bone, and cementum, which work together to turn mechanical load into biological responses that are responsible for maintaining a homeostatic environment. However oral microbes, under conditions of dysbiosis, may challenge the actin dynamic properties of the PDL in the context of periodontal disease. To study this process, we examined host-microbial interactions in the context of the periodontium via molecular and functional cell assays and showed that human PDL cell interactions with Treponema denticola induce actin depolymerization through a novel actin reorganization signaling mechanism. This actin reorganization mechanism and loss of cell adhesion is a pathological response characterized by an initial upregulation of RASA4 mRNA expression resulting in an increase in matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity. This mechanism is specific to the T. denticola effector protein, dentilisin, thereby uncovering a novel effect for Treponema denticola-mediated RASA4 transcriptional activation and actin depolymerization in primary human PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Trent Malone
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Sean Ganther
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nevina Mena
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Allan Radaic
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Keemia Shariati
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Abigail Kindberg
- Bush Laboratory, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Biomedical Sciences Graduate, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Christian Tafolla
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Fenno Laboratory, Department of Biological and Material Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ling Zhan
- Zhan Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Kapila Laboratory, Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry San Francisco, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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17
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López A, Ducolomb Y, Casas E, Retana-Márquez S, Betancourt M, Casillas F. Effects of Porcine Immature Oocyte Vitrification on Actin Microfilament Distribution and Chromatin Integrity During Early Embryo Development in vitro. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636765. [PMID: 33959606 PMCID: PMC8093386 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitrification is mainly used to cryopreserve female gametes. This technique allows maintaining cell viability, functionality, and developmental potential at low temperatures into liquid nitrogen at −196°C. For this, the addition of cryoprotectant agents, which are substances that provide cell protection during cooling and warming, is required. However, they have been reported to be toxic, reducing oocyte viability, maturation, fertilization, and embryo development, possibly by altering cell cytoskeleton structure and chromatin. Previous studies have evaluated the effects of vitrification in the germinal vesicle, metaphase II oocytes, zygotes, and blastocysts, but the knowledge of its impact on their further embryo development is limited. Other studies have evaluated the role of actin microfilaments and chromatin, based on the fertilization and embryo development rates obtained, but not the direct evaluation of these structures in embryos produced from vitrified immature oocytes. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate how the vitrification of porcine immature oocytes affects early embryo development by the evaluation of actin microfilament distribution and chromatin integrity. Results demonstrate that the damage generated by the vitrification of immature oocytes affects viability, maturation, and the distribution of actin microfilaments and chromatin integrity, observed in early embryos. Therefore, it is suggested that vitrification could affect oocyte repair mechanisms in those structures, being one of the mechanisms that explain the low embryo development rates after vitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma López
- Biological and Health Sciences Program, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yvonne Ducolomb
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Casas
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Socorro Retana-Márquez
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Betancourt
- Department of Health Sciences, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fahiel Casillas
- Department of Biology of Reproduction, Metropolitan Autonomous University-Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
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18
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New Insights into Cellular Functions of Nuclear Actin. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040304. [PMID: 33916969 PMCID: PMC8067577 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary It is well known that actin forms a cytoplasmic network of microfilaments, the part of the cytoskeleton, in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The presence of nuclear actin was elusive for a very long time. Now, there is a very strong evidence that actin plays many important roles in the nucleus. Here, we discuss the recently discovered functions of the nuclear actin pool. Actin does not have nuclear localization signal (NLS), so its import to the nucleus is facilitated by the NLS-containing proteins. Nuclear actin plays a role in the maintenance of the nuclear structure and the nuclear envelope breakdown. It is also involved in chromatin remodeling, and chromatin and nucleosome movement necessary for DNA recombination, repair, and the initiation of transcription. It also binds RNA polymerases, promoting transcription. Because of the multifaceted role of nuclear actin, the future challenge will be to further define its functions in various cellular processes and diseases. Abstract Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells. There are different pools of nuclear actin often undetectable by conventional staining and commercial antibodies used to identify cytoplasmic actin. With the development of more sophisticated imaging and analytical techniques, it became clear that nuclear actin plays a crucial role in shaping the chromatin, genomic, and epigenetic landscape, transcriptional regulation, and DNA repair. This multifaceted role of nuclear actin is not only important for the function of the individual cell but also for the establishment of cell fate, and tissue and organ differentiation during development. Moreover, the changes in the nuclear, chromatin, and genomic architecture are preamble to various diseases. Here, we discuss some of the newly described functions of nuclear actin.
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19
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Bajusz C, Kristó I, Abonyi C, Venit T, Vedelek V, Lukácsovich T, Farkas A, Borkúti P, Kovács Z, Bajusz I, Marton A, Vizler C, Lipinszki Z, Sinka R, Percipalle P, Vilmos P. The nuclear activity of the actin-binding Moesin protein is necessary for gene expression in Drosophila. FEBS J 2021; 288:4812-4832. [PMID: 33606336 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin (ERM) proteins play an essential role in the cytoplasm by cross-linking actin filaments with plasma membrane proteins. Research has identified the nuclear localization of ERMs, as well as the involvement of a single Drosophila ERM protein, Moesin, in nuclear mRNA exports. However, the question of how important the nuclear activity of ERM proteins are for the life of an organism has so far not been explored. Here, we present the first attempt to reveal the in vivo relevance of nuclear localization of Moesin in Drosophila. With the help of a nuclear export signal, we decreased the amount of Moesin in the nuclei of the animals. Furthermore, we observed various developmental defects, demonstrating the importance of ERM function in the nucleus for the first time. Transcriptome analysis of the mutant flies revealed that the lack of nuclear Moesin function leads to expression changes in nearly 700 genes, among them heat-shock genes. This result together with additional findings revealed that in Drosophila the expression of protein chaperones requires the nuclear functions of Moesin. DATABASE: GEO accession number: GSE155778.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Bajusz
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Kristó
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Abonyi
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomáš Venit
- Biology Program, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | | | - Attila Farkas
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Borkúti
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Science, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Izabella Bajusz
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Annamária Marton
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vizler
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Lipinszki
- Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, ELKH, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rita Sinka
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Biology Program, Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Péter Vilmos
- Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
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20
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Hsiao BY, Chen CH, Chi HY, Yen PR, Yu YZ, Lin CH, Pang TL, Lin WC, Li ML, Yeh YC, Chou TY, Chen MY. Human Costars Family Protein ABRACL Modulates Actin Dynamics and Cell Migration and Associates with Tumorigenic Growth. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042037. [PMID: 33670794 PMCID: PMC7922284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of cellular actin dynamics is pivotal in driving cell motility. During cancer development, cells migrate to invade and spread; therefore, dysregulation of actin regulators is often associated with cancer progression. Here we report the role of ABRACL, a human homolog of the Dictyostelium actin regulator Costars, in migration and tumorigenic growth of cancer cells. We found a correlation between ABRACL expression and the migratory ability of cancer cells. Cell staining revealed the colocalization of ABRACL and F-actin signals at the leading edge of migrating cells. Analysis of the relative F-/G-actin contents in cells lacking or overexpressing ABRACL suggested that ABRACL promotes cellular actin distribution to the polymerized fraction. Physical interaction between ABRACL and cofilin was supported by immunofluorescence staining and proximity ligation. Additionally, ABRACL hindered cofilin-simulated pyrene F-actin fluorescence decay in vitro, indicating a functional interplay. Lastly, analysis on a colorectal cancer cohort demonstrated that high ABRACL expression was associated with distant metastasis, and further exploration showed that depletion of ABRACL expression in colon cancer cells resulted in reduced cell proliferation and tumorigenic growth. Together, results suggest that ABRACL modulates actin dynamics through its interaction with cofilin and thereby regulates cancer cell migration and participates in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yuan Hsiao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Chia-Hsin Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Ho-Yi Chi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Pei-Ru Yen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Ying-Zhen Yu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Chia-Hsin Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
| | - Te-Ling Pang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Wei-Chi Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Min-Lun Li
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
| | - Yi-Chen Yeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
| | - Teh-Ying Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; (B.-Y.H.); (C.-H.C.); (H.-Y.C.); (P.-R.Y.); (Y.-Z.Y.); (T.-L.P.); (W.-C.L.); (M.-L.L.); (T.-Y.C.)
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan;
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-(02)-2826-7269
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21
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Kloc M, Uosef A, Villagran M, Zdanowski R, Kubiak JZ, Wosik J, Ghobrial RM. RhoA- and Actin-Dependent Functions of Macrophages from the Rodent Cardiac Transplantation Model Perspective -Timing Is the Essence. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020070. [PMID: 33498417 PMCID: PMC7909416 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The functions of animal and human cells depend on the actin cytoskeleton and its regulating protein called the RhoA. The actin cytoskeleton and RhoA also regulate the response of the immune cells such as macrophages to the microbial invasion and/or the presence of a non-self, such as a transplanted organ. The immune response against transplant occurs in several steps. The early step occurring within days post-transplantation is called the acute rejection and the late step, occurring months to years post-transplantation, is called the chronic rejection. In clinical transplantation, acute rejection is easily manageable by the anti-rejection drugs. However, there is no cure for chronic rejection, which is caused by the macrophages entering the transplant and promoting blockage of its blood vessels and destruction of tissue. We discuss here how the inhibition of the RhoA and actin cytoskeleton polymerization in the macrophages, either by genetic interference or pharmacologically, prevents macrophage entry into the transplanted organ and prevents chronic rejection, and also how it affects the anti-microbial function of the macrophages. We also focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection and anti-microbial therapies. Abstract The small GTPase RhoA, and its down-stream effector ROCK kinase, and the interacting Rac1 and mTORC2 pathways, are the principal regulators of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-related functions in all eukaryotic cells, including the immune cells. As such, they also regulate the phenotypes and functions of macrophages in the immune response and beyond. Here, we review the results of our and other’s studies on the role of the actin and RhoA pathway in shaping the macrophage functions in general and macrophage immune response during the development of chronic (long term) rejection of allografts in the rodent cardiac transplantation model. We focus on the importance of timing of the macrophage functions in chronic rejection and how the circadian rhythm may affect the anti-chronic rejection therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kloc
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Genetics, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ahmed Uosef
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Martha Villagran
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.V.); (J.W.)
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Robert Zdanowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine (WIM), 04-141 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Z. Kubiak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology (WIHE), 01-163 Warsaw, Poland;
- Cell Cycle Group, CNRS, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University of Rennes, UMR, 6290 Rennes, France
| | - Jarek Wosik
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; (M.V.); (J.W.)
- Texas Center for Superconductivity, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Rafik M. Ghobrial
- The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (A.U.); (R.M.G.)
- Department of Surgery, The Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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22
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Naydenov NG, Koblinski JE, Ivanov AI. Anillin is an emerging regulator of tumorigenesis, acting as a cortical cytoskeletal scaffold and a nuclear modulator of cancer cell differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:621-633. [PMID: 32880660 PMCID: PMC11072349 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of the intracellular cytoskeleton plays a key role in accelerating tumor growth and metastasis. Targeting different cytoskeletal elements is important for existing and future anticancer therapies. Anillin is a unique scaffolding protein that interacts with major cytoskeletal structures, e.g., actin filaments, microtubules and septin polymers. A well-studied function of this scaffolding protein is the regulation of cytokinesis at the completion of cell division. Emerging evidence suggest that anillin has other important activities in non-dividing cells, including control of intercellular adhesions and cell motility. Anillin is markedly overexpressed in different solid cancers and its high expression is commonly associated with poor prognosis of patient survival. This review article summarizes rapidly accumulating evidence that implicates anillin in the regulation of tumor growth and metastasis. We focus on molecular and cellular mechanisms of anillin-dependent tumorigenesis that include both canonical control of cytokinesis and novel poorly understood functions as a nuclear regulator of the transcriptional reprogramming and phenotypic plasticity of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NC22, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NC22, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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23
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Xie X, Mahmood SR, Gjorgjieva T, Percipalle P. Emerging roles of cytoskeletal proteins in regulating gene expression and genome organization during differentiation. Nucleus 2020; 11:53-65. [PMID: 32212905 PMCID: PMC7289583 DOI: 10.1080/19491034.2020.1742066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the eukaryotic cell nucleus, cytoskeletal proteins are emerging as essential players in nuclear function. In particular, actin regulates chromatin as part of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes, it modulates transcription and it is incorporated into nascent ribonucleoprotein complexes, accompanying them from the site of transcription to polyribosomes. The nuclear actin pool is undistinguishable from the cytoplasmic one in terms of its ability to undergo polymerization and it has also been implicated in the dynamics of chromatin, regulating heterochromatin segregation at the nuclear lamina and maintaining heterochromatin levels in the nuclear interiors. One of the next frontiers is, therefore, to determine a possible involvement of nuclear actin in the functional architecture of the cell nucleus by regulating the hierarchical organization of chromatin and, thus, genome organization. Here, we discuss the repertoire of these potential actin functions and how they are likely to play a role in the context of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Raza Mahmood
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamara Gjorgjieva
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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24
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Wang Z, Weng Y, Ishihara Y, Odagaki N, Ei Hsu Hlaing E, Izawa T, Okamura H, Kamioka H. Loading history changes the morphology and compressive force-induced expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin in MLO-Y4 osteocytes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10244. [PMID: 33240612 PMCID: PMC7659647 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we investigated the effect of the mechanical loading history on the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells. METHODS Three hours after MLO-Y4 osteocytes were seeded, a continuous compressive force (CCF) of 31 dynes/cm2 with or without additional CCF (32 dynes/cm2) was loaded onto the osteocytes. After 36 h, the additional CCF (loading history) was removed for a recovery period of 10 h. The expression of RANKL, OPG, RANKL/OPG ratio, cell numbers, viability and morphology were time-dependently examined at 0, 3, 6 and 10 h. Then, the same additional CCF was applied again for 1 h to all osteocytes with or without the gap junction inhibitor to examine the expression of RANKL, OPG, the RANKL/OPG ratio and other genes that essential to characterize the phenotype of MLO-Y4 cells. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching technique was also applied to test the differences of gap-junctional intercellular communications (GJIC) among MLO-Y4 cells. RESULTS The expression of RANKL and OPG by MLO-Y4 osteocytes without a loading history was dramatically decreased and increased, respectively, in response to the 1-h loading of additional weight. However, the expression of RANKL, OPG and the RANKL/OPG ratio were maintained at the same level as in the control group in the MLO-Y4 osteocytes with a loading history but without gap junction inhibitor treatment. Treatment of loading history significantly changed the capacity of GJIC and protein expression of connexin 43 (Cx43) but not the mRNA expression of Cx43. No significant difference was observed in the cell number or viability between the MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells with and without a loading history or among different time checkpoints during the recovery period. The cell morphology showed significant changes and was correlated with the expression of OPG, Gja1 and Dmp1 during the recovery period. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated that the compressive force-induced changes in the RANKL/OPG expression could be habituated within at least 11 h by 36-h CCF exposure. GJIC and cell morphology may play roles in response to loading history in MLO-Y4 osteocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yao Weng
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Ishihara
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoya Odagaki
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ei Ei Hsu Hlaing
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Izawa
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Okamura
- Department of Oral Morphology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamioka
- Department of Orthodontics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Lechuga S, Naydenov NG, Feygin A, Cruise M, Ervasti JM, Ivanov AI. Loss of β-Cytoplasmic Actin in the Intestinal Epithelium Increases Gut Barrier Permeability in vivo and Exaggerates the Severity of Experimental Colitis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588836. [PMID: 33195251 PMCID: PMC7644907 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial barrier is critical for the maintenance of normal gut homeostasis and disruption of this barrier may trigger or exaggerate mucosal inflammation. The actin cytoskeleton is a key regulator of barrier structure and function, controlling the assembly and permeability of epithelial adherens and tight junctions. Epithelial cells express two actin isoforms: a β-cytoplasmic actin and γ-cytoplasmic actin. Our previous in vitro studies demonstrated that these actin isoforms play distinctive roles in establishing the intestinal epithelial barrier, by controlling the organization of different junctional complexes. It remains unknown, whether β-actin and γ-actin have unique or redundant functions in regulating the gut barrier in vivo. To address this question, we selectively knocked out β-actin expression in mouse intestinal epithelium. Mice with intestinal epithelial knockout of β-actin do not display gastrointestinal abnormalities or gross alterations of colonic mucosal architecture. This could be due to compensatory upregulation of γ-actin expression. Despite such compensation, β-actin knockout mice demonstrate increased intestinal permeability. Furthermore, these animals show more severe clinical symptoms during dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis, compared to control littermates. Such exaggerated colitis is associated with the higher expression of inflammatory cytokines, increased macrophage infiltration in the gut, and accelerated mucosal cell death. Consistently, intestinal organoids generated from β-actin knockout mice are more sensitive to tumor necrosis factor induced cell death, ex vivo. Overall, our data suggests that β-actin functions as an essential regulator of gut barrier integrity in vivo, and plays a tissue protective role during mucosal injury and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Nayden G Naydenov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Feygin
- School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michael Cruise
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - James M Ervasti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Corvaisier M, Alvarado-Kristensson M. Non-Canonical Functions of the Gamma-Tubulin Meshwork in the Regulation of the Nuclear Architecture. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113102. [PMID: 33114224 PMCID: PMC7690915 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The appearance of a cell is connected to its function. For example, the fusiform of smooth muscle cells is adapted to facilitate muscle contraction, the lobed nucleus in white blood cells assists with the migratory behavior of these immune cells, and the condensed nucleus in sperm aids in their swimming efficiency. Thus, changes in appearance have been used for decades by doctors as a diagnostic method for human cancers. Here, we summarize our knowledge of how a cell maintains the shape of the nuclear compartment. Specifically, we discuss the role of a novel protein meshwork, the gamma-tubulin meshwork, in the regulation of nuclear morphology and as a therapeutic target against cancer. Abstract The nuclear architecture describes the organization of the various compartments in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, where a plethora of processes such as nucleocytoplasmic transport, gene expression, and assembly of ribosomal subunits occur in a dynamic manner. During the different phases of the cell cycle, in post-mitotic cells and after oncogenic transformation, rearrangements of the nuclear architecture take place, and, among other things, these alterations result in reorganization of the chromatin and changes in gene expression. A member of the tubulin family, γtubulin, was first identified as part of a multiprotein complex that allows nucleation of microtubules. However, more than a decade ago, γtubulin was also characterized as a nuclear protein that modulates several crucial processes that affect the architecture of the nucleus. This review presents the latest knowledge regarding changes that arise in the nuclear architecture of healthy cells and under pathological conditions and, more specifically, considers the particular involvement of γtubulin in the modulation of the biology of the nuclear compartment.
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Zambon P, Palani S, Jadhav SS, Gayathri P, Balasubramanian MK. Genetic suppression of defective profilin by attenuated Myosin II reveals a potential role for Myosin II in actin dynamics in vivo in fission yeast. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2107-2114. [PMID: 32614646 PMCID: PMC7530902 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-04-0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a variety of roles in eukaryotic cell physiology, ranging from cell polarity and migration to cytokinesis. Key to the function of the actin cytoskeleton is the mechanisms that control its assembly, stability, and turnover. Through genetic analyses in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, we found that myo2-S1 (myo2-G515D), a Myosin II mutant allele, was capable of rescuing lethality caused by partial defects in actin nucleation/stability caused, for example, through compromised function of the actin-binding protein Cdc3-profilin. The mutation in myo2-S1 affects the activation loop of Myosin II, which is involved in physical interaction with subdomain 1 of actin and in stimulating the ATPase activity of Myosin. Consistently, actomyosin rings in myo2-S1 cell ghosts were unstable and severely compromised in contraction on ATP addition. These studies strongly suggest a role for Myo2 in actin cytoskeletal disassembly and turnover in vivo, and that compromise of this activity leads to genetic suppression of mutants defective in actin filament assembly/stability at the division site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Zambon
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Saravanan Palani
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Shekhar Sanjay Jadhav
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Pananghat Gayathri
- Biology Division, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Glaría E, Letelier NA, Valledor AF. Integrating the roles of liver X receptors in inflammation and infection: mechanisms and outcomes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2020; 53:55-65. [PMID: 32599447 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcription factors from the nuclear receptor family that can be pharmacologically activated by high-affinity agonists. LXR activation exerts a combination of metabolic and anti-inflammatory actions that result in the modulation of immune responses and in the amelioration of inflammatory disorders. In addition, LXR agonists modulate the metabolism of infected cells and limit the infectivity and/or growth of several pathogens. This review gives an overview of the recent advances in understanding the complexity of the mechanisms through which the LXR pathway controls inflammation and host-cell pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estibaliz Glaría
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicole A Letelier
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annabel F Valledor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Lai WF, Wong WT. Roles of the actin cytoskeleton in aging and age-associated diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 58:101021. [PMID: 31968269 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the cytoskeleton is essential to diverse cellular processes such as phagocytosis and intracellular trafficking. Disruption of the organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton leads to age-associated symptoms and diseases, ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration. In addition, changes in the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton disrupt the functioning of not only somatic and stem cells but also gametes, resulting in aberrant embryonic development. Strategies to preserve the integrity and dynamics of the cytoskeleton are, therefore, potentially therapeutic to age-related disorders. The objective of this article is to revisit the current understanding of the roles played by the actin cytoskeleton in aging, and to review the opportunities and challenges for the transition of basic research into intervention development. It is hoped that, with the snapshot of evidence regarding changes in actin dynamics with advanced age, insights into future research directions can be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Fu Lai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University, PR China; School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, PR China; Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China.
| | - Wing-Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, PR China
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Zhu S, Paydar M, Wang F, Li Y, Wang L, Barrette B, Bessho T, Kwok BH, Peng A. Kinesin Kif2C in regulation of DNA double strand break dynamics and repair. eLife 2020; 9:53402. [PMID: 31951198 PMCID: PMC7012618 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) have detrimental effects on cell survival and genomic stability, and are related to cancer and other human diseases. In this study, we identified microtubule-depolymerizing kinesin Kif2C as a protein associated with DSB-mimicking DNA templates and known DSB repair proteins in Xenopus egg extracts and mammalian cells. The recruitment of Kif2C to DNA damage sites was dependent on both PARP and ATM activities. Kif2C knockdown or knockout led to accumulation of endogenous DNA damage, DNA damage hypersensitivity, and reduced DSB repair via both NHEJ and HR. Interestingly, Kif2C depletion, or inhibition of its microtubule depolymerase activity, reduced the mobility of DSBs, impaired the formation of DNA damage foci, and decreased the occurrence of foci fusion and resolution. Taken together, our study established Kif2C as a new player of the DNA damage response, and presented a new mechanism that governs DSB dynamics and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songli Zhu
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States
| | - Mohammadjavad Paydar
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanqiu Li
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States
| | - Benoit Barrette
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Tadayoshi Bessho
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States
| | - Benjamin H Kwok
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Aimin Peng
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, United States
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Anillin regulates breast cancer cell migration, growth, and metastasis by non-canonical mechanisms involving control of cell stemness and differentiation. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:3. [PMID: 31910867 PMCID: PMC6947866 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-019-1241-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer metastasis is driven by a profound remodeling of the cytoskeleton that enables efficient cell migration and invasion. Anillin is a unique scaffolding protein regulating major cytoskeletal structures, such as actin filaments, microtubules, and septin polymers. It is markedly overexpressed in breast cancer, and high anillin expression is associated with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of anillin in breast cancer cell migration, growth, and metastasis. Methods CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to deplete anillin in highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 and BT549 cells and to overexpress it in poorly invasive MCF10AneoT cells. The effects of anillin depletion and overexpression on breast cancer cell motility in vitro were examined by wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays. Assembly of the actin cytoskeleton and matrix adhesion were evaluated by immunofluorescence labeling and confocal microscopy. In vitro tumor development was monitored by soft agar growth assays, whereas cancer stem cells were examined using a mammosphere formation assay and flow cytometry. The effects of anillin knockout on tumor growth and metastasis in vivo were determined by injecting control and anillin-depleted breast cancer cells into NSG mice. Results Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies demonstrated that anillin is necessary and sufficient to accelerate migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells in vitro. Furthermore, loss of anillin markedly attenuated primary tumor growth and metastasis of breast cancer in vivo. In breast cancer cells, anillin was localized in the nucleus; however, knockout of this protein affected the cytoplasmic/cortical events, e.g., the organization of actin cytoskeleton and cell-matrix adhesions. Furthermore, we observed a global transcriptional reprogramming of anillin-depleted breast cancer cells that resulted in suppression of their stemness and induction of the mesenchymal to epithelial trans-differentiation. Such trans-differentiation was manifested by the upregulation of basal keratins along with the increased expression of E-cadherin and P-cadherin. Knockdown of E-cadherin restored the impaired migration and invasion of anillin-deficient breast cancer cells. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that anillin plays essential roles in promoting breast cancer growth and metastatic dissemination in vitro and in vivo and unravels novel functions of anillin in regulating breast cancer stemness and differentiation.
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Fan YL, Zhao HC, Li B, Zhao ZL, Feng XQ. Mechanical Roles of F-Actin in the Differentiation of Stem Cells: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:3788-3801. [PMID: 33438419 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the development and differentiation of stem cells, mechanical forces associated with filamentous actin (F-actin) play a crucial role. The present review aims to reveal the relationship among the chemical components, microscopic structures, mechanical properties, and biological functions of F-actin. Particular attention is given to the functions of the cytoplasmic and nuclear microfilament cytoskeleton and their regulation mechanisms in the differentiation of stem cells. The distributions of different types of actin monomers in mammal cells and the functions of actin-binding proteins are summarized. We discuss how the fate of stem cells is regulated by intra/extracellular mechanical and chemical cues associated with microfilament-related proteins, intercellular adhesion molecules, etc. In addition, we also address the differentiation-induced variation in the stiffness of stem cells and the correlation between the fate and geometric shape change of stem cells. This review not only deepens our understanding of the biophysical mechanisms underlying the fates of stem cells under different culture conditions but also provides inspirations for the tissue engineering of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lei Fan
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hu-Cheng Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zi-Long Zhao
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Baculovirus IE2 Interacts with Viral DNA through Daxx To Generate an Organized Nuclear Body Structure for Gene Activation in Vero Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00149-19. [PMID: 30728268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00149-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon virus infection of a cell, the uncoated DNA is usually blocked by the host intrinsic immune system inside the nucleus. Although it is crucial for the virus to counteract the host intrinsic immune system and access its genome, little is known about how viruses can knock down host restriction and identify their blocked genomes for later viral gene activation and replication. We found that upon baculovirus transduction into Vero E6 cells, the invading viral DNA is trapped by the cellular death domain-associated protein (Daxx) and histone H3.3 in the nucleus, resulting in gene inactivation. IE2, a baculovirus transactivator, targets host Daxx through IE2 SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs) to indirectly access viral DNA and forms unique nuclear body structures, which we term clathrate cage-like apparatus (CCLAs), at the early transduction stage. At the later transduction stage, CCLAs gradually enlarge, and IE2 continues to closely interact with viral DNA but no longer associates with Daxx. The association with Daxx is essential for IE2 CCLA formation, and the enlarged CCLAs are capable of transactivating viral but not chromosomal DNA of Vero E6 cells. Our study reveals that baculovirus IE2 counteracts the cellular intrinsic immune system by specifically targeting Daxx and H3.3 to associate with viral DNA indirectly and efficiently. IE2 then utilizes this association with viral DNA to establish a unique CCLA cellular nanomachinery, which is visible under light microscopy as an enclosed environment for proper viral gene expression.IMPORTANCE The major breakthrough of this work is that viral protein IE2 localizes and transactivates its own viral DNA through a most unlikely route, i.e., host proteins Daxx and H3.3, which are designed to efficiently restrict viral DNA from expression. By interacting with these host intrinsic immune factors, IE2 can thus target the viral DNA and then form a unique spherical nuclear body, which we name the CCLA, to enclose the viral DNA and necessary factors to assist in high-level transactivation. Our study represents one of the most complete investigations of nuclear body formation. In addition, so far only RNA or protein molecules have been reported as potential nucleators for initiating nuclear body formation; our study may represent the first example showing that DNA can be a nucleator for a new class of nuclear body formation.
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Shakyawar DK, Muralikrishna B, Radha V. C3G dynamically associates with nuclear speckles and regulates mRNA splicing. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 29:1111-1124. [PMID: 29496966 PMCID: PMC5921577 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-07-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first example of a Ras family GTPase and its exchange factor C3G localizing to nuclear speckles and regulating mRNA splicing is presented. C3G (Crk SH3 domain binding guanine nucleotide releasing factor) (Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1), essential for mammalian embryonic development, is ubiquitously expressed and undergoes regulated nucleocytoplasmic exchange. Here we show that C3G localizes to SC35-positive nuclear speckles and regulates splicing activity. Reversible association of C3G with speckles was seen on inhibition of transcription and splicing. C3G shows partial colocalization with SC35 and is recruited to a chromatin and RNase-sensitive fraction of speckles. Its presence in speckles is dependent on intact cellular actin cytoskeleton and is lost on expression of the kinase Clk1. Rap1, a substrate of C3G, is also present in nuclear speckles, and inactivation of Rap signaling by expression of GFP-Rap1GAP alters speckle morphology and number. Enhanced association of C3G with speckles is seen on glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibition or differentiation of C2C12 cells to myotubes. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockdown of C3G resulted in altered splicing activity of an artificial gene as well as endogenous CD44. C3G knockout clones of C2C12 as well as MDA-MB-231 cells showed reduced protein levels of several splicing factors compared with control cells. Our results identify C3G and Rap1 as novel components of nuclear speckles and a role for C3G in regulating cellular RNA splicing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vegesna Radha
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Williams HC, Ma J, Weiss D, Lassègue B, Sutliff R, Martín AS. The cofilin phosphatase slingshot homolog 1 restrains angiotensin II-induced vascular hypertrophy and fibrosis in vivo. J Transl Med 2019; 99:399-410. [PMID: 30291325 PMCID: PMC6442944 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0116-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual specificity phosphatase slingshot homolog 1 (SSH1) contributes to actin remodeling by dephosphorylating and activating the actin-severing protein cofilin. The reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in chronic hypertension and the subsequent mechano-adaptive rearrangement of vessel wall components. Therefore, using a novel Ssh1-/- mouse model, we investigated the potential role of SSH1 in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension, and vascular remodeling. We found that loss of SSH1 did not produce overt phenotypic changes and that baseline blood pressures as well as heart rates were comparable between Ssh1+/+ and Ssh1-/- mice. Although 14 days of Ang II treatment equally increased systolic blood pressure in both genotypes, histological assessment of aortic samples indicated that medial thickening was exacerbated by the loss of SSH1. Consequently, reverse-transcription quantitative PCR analysis of the transcripts from Ang II-infused animals confirmed increased aortic expression levels of fibronectin, and osteopontin in Ssh1-/- when compared to wild-type mice. Mechanistically, our data suggest that fibrosis in SSH1-deficient mice occurs by a process that involves aberrant responses to Ang II-induced TGFβ1. Taken together, our work indicates that Ang II-dependent fibrotic gene expression and vascular remodeling, but not the Ang II-induced pressor response, are modulated by SSH1-mediated signaling pathways and SSH1 activity is protective against Ang II-induced remodeling in the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly C. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Daiana Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Bernard Lassègue
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Roy Sutliff
- Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alejandra San Martín
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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Kassianidou E, Kalita J, Lim RYH. The role of nucleocytoplasmic transport in mechanotransduction. Exp Cell Res 2019; 377:86-93. [PMID: 30768931 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cells integrate mechanical and biochemical signals via a process called mechanotransduction to generate essential gene expression patterns in space and time. This is vital for cell migration and proliferation as well as tissue morphogenesis and remodeling. While the force-sensing and force-transducing mechanisms are generally known, it remains unclear how mechanoresponsive transcription factors (TFs) are selectively translocated into the nucleus upon force activation. Such TFs include Yes-Associated Protein (YAP), Myocardin Related Transcription Factors (MRTFs), Hypoxia Induced Factors (HIFs) and others. Here, we discuss how the nucleocytoplasmic transport machinery intersects with mechanoresponsive TFs to facilitate their selective transport through nuclear pore complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kassianidou
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Kalita
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roderick Y H Lim
- Biozentrum and the Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Maternal factors stored in eggs and oocytes are necessary for reprogramming sperm for embryonic development. This reprogramming activity of maternal factors also works towards somatic cells, including terminally differentiated cells. Several different experimental systems utilizing egg and oocyte materials have been applied to study nuclear reprogramming by maternal factors. Among these systems, the most widely used is the transfer of a somatic cell nucleus to an oocyte arrested at the metaphase II stage, leading to the production of a cloned animal. Nuclear transfer to an unfertilized oocyte thus provides a unique opportunity to examine reprogramming processes involved in acquiring totipotency. Other experimental systems are also available to study maternal reprogramming, such as nuclear transfer to Xenopus laevis oocytes at the germinal vesicle stage, treatment with extracts obtained from eggs or oocytes, and induced pluripotency with overexpressed maternal factors. Each system can be used for answering different types of scientific questions. This review describes currently available reprogramming systems using egg and oocyte materials and discusses how we can deepen our understanding of reprogramming mechanisms by taking advantage of these various experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Miyamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan
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38
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Fernández-Calleja V, Fernández-Nestosa MJ, Hernández P, Schvartzman JB, Krimer DB. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome locus causes actin cytoskeleton disorganization in murine erythroleukemia cells. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6284. [PMID: 30671311 PMCID: PMC6339507 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a recessive X-linked inmmunodeficiency caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the WAS protein (WASp). WASp plays an important role in the polymerization of the actin cytoskeleton in hematopoietic cells through activation of the Arp2/3 complex. In a previous study, we found that actin cytoskeleton proteins, including WASp, were silenced in murine erythroleukemia cells defective in differentiation. Here, we designed a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy to delete a 9.5-kb genomic region encompassing the Was gene in the X chromosome of murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. We show that Was-deficient MEL cells have a poor organization of the actin cytoskeleton that can be recovered by restoring Was expression. We found that whereas the total amount of actin protein was similar between wild-type and Was knockout MEL cells, the latter exhibited an altered ratio of monomeric G-actin to polymeric F-actin. We also demonstrate that Was overexpression can mediate the activation of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase. Overall, these findings support the role of WASp as a key regulator of F-actin in erythroid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Fernández-Calleja
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Hernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge B Schvartzman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dora B Krimer
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Kerdivel G, Blugeon C, Fund C, Rigolet M, Sachs LM, Buisine N. Opposite T 3 Response of ACTG1-FOS Subnetwork Differentiate Tailfin Fate in Xenopus Tadpole and Post-hatching Axolotl. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:194. [PMID: 31001200 PMCID: PMC6454024 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibian post-embryonic development and Thyroid Hormones (TH) signaling are deeply and intimately connected. In anuran amphibians, TH induce the spectacular and complex process known as metamorphosis. In paedomorphic salamanders, at similar development time, raising levels of TH fail to induce proper metamorphosis, as many "larval" tissues (e.g., gills, tailfin) are maintained. Why does the same evolutionary conserved signaling pathway leads to alternative phenotypes? We used a combination of developmental endocrinology, functional genomics and network biology to compare the transcriptional response of tailfin to TH, in the post-hatching paedormorphic Axolotl salamander and Xenopus tadpoles. We also provide a technological framework that efficiently reduces large lists of regulated genes down to a few genes of interest, which is well-suited to dissect endocrine regulations. We first show that Axolotl tailfin undergoes a strong and robust TH-dependent transcriptional response at post embryonic transition, despite the lack of visible anatomical changes. We next show that Fos and Actg1, which structure a single and dense subnetwork of cellular sensors and regulators, display opposite regulation between the two species. We finally show that TH treatments and natural variations of TH levels follow similar transcriptional dynamics. We suggest that, at the molecular level, tailfin fate correlates with the alternative transcriptional states of an fos-actg1 sub-network, which also includes transcription factors and regulators of cell fate. We propose that this subnetwork is one of the molecular switches governing the initiation of distinct TH responses, with transcriptional programs conducting alternative tailfin fate (maintenance vs. resorption) 2 weeks post-hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenneg Kerdivel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7221, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Blugeon
- Genomic Facility, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Fund
- Genomic Facility, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Muriel Rigolet
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7221, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Laurent M. Sachs
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7221, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Laurent M. Sachs
| | - Nicolas Buisine
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7221, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Alliance Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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40
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β-actin regulates a heterochromatin landscape essential for optimal induction of neuronal programs during direct reprograming. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007846. [PMID: 30557298 PMCID: PMC6312353 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development, β-actin serves an important role in growth cone mediated axon guidance. Consistent with this notion, in vivo ablation of the β-actin gene leads to abnormalities in the nervous system. However, whether β-actin is involved in the regulation of neuronal gene programs is not known. In this study, we directly reprogramed β-actin+/+ WT, β-actin+/- HET and β-actin-/- KO mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) into chemically induced neurons (CiNeurons). Using RNA-seq analysis, we profiled the transcriptome changes among the CiNeurons. We discovered that induction of neuronal gene programs was impaired in KO CiNeurons in comparison to WT ones, whereas HET CiNeurons showed an intermediate levels of induction. ChIP-seq analysis of heterochromatin markers demonstrated that the impaired expression of neuronal gene programs correlated with the elevated H3K9 and H3K27 methylation levels at gene loci in β-actin deficient MEFs, which is linked to the loss of chromatin association of the BAF complex ATPase subunit Brg1. Together, our study shows that heterochromatin alteration in β-actin null MEFs impedes the induction of neuronal gene programs during direct reprograming. These findings are in line with the notion that H3K9Me3-based heterochromatin forms a major epigenetic barrier during cell fate change. Although β-actin plays an important role in growth cone mediated axon guidance in neurons, the potential role of β-actin in controlling neuron differentiation remains unknown. Here, we converted β-actin+/+ WT, β-actin+/- HET and β-actin-/- KO mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) into chemically induced neurons (CiNeurons) by direct reprograming. We found that the up-regulation of neuronal programs was impaired in β-actin-/- CiNeurons in comparison to WT ones. β-actin+/- HET CiNeurons showed an intermediate level of neuronal program expression, suggesting that β-actin dosage plays an important role during direct neuronal reprograming. Importantly, the impaired up-regulation of neuron-related genes was associated with the elevated H3K9 and H3K27 methylation levels at gene loci in KO MEFs. These epigenetic changes were accompanied by the impaired chromatin association of Brg1-containing chromatin remodeling BAF complex in β-actin null cells. Together our study demonstrates that β-actin is required for the optimal induction of neuronal gene programs during direct reprograming by presetting a favorable chromatin status.
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Rodriguez A, Kashina A. Posttranscriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of Actin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1991-1998. [PMID: 30312009 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant intracellular proteins, essential in every eukaryotic cell type. Actin plays key roles in tissue morphogenesis, cell adhesion, muscle contraction, and developmental reprogramming. Most actin studies have focused on its regulation at the protein level, either directly or through differential interactions with over a hundred intracellular binding partners. However, numerous studies emerging in recent years demonstrate specific types of nucleotide-level regulation that strongly affect non-muscle actins during cell migration and adhesion and are potentially applicable to other members of the actin family. This regulation involves zipcode-mediated actin mRNA targeting to the cell periphery, proposed to mediate local synthesis of actin at the cell leading edge, as well as the recently discovered N-terminal arginylation that specifically targets non-muscle β-actin via a nucleotide-dependent mechanism. Moreover, a study published this year suggests that actin's essential roles at the organismal level may be entirely nucleotide-dependent. This review summarizes the emerging data on actin's nucleotide-level regulation. Anat Rec, 301:1991-1998, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Rodriguez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Anna Kashina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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42
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An actin-based nucleoskeleton involved in gene regulation and genome organization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:378-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Dubé KN, Smart N. Thymosin β4 and the vasculature: multiple roles in development, repair and protection against disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:131-139. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1459558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karina N. Dubé
- BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola Smart
- BHF Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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44
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Nakatani N, Sakuta H, Hayashi M, Tanaka S, Takiguchi K, Tsumoto K, Yoshikawa K. Specific Spatial Localization of Actin and DNA in a Water/Water Microdroplet: Self-Emergence of a Cell-Like Structure. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1370-1374. [PMID: 29676062 PMCID: PMC6055874 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of binary hydrophilic polymers on a pair of representative bio-macromolecules in a living cell has been examined. The results showed that these bio-macromolecules exhibited specific localization in cell-sized droplets that were spontaneously formed through water/water microphase segregation under crowding conditions with coexisting polymers. In these experiments, a simple binary polymer system with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran (DEX) was used. Under the conditions of microphase segregation, DNA was entrapped within cell-sized droplets rich in DEX. Similarly, F-actin, linearly polymerized actin, was entrapped specifically within microdroplets rich in DEX, whereas G-actin, a monomeric actin, was distributed evenly inside and outside these droplets. This study has been extended to a system with both F-actin and DNA, and it was found that DNA molecules were localized separately from aligned F-actin proteins to create microdomains inside microdroplets, reflecting the self-emergence of a cellular morphology similar to a stage of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakatani
- Graduate School of Life and Medical SciencesDoshisha UniversityTataramiyakodani 1–3KyotanabeKyoto610-0394Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakuta
- Graduate School of Life and Medical SciencesDoshisha UniversityTataramiyakodani 1–3KyotanabeKyoto610-0394Japan
| | - Masahito Hayashi
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro-choChikusa-kuNagoya, Aichi464-8602Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular BiophysicsRIKENCenter for Brain ScienceHirosawa 2–1WakoSaitama351-0198Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tanaka
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro-choChikusa-kuNagoya, Aichi464-8602Japan
| | - Kingo Takiguchi
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya UniversityFuro-choChikusa-kuNagoya, Aichi464-8602Japan
| | - Kanta Tsumoto
- Division of Chemistry for MaterialsGraduate School of EngineeringMie UniversityKurimamachiya-cho 1577TsuMie514-8507Japan
| | - Kenichi Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Life and Medical SciencesDoshisha UniversityTataramiyakodani 1–3KyotanabeKyoto610-0394Japan
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45
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Hatano T, Alioto S, Roscioli E, Palani S, Clarke ST, Kamnev A, Hernandez-Fernaud JR, Sivashanmugam L, Chapa-Y-Lazo B, Jones AME, Robinson RC, Sampath K, Mishima M, McAinsh AD, Goode BL, Balasubramanian MK. Rapid production of pure recombinant actin isoforms in Pichia pastoris. J Cell Sci 2018. [PMID: 29535210 PMCID: PMC5976186 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.213827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Actins are major eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins, and they are involved in many important cell functions, including cell division, cell polarity, wound healing and muscle contraction. Despite obvious drawbacks, muscle actin, which is easily purified, is used extensively for biochemical studies of the non-muscle actin cytoskeleton. Here, we report a rapid and cost-effective method to purify heterologous actins expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Actin is expressed as a fusion with the actin-binding protein thymosin β4 and purified by means of an affinity tag introduced in the fusion. Following cleavage of thymosin β4 and the affinity tag, highly purified functional full-length actin is liberated. We purify actins from Saccharomycescerevisiae and Schizosaccharomycespombe, and the β- and γ-isoforms of human actin. We also report a modification of the method that facilitates expression and purification of arginylated actin, a form of actin thought to regulate dendritic actin networks in mammalian cells. The methods we describe can be performed in all laboratories equipped for molecular biology, and should greatly facilitate biochemical and cell biological studies of the actin cytoskeleton. Summary:Here, we describe a method to purify recombinant actin to homogeneity by expression in Pichia pastoris. The purified actin is polymerisation competent and should facilitate biochemical and cell biological studies of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Hatano
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Salvatore Alioto
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Emanuele Roscioli
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Saravanan Palani
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Scott T Clarke
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anton Kamnev
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Lavanya Sivashanmugam
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Bernardo Chapa-Y-Lazo
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Robert C Robinson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), Singapore 138673, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore.,Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Karuna Sampath
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Masanori Mishima
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Bruce L Goode
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology and Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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46
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Javan GT, Salhotra A, Finley SJ, Soni S. Erythroblast macrophage protein (Emp): Past, present, and future. Eur J Haematol 2017; 100:3-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gulnaz T. Javan
- Physical Sciences Department Forensic Science Program Alabama State University Montgomery AL USA
| | | | - Sheree J. Finley
- Physical Sciences Department Alabama State University Montgomery AL USA
| | - Shivani Soni
- Department of Biological Sciences California State University Fullerton CA USA
- Department of Biological Science Schmid College of Science and Technology Chapman University Irvine CA USA
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47
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Dou D, Zhao H, Li Z, Xu L, Xiong X, Wu X, Sun Y, Zeng S, Ouyang Q, Zhou D, Ma N, Lin G, Hu L. CHD1L Promotes Neuronal Differentiation in Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Upregulating PAX6. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:1626-1636. [PMID: 28946814 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 1-like gene (CHD1L) was initially isolated as a candidate oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma, and it has been associated with many malignancies. Knockdown of Chd1l in zygote-stage mouse embryos resulted in developmental arrest, suggesting that Chd1l is required for mouse early development. However, the exact role of CHD1L in development, especially in humans, has not been reported. In this study, we found that overexpression of CHD1L in human embryonic cells (hESCs) upregulated the expression of ectoderm genes, especially PAX6. Furthermore, ectopic expression of CHD1L promoted hESCs to differentiate into neuroepithelium both in embryoid bodies and in directed neuronal differentiation. Knockdown of CHD1L significantly impaired neuroepithelial differentiation of hESCs. Interestingly, Chd1l colocalized with a PAX6-positive cell population and was highly expressed in the ventricular (germinal) zone of fetal mice. Taken together, these data suggest that CHD1L promotes neuronal differentiation of hESCs and may play an important role in nervous system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Dou
- 1 Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- 1 Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Zili Li
- 2 National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China
| | - Liping Xu
- 3 Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifeng Xiong
- 3 Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingwu Wu
- 1 Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China
| | - Yi Sun
- 1 Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China .,2 National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China .,4 Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health , Changsha, China .,5 Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya , Changsha, China
| | - Sicong Zeng
- 1 Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China .,2 National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China .,4 Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health , Changsha, China .,5 Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya , Changsha, China
| | - Qi Ouyang
- 1 Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China .,2 National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China .,4 Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health , Changsha, China
| | - Di Zhou
- 1 Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China .,2 National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China .,4 Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health , Changsha, China .,5 Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya , Changsha, China
| | - Ningfang Ma
- 3 Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge Lin
- 1 Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China .,2 National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China .,4 Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health , Changsha, China .,5 Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya , Changsha, China
| | - Liang Hu
- 1 Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University , Changsha, China .,2 National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells , Changsha, China .,4 Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering, Ministry of Health , Changsha, China .,5 Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya , Changsha, China
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