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Toma GA, Dos Santos N, Dos Santos R, Rab P, Kretschmer R, Ezaz T, Bertollo LAC, Liehr T, Porto-Foresti F, Hatanaka T, Tanomtong A, Utsunomia R, Cioffi MB. Cytogenetics Meets Genomics: Cytotaxonomy and Genomic Relationships among Color Variants of the Asian Arowana Scleropages formosus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109005. [PMID: 37240350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Scleropages formosus (Osteoglossiformes, Teleostei) represents one of the most valued ornamental fishes, yet it is critically endangered due to overexploitation and habitat destruction. This species encompasses three major color groups that naturally occur in allopatric populations, but the evolutionary and taxonomic relationships of S. formosus color varieties remain uncertain. Here, we utilized a range of molecular cytogenetic techniques to characterize the karyotypes of five S. formosus color phenotypes, which correspond to naturally occurring variants: the red ones (Super Red); the golden ones (Golden Crossback and Highback Golden); the green ones (Asian Green and Yellow Tail Silver). Additionally, we describe the satellitome of S. formosus (Highback Golden) by applying a high-throughput sequencing technology. All color phenotypes possessed the same karyotype structure 2n = 50 (8m/sm + 42st/a) and distribution of SatDNAs, but different chromosomal locations of rDNAs, which were involved in a chromosome size polymorphism. Our results show indications of population genetic structure and microstructure differences in karyotypes of the color phenotypes. However, the findings do not clearly back up the hypothesis that there are discrete lineages or evolutionary units among the color phenotypes of S. formosus, but another case of interspecific chromosome stasis cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Toma
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Petr Rab
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Kretschmer
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Tariq Ezaz
- Institute for Aplied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra 2617, Australia
| | - Luiz A C Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Muang, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Marcelo B Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
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2
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Marajó L, Viana PF, Ferreira AMV, Py-Daniel LHR, Cioffi MDB, Sember A, Feldberg E. Chromosomal rearrangements and the first indication of an ♀X 1 X 1 X 2 X 2 /♂X 1 X 2 Y sex chromosome system in Rineloricaria fishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 102:443-454. [PMID: 36427042 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Rineloricaria is the most diverse genus within the freshwater fish subfamily Loricariinae, and it is widely distributed in the Neotropical region. Despite limited cytogenetic data, records from southern and south-eastern Brazil suggest a high rate of chromosomal rearrangements in this genus, mirrored in remarkable inter- and intraspecific karyotype variability. In the present work, we investigated the karyotype features of Rineloricaria teffeana, an endemic representative from northern Brazil, using both conventional and molecular cytogenetic techniques. We revealed different diploid chromosome numbers (2n) between sexes (33♂/34♀), which suggests the presence of an ♀X1 X1 X2 X2 /♂X1 X2 Y multiple sex chromosome system. The male-limited Y chromosome was the largest and the only biarmed element in the karyotype, implying Y-autosome fusion as the most probable mechanism behind its origination. C-banding revealed low amounts of constitutive heterochromatin, mostly confined to the (peri)centromeric regions of most chromosomes (including the X2 and the Y) but also occupying the distal regions of a few chromosomal pairs. The chromosomal localization of the 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clusters revealed a single site on chromosome pair 4, which was adjacent to the 5S rDNA cluster. Additional 5S rDNA loci were present on the autosome pair 8, X1 chromosome, and in the presumed fusion point on the Y chromosome. The probe for telomeric repeat motif (TTAGGG)n revealed signals of variable intensities at the ends of all chromosomes except for the Y chromosome, where no detectable signals were evidenced. Male-to-female comparative genomic hybridization revealed no sex-specific or sex-biased repetitive DNA accumulations, suggesting a presumably low level of neo-Y chromosome differentiation. We provide evidence that rDNA sites might have played a role in the formation of this putative multiple sex chromosome system and that chromosome fusions originate through different mechanisms among different Rineloricaria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Marajó
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Patrik Ferreira Viana
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Alex Matheus Viana Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Helena Rapp Py-Daniel
- Coleção de Peixes, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
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3
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Integrating Cytogenetics and Population Genomics: Allopatry and Neo-Sex Chromosomes May Have Shaped the Genetic Divergence in the Erythrinus erythrinus Species Complex (Teleostei, Characiformes). BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020315. [PMID: 35205181 PMCID: PMC8869172 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Fish present astonishing diversity, comprising more species than the combined total of all other vertebrates. Here, we integrated cytogenetic and genomic data to investigate how the evolution of multiple sex chromosomes together with allopatry is linked to genetic diversity and speciation in the fish species Erythrinus erythrinus. We hypothesized that the presence of multiple sex chromosomes has contributed to the genetic differentiation of populations, which could have potentially accelerated speciation. Abstract Diversity found in Neotropical freshwater fish is remarkable. It can even hinder a proper delimitation of many species, with the wolf fish Erythrinus erythrinus (Teleostei, Characiformes) being a notable example. This nominal species shows remarkable intra-specific variation, with extensive karyotype diversity found among populations in terms of different diploid chromosome numbers (2n), karyotype compositions and sex chromosome systems. Here, we analyzed three distinct populations (one of them cytogenetically investigated for the first time) that differed in terms of their chromosomal features (termed karyomorphs) and by the presence or absence of heteromorphic sex chromosomes. We combined cytogenetics with genomic approaches to investigate how the evolution of multiple sex chromosomes together with allopatry is linked to genetic diversity and speciation. The results indicated the presence of high genetic differentiation among populations both from cytogenetic and genomic aspects, with long-distance allopatry potentially being the main agent of genetic divergence. One population showed a neo-X1X2Y sexual chromosome system and we hypothesize that this system is associated with enhanced inter-population genetic differentiation which could have potentially accelerated speciation compared to the effect of allopatry alone.
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Takagui FH, Viana P, Baumgärtner L, Bitencourt JA, Margarido VP, Lui RL, Feldberg E, Birindelli JLO, Almeida FS, Giuliano-Caetano L. Reconstruction of the Doradinae (Siluriformes-Doradidae) ancestral diploid number and NOR pattern reveals new insights about the karyotypic diversification of the Neotropical thorny catfishes. Genet Mol Biol 2021; 44:e20200068. [PMID: 34821336 PMCID: PMC8612126 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2020-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Doradinae (Siluriformes: Doradidae) is the most species-rich subfamily among
thorny catfishes, encompassing over 77 valid species, found mainly in Amazon and
Platina hydrographic basins. Here, we analyzed seven Doradinae species using
combined methods (e.g., cytogenetic tools and Mesquite ancestral reconstruction
software) in order to scrutinize the processes that mediated the karyotype
diversification in this subfamily. Our ancestral reconstruction recovered that
2n=58 chromosomes and simple nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) are ancestral
features only for Wertheimerinae and the most clades of Doradinae. Some
exceptions were found in Trachydoras paraguayensis (2n=56),
Trachydoras steindachneri (2n=60), Ossancora
punctata (2n=66) and Platydoras hancockii whose
karyotypes showed a multiple NOR system. The large thorny catfishes, such as
Pterodoras granulosus, Oxydoras niger and
Centrodoras brachiatus share several karyotype features,
with subtle variations only regarding their heterochromatin distribution. On the
other hand, a remarkable karyotypic variability has been reported in the
fimbriate barbells thorny catfishes. These two contrasting karyoevolution
trajectories emerged from a complex interaction between chromosome
rearrangements (e.g., inversions and Robertsonian translocations) and mechanisms
of heterochromatin dispersion. Moreover, we believe that biological features,
such as microhabitats preferences, populational size, low vagility and migratory
behavior played a key role during the origin and maintenance of chromosome
diversity in Doradinae subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio H Takagui
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Patrik Viana
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Genética Animal, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Lucas Baumgärtner
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Jamille A Bitencourt
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Citogenética, Jequié, BA, Brazil
| | - Vladimir Pavan Margarido
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Roberto Laridondo Lui
- Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Laboratório de Citogenética, Cascavel, PR, Brazil
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Laboratório de Genética Animal, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Jose Luis Olivan Birindelli
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, Museu de Zoologia, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Simões Almeida
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética e Ecologia Animal, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucia Giuliano-Caetano
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Citogenética Animal, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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5
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Sember A, Nguyen P, Perez MF, Altmanová M, Ráb P, Cioffi MDB. Multiple sex chromosomes in teleost fishes from a cytogenetic perspective: state of the art and future challenges. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200098. [PMID: 34304595 PMCID: PMC8310710 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of cytogenetic and genomic research of dynamic sex chromosome evolution in teleost fishes, multiple sex chromosomes have been largely neglected. In this review, we compiled available data on teleost multiple sex chromosomes, identified major trends in their evolution and suggest further trajectories in their investigation. In a compiled dataset of 440 verified records of fish sex chromosomes, we counted 75 multiple sex chromosome systems with 60 estimated independent origins. We showed that male-heterogametic systems created by Y-autosome fusion predominate and that multiple sex chromosomes are over-represented in the order Perciformes. We documented a striking difference in patterns of differentiation of sex chromosomes between male and female heterogamety and hypothesize that faster W sex chromosome differentiation may constrain sex chromosome turnover in female-heterogametic systems. We also found no significant association between the mechanism of multiple sex chromosome formation and percentage of uni-armed chromosomes in teleost karyotypes. Last but not least, we hypothesized that interaction between fish populations, which differ in their sex chromosomes, can drive the evolution of multiple sex chromosomes in fishes. This underlines the importance of broader inter-population sampling in studies of fish sex chromosomes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Nguyen
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Manolo F. Perez
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235 cep, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Marie Altmanová
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luiz km 235 cep, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
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6
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Ferreira M, de Jesus IS, Viana PF, Garcia C, Matoso DA, Cioffi MB, Bertollo LAC, Feldberg E. Chromosomal Evolution in Aspredinidae (Teleostei, Siluriformes): Insights on Intra- and Interspecific Relationships with Related Groups. Cytogenet Genome Res 2020; 160:539-553. [PMID: 33227787 DOI: 10.1159/000511125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Aspredinidae comprises a clade of complex systematic relationships, both from molecular and morphological approaches. In this study, conventional and molecular cytogenetic studies coupled with nucleotide sequencing were performed in 6 Aspredininae species (Amaralia hypsiura, Bunocephalus cf. aloikae, Bunocephalus amaurus, Bunocephalus aff. coracoideus, Bunocephalus verrucosus, and Platystacus cotylephorus) from different locations of the Amazon hydrographic basin. Our results showed highly divergent diploid numbers (2n) among the species, ranging from 49 to 74, including the occurrence of an XX/X0 sex chromosome system. A neighbor-joining phylogram based on the cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) showed that Bunocephalus coracoideus is not a monophyletic clade, but closely related to B. verrucosus. The karyotypic data associated with COI suggest an ancestral karyotype for Aspredinidae with a reduced 2n, composed of bi-armed chromosomes and a trend toward chromosomal fissions resulting in higher diploid number karyotypes, mainly composed of acrocentric chromosomes. Evolutionary relationships were discussed under a phylogenetic context with related species from different Siluriformes families. The karyotype features and chromosomal diversity of Aspredinidae show an amazing differentiation, making this family a remarkable model for investigating the evolutionary dynamics in siluriforms as well as in fish as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Programa de Pó-graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil.,Secretaria de Estado de Educação e Qualidade do Ensino (SEDUC), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Isac S de Jesus
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Comportamental e Evolução, Programa de Pó-graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Patrik F Viana
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Programa de Pó-graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Caroline Garcia
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Jequié, Brazil
| | - Daniele A Matoso
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil,
| | - Luiz A C Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Programa de Pó-graduação em Genética, Conservação e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
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7
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Albert JS, Tagliacollo VA, Dagosta F. Diversification of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-011620-031032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFFs) constitute the most diverse continental vertebrate fauna on Earth, with more than 6,200 named species compressed into an aquatic footprint <0.5% of the total regional land-surface area and representing the greatest phenotypic disparity and functional diversity of any continental ichthyofauna. Data from the fossil record and time-calibrated molecular phylogenies indicate that most higher taxa (e.g., genera, families) diversified relatively continuously through the Cenozoic, across broad geographic ranges of the South American platform. Biodiversity data for most NFF clades support a model of continental radiation rather than adaptive radiation, in which speciation occurs mainly in allopatry, and speciation and adaptation are largely decoupled. These radiations occurred under the perennial influence of river capture and sea-level oscillations, which episodically fragmented and merged portions of adjacent river networks. The future of the NFF fauna into the Anthropocene is uncertain, facing numerous threats at local, regional, and continental scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Albert
- Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Louisiana 70504, USA
| | | | - Fernando Dagosta
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil 79825-070
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8
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Nirchio M, Paim FG, Britzke R, Rossi AR, Milana V, Oliveira C. Molecular Analysis and Chromosome Mapping of Repetitive DNAs in the Green Terror Andinoacara rivulatus (Cichlidae: Cichlasomatini). Zebrafish 2020; 17:38-47. [PMID: 31994993 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2019.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neotropical cichlids include hundreds of species whose taxonomy has benefited of molecular phylogeny and whose karyotype evolution has been related to the amount and distribution of different classes of repetitive sequences. This study provides the first integrative molecular (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and 16S sequences) and cytogenetic analyses of wild samples of the green terror Andinoacara rivulatus, a cichlid naturally distributed in Ecuador and spread throughout the world as an aquarium pet. Molecular data revealed that sequences of green terror constitute a single monophyletic clade within the genus and allowed species attribution of uncertain samples previously cytogenetically analyzed. Chromosome number (2n = 48) conforms to the general trend observed within neotropical cichlids. However, mapping of different classes of repeated sequences (18S rDNA, 5S rDNA, U1 snDNA and telomeric) revealed the presence of features uncommon among representatives of these fishes, like multiple major rDNA sites, and suggested a recent occurrence of rearrangements (fusion/inversion) in two chromosome pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Nirchio
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Escuela de Ciencias Aplicadas del Mar, Núcleo de Nueva Esparta, Universidad de Oriente, Porlamar, Venezuela.,Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador
| | - Fabilene Gomes Paim
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Britzke
- Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala, Ecuador.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Anna Rita Rossi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Milana
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza-Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil
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9
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Sassi FDMC, Hatanaka T, de Moraes RLR, Toma GA, de Oliveira EA, Liehr T, Rab P, Bertollo LAC, Viana PF, Feldberg E, Nirchio M, Marinho MMF, Souza JFDSE, Cioffi MDB. An Insight into the Chromosomal Evolution of Lebiasinidae (Teleostei, Characiformes). Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040365. [PMID: 32231057 PMCID: PMC7254295 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lebiasinidae fishes have been historically neglected by cytogenetical studies. Here we present a genomic comparison in eleven Lebiasinidae species, in addition to a review of the ribosomal DNA sequences distribution in this family. With that, we develop ten sets of experiments in order to hybridize the genomic DNA of representative species from the genus Copeina, Copella, Nannostomus, and Pyrrhulina in metaphase plates of Lebiasina melanoguttata. Two major pathways on the chromosomal evolution of these species can be recognized: (i) conservation of 2n = 36 bi-armed chromosomes in Lebiasininae, as a basal condition, and (ii) high numeric and structural chromosomal rearrangements in Pyrrhulininae, with a notable tendency towards acrocentrization. The ribosomal DNA (rDNA) distribution also revealed a marked differentiation during the chromosomal evolution of Lebiasinidae, since both single and multiple sites, in addition to a wide range of chromosomal locations can be found. With some few exceptions, the terminal position of 18S rDNA appears as a common feature in Lebiasinidae-analyzed species. Altogether with Ctenoluciidae, this pattern can be considered a symplesiomorphism for both families. In addition to the specific repetitive DNA content that characterizes the genome of each particular species, Lebiasina also keeps inter-specific repetitive sequences, thus reinforcing its proposed basal condition in Lebiasinidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco de M. C. Sassi
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São, Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; (F.d.M.C.S.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.); (G.A.T.); (L.A.C.B.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São, Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; (F.d.M.C.S.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.); (G.A.T.); (L.A.C.B.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Renata Luiza R. de Moraes
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São, Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; (F.d.M.C.S.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.); (G.A.T.); (L.A.C.B.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Gustavo A. Toma
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São, Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; (F.d.M.C.S.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.); (G.A.T.); (L.A.C.B.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | | | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena 07747, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9396850; Fax: +49-3641-9396852
| | - Petr Rab
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 27721 Liběchov, Czech Republic;
| | - Luiz A. C. Bertollo
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São, Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; (F.d.M.C.S.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.); (G.A.T.); (L.A.C.B.); (M.d.B.C.)
| | - Patrik F. Viana
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil; (P.F.V.); (E.F.); (J.F.d.S.e.S.)
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil; (P.F.V.); (E.F.); (J.F.d.S.e.S.)
| | - Mauro Nirchio
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Técnica de Machala, Machala 070151, Ecuador;
| | - Manoela Maria F. Marinho
- Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP), São Paulo, SP 04263-000, Brazil;
- Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB 58033-455, Brazil
| | - José Francisco de S. e Souza
- Laboratório de Genética Animal, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM 69067-375, Brazil; (P.F.V.); (E.F.); (J.F.d.S.e.S.)
| | - Marcelo de B. Cioffi
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São, Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil; (F.d.M.C.S.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.); (G.A.T.); (L.A.C.B.); (M.d.B.C.)
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Sember A, de Oliveira EA, Ráb P, Bertollo LAC, de Freitas NL, Viana PF, Yano CF, Hatanaka T, Marinho MMF, de Moraes RLR, Feldberg E, Cioffi MDB. Centric Fusions behind the Karyotype Evolution of Neotropical Nannostomus Pencilfishes (Characiforme, Lebiasinidae): First Insights from a Molecular Cytogenetic Perspective. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11010091. [PMID: 31941136 PMCID: PMC7017317 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lebiasinidae is a Neotropical freshwater family widely distributed throughout South and Central America. Due to their often very small body size, Lebiasinidae species are cytogenetically challenging and hence largely underexplored. However, the available but limited karyotype data already suggested a high interspecific variability in the diploid chromosome number (2n), which is pronounced in the speciose genus Nannostomus, a popular taxon in ornamental fish trade due to its remarkable body coloration. Aiming to more deeply examine the karyotype diversification in Nannostomus, we combined conventional cytogenetics (Giemsa-staining and C-banding) with the chromosomal mapping of tandemly repeated 5S and 18S rDNA clusters and with interspecific comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to investigate genomes of four representative Nannostomus species: N. beckfordi, N. eques, N. marginatus, and N. unifasciatus. Our data showed a remarkable variability in 2n, ranging from 2n = 22 in N. unifasciatus (karyotype composed exclusively of metacentrics/submetacentrics) to 2n = 44 in N. beckfordi (karyotype composed entirely of acrocentrics). On the other hand, patterns of 18S and 5S rDNA distribution in the analyzed karyotypes remained rather conservative, with only two 18S and two to four 5S rDNA sites. In view of the mostly unchanged number of chromosome arms (FN = 44) in all but one species (N. eques; FN = 36), and with respect to the current phylogenetic hypothesis, we propose Robertsonian translocations to be a significant contributor to the karyotype differentiation in (at least herein studied) Nannostomus species. Interspecific comparative genome hybridization (CGH) using whole genomic DNAs mapped against the chromosome background of N. beckfordi found a moderate divergence in the repetitive DNA content among the species’ genomes. Collectively, our data suggest that the karyotype differentiation in Nannostomus has been largely driven by major structural rearrangements, accompanied by only low to moderate dynamics of repetitive DNA at the sub-chromosomal level. Possible mechanisms and factors behind the elevated tolerance to such a rate of karyotype change in Nannostomus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Ezequiel Aguiar de Oliveira
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil; (E.A.d.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (N.L.d.F.); (C.F.Y.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.)
- Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Mato Grosso–SEDUC-MT, Cuiabá 78049-909, Brazil
| | - Petr Ráb
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rumburská 89, 277 21 Liběchov, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (P.R.)
| | - Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil; (E.A.d.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (N.L.d.F.); (C.F.Y.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.)
| | - Natália Lourenço de Freitas
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil; (E.A.d.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (N.L.d.F.); (C.F.Y.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.)
| | - Patrik Ferreira Viana
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil; (P.F.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Cassia Fernanda Yano
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil; (E.A.d.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (N.L.d.F.); (C.F.Y.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.)
| | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil; (E.A.d.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (N.L.d.F.); (C.F.Y.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.)
| | - Manoela Maria Ferreira Marinho
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia (DSE), Laboratório de Sistemática e Morfologia de Peixes, João Pessoa 58051-090, Brazil;
| | - Renata Luiza Rosa de Moraes
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil; (E.A.d.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (N.L.d.F.); (C.F.Y.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.)
| | - Eliana Feldberg
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, Manaus 69067-375, Brazil; (P.F.V.); (E.F.)
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil; (E.A.d.O.); (L.A.C.B.); (N.L.d.F.); (C.F.Y.); (T.H.); (R.L.R.d.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-16-3351-8431; Fax: +55-16-3351-8377
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11
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Toma GA, de Moraes RLR, Sassi FDMC, Bertollo LAC, de Oliveira EA, Rab P, Sember A, Liehr T, Hatanaka T, Viana PF, Marinho MMF, Feldberg E, Cioffi MDB. Cytogenetics of the small-sized fish, Copeina guttata (Characiformes, Lebiasinidae): Novel insights into the karyotype differentiation of the family. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226746. [PMID: 31856256 PMCID: PMC6922430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lebiasinidae is a small fish family composed by miniature to small-sized fishes with few cytogenetic data (most of them limited to descriptions of diploid chromosome numbers), thus preventing any evolutionary comparative studies at the chromosomal level. In the present study, we are providing, the first cytogenetic data for the red spotted tetra, Copeina guttata, including the standard karyotype, C-banding, repetitive DNA mapping by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), providing chromosomal patterns and novel insights into the karyotype differentiation of the family. Males and females share diploid chromosome number 2n = 42 and karyotype composed of 2 metacentric (m), 4 submetacentric (sm) and 36 subtelocentric to acrocentric (st-a) chromosomes. Blocks of constitutive heterochromatin were observed in the centromeric and interstitial regions of several chromosomes, in addition to a remarkably large distal block, heteromorphic in size, which fully corresponded with the 18S rDNA sites in the fourth chromosomal pair. This overlap was confirmed by 5S/18S rDNA dual-color FISH. On the other hand, 5S rDNA clusters were situated in the long and short arms of the 2nd and 15th pairs, respectively. No sex-linked karyotype differences were revealed by male/female CGH experiments. The genomic probes from other two lebiasinid species, Lebiasina melanoguttata and Pyrrhulina brevis, showed positive hybridization signals only in the NOR region in the genome of C. guttata. We demonstrated that karyotype diversification in lebiasinids was accompanied by a series of structural and numeric chromosome rearrangements of different types, including particularly fusions and fissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Akira Toma
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Luiza Rosa de Moraes
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Antonio Carlos Bertollo
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ezequiel Aguiar de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Petr Rab
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Sember
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Liběchov, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Terumi Hatanaka
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliana Feldberg
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Bello Cioffi
- Laboratório de Citogenética de Peixes, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
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12
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Conventional Cytogenetic Approaches—Useful and Indispensable Tools in Discovering Fish Biodiversity. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40142-018-0148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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da Fonseca IC, Maciel LAM, Ribeiro FRV, Rodrigues LRR. Karyotypic variation in the long-whiskered catfish Pimelodusblochii Valenciennes, 1840 (Siluriformes, Pimelodidae) from the lower Tapajós, Amazonas and Trombetas Rivers. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2018; 12:285-298. [PMID: 30105088 PMCID: PMC6085397 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v12i3.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Pimelodus LaCépède, 1803 comprises 35 formally recognized species distributed along the major neotropical river basins. Despite conservatism in diploid number with 2n=56, an intense variation of chromosomal morphology (karyotypic formula) has been documented in Pimelodus species. In the present study, we analyzed karyotypes of 20 specimens, identified as Pimelodusblochii Valenciennes, 1840 and collected from the lower courses of the Tapajós, Amazonas and Trombetas Rivers. The karyotypes were characterized by Giemsa conventional staining, C-banding, silver staining (Ag-NOR) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5S and 18S rDNA probes. The karyotypes showed 2n=56 chromosomes in fish from the Tapajós River. In contrast, fish from the Amazonas and Trombetas Rivers had 2n=58. The nucleolus organizing regions were labeled on the short arm of an acrocentric chromosome as demonstrated by silver staining and FISH. Signals for 18S and 5S rDNA were co-localized on one chromosome pair. Our results demonstrate karyotypic divergence between Tapajós and Amazonas-Trombetas populations of P.blochii, interpreted as supporting the existence of a species complex in this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanny Coelho da Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Amazonian Natural Resources – PPGRNA, Federal University of Western Pará – UFOPA, Av. Mendonça Furtado, 2°Andar, Nº 2440, Bairro Aparecida CEP: 68040-050, Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western ParáSantarémBrazil
- Genetics and Biodiversity Laboratory – LGBio, Federal University of Western Pará – UFOPA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68035-110, Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western ParáSantarémBrazil
| | - Luan Aércio Melo Maciel
- Graduate Program in BioSciences – PPGBio, Federal University of Western Pará – UFOPA, Av. Mendonça Furtado, 2°Andar, Nº 2440, Bairro Aparecida CEP: 68040-050, Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western ParáSantarémBrazil
- Genetics and Biodiversity Laboratory – LGBio, Federal University of Western Pará – UFOPA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68035-110, Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western ParáSantarémBrazil
| | - Frank Raynner Vasconcelos Ribeiro
- Water Science and Technology Institute – ICTA, Federal University of Western Pará, Campus Amazonia, Av. Mendonça Furtado, 2°Andar, Nº 2946, Bairro Fátima CEP: 68040-050, Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western ParáSantarémBrazil
| | - Luís Reginaldo Ribeiro Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Amazonian Natural Resources – PPGRNA, Federal University of Western Pará – UFOPA, Av. Mendonça Furtado, 2°Andar, Nº 2440, Bairro Aparecida CEP: 68040-050, Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western ParáSantarémBrazil
- Graduate Program in BioSciences – PPGBio, Federal University of Western Pará – UFOPA, Av. Mendonça Furtado, 2°Andar, Nº 2440, Bairro Aparecida CEP: 68040-050, Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western ParáSantarémBrazil
- Genetics and Biodiversity Laboratory – LGBio, Federal University of Western Pará – UFOPA, Rua Vera Paz, s/n, Salé, 68035-110, Santarém, PA, BrazilFederal University of Western ParáSantarémBrazil
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Carvalho TP, Arce H M, Reis RE, Sabaj MH. Molecular phylogeny of Banjo catfishes (Ostaryophisi: Siluriformes: Aspredinidae): A continental radiation in South American freshwaters. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 127:459-467. [PMID: 29723648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The family Aspredinidae is a moderately diverse and broadly distributed group of freshwater fishes endemic to South America. Commonly known as Banjo Catfishes, Aspredinidae currently includes 44 valid species divided among 13 genera. The first species-comprehensive hypothesis on phylogenetic relationships among aspredinids is presented. The phylogeny is based on DNA sequence data for five gene fragments (mitochondrial 16S and COI; nuclear RAG1, MYH6 and SH3PX3) from 114 individuals representing 31 species in 12 aspredinid genera. Analyses of molecular data support the monophyly of most genera (Bunocephalus excepted) and several higher-level relationships previously proposed by morphological studies. Based on the molecular phylogeny, a new suprageneric classification for Aspredinidae is proposed with the new monotypic subfamily Pseudobunocephalinae as the sister taxon to all other aspredinids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Ichthyology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Drexel University, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, 19103-1195 Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Mariangeles Arce H
- Department of Ichthyology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Drexel University, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, 19103-1195 Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Roberto E Reis
- PUCRS, Laboratório de Sistemática de Vertebrados, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mark H Sabaj
- Department of Ichthyology, The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Drexel University, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, 19103-1195 Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Marajó L, Viana PF, Ferreira M, Py-Daniel LHR, Feldberg E. Cytogenetics of two Farlowella species (Loricariidae: Loricariinae): implications on the taxonomic status of the species. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20180029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Farlowella is one of the most diverse genera of the Loricariinae, restricted to South America rivers. The taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships among its species are contentious and, while genetic studies would contribute to the understanding of their relationships, the only available datum refer to the karyotype description of only one species. In the present study two Amazonian species, Farlowella cf. amazonum and F. schreitmuelleri, were analyzed using conventional and molecular cytogenetic procedures. Both species had diploid chromosome number 58, but different fundamental numbers (NF) 116 and 112, respectively, indicative of chromosomal rearrangements. C-banding is almost poor, especially in F. cf. amazonum, and occurs predominantly in the centromeric and in some telomeric regions, although genome of F. schreitmuelleri possessed a much larger heterochromatin amount then those of F. cf. amazonum. The chromosomes bearing the NOR sites were likely the same for both species, corresponding to the 1st metacentric pair in F. cf. amazonum and to the 28th acrocentric in F. schreitmuelleri. The location of the 5S rDNA was species-specific marker. This study expanded the available cytogenetic data for Farlowella species and pointed the remarkable karyotype diversity among species/populations, indicating a possible species complex within genus.
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