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Dellière S, Chauvin C, Wong SSW, Gressler M, Possetti V, Parente R, Fontaine T, Krüger T, Kniemeyer O, Bayry J, Carvalho A, Brakhage AA, Inforzato A, Latgé JP, Aimanianda V. Interplay between host humoral pattern recognition molecules controls undue immune responses against Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6966. [PMID: 39138196 PMCID: PMC11322389 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a long pentraxin and a humoral pattern recognition molecule (PRM), has been demonstrated to be protective against Aspergillus fumigatus, an airborne human fungal pathogen. We explored its mode of interaction with A. fumigatus, and the resulting implications in the host immune response. Here, we demonstrate that PTX3 interacts with A. fumigatus in a morphotype-dependent manner: (a) it recognizes germinating conidia through galactosaminogalactan, a surface exposed cell wall polysaccharide of A. fumigatus, (b) in dormant conidia, surface proteins serve as weak PTX3 ligands, and (c) surfactant protein D (SP-D) and the complement proteins C1q and C3b, the other humoral PRMs, enhance the interaction of PTX3 with dormant conidia. SP-D, C3b or C1q opsonized conidia stimulated human primary immune cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. However, subsequent binding of PTX3 to SP-D, C1q or C3b opsonized conidia significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. PTX3 opsonized germinating conidia also significantly lowered the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines while increasing IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) released by immune cells when compared to the unopsonized counterpart. Overall, our study demonstrates that PTX3 recognizes A. fumigatus either directly or by interplaying with other humoral PRMs, thereby restraining detrimental inflammation. Moreover, PTX3 levels were significantly higher in the serum of patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), supporting previous observations in IPA patients, and suggesting that it could be a potential panel-biomarker for these pathological conditions caused by A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dellière
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Immunobiology of Aspergillus, Paris, France
| | - Camille Chauvin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Sze Wah Wong
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France
| | - Markus Gressler
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, 07745, Jena, Germany; Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute, Winzerlaer Strasse 2, Jena, Germany
| | - Valentina Possetti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Thierry Fontaine
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité Biologie et Pathogénicité Fongiques, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris-Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, India
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life & Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology (Leibniz-HKI), Jena, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Unité Mycologie Moléculaire, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Immunobiology of Aspergillus, Paris, France.
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Paris, France.
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Rizk SKA, Gaber A, Hamdy H, Labeeb A, Fouda E, Hosny A, El Derbaly SA. Concurrent genotyping and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in pityriasis versicolor patient's skin lesions. Arch Dermatol Res 2024; 316:501. [PMID: 39093484 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-024-03221-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to investigate the impact of the rs35829419 SNP on the serum level of NLRP3, and to assess the relationship between NLRP3 and its SNP and vulnerability to Pityriasis versicolor. Pityriasis versicolor (PV) is one of the most frequent skin conditions linked to skin pigmentation changes. Malassezia plays a key role in the pathogenesis of PV. A case-control study, 50 patients with pityriasis versicolor and 44 healthy controls. Real-time PCR was used to genotype NLRP3 (rs35829419) and ELISA assay of NLRP3 levels in tissue samples. There was a significantly higher median NLPR3 levels in PV patients than controls. A significant predominance of A allele of Q 705 K was in patients than controls. The risk of having the disease in the presence of A allele is nearly 10 times than having C allele. In PV patients, there was a significant relationship between NLPR3 levels and Q 705 K genotypes with higher NLPR3 levels in AA genotype. A potential correlation between PV and the Q705K polymorphism, pointing to evidence of NLRP3 alteration in PV patients. The NLRP3 inflammasome may be an appropriate therapeutic target for Malassezia-associated skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kamal AbdelMaksoud Rizk
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt.
| | - Azza Gaber
- Department of Dermatology, Andrology and STDs, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Hadir Hamdy
- Dermatology and Andrology Department in Dekernes General Hospital, Dakahlia Governorate, el dakahleya, Egypt
| | - Azza Labeeb
- Microbiology and immunology Department, Faculty of medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Eman Fouda
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Ammar Hosny
- Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A El Derbaly
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
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Naik B, Sasikumar J, Das SP. From Skin and Gut to the Brain: The Infectious Journey of the Human Commensal Fungus Malassezia and Its Neurological Consequences. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04270-w. [PMID: 38871941 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The human mycobiome encompasses diverse communities of fungal organisms residing within the body and has emerged as a critical player in shaping health and disease. While extensive research has focused on the skin and gut mycobiome, recent investigations have pointed toward the potential role of fungal organisms in neurological disorders. Among those fungal organisms, the presence of the commensal fungus Malassezia in the brain has created curiosity because of its commensal nature and primary association with the human skin and gut. This budding yeast is responsible for several diseases, such as Seborrheic dermatitis, Atopic dermatitis, Pityriasis versicolor, Malassezia folliculitis, dandruff, and others. However recent findings surprisingly show the presence of Malassezia DNA in the brain and have been linked to diseases like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The exact role of Malassezia in these disorders is unknown, but its ability to infect human cells, travel through the bloodstream, cross the blood-brain barrier, and reside along with the lipid-rich neuronal cells are potential mechanisms responsible for pathogenesis. This also includes the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, disruption of the blood-brain barrier, gut-microbe interaction, and accumulation of metabolic changes in the brain environment. In this review, we discuss these key findings from studies linking Malassezia to neurological disorders, emphasizing the complex and multifaceted nature of these cases. Furthermore, we discuss potential mechanisms through which Malassezia might contribute to the development of neurological conditions. Future investigations will open up new avenues for our understanding of the fungal gut-brain axis and how it influences human behavior. Collaborative research efforts among microbiologists, neuroscientists, immunologists, and clinicians hold promise for unraveling the enigmatic connections between human commensal Malassezia and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Naik
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sasikumar
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
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Nenciarini S, Renzi S, di Paola M, Meriggi N, Cavalieri D. Ascomycetes yeasts: The hidden part of human microbiome. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1641. [PMID: 38228159 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The fungal component of the microbiota, the mycobiota, has been neglected for a long time due to its poor richness compared to bacteria. Limitations in fungal detection and taxonomic identification arise from using metagenomic approaches, often borrowed from bacteriome analyses. However, the relatively recent discoveries of the ability of fungi to modulate the host immune response and their involvement in human diseases have made mycobiota a fundamental component of the microbial communities inhabiting the human host, deserving some consideration in host-microbe interaction studies and in metagenomics. Here, we reviewed recent data on the identification of yeasts of the Ascomycota phylum across human body districts, focusing on the most representative genera, that is, Saccharomyces and Candida. Then, we explored the key factors involved in shaping the human mycobiota across the lifespan, ranging from host genetics to environment, diet, and lifestyle habits. Finally, we discussed the strengths and weaknesses of culture-dependent and independent methods for mycobiota characterization. Overall, there is still room for some improvements, especially regarding fungal-specific methodological approaches and bioinformatics challenges, which are still critical steps in mycobiota analysis, and to advance our knowledge on the role of the gut mycobiota in human health and disease. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Immune System Diseases > Environmental Factors Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Renzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Naik B, Sasikumar J, B V, Das SP. Fungal coexistence in the skin mycobiome: a study involving Malassezia, Candida, and Rhodotorula. AMB Express 2024; 14:26. [PMID: 38376644 PMCID: PMC10879058 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01674-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence of fungal coexistence in humans points towards fungal adaptation to the host environment, like the skin. The human commensal Malassezia has evolved, especially residing in sebum-rich areas of the mammalian body where it can get the necessary nutrition for its survival. This fungus is primarily responsible for skin diseases like Pityriasis versicolor (PV), characterized by hypo or hyperpigmented skin discoloration and erythematous macules. In this manuscript, we report a 19-year-old healthy female who presented with a one-year history of reddish, hypopigmented, asymptomatic lesions over the chest and a raised erythematous lesion over the face. Upon clinical observation, the patient displayed multiple erythematous macules and erythematous papules over the bilateral malar area of the face, along with multiple hypopigmented scaly macules present on the chest and back. Based on the above clinical findings, a diagnosis of PV and Acne vulgaris (AV) was made. Interestingly, the patient was immunocompetent and didn't have any comorbidities. Upon isolation of skin scrapings and post-culturing, we found the existence of three fungal genera in the same region of the patient's body. We further went on to confirm the identity of the particular species and found it to represent Malassezia, Rhodotorula, and Candida. We report how Malassezia, the predominant microbial resident skin fungus, coexists with other fungal members of the skin mycobiome. This study on an applied aspect of microbiology also shows how important it is to identify the fungal organism associated with skin infections so that appropriate therapeutics can be advised to avoid cases of relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Naik
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sasikumar
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Vishal B
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy (DVL), Yenepoya Medical College Hospital (YMCH), Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Shankar Prasad Das
- Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
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Furaijat G, Bettac L, Kächele M, Grüner B, Skrabal C, Barth TFE, Parlak M, Hagemann JB, Peters L, Walther G, Kersten J. An unusual presentation of invasive Fusarium aortitis in a patient who is immunocompromised: A case report. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 134:102-105. [PMID: 37279826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium (F.) species are ubiquitous filamentous fungi that may cause various opportunistic infections, especially in patients who are immunocompromised. A rare manifestation of disseminated fusariosis affects the aortic valve and results in invasive aortitis, which poses a significant challenge for clinicians in diagnosis and treatment. Here, we report a case of a patient, aged 54 years, who is immunocompromised, presenting initially with Fusarium keratitis and chorioretinitis in both eyes and a new endovascular aortic mass. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography was performed, suggesting aortitis. Transoesophageal echocardiography and electrocardiogram-guided computed tomography-angiography confirmed a large intraluminal mass in the ascending aorta. The aortic mass and a part of the ascending aorta were resected surgically, and a filamentous fungus with the microscopic features of the genus Fusarium was isolated and later identified molecularly as F. petroliphilum. The course of the treatment was complicated by perioperative cerebral embolization and mesenteric ischemia. These complications could be attributed to a preoperatively existing occlusion of the superior and inferior mesenteric artery and a subtotal stenosis of the celiac trunk. This case report describes a rare manifestation of disseminated fusariosis, frequently characterized by protracted clinical courses with poor prognosis. Fusariosis may manifest at different sites at different times or persist as a long-lasting disease with reactivation. This case highlights the importance of the interdisciplinary approach for effectively treating invasive mycoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghefar Furaijat
- University of Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lucas Bettac
- University of Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Kächele
- University of Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beate Grüner
- University of Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Skrabal
- University of Ulm, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Melih Parlak
- University of Ulm, Department of Ophthalmology, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Lynn Peters
- University of Ulm, Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Infectious Diseases, Ulm, Germany
| | - Grit Walther
- German National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research, and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Kersten
- University of Ulm, Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm, Germany.
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Kumar R, Srivastava V. Application of anti-fungal vaccines as a tool against emerging anti-fungal resistance. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1241539. [PMID: 37746132 PMCID: PMC10512234 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1241539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
After viruses and bacteria, fungal infections remain a serious threat to the survival and well-being of society. The continuous emergence of resistance against commonly used anti-fungal drugs is a serious concern. The eukaryotic nature of fungal cells makes the identification of novel anti-fungal agents slow and difficult. Increasing global temperature and a humid environment conducive to fungal growth may lead to a fungal endemic or a pandemic. The continuous increase in the population of immunocompromised individuals and falling immunity forced pharmaceutical companies to look for alternative strategies for better managing the global fungal burden. Prevention of infectious diseases by vaccines can be the right choice. Recent success and safe application of mRNA-based vaccines can play a crucial role in our quest to overcome anti-fungal resistance. Expressing fungal cell surface proteins in human subjects using mRNA technology may be sufficient to raise immune response to protect against future fungal infection. The success of mRNA-based anti-fungal vaccines will heavily depend on the identification of fungal surface proteins which are highly immunogenic and have no or least side effects in human subjects. The present review discusses why it is essential to look for anti-fungal vaccines and how vaccines, in general, and mRNA-based vaccines, in particular, can be the right choice in tackling the problem of rising anti-fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Department of Pathology, Collage of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Vartika Srivastava
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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Ugochukwu ICI, Rhimi W, Chebil W, Rizzo A, Tempesta M, Giusiano G, Tábora RFM, Otranto D, Cafarchia C. Part 2: Understanding the role of Malassezia spp. in skin disorders: pathogenesis of Malassezia associated skin infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:1245-1257. [PMID: 37883035 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2274500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Malassezia is a major component of the skin microbiome, a lipophilic symbiotic organism of the mammalian skin, which can switch to opportunistic pathogens triggering multiple dermatological disorders in humans and animals. This phenomenon is favored by endogenous and exogenous host predisposing factors, which may switch Malassezia from a commensal to a pathogenic phenotype. AREA COVERED This review summarizes and discusses the most recent literature on the pathogenesis of Malassezia yeasts, which ultimately results in skin disorders with different clinical presentation. A literature search of Malassezia pathogenesis was performed via PubMed and Google scholar (up to May 2023), using the following keywords: Pathogenesis and Malassezia;host risk factors and Malassezia, Malassezia and skin disorders; Malassezia and virulence factors: Malassezia and metabolite production; Immunology and Malassezia. EXPERT OPINION Malassezia yeasts can maintain skin homeostasis being part of the cutaneous mycobiota; however, when the environmental or host conditions change, these yeasts are endowed with a remarkable plasticity and adaptation by modifying their metabolism and thus contributing to the appearance or aggravation of human and animal skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iniobong Chukwuebuka Ikenna Ugochukwu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Wafa Rhimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Wissal Chebil
- Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology-Mycology, Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Antonio Rizzo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
| | - Gustavo Giusiano
- Departamento de Micología, Instituto de Medicina Regional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina
| | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Claudia Cafarchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Italy
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Corcoran M, Chernyshev M, Mandolesi M, Narang S, Kaduk M, Ye K, Sundling C, Färnert A, Kreslavsky T, Bernhardsson C, Larena M, Jakobsson M, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Archaic humans have contributed to large-scale variation in modern human T cell receptor genes. Immunity 2023; 56:635-652.e6. [PMID: 36796364 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Human T cell receptors (TCRs) are critical for mediating immune responses to pathogens and tumors and regulating self-antigen recognition. Yet, variations in the genes encoding TCRs remain insufficiently defined. Detailed analysis of expressed TCR alpha, beta, gamma, and delta genes in 45 donors from four human populations-African, East Asian, South Asian, and European-revealed 175 additional TCR variable and junctional alleles. Most of these contained coding changes and were present at widely differing frequencies in the populations, a finding confirmed using DNA samples from the 1000 Genomes Project. Importantly, we identified three Neanderthal-derived, introgressed TCR regions including a highly divergent TRGV4 variant, which mediated altered butyrophilin-like molecule 3 (BTNL3) ligand reactivity and was frequent in all modern Eurasian population groups. Our results demonstrate remarkable variation in TCR genes in both individuals and populations, providing a strong incentive for including allelic variation in studies of TCR function in human biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mark Chernyshev
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Mandolesi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjana Narang
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Kaduk
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kewei Ye
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Färnert
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Taras Kreslavsky
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Bernhardsson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Human Evolution, Norbyvägen 18C, 752 63 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maximilian Larena
- Department of Organismal Biology, Human Evolution, Norbyvägen 18C, 752 63 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mattias Jakobsson
- Department of Organismal Biology, Human Evolution, Norbyvägen 18C, 752 63 Uppsala, Sweden
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An Unconventional Oral Candidiasis in an Immunocompetent Patient. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9030295. [PMID: 36983463 PMCID: PMC10059796 DOI: 10.3390/jof9030295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis (OC) is an opportunistic fungal infection of the oral mucosae, sustained by Candida albicans or other non-albican Candida species (NAC), usually eradicated by conventional antifungals of the classes of azoles, polyenes, or derivative from echinocandins. OC usually occurs under predisposing local or systemic factors. C. lusitaniae is an opportunistic strain that is rarely responsible for human infection and occurs mainly in severe immunocompromised states. The present work reported an unconventional case of OC in an otherwise healthy immunocompetent woman sustained by C. lusitaniae and a multi-resistant strain of C. albicans.
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Impact of diet and host genetics on the murine intestinal mycobiome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:834. [PMID: 36788222 PMCID: PMC9929102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gut is home to a diverse microbial ecosystem, whose composition affects various physiological traits of the host. Next-generation sequencing-based metagenomic approaches demonstrated how the interplay of host genetics, bacteria, and environmental factors shape complex traits and clinical outcomes. However, the role of fungi in these complex interactions remains understudied. Here, using 228 males and 363 females from an advanced-intercross mouse line, we provide evidence that fungi are regulated by host genetics. In addition, we map quantitative trait loci associated with various fungal species to single genes in mice using whole genome sequencing and genotyping. Moreover, we show that diet and its' interaction with host genetics alter the composition of fungi in outbred mice, and identify fungal indicator species associated with different dietary regimes. Collectively, in this work, we uncover an association of the intestinal fungal community with host genetics and a regulatory role of diet in this ecological niche.
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Wu S, Guo W, Li B, Zhou H, Meng H, Sun J, Li R, Guo D, Zhang X, Li R, Qu W. Progress of polymer-based strategies in fungal disease management: Designed for different roles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1142029. [PMID: 37033476 PMCID: PMC10073610 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1142029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal diseases have posed a great challenge to global health, but have fewer solutions compared to bacterial and viral infections. Development and application of new treatment modalities for fungi are limited by their inherent essential properties as eukaryotes. The microorganism identification and drug sensitivity analyze are limited by their proliferation rates. Moreover, there are currently no vaccines for prevention. Polymer science and related interdisciplinary technologies have revolutionized the field of fungal disease management. To date, numerous advanced polymer-based systems have been developed for management of fungal diseases, including prevention, diagnosis, treatment and monitoring. In this review, we provide an overview of current needs and advances in polymer-based strategies against fungal diseases. We high light various treatment modalities. Delivery systems of antifungal drugs, systems based on polymers' innate antifungal activities, and photodynamic therapies each follow their own mechanisms and unique design clues. We also discuss various prevention strategies including immunization and antifungal medical devices, and further describe point-of-care testing platforms as futuristic diagnostic and monitoring tools. The broad application of polymer-based strategies for both public and personal health management is prospected and integrated systems have become a promising direction. However, there is a gap between experimental studies and clinical translation. In future, well-designed in vivo trials should be conducted to reveal the underlying mechanisms and explore the efficacy as well as biosafety of polymer-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Wu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenlai Guo
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huidong Zhou
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongqi Meng
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junyi Sun
- Changchun American International School, Changchun, China
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Orthpoeadic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Orhtopeadics, Changchun, China
| | - Deming Guo
- Orthpoeadic Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Orhtopeadics, Changchun, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
| | - Wenrui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Zhang, ; Rui Li, ; Wenrui Qu,
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Lehman KD. Evidence-based updates to the 2021 Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines Part 2: Guideline review and clinical application. Nurse Pract 2022; 47:28-35. [PMID: 36399145 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000884888.21622.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT NPs should be prepared to screen for sepsis, initiate treatment, and optimize care for sepsis survivors. The 2021 Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines offer best practices for identification and management of sepsis and septic shock. This article, second in a 2-part series, presents evidence updates and discusses implications for NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Lehman
- Karen D. Lehman is a hospitalist NP and PRN ED NP at NMC Health in Newton, Kan., an ED NP with Docs Who Care based in Olathe, Kan., and a hospice NP with Harry Hynes Memorial Hospice in Wichita, Kan
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Management of Extensive Central Nervous System Cladophialophora bantiana Infection in a 9-Year-Old Child. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2022; 41:e481-e486. [PMID: 36102704 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric central nervous system (CNS) phaeohyphomycosis is a rare invasive fungal infection associated with high mortality. METHODS We describe a child with progressive neurologic symptoms whose ultimate diagnosis was Cladophialophora bantiana -associated CNS phaeohyphomycosis. We discuss her clinical presentation, medical and surgical management and review the current literature. RESULTS A 9-year-old female presented with acute onset of headaches, ophthalmoplegia and ataxia. Initial infectious work-up was negative, including serial fungal cerebrospinal fluid cultures. Over 2 months, she experienced progressive cognitive and motor declines, and imaging revealed worsening meningitis, ventriculitis and cerebritis. Ultimately, Cladophialophora was detected by plasma metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS). Fourth ventricle fluid sampling confirmed the diagnosis of C. bantiana infection. Given the extent of her disease, complete surgical resection was not feasible. She required multiple surgical debridement procedures and prolonged antifungal therapy, including the instillation of intraventricular amphotericin B. With aggressive surgical and medical management, despite her continued neurologic deficits, she remains alive 3 years after her initial diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is one of a few published pediatric cases of CNS phaeohyphomycosis and the first with the causative pathogen identified by plasma mNGS. CONCLUSION CNS phaeohyphomycosis is a serious, life-threatening infection. The preferred management includes a combination of surgical resection and antifungal therapy. In cases complicated by refractory ventriculitis, intraventricular antifungal therapy can be considered as adjuvant therapy. Direct sampling of the CNS for pathogen identification and susceptibility testing is the gold standard for diagnosis; however, the use of plasma mNGS may expedite the diagnosis.
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Sharma J, Mudalagiriyappa S, Nanjappa SG. T cell responses to control fungal infection in an immunological memory lens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:905867. [PMID: 36177012 PMCID: PMC9513067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.905867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fungal vaccine research emanated significant findings in the field of antifungal T-cell immunity. The generation of effector T cells is essential to combat many mucosal and systemic fungal infections. The development of antifungal memory T cells is integral for controlling or preventing fungal infections, and understanding the factors, regulators, and modifiers that dictate the generation of such T cells is necessary. Despite the deficiency in the clear understanding of antifungal memory T-cell longevity and attributes, in this review, we will compile some of the existing literature on antifungal T-cell immunity in the context of memory T-cell development against fungal infections.
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Interpretation, pitfalls of biomarkers in diagnosis of invasive fungal diseases. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:480-484. [PMID: 35970627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive Fungal Diseases (IFD), account for high morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised and seriously ill patients worldwide. Early, faster and accurate diagnosis with timely and appropriate patient management is critical for improved patient outcome and antifungal stewardship. Clinical/radiological presentations in IFD are non-specific and microscopy/culture based tests have low sensitivity and long turnaround time. Biomarkers have clinical utility for diagnosing IFD but their interpretation is not straight forward. OBJECTIVES This review discusses the salient characteristics, clinical usefulness and limitations of common biomarkers such as Galactomannan (GM), 1-3, β D glucan (βDG), mannan, anti-mannan antibody (Mn/antiMn), Cryptococcal antigen test (CrAg), Nucleic Acid Amplification (NAA) tests and next generation sequencing for diagnosing IFD. CONTENTS Fungal biomarkers are useful adjuncts as screening and diagnostic tools for IFD and are much more suited for 'ruling out' rather than 'ruling in' disease. GM, NAA tests are promising biomarkers for screening of invasive Aspergillosis in high risk asymptomatic patients who are not on antifungal therapy and for diagnosis of breakthrough infections in symptomatic patients. 1-3, β D glucan has limitations both as a 'rule in' and 'rule out' test and is useful in only specific clinical settings. Two consecutive positive 1-3-βDG tests or combined positivity with GM increases its specificity. Mn/antiMn, T2Candida nano diagnostic panel are promising candidates for diagnosing invasive candidiasis. Combining two or more biomarkers improves the sensitivity for prompt initiation of antifungal therapy and the negative predictive value for suspension of empirical treatment. Serum CrAg test is a good 'rule in' rather than a 'rule out' test in immunocompetent patients but has good diagnostic accuracy in immunocompromised patients. Detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms by next generation sequencing is useful for fungal characterization and identification of host determinants responsible for increased susceptibility to fungal infections but is still in experimental stages.
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Invasive Candidiasis: Update and Current Challenges in the Management of This Mycosis in South America. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11070877. [PMID: 35884131 PMCID: PMC9312041 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11070877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis encompassing Candida bloodstream infections and deep-seated candidiasis can become a persistent health problem. These infections are caused by Candida species and have high morbidity and mortality rates. Species distribution, access to diagnosis, treatment and mortality are different around the world. The mortality rate is high in South America (30–70%), and Candida albicans is the most prevalent species in this region. However, a global epidemiological shift to non-albicans species has been observed. In this group, C. parapsilosis is the species most frequently detected, followed by C. tropicalis, and at a slower rate, C. glabrata, which has also increased, in addition to the emerging C. auris, resistance to several drugs. This article summarizes relevant aspects of candidemia pathogenesis, such as the mechanisms of fungal invasion, immune response, and the impact of genetic defects that increase host susceptibility to developing the infection. We also discuss relevant aspects of treatment and future challenges in South America.
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Okoye CA, Nweze E, Ibe C. Invasive candidiasis in Africa, what is the current picture? Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6572357. [PMID: 35451463 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive candidiasis is a serious, progressive, and potentially deadly infection that can affect the brain, heart, bones, eyes, and other parts of the body. It is associated with risk factors such as the use of indwelling medical devices and prolonged hospital stay, and broad-spectrum antibiotics use. It is especially seen in immunocompromised individuals such as patients with prolonged hospital stay, gastrointestinal surgery, haematological malignancies, and respiratory diseases. We have conducted a systematic search of literature using a select group of database and appropriate search words and found that in Africa, there are 18,293 documented/reported cases of invasive candidiasis in the last few decades (1976-2021) and 16,636(91%) were cases of candidaemia. South Africa had the highest number of reported cases - 15,002(82%), which may be due to underreporting of cases in other countries. HIV positive persons with invasive candidiasis in Africa accounted for 1,052(5.8%). C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species 6,328(32.6%), followed by Candida parapsilosis 5,910(30.4%), and Candida auris 1,505(7.8%). Due to the affordability and availability of blood culture, it was used for diagnosis in most of the studies examined, while a few studies combined other techniques and just 3 studies from 2 countries used serological tests. Echinocandins are recommended as first-line therapy but are only available in 12 countries and are highly priced. The use of fluconazole because of its availability and relatively inexpensive nature has led to increased resistance of Candida species to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinonyelum A Okoye
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Nweze
- Microbiology University of Nigeria Nsukka, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Chibuike Ibe
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria
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Jia S, Long X, Hu W, Zhu J, Jiang Y, Ahmed S, de Hoog GS, Liu W, Jiang Y. The epidemic of the multiresistant dermatophyte Trichophyton indotineae has reached China. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1113065. [PMID: 36874152 PMCID: PMC9978415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1113065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its high degree of natural resistance to terbinafine in vitro and its tendency to spread globally from the Indian subcontinent, the emerging dermatophyte Trichophyton indotineae has become a major concern in dermatology. Herein, we present the first report of T. indotineae from mainland China. The transmission of the fungus to Guizhou Province in central China and eventual host susceptibilities were investigated. We studied 31 strains of the T. mentagrophytes complex from outpatient clinics of our hospital collected during the past 5 years. The set comprised four ITS genotypes, two of which were T. mentagrophytes genotype VIII, now known as Trichophyton indotineae; the earliest isolation in the Guiyang area appeared to date back to 2018. The isolate was derived from an Indian patient, while local Chinese patients had no dermatophytosis caused by this genotype. Reports from around the world indicated that almost all of the globally reported T. indotineae cases originated from the Indian subcontinent and surrounding countries without transmission among native populations, suggesting deviating local conditions or racial differences in immunity against this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songgan Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical School, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xuemei Long
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiali Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yinhui Jiang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - G Sybren de Hoog
- Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Weida Liu
- Department of Medical Mycology, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Infectious Dermatology Group, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Skin and STIs, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Centre of Expertise in Mycology, Radboud University Medical Center/Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Precision Therapy for Invasive Fungal Diseases. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 8:jof8010018. [PMID: 35049957 PMCID: PMC8780074 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are a common infection-related cause of death in immunocompromised patients. Approximately 10 million people are at risk of developing invasive aspergillosis annually. Detailed study of the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of antifungal drugs has resulted in a better understanding of optimal regimens for populations, drug exposure targets for therapeutic drug monitoring, and establishing in vitro susceptibility breakpoints. Importantly, however, each is an example of a “one size fits all strategy”, where complex systems are reduced to a singularity that ensures antifungal therapy is administered safely and effectively at the level of a population. Clearly, such a notion serves most patients adequately but is completely counter to the covenant at the centre of the clinician–patient relationship, where each patient should know whether they are well-positioned to maximally benefit from an antifungal drug. This review discusses the current therapy of fungal infections and areas of future research to maximise the effectiveness of antifungal therapy at an individual level.
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Reddy B, Kumar A, Mehta S, Sheoran N, Chinnusamy V, Prakash G. Hybrid de novo genome-reassembly reveals new insights on pathways and pathogenicity determinants in rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae RMg_Dl. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22922. [PMID: 34824307 PMCID: PMC8616942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01980-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast disease incited by Magnaporthe oryzae is a major threat to sustain rice production in all rice growing nations. The pathogen is widely distributed in all rice paddies and displays rapid aerial transmissions, and seed-borne latent infection. In order to understand the genetic variability, host specificity, and molecular basis of the pathogenicity-associated traits, the whole genome of rice infecting Magnaporthe oryzae (Strain RMg_Dl) was sequenced using the Illumina and PacBio (RSII compatible) platforms. The high-throughput hybrid assembly of short and long reads resulted in a total of 375 scaffolds with a genome size of 42.43 Mb. Furthermore, comparative genome analysis revealed 99% average nucleotide identity (ANI) with other oryzae genomes and 83% against M. grisea, and 73% against M. poe genomes. The gene calling identified 10,553 genes with 10,539 protein-coding sequences. Among the detected transposable elements, the LTR/Gypsy and Type LINE showed high occurrence. The InterProScan of predicted protein sequences revealed that 97% protein family (PFAM), 98% superfamily, and 95% CDD were shared among RMg_Dl and reference 70-15 genome, respectively. Additionally, 550 CAZymes with high GH family content/distribution and cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDE) such endoglucanase, beta-glucosidase, and pectate lyase were also deciphered in RMg_Dl. The prevalence of virulence factors determination revealed that 51 different VFs were found in the genome. The biochemical pathway such as starch and sucrose metabolism, mTOR signaling, cAMP signaling, MAPK signaling pathways related genes were identified in the genome. The 49,065 SNPs, 3267 insertions and 3611 deletions were detected, and majority of these varinats were located on downstream and upstream region. Taken together, the generated information will be useful to develop a specific marker for diagnosis, pathogen surveillance and tracking, molecular taxonomy, and species delineation which ultimately leads to device improved management strategies for blast disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Reddy
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Aundy Kumar
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - Sahil Mehta
- Crop Improvement Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Neelam Sheoran
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Ganesan Prakash
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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