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Tang T, Sun J, Li C. The role of Phafin proteins in cell signaling pathways and diseases. Open Life Sci 2024; 19:20220896. [PMID: 38947768 PMCID: PMC11211877 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated proteins are important membrane readers that mediate and facilitate the signaling and trafficking pathways in eukaryotic membrane-bound compartments. The protein members in the Phafin family are membrane readers containing two phosphoinositide recognition domains: the Pleckstrin Homology domain and the FYVE (Fab1, YOTB, Vac1, and early endosome antigen 1) domain. Phafin proteins, categorized into two subfamilies, Phafin1 and Phafin2, associate with cellular membranes through interactions involving membrane-embedded phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide-binding domains. These membrane-associated Phafin proteins play pivotal roles by recruiting binding partners and forming complexes, which contribute significantly to apoptotic, autophagic, and macropinocytotic pathways. Elevated expression levels of Phafin1 and Phafin2 are observed in various cancers. A recent study highlights a significant increase in Phafin1 protein levels in the lungs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients compared to normal subjects, suggesting a crucial role for Phafin1 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis. Additionally, phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate-binding 2 (Pib2), a close relative of the Phafin1 protein, functions as an amino acid sensor activating the TOCR1 pathway in yeasts. This review focuses on delineating the involvement of Phafin proteins in cellular signaling and their implications in diseases and briefly discusses the latest research findings concerning Pib2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoxian Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Strelkova OS, Osgood RT, Tian CJ, Zhang X, Hale E, De-la-Torre P, Hathaway DM, Indzhykulian AA. PKHD1L1 is required for stereocilia bundle maintenance, durable hearing function and resilience to noise exposure. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.29.582786. [PMID: 38496629 PMCID: PMC10942330 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.29.582786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Sensory hair cells of the cochlea are essential for hearing, relying on the mechanosensitive stereocilia bundle at their apical pole for their function. Polycystic Kidney and Hepatic Disease 1-Like 1 (PKHD1L1) is a stereocilia protein required for normal hearing in mice, and for the formation of the transient stereocilia surface coat, expressed during early postnatal development. While the function of the stereocilia coat remains unclear, growing evidence supports PKHD1L1 as a human deafness gene. In this study we carry out in depth characterization of PKHD1L1 expression in mice during development and adulthood, analyze hair-cell bundle morphology and hearing function in aging PKHD1L1-defficient mouse lines, and assess their susceptibility to noise damage. Our findings reveal that PKHD1L1-deficient mice display no disruption to bundle cohesion or tectorial membrane attachment-crown formation during development. However, starting from 6 weeks of age, PKHD1L1-defficient mice display missing stereocilia and disruptions to bundle coherence. Both conditional and constitutive PKHD1L1 knock-out mice develop high-frequency hearing loss progressing to lower frequencies with age. Furthermore, PKHD1L1-deficient mice are susceptible to permanent hearing loss following moderate acoustic overexposure, which induces only temporary hearing threshold shifts in wild-type mice. These results suggest a role for PKHD1L1 in establishing robust sensory hair bundles during development, necessary for maintaining bundle cohesion and function in response to acoustic trauma and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Evan Hale
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pedro De-la-Torre
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Daniel M. Hathaway
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Artur A. Indzhykulian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Lara MK, Chitre AS, Chen D, Johnson BB, Nguyen KM, Cohen KA, Muckadam SA, Lin B, Ziegler S, Beeson A, Sanches T, Solberg Woods LC, Polesskaya O, Palmer AA, Mitchell SH. Genome-wide association study of delay discounting in Heterogenous Stock rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.12.570851. [PMID: 38168347 PMCID: PMC10760013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.12.570851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Delay discounting refers to the behavioral tendency to devalue rewards as a function of their delay in receipt. Heightened delay discounting has been associated with substance use disorders, as well as multiple co-occurring psychopathologies. Genetic studies in humans and animal models have established that delay discounting is a heritable trait, but only a few specific genes have been associated with delay discounting. Here, we aimed to identify novel genetic loci associated with delay discounting through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using Heterogenous Stock rats, a genetically diverse outbred population derived from eight inbred founder strains. We assessed delay discounting in 650 male and female rats using an adjusting amount procedure in which rats chose between smaller immediate sucrose rewards or a larger reward at variable delays. Preference switch points were calculated for each rat and both exponential and hyperbolic functions were fitted to these indifference points. Area under the curve (AUC) and the discounting parameter k of both functions were used as delay discounting measures. GWAS for AUC, exponential k, and indifference points for a short delay identified significant loci on chromosomes 20 and 14. The gene Slc35f1, which encodes a member of the solute carrier family of nucleoside sugar transporters, was the only gene within the chromosome 20 locus. That locus also contained an eQTL for Slc35f1, suggesting that heritable differences in the expression of that gene might be responsible for the association with behavior. The gene Adgrl3, which encodes a member of the latrophilin family of G-protein coupled receptors, was the only gene within the chromosome 14 locus. These findings implicate novel genes in delay discounting and highlight the need for further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montana Kay Lara
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Apurva S. Chitre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Denghui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Khai-Minh Nguyen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Katarina A. Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sakina A. Muckadam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Bonnie Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shae Ziegler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Angela Beeson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Thiago Sanches
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Leah C. Solberg Woods
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Oksana Polesskaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Abraham A. Palmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Suzanne H. Mitchell
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience, Psychiatry, the Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239 USA
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