1
|
Lee MJ, Blish CA. Defining the role of natural killer cells in COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1628-1638. [PMID: 37460639 PMCID: PMC10538371 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01560-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are critical effectors of antiviral immunity. Researchers have therefore sought to characterize the NK cell response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The NK cells of patients with severe COVID-19 undergo extensive phenotypic and functional changes. For example, the NK cells from critically ill patients with COVID-19 are highly activated and exhausted, with poor cytotoxic function and cytokine production upon stimulation. The NK cell response to SARS-CoV-2 is also modulated by changes induced in virally infected cells, including the ability of a viral peptide to bind HLA-E, preventing NK cells from receiving inhibitory signals, and the downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class I and ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D. These changes have important implications for the ability of infected cells to escape NK cell killing. The implications of these findings for antibody-dependent NK cell activity in COVID-19 are also reviewed. Despite these advances in the understanding of the NK cell response to SARS-CoV-2, there remain critical gaps in our current understanding and a wealth of avenues for future research on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J Lee
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee MJ, Leong MW, Rustagi A, Beck A, Zeng L, Holmes S, Qi LS, Blish CA. SARS-CoV-2 escapes direct NK cell killing through Nsp1-mediated downregulation of ligands for NKG2D. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111892. [PMID: 36543165 PMCID: PMC9742201 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic effector cells that target and lyse virally infected cells; many viruses therefore encode mechanisms to escape such NK cell killing. Here, we interrogate the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to modulate NK cell recognition and lysis of infected cells. We find that NK cells exhibit poor cytotoxic responses against SARS-CoV-2-infected targets, preferentially killing uninfected bystander cells. We demonstrate that this escape is driven by downregulation of ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D (NKG2D-L). Indeed, early in viral infection, prior to NKG2D-L downregulation, NK cells are able to target and kill infected cells; however, this ability is lost as viral proteins are expressed. Finally, we find that SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) mediates downregulation of NKG2D-L and that Nsp1 alone is sufficient to confer resistance to NK cell killing. Collectively, our work demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 evades direct NK cell cytotoxicity and describes a mechanism by which this occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeline J Lee
- Stanford Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle W Leong
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aimee Beck
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Leiping Zeng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Susan Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lei S Qi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Sarafan Chem-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94157, USA
| | - Catherine A Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94157, USA; Stanford Medical Scientist Training Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghilas S, Ambrosini M, Cancel JC, Brousse C, Massé M, Lelouard H, Dalod M, Crozat K. Natural killer cells and dendritic epidermal γδ T cells orchestrate type 1 conventional DC spatiotemporal repositioning toward CD8 + T cells. iScience 2021; 24:103059. [PMID: 34568787 PMCID: PMC8449251 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful immune responses rely on a regulated delivery of the right signals to the right cells at the right time. Here we show that natural killer (NK) and dendritic epidermal γδ T cells (DETCs) use similar mechanisms to spatiotemporally orchestrate conventional type 1 dendritic cell (cDC1) functions in the spleen, skin, and its draining lymph nodes (dLNs). Upon MCMV infection in the spleen, cDC1 clusterize with activated NK cells in marginal zones. This XCR1-dependent repositioning of cDC1 toward NK cells allows contact delivery of IL-12 and IL-15/IL-15Rα by cDC1, which is critical for NK cell responses. NK cells deliver granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to cDC1, guiding their CCR7-dependent relocalization into the T cell zone. In MCMV-infected skin, XCL1-secreting DETCs promote cDC1 migration from the skin to the dLNs. This XCR1-dependent licensing of cDC1 both in the spleen and skin accelerates antiviral CD8+ T cell responses, revealing an additional mechanism through which cDC1 bridge innate and adaptive immunity. Upon viral infection in the spleen, NK cells clusterize with cDC1 in the marginal zone This XCL1/XCR1-dependent interaction allows mutual delivery of activating signals NK cell GM-CSF directs cDC1 migration to T cell zone boosting CD8+ T cell priming In the skin, DETCs contact cDC1 via XCL1/XCR1 to promote antiviral CD8+ T cell priming
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Ghilas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Ambrosini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Charles Cancel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Carine Brousse
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Massé
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Hugues Lelouard
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Dalod
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Karine Crozat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moreno Santillán DD, Lama TM, Gutierrez Guerrero YT, Brown AM, Donat P, Zhao H, Rossiter SJ, Yohe LR, Potter JH, Teeling EC, Vernes SC, Davies KTJ, Myers E, Hughes GM, Huang Z, Hoffmann F, Corthals AP, Ray DA, Dávalos LM. Large-scale genome sampling reveals unique immunity and metabolic adaptations in bats. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:6449-6467. [PMID: 34146369 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Comprising more than 1,400 species, bats possess adaptations unique among mammals including powered flight, unexpected longevity, and extraordinary immunity. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these unique adaptations includes DNA repair, metabolism and immunity. However, analyses have been limited to a few divergent lineages, reducing the scope of inferences on gene family evolution across the Order Chiroptera. We conducted an exhaustive comparative genomic study of 37 bat species, one generated in this study, encompassing a large number of lineages, with a particular emphasis on multi-gene family evolution across immune and metabolic genes. In agreement with previous analyses, we found lineage-specific expansions of the APOBEC3 and MHC-I gene families, and loss of the proinflammatory PYHIN gene family. We inferred more than 1,000 gene losses unique to bats, including genes involved in the regulation of inflammasome pathways such as epithelial defence receptors, the natural killer gene complex and the interferon-gamma induced pathway. Gene set enrichment analyses revealed genes lost in bats are involved in defence response against pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. Gene family evolution and selection analyses indicate bats have evolved fundamental functional differences compared to other mammals in both innate and adaptive immune system, with the potential to enhance antiviral immune response while dampening inflammatory signalling. In addition, metabolic genes have experienced repeated expansions related to convergent shifts to plant-based diets. Our analyses support the hypothesis that, in tandem with flight, ancestral bats had evolved a unique set of immune adaptations whose functional implications remain to be explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanya M Lama
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Yocelyn T Gutierrez Guerrero
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alexis M Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Paul Donat
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Huabin Zhao
- Department of Ecology, Tibetan Centre for Ecology and Conservation at WHU-TU, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Stephen J Rossiter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Laurel R Yohe
- Department of Earth & Planetary Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joshua H Potter
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emma C Teeling
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sonja C Vernes
- Neurogenetics of Vocal Communication Group, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,School of Biology, The University of St Andrews, Fife, UK
| | - Kalina T J Davies
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eugene Myers
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Graham M Hughes
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zixia Huang
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Federico Hoffmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Angelique P Corthals
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, New York, USA
| | - David A Ray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Liliana M Dávalos
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Consortium for Inter- Disciplinary Environmental Research, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diab M, Schmiedel D, Seidel E, Bacharach E, Mandelboim O. Human Metapneumovirus Escapes NK Cell Recognition through the Downregulation of Stress-Induced Ligands for NKG2D. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070781. [PMID: 32698530 PMCID: PMC7412239 DOI: 10.3390/v12070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pneumoviridae family includes human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and human orthopneumovirus, which is also known as a respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV). These are large enveloped, negative single-strand RNA viruses. HMPV and HRSV are the human members, which commonly infect children. HMPV, which was discovered in 2001, infects most children until the age of five, which causes an influenza-like illness. The interaction of this virus with immune cells is poorly understood. In this study, we show that HMPV evades natural killer (NK) cell attack by downregulating stress-induced ligands for the activating receptor NKG2D including: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I polypeptide-related sequences A and B (MICA, MICB), UL16 binding proteins ULBP2, and ULBP3, but not ULBP1. Mechanistically, we show that the viral protein G is involved in the downregulation of ULBP2 and that the viral protein M2.2 is required for MICA and MICB downregulation. These findings emphasize the importance of NK cells, in general, and NKG2D, in particular, in controlling HMPV infection, which opens new avenues for treating HMPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Diab
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Dominik Schmiedel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Einat Seidel
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Eran Bacharach
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel;
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Concern Foundation Laboratories at the Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada (IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; (M.D.); (D.S.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-2675-7515
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berry R, Watson GM, Jonjic S, Degli-Esposti MA, Rossjohn J. Modulation of innate and adaptive immunity by cytomegaloviruses. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:113-127. [PMID: 31666730 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coordinated activities of innate and adaptive immunity are critical for effective protection against viruses. To counter this, some viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to circumvent immune cell recognition. In particular, cytomegaloviruses encode large arsenals of molecules that seek to subvert T cell and natural killer cell function via a remarkable array of mechanisms. Consequently, these 'immunoevasins' play a fundamental role in shaping the nature of the immune system by driving the evolution of new immune receptors and recognition mechanisms. Here, we review the diverse strategies adopted by cytomegaloviruses to target immune pathways and outline the host's response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Berry
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Gabrielle M Watson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mariapia A Degli-Esposti
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Vaccine Vectors Harnessing the Power of Cytomegaloviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040152. [PMID: 31627457 PMCID: PMC6963789 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) species have been gaining attention as experimental vaccine vectors inducing cellular immune responses of unparalleled strength and protection. This review outline the strengths and the restrictions of CMV-based vectors, in light of the known aspects of CMV infection, pathogenicity and immunity. We discuss aspects to be considered when optimizing CMV based vaccines, including the innate immune response, the adaptive humoral immunity and the T-cell responses. We also discuss the antigenic epitopes presented by unconventional major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in some CMV delivery systems and considerations about routes for delivery for the induction of systemic or mucosal immune responses. With the first clinical trials initiating, CMV-based vaccine vectors are entering a mature phase of development. This impetus needs to be maintained by scientific advances that feed the progress of this technological platform.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bléry M, Vivier E. NKG2D-MICA Interaction: A Paradigm Shift in Innate Recognition. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 200:2229-2230. [PMID: 29555675 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Vivier
- Innate Pharma, 13276 Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France; and.,Immunologie, Hôpital de la Timone, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13385 Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rohn H, Tomoya Michita R, Schwich E, Dolff S, Gäckler A, Trilling M, Le-Trilling VTK, Wilde B, Korth J, Heinemann FM, Horn PA, Kribben A, Witzke O, Rebmann V. The Donor Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Chain-Related Molecule A Allele rs2596538 G Predicts Cytomegalovirus Viremia in Kidney Transplant Recipients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:917. [PMID: 29867932 PMCID: PMC5953334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related protein A (MICA) and its cognate activating receptor natural killer (NK) group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor plays a significant role in viral immune control. In the context of kidney transplantation (KTx), cytomegalovirus (CMV) frequently causes severe complications. Hypothesizing that functional polymorphisms of the MICA/NKG2D axis might affect antiviral NK and T cell responses to CMV, we explored the association of the MICA-129 Met/Val single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (affecting the binding affinity of MICA with the NKG2D receptor), the MICA rs2596538 G/A SNP (influencing MICA transcription), and the NKG2D rs1049174 G/C SNP (determining the cytotoxic potential of effector cells) with the clinical outcome of CMV during the first year after KTx in a cohort of 181 kidney donor-recipients pairs. Univariate analyses identified the donor MICA rs2596538 G allele status as a protective prognostic determinant for CMV disease. In addition to the well-known prognostic factors CMV high-risk sero-status of patients and the application of lymphocyte-depleting drugs, the donor MICA rs2596538 G allele carrier status was confirmed by multivariate analyses as novel-independent factor predicting the development of CMV infection/disease during the first year after KTx. The results of our study emphasize the clinical importance of the MICA/NKG2D axis in CMV control in KTx and point out that the potential MICA transcription in the donor allograft is of clinically relevant importance for CMV immune control in this allogeneic situation. Furthermore, they provide substantial evidence that the donor MICA rs2596538 G allele carrier status is a promising genetic marker predicting CMV viremia after KTx. Thus, in the kidney transplant setting, donor MICA rs2596538 G may help to allow the future development of personal CMV approaches within a genetically predisposed patient cohort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hana Rohn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rafael Tomoya Michita
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Esther Schwich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anja Gäckler
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mirko Trilling
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin Wilde
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Korth
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Falko M Heinemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vera Rebmann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hiršl L, Brizić I, Jenuš T, Juranić Lisnić V, Reichel JJ, Jurković S, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. Murine CMV Expressing the High Affinity NKG2D Ligand MULT-1: A Model for the Development of Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccines. Front Immunol 2018; 9:991. [PMID: 29867968 PMCID: PMC5949336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a vaccine against human cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been a subject of long-term medical interest. The research during recent years identified CMV as an attractive vaccine vector against infectious diseases and tumors. The immune response to CMV persists over a lifetime and its unique feature is the inflationary T cell response to certain viral epitopes. CMV encodes numerous genes involved in immunoevasion, which are non-essential for virus growth in vitro. The deletion of those genes results in virus attenuation in vivo, which enables us to dramatically manipulate its virulence and the immune response. We have previously shown that the murine CMV (MCMV) expressing RAE-1γ, one of the cellular ligands for the NKG2D receptor, is highly attenuated in vivo but retains the ability to induce a strong CD8+ T cell response. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant MCMV expressing high affinity NKG2D ligand murine UL16 binding protein-like transcript (MULT-1) (MULT-1MCMV) inserted in the place of its viral inhibitor is dramatically attenuated in vivo in a NK cell-dependent manner, both in immunocompetent adult mice and in immunologically immature newborns. MULT-1MCMV was more attenuated than the recombinant virus expressing RAE-1γ. Despite the drastic sensitivity to innate immune control, MULT-1MCMV induced an efficient CD8+ T cell response to viral and vectored antigens. By using in vitro assay, we showed that similar to RAE-1γMCMV, MULT-1 expressing virus provided strong priming of CD8+ T cells. Moreover, MULT-1MCMV was able to induce anti-viral antibodies, which after passing the transplacental barrier protect offspring of immunized mothers from challenge infection. Altogether, this study further supports the concept that CMV expressing NKG2D ligand possesses excellent characteristics to serve as a vaccine or vaccine vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hiršl
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ilija Brizić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Tina Jenuš
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Slaven Jurković
- Medical Physics Department, University Hospital Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bauman Y, Drayman N, Ben-Nun-Shaul O, Vitenstein A, Yamin R, Ophir Y, Oppenheim A, Mandelboim O. Downregulation of the stress-induced ligand ULBP1 following SV40 infection confers viral evasion from NK cell cytotoxicity. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15369-81. [PMID: 26992229 PMCID: PMC4941247 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are a diverse family of viruses which are prevalent in the human population. However, the interactions of these viruses with the immune system are not well characterized. We have previously shown that two human polyomaviruses, JC and BK, use an identical microRNA to evade immune attack by Natural Killer (NK) cells. We showed that this viral microRNA suppresses ULBP3 expression, a stress induced ligand for the killer receptor NKG2D. Here we show that Simian Virus 40 (SV40) also evades NK cell attack through the down regulation of another stress-induced ligand of NKG2D, ULBP1. These findings indicate that NK cells play an essential role in fighting polyomavirus infections and further emphasize the importance of various members of the ULBP family in controlling polyomavirus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Bauman
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of The Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nir Drayman
- Department of Hematology Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Orly Ben-Nun-Shaul
- Department of Hematology Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Vitenstein
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of The Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Yamin
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of The Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Ophir
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of The Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariella Oppenheim
- Department of Hematology Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ofer Mandelboim
- The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, The BioMedical Research Institute Israel-Canada of The Faculty of Medicine (IMRIC), The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Itell HL, Kaur A, Deere JD, Barry PA, Permar SR. Rhesus monkeys for a nonhuman primate model of cytomegalovirus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 25:126-133. [PMID: 28888133 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading opportunistic viral infection in solid organ transplant patients and is the most common congenitally transmitted pathogen worldwide. Despite the significant burden of disease HCMV causes in immunosuppressed patients and infected newborns, there are no licensed preventative vaccines or effective immunotherapeutic treatments for HCMV, largely due to our incomplete understanding of the immune correlates of protection against HCMV infection and disease. Though CMV species-specificity imposes an additional challenge in defining a suitable animal model for HCMV, nonhuman primate (NHP) CMVs are the most genetically related to HCMV. In this review, we discuss the advantages and applicability of rhesus monkey models for studying HCMV infections and pathogenesis and ultimately informing vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Itell
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amitinder Kaur
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Jesse D Deere
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Barry
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Sallie R Permar
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lenartić M, Jelenčić V, Zafirova B, Ožanič M, Marečić V, Jurković S, Sexl V, Šantić M, Wensveen FM, Polić B. NKG2D Promotes B1a Cell Development and Protection against Bacterial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:1531-1542. [PMID: 28087665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NKG2D is a potent activating receptor that is expressed on cytotoxic immune cells such as CD8 T and NK cells, where it promotes cytotoxicity after binding stress ligands on infected or transformed cells. On NK cell precursors NKG2D modulates proliferation and maturation. Previously, we observed that NKG2D deficiency affects peripheral B cell numbers. In this study, we show that NKG2D regulates B1a cell development and function. We find that mice deficient for NKG2D have a strong reduction of B1a cell numbers. As a result, NKG2D-deficient mice produce significantly less Ag-specific IgM Abs upon immunization with T cell-independent Ags, and they are more susceptible to Gram-negative sepsis. Klrk1-/- B1a cells are also functionally impaired and they fail to provide protection against Francisella novicida upon adoptive transfer. Using mixed bone marrow chimeric mice, we show that the impact of NKG2D deficiency on B1a cell development is cell intrinsic. No changes in homeostatic turnover and homing of B cells were detectable, limiting the effects of NKG2D to modulation of the hematopoietic development of B1a cells. Using conditional ablation, we demonstrate that the effect of NKG2D on B1a cell development occurs at a developmental stage that precedes the common lymphoid progenitor. Our findings reveal an unexpected new role for NKG2D in the regulation of B1a cell development. The protective effects of this activating receptor therefore reach beyond that of cytotoxic cells, stimulating the immune system to fight bacterial infections by promoting development of innate-like B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Lenartić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vedrana Jelenčić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Biljana Zafirova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.,Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Immunobiology, Immunology Department, Institute Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mateja Ožanič
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Valentina Marečić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Slaven Jurković
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospital Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Marina Šantić
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, 1105 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bahador M, Gras Navarro A, Rahman M, Dominguez-Valentin M, Sarowar S, Ulvestad E, Njølstad G, Lie S, Kristoffersen E, Bratland E, Chekenya M. Increased infiltration and tolerised antigen-specific CD8 + T EM cells in tumor but not peripheral blood have no impact on survival of HCMV + glioblastoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1336272. [PMID: 28919997 PMCID: PMC5593710 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1336272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antigens in glioblastoma (GBM) present opportunities for personalised immunotherapy. However, their presence in GBM tissue is still under debate, and evidence of their impact on functional immune responses and prognosis is sparse. Here, we investigated the presence of pp65 (UL83) and immediate early 1 (IE-1) HCMV antigens in a cohort of Norwegian GBM patients (n = 177), using qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and serology. HCMV status was then used to investigate whether viral antigens influenced immune cell phenotype, infiltration, activation and patient survival. Pp65 and IE-1 were detected by qPCR in 23% and 43% of GBM patients, respectively. Furthermore, there was increased seropositivity in GBM patients relative to donors (79% vs. 48%, respectively; Logistic regression, OR = 4.05, 95%CI [1.807-9.114], P = 0.001, also when adjusted for age (OR = 2.84, 95%CI [1.110-7.275], P = 0.029). Tissue IE-1-positivity correlated with increased CD3+CD8+ T-cell infiltration (P < 0.0001), where CD8+ effector memory T (TEM) cells accounted for the majority of CD8+T cells compared with peripheral blood of HCMV+ patients (P < 0.0001), and HCMV+ (P < 0.001) and HCMV- (P < 0.001) donors. HLA-A2/B8-restricted HCMV-specific CD8+ T cells were more frequent in blood and tumor of HCMV+ GBM patients compared with seronegative patients, and donors irrespective of their serostatus. In biopsies, the HCMV-specific CD8+ TEM cells highly expressed CTLA-4 and PD-1 immune checkpoint protein markers compared with populations in peripheral blood (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001), which expressed 3-fold greater levels of CD28 (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001). These peripheral blood T cells correspondingly secreted higher levels of IFNγ in response to pp65 and IE-1 peptide stimulation (P < 0.001). Thus, despite apparent increased immunogenicity of HCMV compared with tumor antigens, the T cells were tolerised, and HCMV status did not impact patient survival (Log Rank3.53 HR = 0.85 95%CI [0.564-1.290], P = 0.45). Enhancing immune functionality in the tumor microenvironment thus may improve patient outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bahador
- University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - A. Gras Navarro
- University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - M.A. Rahman
- University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - S. Sarowar
- University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - E. Ulvestad
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Science, Bergen, Norway
- Haukeland University Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway
| | - G. Njølstad
- Haukeland University Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway
| | - S.A. Lie
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Dentistry, Bergen, Norway
| | - E.K. Kristoffersen
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Science, Bergen, Norway
- Haukeland University Hospital, Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Bergen, Norway
| | - E. Bratland
- University of Bergen, Department of Clinical Science, Bergen, Norway
- Eirik Bratland, PhD University of Bergen, Department of clinical science, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5020, Bergen
| | - M. Chekenya
- University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Bergen, Norway
- CONTACT Professor Martha Chekenya, PhD, Dr Philos University of Bergen, Department of Biomedicine, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5020, Bergen
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Haik J, Nardini G, Goldman N, Galore-Haskel G, Harats M, Zilinsky I, Weissman O, Schachter J, Winkler E, Markel G. Increased serum NKG2D-ligands and downregulation of NKG2D in peripheral blood NK cells of patients with major burns. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2220-8. [PMID: 26745675 PMCID: PMC4823030 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression following major thermal injury directly impacts the recovery potential. Limited data from past reports indicate that natural killer cells might be suppressed due to a putative soluble factor that has remained elusive up to date. Here we comparatively study cohorts of patients with Major and Non-Major Burns as well as healthy donors. MICB and ULBP1 are stress ligands of NKG2D that can be induced by heat stress. Remarkably, serum concentration levels of MICB and ULBP1 are increased by 3-fold and 20-fold, respectively, already within 24h post major thermal injury, and are maintained high for 28 days. In contrast, milder thermal injuries do not similarly enhance the serum levels of MICB and ULBP1. This kinetics coincides with a significant downregulation of NKG2D expression among peripheral blood NK cells. Downregulation of NKG2D by high concentration of soluble MICB occurs in cancer patients and during normal pregnancy due to over production by cancer cells or extravillous trophoblasts, respectively, as an active immune-evasion mechanism. In burn patients this seems an incidental outcome of extensive thermal injury, leading to reduced NKG2D expression. Enhanced susceptibility of these patients to opportunistic viral infections, particularly herpes viruses, could be explained by the reduced NKG2D expression. Further studies are warranted for translation into innovative diagnostic or therapeutic technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Haik
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Nardini
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noga Goldman
- Department of General Surgery C, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Moti Harats
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Isaac Zilinsky
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oren Weissman
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jacob Schachter
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eyal Winkler
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gal Markel
- Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sturgill ER, Malouli D, Hansen SG, Burwitz BJ, Seo S, Schneider CL, Womack JL, Verweij MC, Ventura AB, Bhusari A, Jeffries KM, Legasse AW, Axthelm MK, Hudson AW, Sacha JB, Picker LJ, Früh K. Natural Killer Cell Evasion Is Essential for Infection by Rhesus Cytomegalovirus. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005868. [PMID: 27580123 PMCID: PMC5006984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural killer cell receptor NKG2D activates NK cells by engaging one of several ligands (NKG2DLs) belonging to either the MIC or ULBP families. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL16 and UL142 counteract this activation by retaining NKG2DLs and US18 and US20 act via lysomal degradation but the importance of NK cell evasion for infection is unknown. Since NKG2DLs are highly conserved in rhesus macaques, we characterized how NKG2DL interception by rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) impacts infection in vivo. Interestingly, RhCMV lacks homologs of UL16 and UL142 but instead employs Rh159, the homolog of UL148, to prevent NKG2DL surface expression. Rh159 resides in the endoplasmic reticulum and retains several NKG2DLs whereas UL148 does not interfere with NKG2DL expression. Deletion of Rh159 releases human and rhesus MIC proteins, but not ULBPs, from retention while increasing NK cell stimulation by infected cells. Importantly, RhCMV lacking Rh159 cannot infect CMV-naïve animals unless CD8+ cells, including NK cells, are depleted. However, infection can be rescued by replacing Rh159 with HCMV UL16 suggesting that Rh159 and UL16 perform similar functions in vivo. We therefore conclude that cytomegaloviral interference with NK cell activation is essential to establish but not to maintain chronic infection. Natural killer (NK) cells are an important subset of the innate immune system that rapidly responds to cellular transformation and infection. The importance of NK cell control of viral infection is dramatically illustrated by our results revealing that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is unable to establish infections in healthy individuals unless NK cell responses are subverted. By studying infection of rhesus macaques with rhesus CMV, a highly representative animal model for human CMV, we identified a key viral factor that allows RhCMV to limit NK cell activation by preventing NK cell activating ligands from trafficking to the cell surface. Importantly, we observed that this avoidance of NK cell activation is essential to establish infection in vivo because RhCMV lacking the NK cell evasion factor was unable to infect animals unless NK cells were depleted. By unmasking such viral stealth strategies it might be possible to harness innate immunity to prevent viral infection, the primary goal of CMV vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Sturgill
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malouli
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Scott G. Hansen
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Seongkyung Seo
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Christine L. Schneider
- Department of Life Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jennie L. Womack
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marieke C. Verweij
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Abigail B. Ventura
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amruta Bhusari
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Krystal M. Jeffries
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alfred W. Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Amy W. Hudson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Louis J. Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Varicella-Zoster Virus and Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Differentially Modulate NKG2D Ligand Expression during Productive Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:7932-43. [PMID: 25995251 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00292-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural killer (NK) cell-deficient patients are particularly susceptible to severe infection with herpesviruses, especially varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). The critical role that NK cells play in controlling these infections denotes an intricate struggle for dominance between virus and NK cell antiviral immunity; however, research in this area has remained surprisingly limited. Our study addressed this absence of knowledge and found that infection with VZV was not associated with enhanced NK cell activation, suggesting that the virus uses specific mechanisms to limit NK cell activity. Analysis of viral regulation of ligands for NKG2D, a potent activating receptor ubiquitously expressed on NK cells, revealed that VZV differentially modulates expression of the NKG2D ligands MICA, ULBP2, and ULBP3 by upregulating MICA expression while reducing ULBP2 and ULBP3 expression on the surface of infected cells. Despite being closely related to VZV, infection with HSV-1 produced a remarkably different effect on NKG2D ligand expression. A significant decrease in MICA, ULBP2, and ULBP3 was observed with HSV-1 infection at a total cellular protein level, as well as on the cell surface. We also demonstrate that HSV-1 differentially regulates expression of an additional NKG2D ligand, ULBP1, by reducing cell surface expression while total protein levels are unchanged. Our findings illustrate both a striking point of difference between two closely related alphaherpesviruses, as well as suggest a powerful capacity for VZV and HSV-1 to evade antiviral NK cell activity through novel modulation of NKG2D ligand expression. IMPORTANCE Patients with deficiencies in NK cell function experience an extreme susceptibility to infection with herpesviruses, in particular, VZV and HSV-1. Despite this striking correlation, research into understanding how these two alphaherpesviruses interact with NK cells is surprisingly limited. Through examination of viral regulation of ligands to the activating NK cell receptor NKG2D, we reveal patterns of modulation by VZV, which were unexpectedly varied in response to regulation by HSV-1 infection. Our study begins to unravel the undoubtedly complex interactions that occur between NK cells and alphaherpesvirus infection by providing novel insights into how VZV and HSV-1 manipulate NKG2D ligand expression to modulate NK cell activity, while also illuminating a distinct variation between two closely related alphaherpesviruses.
Collapse
|
18
|
Dynamic Co-evolution of Host and Pathogen: HCMV Downregulates the Prevalent Allele MICA∗008 to Escape Elimination by NK Cells. Cell Rep 2015; 10:968-982. [PMID: 25683719 PMCID: PMC4641326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells mediate innate immune responses against hazardous cells and are particularly important for the control of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). NKG2D is a key NK activating receptor that recognizes a family of stress-induced ligands, including MICA, MICB, and ULBP1-6. Notably, most of these ligands are targeted by HCMV proteins and a miRNA to prevent the killing of infected cells by NK cells. A particular highly prevalent MICA allele, MICA*008, is considered to be an HCMV-resistant “escape variant” that confers advantage to human NK cells in recognizing infected cells. However, here we show that HCMV uses its viral glycoprotein US9 to specifically target MICA*008 and thus escapes NKG2D attack. The finding that HCMV evolved a protein dedicated to countering a single host allele illustrates the dynamic co-evolution of host and pathogen.
Collapse
|
19
|
Couzi L, Pitard V, Moreau JF, Merville P, Déchanet-Merville J. Direct and Indirect Effects of Cytomegalovirus-Induced γδ T Cells after Kidney Transplantation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:3. [PMID: 25653652 PMCID: PMC4301015 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite effective anti-viral therapies, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is still associated with direct (CMV disease) and indirect effects (rejection and poor graft survival) in kidney transplant recipients. Recently, an unconventional T cell population (collectively designated as Vδ2neg γδ T cells) has been characterized during the anti-CMV immune response in all solid-organ and bone-marrow transplant recipients, neonates, and healthy people. These CMV-induced Vδ2neg γδ T cells undergo a dramatic and stable expansion after CMV infection, in a conventional “adaptive” manner. Similarly, as CMV-specific CD8+ αβ T cells, they exhibit an effector/memory TEMRA phenotype and cytotoxic effector functions. Activation of Vδ2neg γδ T cells by CMV-infected cells involves the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) and still ill-defined co-stimulatory molecules such as LFA-1. A multiple of Vδ2neg γδ TCR ligands are apparently recognized on CMV-infected cells, the first one identified being the major histocompatibility complex-related molecule endothelial protein C receptor. A singularity of CMV-induced Vδ2neg γδ T cells is to acquire CD16 expression and to exert an antibody-dependent cell-mediated inhibition on CMV replication, which is controlled by a specific cytokine microenvironment. Beyond the well-demonstrated direct anti-CMV effect of Vδ2neg γδ T cells, unexpected indirect effects of these cells have been also observed in the context of kidney transplantation. CMV-induced Vδ2neg γδ T cells have been involved in surveillance of malignancy subsequent to long-term immunosuppression. Moreover, CMV-induced CD16+ γδ T cells are cell effectors of antibody-mediated rejection of kidney transplants, and represent a new physiopathological contribution to the well-known association between CMV infection and poor graft survival. All these basic and clinical studies paved the road to the development of a future γδ T cell-based immunotherapy. In the meantime, γδ T cell monitoring should prove a valuable immunological biomarker in the management of CMV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Couzi
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
| | - Vincent Pitard
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France
| | - Jean-François Moreau
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Laboratoire d'immunologie , Bordeaux , France
| | - Pierre Merville
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France ; Service de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France
| | - Julie Déchanet-Merville
- Université de Bordeaux , Bordeaux , France ; UMR 5164, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , Bordeaux , France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cytomegalovirus immune evasion by perturbation of endosomal trafficking. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:154-69. [PMID: 25263490 PMCID: PMC4654299 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs), members of the herpesvirus family, have evolved a variety of mechanisms to evade the immune response to survive in infected hosts and to establish latent infection. They effectively hide infected cells from the effector mechanisms of adaptive immunity by eliminating cellular proteins (major histocompatibility Class I and Class II molecules) from the cell surface that display viral antigens to CD8 and CD4 T lymphocytes. CMVs also successfully escape recognition and elimination of infected cells by natural killer (NK) cells, effector cells of innate immunity, either by mimicking NK cell inhibitory ligands or by downregulating NK cell-activating ligands. To accomplish these immunoevasion functions, CMVs encode several proteins that function in the biosynthetic pathway by inhibiting the assembly and trafficking of cellular proteins that participate in immune recognition and thereby, block their appearance at the cell surface. However, elimination of these proteins from the cell surface can also be achieved by perturbation of their endosomal route and subsequent relocation from the cell surface into intracellular compartments. Namely, the physiological route of every cellular protein, including immune recognition molecules, is characterized by specific features that determine its residence time at the cell surface. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of endocytic trafficking of immune recognition molecules and perturbations of the endosomal system during infection with CMVs and other members of the herpesvirus family that contribute to their immune evasion mechanisms.
Collapse
|
21
|
Zarama A, Pérez-Carmona N, Farré D, Tomic A, Borst EM, Messerle M, Jonjic S, Engel P, Angulo A. Cytomegalovirus m154 hinders CD48 cell-surface expression and promotes viral escape from host natural killer cell control. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004000. [PMID: 24626474 PMCID: PMC3953435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors of the signalling lymphocyte-activation molecules (SLAM) family are involved in the functional regulation of a variety of immune cells upon engagement through homotypic or heterotypic interactions amongst them. Here we show that murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) dampens the surface expression of several SLAM receptors during the course of the infection of macrophages. By screening a panel of MCMV deletion mutants, we identified m154 as an immunoevasin that effectively reduces the cell-surface expression of the SLAM family member CD48, a high-affinity ligand for natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T cell receptor CD244. m154 is a mucin-like protein, expressed with early kinetics, which can be found at the cell surface of the infected cell. During infection, m154 leads to proteolytic degradation of CD48. This viral protein interferes with the NK cell cytotoxicity triggered by MCMV-infected macrophages. In addition, we demonstrate that an MCMV mutant virus lacking m154 expression results in an attenuated phenotype in vivo, which can be substantially restored after NK cell depletion in mice. This is the first description of a viral gene capable of downregulating CD48. Our novel findings define m154 as an important player in MCMV innate immune regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Zarama
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Domènec Farré
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Tomic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Eva Maria Borst
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Pablo Engel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology, and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Immunology, and Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The p36 isoform of murine cytomegalovirus m152 protein suffices for mediating innate and adaptive immune evasion. Viruses 2013; 5:3171-91. [PMID: 24351798 PMCID: PMC3967166 DOI: 10.3390/v5123171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The MHC-class I (MHC-I)-like viral (MHC-Iv) m152 gene product of murine cytomegalovirus (mCMV) was the first immune evasion molecule described for a member of the β-subfamily of herpesviruses as a paradigm for analogous functions of human cytomegalovirus proteins. Notably, by interacting with classical MHC-I molecules and with MHC-I-like RAE1 family ligands of the activatory natural killer (NK) cell receptor NKG2D, it inhibits presentation of antigenic peptides to CD8 T cells and the NKG2D-dependent activation of NK cells, respectively, thus simultaneously interfering with adaptive and innate immune recognition of infected cells. Although the m152 gene product exists in differentially glycosylated isoforms whose individual contributions to immune evasion are unknown, it has entered the scientific literature as m152/gp40, based on the quantitatively most prominent isoform but with no functional justification. By construction of a recombinant mCMV in which all three N-glycosylation sites are mutated (N61Q, N208Q, and N241Q), we show here that N-linked glycosylation is not essential for functional interaction of the m152 immune evasion protein with either MHC-I or RAE1. These data add an important functional detail to recent structural analysis of the m152/RAE1γ complex that has revealed N-glycosylations at positions Asn61 and Asn208 of m152 distant from the m152/RAE1γ interface.
Collapse
|
23
|
Prince J, Lundgren A, Stadnisky MD, Nash WT, Beeber A, Turner SD, Brown MG. Multiparametric analysis of host response to murine cytomegalovirus in MHC class I-disparate mice reveals primacy of Dk-licensed Ly49G2+ NK cells in viral control. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4709-19. [PMID: 24068668 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
MHC class I D(k) and Ly49G2 (G2) inhibitory receptor-expressing NK cells are essential to murine CMV (MCMV) resistance in MA/My mice. Without D(k), G2(+) NK cells in C57L mice fail to protect against MCMV infection. As a cognate ligand of G2, D(k) licenses G2(+) NK cells for effector activity. These data suggested that D(k)-licensed G2(+) NK cells might recognize and control MCMV infection. However, a role for licensed NK cells in viral immunity is uncertain. We combined classical genetics with flow cytometry to visualize the host response to MCMV. Immune cells collected from individuals of a diverse cohort of MA/My × C57L offspring segregating D(k) were examined before infection and postinfection, including Ly49(+) NK subsets, receptor expression features, and other phenotypic traits. To identify critical NK cell features, automated analysis of 110 traits was performed in R using the Pearson correlation, followed with a Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. Hierarchical clustering of trait associations and principal component analyses were used to discern shared immune response and genetic relationships. The results demonstrate that G2 expression on naive blood NK cells was predictive of MCMV resistance. However, rapid G2(+) NK cell expansion following viral exposure occurred selectively in D(k) offspring; this response was more highly correlated with MCMV control than all other immune cell features. We infer that D(k)-licensed G2(+) NK cells efficiently detected missing-self MHC cues on viral targets, which elicited cellular expansion and target cell killing. Therefore, MHC polymorphism regulates licensing and detection of viral targets by distinct subsets of NK cells required in innate viral control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Prince
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chaigne-Delalande B, Li FY, O'Connor GM, Lukacs MJ, Jiang P, Zheng L, Shatzer A, Biancalana M, Pittaluga S, Matthews HF, Jancel TJ, Bleesing JJ, Marsh RA, Kuijpers TW, Nichols KE, Lucas CL, Nagpal S, Mehmet H, Su HC, Cohen JI, Uzel G, Lenardo MJ. Mg2+ regulates cytotoxic functions of NK and CD8 T cells in chronic EBV infection through NKG2D. Science 2013; 341:186-91. [PMID: 23846901 DOI: 10.1126/science.1240094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1) is a critical regulator of basal intracellular free magnesium (Mg(2+)) concentrations. Individuals with genetic deficiencies in MAGT1 have high levels of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and a predisposition to lymphoma. We show that decreased intracellular free Mg(2+) causes defective expression of the natural killer activating receptor NKG2D in natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells and impairs cytolytic responses against EBV. Notably, magnesium supplementation in MAGT1-deficient patients restores intracellular free Mg(2+) and NKG2D while concurrently reducing EBV-infected cells in vivo, demonstrating a link between NKG2D cytolytic activity and EBV antiviral immunity in humans. Moreover, these findings reveal a specific molecular function of free basal intracellular Mg(2+) in eukaryotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chaigne-Delalande
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Lymphocyte Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|