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Pavlova EV, Lev D, Michelson M, Yosovich K, Michaeli HG, Bright NA, Manna PT, Dickson VK, Tylee KL, Church HJ, Luzio JP, Cox TM. Juvenile mucopolysaccharidosis plus disease caused by a missense mutation in VPS33A. Hum Mutat 2022; 43:2265-2278. [PMID: 36153662 PMCID: PMC10091966 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A rare and fatal disease resembling mucopolysaccharidosis in infants, is caused by impaired intracellular endocytic trafficking due to deficiency of core components of the intracellular membrane-tethering protein complexes, HOPS, and CORVET. Whole exome sequencing identified a novel VPS33A mutation in a patient suffering from a variant form of mucopolysaccharidosis. Electron and confocal microscopy, immunoblotting, and glycosphingolipid trafficking experiments were undertaken to investigate the effects of the mutant VPS33A in patient-derived skin fibroblasts. We describe an attenuated juvenile form of VPS33A-related syndrome-mucopolysaccharidosis plus in a man who is homozygous for a hitherto unknown missense mutation (NM_022916.4: c.599 G>C; NP_075067.2:p. Arg200Pro) in a conserved region of the VPS33A gene. Urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) analysis revealed increased heparan, dermatan sulphates, and hyaluronic acid. We showed decreased abundance of VPS33A in patient derived fibroblasts and provided evidence that the p.Arg200Pro mutation leads to destablization of the protein and proteasomal degradation. As in the infantile form of mucopolysaccharidosis plus, the endocytic compartment in the fibroblasts also expanded-a phenomenon accompanied by increased endolysosomal acidification and impaired intracellular glycosphingolipid trafficking. Experimental treatment of the patient's cultured fibroblasts with the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, or exposure to an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthesis, eliglustat, improved glycosphingolipid trafficking. To our knowledge this is the first report of an attenuated juvenile form of VPS33A insufficiency characterized by appreciable residual endosomal-lysosomal trafficking and a milder mucopolysaccharidosis plus than the disease in infants. Our findings expand the proof of concept of redeploying clinically approved drugs for therapeutic exploitation in patients with juvenile as well as infantile forms of mucopolysaccharidosis plus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Pavlova
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dorit Lev
- Wolfson Medical Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics, Holon, Israel.,The Rina Mor Institute of Medical Genetics, Holon, Israel.,The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marina Michelson
- Wolfson Medical Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics, Holon, Israel
| | - Keren Yosovich
- Wolfson Medical Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics, Holon, Israel
| | - Hila Gur Michaeli
- Wolfson Medical Centre, Institute of Medical Genetics, Holon, Israel
| | - Nicholas A Bright
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul T Manna
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Veronica Kane Dickson
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen L Tylee
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genomic Diagnostics Laboratory, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Heather J Church
- Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genomic Diagnostics Laboratory, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - J Paul Luzio
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, The Keith Peters Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy M Cox
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Conte MI, Poli MC, Taglialatela A, Leuzzi G, Chinn IK, Salinas SA, Rey-Jurado E, Olivares N, Veramendi-Espinoza L, Ciccia A, Lupski JR, Aldave Becerra JC, Mace EM, Orange JS. Partial loss-of-function mutations in GINS4 lead to NK cell deficiency with neutropenia. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e154948. [PMID: 36345943 PMCID: PMC9675456 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.154948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cell deficiency (NKD) is a primary immunodeficiency in which the main clinically relevant immunological defect involves missing or dysfunctional NK cells. Here, we describe a familial NKD case in which 2 siblings had a substantive NKD and neutropenia in the absence of other immune system abnormalities. Exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants in Go-Ichi-Ni-San (GINS) complex subunit 4 (GINS4, also known as SLD5), an essential component of the human replicative helicase, which we demonstrate to have a damaging impact upon the expression and assembly of the GINS complex. Cells derived from affected individuals and a GINS4-knockdown cell line demonstrate delayed cell cycle progression, without signs of improper DNA synthesis or increased replication stress. By modeling partial GINS4 depletion in differentiating NK cells in vitro, we demonstrate the causal relationship between the genotype and the NK cell phenotype, as well as a cell-intrinsic defect in NK cell development. Thus, biallelic partial loss-of-function mutations in GINS4 define a potentially novel disease-causing gene underlying NKD with neutropenia. Together with the previously described mutations in other helicase genes causing NKD, and with the mild defects observed in other human cells, these variants underscore the importance of this pathway in NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde I. Conte
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - M. Cecilia Poli
- Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Hospital Roberto del Rio, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angelo Taglialatela
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Giuseppe Leuzzi
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivan K. Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sandra A. Salinas
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Emma Rey-Jurado
- Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nixa Olivares
- Faculty of Medicine, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Liz Veramendi-Espinoza
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Peru
| | - Alberto Ciccia
- Department of Genetics and Development, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Ham H, Medlyn M, Billadeau DD. Locked and Loaded: Mechanisms Regulating Natural Killer Cell Lytic Granule Biogenesis and Release. Front Immunol 2022; 13:871106. [PMID: 35558071 PMCID: PMC9088006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.871106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a critical element of our immune system required for protection from microbial infections and cancer. NK cells bind to and eliminate infected or cancerous cells via direct secretion of cytotoxic molecules toward the bound target cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular regulations of NK cell cytotoxicity, focusing on lytic granule development and degranulation processes. NK cells synthesize apoptosis-inducing proteins and package them into specialized organelles known as lytic granules (LGs). Upon activation of NK cells, LGs converge with the microtubule organizing center through dynein-dependent movement along microtubules, ultimately polarizing to the cytotoxic synapse where they subsequently fuse with the NK plasma membrane. From LGs biogenesis to degranulation, NK cells utilize several strategies to protect themselves from their own cytotoxic molecules. Additionally, molecular pathways that enable NK cells to perform serial killing are beginning to be elucidated. These advances in the understanding of the molecular pathways behind NK cell cytotoxicity will be important to not only improve current NK cell-based anti-cancer therapies but also to support the discovery of additional therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungjun Ham
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Michael Medlyn
- Department of Immunology College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Department of Immunology College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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4
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Wen T, Barham W, Li Y, Zhang H, Gicobi JK, Hirdler JB, Liu X, Ham H, Peterson Martinez KE, Lucien F, Lavoie RR, Li H, Correia C, Monie DD, An Z, Harrington SM, Wu X, Guo R, Dronca RS, Mansfield AS, Yan Y, Markovic SN, Park SS, Sun J, Qin H, Liu MC, Vasmatzis G, Billadeau DD, Dong H. NKG7 Is a T-cell-Intrinsic Therapeutic Target for Improving Antitumor Cytotoxicity and Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res 2022; 10:162-181. [PMID: 34911739 PMCID: PMC8816890 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-21-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTL) are a crucial component of the immune system notable for their ability to eliminate rapidly proliferating malignant cells. However, the T-cell intrinsic factors required for human CTLs to accomplish highly efficient antitumor cytotoxicity are not well defined. By evaluating human CD8+ T cells from responders versus nonresponders to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, we sought to identify key factors associated with effective CTL function. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis of peripheral CD8+ T cells from patients treated with anti-PD-1 therapy showed that cells from nonresponders exhibited decreased expression of the cytolytic granule-associated molecule natural killer cell granule protein-7 (NKG7). Functional assays revealed that reduced NKG7 expression altered cytolytic granule number, trafficking, and calcium release, resulting in decreased CD8+ T-cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Transfection of T cells with NKG7 mRNA was sufficient to improve the tumor-cell killing ability of human T cells isolated from nonresponders and increase their response to anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 therapy in vitro. NKG7 mRNA therapy also improved the antitumor activity of murine tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in an in vivo model of adoptive cell therapy. Finally, we showed that the transcription factor ETS1 played a role in regulating NKG7 expression. Together, our results identify NKG7 as a necessary component for the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells and establish NKG7 as a T-cell-intrinsic therapeutic target for enhancing cancer immunotherapy.See related article by Li et al., p. 154.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti Wen
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Whitney Barham
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Henan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Joanina K. Gicobi
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Xin Liu
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hyoungjun Ham
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | | | - Hu Li
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Cristina Correia
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Dileep D. Monie
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Zesheng An
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Xiaosheng Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Ruifeng Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Yiyi Yan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Sean S. Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Hong Qin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL
| | - Minetta C. Liu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Daniel D. Billadeau
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN
| | - Haidong Dong
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.,Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN.,Corresponding Author: Haidong Dong, M.D., Ph.D., 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905; Phone: 507-284-5482;
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5
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Avery L, Robertson TF, Wu CF, Roy NH, Chauvin SD, Perkey E, Vanderbeck A, Maillard I, Burkhardt JK. A Murine Model of X-Linked Moesin-Associated Immunodeficiency (X-MAID) Reveals Defects in T Cell Homeostasis and Migration. Front Immunol 2022; 12:726406. [PMID: 35069520 PMCID: PMC8770857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked moesin associated immunodeficiency (X-MAID) is a primary immunodeficiency disease in which patients suffer from profound lymphopenia leading to recurrent infections. The disease is caused by a single point mutation leading to a R171W amino acid change in the protein moesin (moesinR171W). Moesin is a member of the ERM family of proteins, which reversibly link the cortical actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane. Here, we describe a novel mouse model with global expression of moesinR171W that recapitulates multiple facets of patient disease, including severe lymphopenia. Further analysis reveals that these mice have diminished numbers of thymocytes and bone marrow precursors. X-MAID mice also exhibit systemic inflammation that is ameliorated by elimination of mature lymphocytes through breeding to a Rag1-deficient background. The few T cells in the periphery of X-MAID mice are highly activated and have mostly lost moesinR171W expression. In contrast, single-positive (SP) thymocytes do not appear activated and retain high expression levels of moesinR171W. Analysis of ex vivo CD4 SP thymocytes reveals defects in chemotactic responses and reduced migration on integrin ligands. While chemokine signaling appears intact, CD4 SP thymocytes from X-MAID mice are unable to polarize and rearrange cytoskeletal elements. This mouse model will be a valuable tool for teasing apart the complexity of the immunodeficiency caused by moesinR171W, and will provide new insights into how the actin cortex regulates lymphocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsay Avery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tanner F. Robertson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christine F. Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathan H. Roy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Samuel D. Chauvin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eric Perkey
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Ashley Vanderbeck
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ivan Maillard
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Janis K. Burkhardt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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6
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Perazzio SF, Palmeira P, Moraes-Vasconcelos D, Rangel-Santos A, de Oliveira JB, Andrade LEC, Carneiro-Sampaio M. A Critical Review on the Standardization and Quality Assessment of Nonfunctional Laboratory Tests Frequently Used to Identify Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:721289. [PMID: 34858394 PMCID: PMC8630704 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.721289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of immunity (IEI), which were previously termed primary immunodeficiency diseases, represent a large and growing heterogeneous group of diseases that are mostly monogenic. In addition to increased susceptibility to infections, other clinical phenotypes have recently been associated with IEI, such as autoimmune disorders, severe allergies, autoinflammatory disorders, benign lymphoproliferative diseases, and malignant manifestations. The IUIS 2019 classification comprises 430 distinct defects that, although rare individually, represent a group affecting a significant number of patients, with an overall prevalence of 1:1,200-2,000 in the general population. Early IEI diagnosis is critical for appropriate therapy and genetic counseling, however, this process is deeply dependent on accurate laboratory tests. Despite the striking importance of laboratory data for clinical immunologists, several IEI-relevant immunoassays still lack standardization, including standardized protocols, reference materials, and external quality assessment programs. Moreover, well-established reference values mostly remain to be determined, especially for early ages, when the most severe conditions manifest and diagnosis is critical for patient survival. In this article, we intend to approach the issue of standardization and quality control of the nonfunctional diagnostic tests used for IEI, focusing on those frequently utilized in clinical practice. Herein, we will focus on discussing the issues of nonfunctional immunoassays (flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and turbidimetry/nephelometry, among others), as defined by the pure quantification of proteins or cell subsets without cell activation or cell culture-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Félix Perazzio
- Division of Rheumatology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Immunology Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Palmeira
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-36), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dewton Moraes-Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-56), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andréia Rangel-Santos
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-36), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Eduardo Coelho Andrade
- Division of Rheumatology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Immunology Division, Fleury Medicine and Health Laboratory, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magda Carneiro-Sampaio
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica (LIM-36), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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7
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Ben-Shmuel A, Sabag B, Biber G, Barda-Saad M. The Role of the Cytoskeleton in Regulating the Natural Killer Cell Immune Response in Health and Disease: From Signaling Dynamics to Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:609532. [PMID: 33598461 PMCID: PMC7882700 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.609532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells, which play key roles in elimination of virally infected and malignant cells. The balance between activating and inhibitory signals derived from NK surface receptors govern the NK cell immune response. The cytoskeleton facilitates most NK cell effector functions, such as motility, infiltration, conjugation with target cells, immunological synapse assembly, and cytotoxicity. Though many studies have characterized signaling pathways that promote actin reorganization in immune cells, it is not completely clear how particular cytoskeletal architectures at the immunological synapse promote effector functions, and how cytoskeletal dynamics impact downstream signaling pathways and activation. Moreover, pioneering studies employing advanced imaging techniques have only begun to uncover the architectural complexity dictating the NK cell activation threshold; it is becoming clear that a distinct organization of the cytoskeleton and signaling receptors at the NK immunological synapse plays a decisive role in activation and tolerance. Here, we review the roles of the actin cytoskeleton in NK cells. We focus on how actin dynamics impact cytolytic granule secretion, NK cell motility, and NK cell infiltration through tissues into inflammatory sites. We will also describe the additional cytoskeletal components, non-muscle Myosin II and microtubules that play pivotal roles in NK cell activity. Furthermore, special emphasis will be placed on the role of the cytoskeleton in assembly of immunological synapses, and how mutations or downregulation of cytoskeletal accessory proteins impact NK cell function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviad Ben-Shmuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Batel Sabag
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Guy Biber
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Mira Barda-Saad
- Laboratory of Molecular and Applied Immunology, The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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8
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Mace EM, Paust S, Conte MI, Baxley RM, Schmit MM, Patil SL, Guilz NC, Mukherjee M, Pezzi AE, Chmielowiec J, Tatineni S, Chinn IK, Akdemir ZC, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Stray-Pedersen A, Bradley RE, Moody M, Connor PP, Heaps AG, Steward C, Banerjee PP, Gibbs RA, Borowiak M, Lupski JR, Jolles S, Bielinsky AK, Orange JS. Human NK cell deficiency as a result of biallelic mutations in MCM10. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5272-5286. [PMID: 32865517 PMCID: PMC7524476 DOI: 10.1172/jci134966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer cell deficiency (NKD) arises from inborn errors of immunity that lead to impaired NK cell development, function, or both. Through the understanding of the biological perturbations in individuals with NKD, requirements for the generation of terminally mature functional innate effector cells can be elucidated. Here, we report a cause of NKD resulting from compound heterozygous mutations in minichromosomal maintenance complex member 10 (MCM10) that impaired NK cell maturation in a child with fatal susceptibility to CMV. MCM10 has not been previously associated with monogenic disease and plays a critical role in the activation and function of the eukaryotic DNA replisome. Through evaluation of patient primary fibroblasts, modeling patient mutations in fibroblast cell lines, and MCM10 knockdown in human NK cell lines, we have shown that loss of MCM10 function leads to impaired cell cycle progression and induction of DNA damage-response pathways. By modeling MCM10 deficiency in primary NK cell precursors, including patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, we further demonstrated that MCM10 is required for NK cell terminal maturation and acquisition of immunological system function. Together, these data define MCM10 as an NKD gene and provide biological insight into the requirement for the DNA replisome in human NK cell maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matilde I. Conte
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan M. Schmit
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sagar L. Patil
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole C. Guilz
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Malini Mukherjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Ashley E. Pezzi
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, and
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Swetha Tatineni
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan K. Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
| | | | - Shalini N. Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rachel E. Bradley
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Mo Moody
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Philip P. Connor
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Adrian G. Heaps
- Department of Virology and Immunology, North Cumbria University Hospitals, Carlisle, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Steward
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pinaki P. Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, and
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Anja K. Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Lam MT, Mace EM, Orange JS. A research-driven approach to the identification of novel natural killer cell deficiencies affecting cytotoxic function. Blood 2020; 135:629-637. [PMID: 31945148 PMCID: PMC7046607 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell deficiencies (NKDs) are an emerging phenotypic subtype of primary immune deficiency. NK cells provide a defense against virally infected cells using a variety of cytotoxic mechanisms, and patients who have defective NK cell development or function can present with atypical, recurrent, or severe herpesviral infections. The current pipeline for investigating NKDs involves the acquisition and clinical assessment of patients with a suspected NKD followed by subsequent in silico, in vitro, and in vivo laboratory research. Evaluation involves initially quantifying NK cells and measuring NK cell cytotoxicity and expression of certain NK cell receptors involved in NK cell development and function. Subsequent studies using genomic methods to identify the potential causative variant are conducted along with variant impact testing to make genotype-phenotype connections. Identification of novel genes contributing to the NKD phenotype can also be facilitated by applying the expanding knowledge of NK cell biology. In this review, we discuss how NKDs that affect NK cell cytotoxicity can be approached in the clinic and laboratory for the discovery of novel gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, and
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
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10
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell deficiency (NKD) is a subset of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) in which an abnormality of NK cells represents a major immunological defect resulting in the patient’s clinical immunodeficiency. This is distinct from a much larger group of PIDs that include an NK cell abnormality as a minor component of the immunodeficiency. Patients with NKD most frequently have atypical consequences of herpesviral infections. There are now 6 genes that have been ascribed to causing NKD, some exclusively and others that also cause other known immunodeficiencies. This list has grown in recent years and as such the mechanistic and molecular clarity around what defines an NKD is an emerging and important field of research. Continued increased clarity will allow for more rational approaches to the patients themselves from a therapeutic standpoint. Having evaluated numerous individuals for NKD, I share my perspective on approaching the diagnosis and managing these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, NewYork Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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11
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Dons'koi BV, Osypchuk DV, Chernyshov VP. Enumeration of peripheral blood NKp46 positive NK lymphocytes reflects NK cytotoxic activity in vitro. J Immunol Methods 2019; 474:112639. [PMID: 31404551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2019.112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the predominant innate lymphocyte subsets that mediate anti-tumor and anti-viral responses. The monitoring of NK cells function is important in various physiological and pathological conditions. Different approaches have been used to directly or indirectly evaluate NK cells activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the number of NK cells and cytotoxic activity of NK cells and to determine whether NKp46+NK cells reflect NK cytotoxicity status. In our study, we retrospectively analyzed laboratory data on NK cytotoxicity and NK lymphocyte levels of 4896 infertile women which underwent routine immunology investigation after IVF failures. In healthy women, NKp46 expression was assessed on NK cells (n = 214) and cytotoxicity activity was evaluated with regard to NKp46 expression. We found that despite a significant correlation coefficient (n = 4689, r = 0.447), the correlation with cytotoxicity is maintained only within the zones with a low or high NK cells frequency. NK cells frequency has no significant prognostic value for their cytotoxicity - within the medium NK frequency zone the samples may have any cytotoxicity, both reduced and elevated. However, our data demonstrate that NKp46+NK cells frequency correlates with cytotoxicity activity even more significantly than the NK cells frequency (n = 214, r = 0.67 and r = 0.62, respectively) and has significant prognostic value for the abnormal NK cytotoxicity status indications, both low and increased. Our results further support an important role of NKp46 in NK cells killing and afford grounds for using the measurement of the NKp46+NK cells frequency as an alternative method for abnormal NK cytotoxicity status indication, which is responsive, simple and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris V Dons'koi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody str 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dariia V Osypchuk
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody str 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Viktor P Chernyshov
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O. Lukyanova of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Mayborody str 8, 04050 Kyiv, Ukraine
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12
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Chiang SCC, Bleesing JJ, Marsh RA. Current Flow Cytometric Assays for the Screening and Diagnosis of Primary HLH. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1740. [PMID: 31396234 PMCID: PMC6664088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in flow cytometry have led to greatly improved primary immunodeficiency (PID) diagnostics. This is due to the fact that patient blood cells in suspension do not require further processing for analysis by flow cytometry, and many PIDs lead to alterations in leukocyte numbers, phenotype, and function. A large portion of current PID assays can be classified as “phenotyping” assays, where absolute numbers, frequencies, and markers are investigated using specific antibodies. Inherent drawbacks of antibody technology are the main limitation to this type of testing. On the other hand, “functional” assays measure cellular responses to certain stimuli. While these latter assays are powerful tools that can be used to detect defects in entire pathways and distinguish variants of significance, it requires samples with robust viability and also skilled processing. In this review, we concentrate on hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), describing the principles and accuracies of flow cytometric assays that have been proven to assist in the screening diagnosis of primary HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cern Cher Chiang
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jack J Bleesing
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Natural killer cells are innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that play critical roles in human host defense and are especially useful in combating viral pathogens and malignancy. RECENT FINDINGS The NK cell deficiency (NKD) is particularly underscored in patients with a congenital immunodeficiency in which NK cell development or function is affected. The classical NK cell deficiency (cNKD) is a result of absent or a profound decrease in the number of circulating NK cells. In contrast, functional NKD (fNKD) is characterized by abnormal NK cell function but with normal number of NK cells. The combined immune deficiencies with significant impact on NK cells are not considered classical or functional NK cell deficiencies. In these disorders, the impairment of NK cells represents an important aspect of the overall immunodeficiency. In turn, this leads to improved insights on the NK cell development and function. Here, we detail the NK cell biology based upon recent natural killer cell defects described in combined immune deficiencies.
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14
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Campbell-Tofte J, Vrahatis A, Josefsen K, Mehlsen J, Winther K. Investigating the aetiology of adverse events following HPV vaccination with systems vaccinology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:67-87. [PMID: 30324425 PMCID: PMC11105185 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the insidious and poorly immunogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, vaccination with the HPV virus-like particles (vlps) is non-infectious and stimulates a strong neutralizing-antibody response that protects HPV-naïve vaccinees from viral infection and associated cancers. However, controversy about alleged adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with the vlps have led to extensive reductions in vaccine acceptance, with countries like Japan dropping it altogether. The AEFIs are grouped into chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). In this review, we present a hypothesis that the AEFIs might arise from malfunctions within the immune system when confronted with the unusual antigen. In addition, we outline how the pathophysiology of the AEFIs can be cost-effectively investigated with the holistic principles of systems vaccinology in a two-step process. First, comprehensive immunological profiles of HPV vaccinees exhibiting the AEFIs are generated by integrating the data derived from serological profiling for prominent HPV antibodies and serum cytokines, with data from serum metabolomics, peripheral white blood cells transcriptomics and gut microbiome profiling. Next, the immunological profiles are compared with corresponding profiles generated for matched (a) HPV vaccinees without AEFIs; (b) non-HPV-vaccinated individuals with CFS/ME-like symptoms; and (c) non-HPV-vaccinated individuals without CFS/ME. In these comparisons, any causal links between HPV vaccine and the AEFIs, as well as the underlying molecular basis for the links will be revealed. Such a study should provide an objective basis for evaluating HPV vaccine safety and for identifying biomarkers for individuals at risk of developing AEFI with HPV vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Knud Josefsen
- Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jesper Mehlsen
- Coordinating Research Centre, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kaj Winther
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 51, DK-2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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15
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Alamri A, Rahman R, Zhang M, Alamri A, Gounni AS, Kung SKP. Semaphorin-3E Produced by Immature Dendritic Cells Regulates Activated Natural Killer Cells Migration. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1005. [PMID: 29867980 PMCID: PMC5954025 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) are two innate immune cells that are critical in regulating innate and adaptive immunity. Cellular functions and migratory responses of NK or DC can be further regulated in NK-DC crosstalk that involves multiple cytokine signals and/or direct cell-cell contacts. Semaphorin-3E (Sema-3E) is a member of a large family of Semaphorin proteins that play diverse regulatory functions in different biological systems upon its binding to the cognate receptors. However, possible role(s) of Sema-3E on the regulation of NK-cell functions has not been elucidated. Here, we first demonstrated that DC and NK cells expressed Sema-3E and its receptors, respectively. To formally address the importance of DC-derived Sema-3E in regulating NK-cell migration, we compared in vitro migratory responses of activated NK cells (aNKs) toward different conditioned media of DCs (immature, lipopolysaccharide- or Poly I:C-stimulated) derived from Sema-3E+/+ or Sema-3E-/- mice. We observed that aNKs exhibited enhanced migrations toward the conditioned medium of the immature Sema-3E-/- DC, when compared with that of the immature Sema-3E+/+ DC. Addition of exogenous recombinant Sema-3E to the conditioned medium of the Sema-3E-/- immature DC (iDC) abrogated such enhanced NK-cell migration. Our current work revealed a novel role of Sema-3E in limiting NK-cell migrations toward iDC in NK-DC crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alamri
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Rahmat Rahman
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Manli Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Abeer Alamri
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Sam K P Kung
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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16
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Ruiz-García R, Vargas-Hernández A, Chinn IK, Angelo LS, Cao TN, Coban-Akdemir Z, Jhangiani SN, Meng Q, Forbes LR, Muzny DM, Allende LM, Ehlayel MS, Gibbs RA, Lupski JR, Uzel G, Orange JS, Mace EM. Mutations in PI3K110δ cause impaired natural killer cell function partially rescued by rapamycin treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:605-617.e7. [PMID: 29330011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in PI3K110δ lead to lymphadenopathy, lymphoid hyperplasia, EBV and cytomegalovirus viremia, and sinopulmonary infections. OBJECTIVE The known role of natural killer (NK) cell function in the control of EBV and cytomegalovirus prompted us to investigate the functional and phenotypic effects of PI3K110δ mutations on NK cell subsets and cytotoxic function. METHODS Mutations in patients were identified by using whole-exome or targeted sequencing. We performed NK cell phenotyping and functional analysis of patients' cells using flow cytometry, standard Cr51 cytotoxicity assays, and quantitative confocal microscopy. RESULTS PI3K110δ mutations led to an altered NK cell developmental phenotype and cytotoxic dysfunction. Impaired NK cell cytotoxicity was due to decreased conjugate formation with susceptible target cells and abrogated activation of cell machinery required for target cell killing. These defects were restored partially after initiation of treatment with rapamycin in 3 patients. CONCLUSION We describe novel NK cell functional deficiency caused by PI3K110δ mutation, which is a likely contributor to the severe viremia observed in these patients. Rapamycin treatment partially restores NK cell function, providing a further rationale for its use in patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ruiz-García
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Tram N Cao
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Qingchang Meng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Luis M Allende
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mohammed S Ehlayel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, and Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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17
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Gil-Krzewska A, Saeed MB, Oszmiana A, Fischer ER, Lagrue K, Gahl WA, Introne WJ, Coligan JE, Davis DM, Krzewski K. An actin cytoskeletal barrier inhibits lytic granule release from natural killer cells in patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 142:914-927.e6. [PMID: 29241728 PMCID: PMC5995607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) is a rare disorder caused by biallelic mutations in the lysosomal trafficking regulator gene (LYST), resulting in formation of giant lysosomes or lysosome-related organelles in several cell types. The disease is characterized by immunodeficiency and a fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by impaired function of cytotoxic lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells. Objective We sought to determine the underlying biochemical cause of the impaired cytotoxicity of NK cells in patients with CHS. Methods We generated a human cell model of CHS using Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) technology. We used a combination of classical techniques to evaluate lysosomal function and cell activity in the model system and super-resolution microscopy to visualize F-actin and lytic granules in normal and LYST-deficient NK cells. Results Loss of LYST function in a human NK cell line, NK92mi, resulted in inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity and reproduced other aspects of the CHS cellular phenotype, including the presence of significantly enlarged lytic granules with defective exocytosis and impaired integrity of endolysosomal compartments. The large granules had an acidic pH and normal activity of lysosomal enzymes and were positive for the proteins essential for lytic granule exocytosis. Visualization of the actin meshwork openings at the immunologic synapse revealed that the cortical actin acts as a barrier for secretion of such large granules at the cell-cell contact site. Decreasing the cortical actin density at the immunologic synapse or decreasing the lytic granule size restored the ability of LYST-deficient NK cells to degranulate and kill target cells. Conclusion The cortical actin and granule size play significant roles in NK cell cytotoxic function. We present evidence that the periodicity of subsynaptic actin is an important factor limiting the release of large lytic granules from NK cells from patients with CHS and could be a novel target for pharmaceutical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gil-Krzewska
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Mezida B Saeed
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Oszmiana
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Fischer
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Research Technologies Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, Mont
| | - Kathryn Lagrue
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William A Gahl
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Wendy J Introne
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John E Coligan
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Daniel M Davis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD.
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18
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Genetic Causes of Human NK Cell Deficiency and Their Effect on NK Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2016; 7:545. [PMID: 27994588 PMCID: PMC5133264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cells play critical roles in human host defense, particularly the control of viral infection and malignancy, and patients with congenital immunodeficiency affecting NK cell function or number can suffer from severe illness. The importance of NK cell function is particularly underscored in patients with primary immunodeficiency in which NK cells are the primary or sole affected population (NK cell deficiency, NKD). While NKD may lead to the absence of NK cells, we are also gaining an increasing appreciation of the effect that NKD may have on the generation of specific NK cell subsets. In turn, this leads to improved insights into the requirements for human NK cell subset generation, as well as their importance in immune homeostasis. The presence of inherently abnormally developed or functionally impaired NK cells, in particular, appears to be problematic in the way of interfering with normal human host defense and may be more impactful than low numbers of NK cells alone. Here, we review the known genetic causes of NKD and the insight that is derived by these into the requirements for human subset generation and, by extension, for NK cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital , Houston, TX , USA
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19
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Requirements for human natural killer cell development informed by primary immunodeficiency. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 16:541-548. [DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Viswanath DI, Mace EM, Hsu HT, Orange JS. Quantification of natural killer cell polarization and visualization of synaptic granule externalization by imaging flow cytometry. Clin Immunol 2016; 177:70-75. [PMID: 26948929 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Defining immunological mechanisms underlying NK cell biology is crucial for the treatment and prevention of immune deficiency and malignancy. The limited availability of human biological specimens presents a challenge to the study of human immunobiology. The use of high throughput, multi-parametric assays will not only aid in the definition and diagnosis of complex human immune disorders affecting NK cell function but also advance NK cell biology through population-based assessment of molecular signaling. In an effort to garner the most information from limited numbers of human cells, we designed a quantitative method to study NK cell function using imaging flow cytometry (IFC), which combines multiparametric flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Specifically, we developed IFC as a tool to measure polarization and secretion of lytic granules at the immunological synapse formed between an NK cell and a susceptible target. We have further validated our approach through quantitative comparison with high-resolution confocal microscopy. We show that IFC can be used as a quantitative, high throughput measure of NK cell biological function possessing greater dimensionality than standard flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixita I Viswanath
- Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hsiang-Ting Hsu
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Mahmood S, Upreti D, Sow I, Amari A, Nandagopal S, Kung SK. Bidirectional interactions of NK cells and dendritic cells in immunotherapy: current and future perspective. Immunotherapy 2016; 7:301-8. [PMID: 25804481 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells and dendritic cells (DC) are innate cellular components that regulate adaptive immune responses in the immune surveillance of cancer and infections. Interactions of NK and DC are bidirectional. In this mini review, we summarized how NK cells regulate immature DC editing and maturation, how DC regulate NK-cell functions reciprocally in the NK-DC crosstalk, and the importance of NK-DC crosstalk in antitumor immunity. Enhancing NK-DC crosstalk by cellular factor(s), antibodies or creating a microenvironment that promote NK activations, DC maturation and NK-DC crosstalk will provide new insights into future development of DC-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajid Mahmood
- Department of Immunology, Room 417 Apotex Center, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
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22
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Insights into primary immune deficiency from quantitative microscopy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1150-62. [PMID: 26078103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in genomics-based technology have resulted in an increase in our understanding of the molecular basis of many primary immune deficiencies. Along with this increased knowledge comes an increased responsibility to understand the underlying mechanism of disease, and thus increasingly sophisticated technologies are being used to investigate the cell biology of human immune deficiencies. One such technology, which has itself undergone a recent explosion in innovation, is that of high-resolution microscopy and image analysis. These advances complement innovative studies that have previously shed light on critical cell biological processes that are perturbed by single-gene mutations in primary immune deficiency. Here we highlight advances made specifically in the following cell biological processes: (1) cytoskeletal-related processes; (2) cell signaling; (3) intercellular trafficking; and (4) cellular host defense.
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23
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Ham H, Huynh W, Schoon RA, Vale RD, Billadeau DD. HkRP3 is a microtubule-binding protein regulating lytic granule clustering and NK cell killing. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3984-96. [PMID: 25762780 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NK cells provide host defense by killing viral-infected and cancerous cells through the secretion of preformed lytic granules. Polarization of the lytic granules toward the target cell is dependent on an intact microtubule (MT) network as well as MT motors. We have recently shown that DOCK8, a gene mutated in a primary immunodeficiency syndrome, is involved in NK cell killing in part through its effects on MT organizing center (MTOC) polarization. In this study, we identified Hook-related protein 3 (HkRP3) as a novel DOCK8- and MT-binding protein. We further show that HkRP3 is present in lytic granule fractions and interacts with the dynein motor complex and MTs. Significantly, depletion of HkPR3 impaired NK cell cytotoxicity, which could be attributed to a defect in not only MTOC polarity, but also impaired clustering of lytic granules around the MTOC. Our results demonstrate an important role for HkRP3 in regulating the clustering of lytic granules and MTOC repositioning during the development of NK cell-mediated killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoungjun Ham
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Walter Huynh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | - Renee A Schoon
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Ronald D Vale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158; and
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Graduate School, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905; Division of Oncology Research, Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
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24
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Zhang M, March ME, Lane WS, Long EO. A signaling network stimulated by β2 integrin promotes the polarization of lytic granules in cytotoxic cells. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra96. [PMID: 25292215 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill target cells through the polarized release of the contents of intracellular perforin-containing granules. In natural killer (NK) cells, the binding of β2 integrin to members of the intercellular adhesion molecule family is sufficient to promote not only the adhesion of NK cells to target cells but also the polarization of intracellular lytic granules toward the target. We used NK cells in an experimental system designed to enable us to study the polarization of lytic granules in the absence of their release through degranulation, as well as β2 integrin signaling independently of inside-out signals from other receptors. Through a proteomics approach, we identified a signaling network centered on an integrin-linked kinase (ILK)-Pyk2-paxillin core that was required for granule and microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) polarization. The conserved Cdc42-Par6 signaling pathway, which controls cell polarity, was also activated by ILK and was required for granule polarization toward the target cell. A subset of the signaling components required for polarization contributed also to the convergence of granules on the MTOC. These results delineate two connected signaling networks that are stimulated upon β2 integrin engagement and control the polarization of the MTOC and associated lytic granules toward the site of contact with target cells to mediate cellular cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minggang Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Michael E March
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - William S Lane
- Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Resource Laboratory, FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Eric O Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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25
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Krzewski K, Bryceson YT. Molecular mechanisms regulating cytotoxic lymphocyte development and function, and their associations to human diseases. Front Immunol 2014; 5:279. [PMID: 24966858 PMCID: PMC4052198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD , USA
| | - Yenan T Bryceson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden
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26
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Abstract
The functions of Natural Killer (NK) cells are regulated by a highly redundant set of germline-encoded surface receptors that can inhibit or activate NK cell activities. NK cells can be activated by cytokines or through the interaction with transformed or infected cells. This typically results in the production of cytokines, chemokines, and the induction of cellular cytotoxicity. However, the reactivity of NK cells is modulated on various levels and shaped by processes such as development, education, priming, exposure to antigens and cytokines, and the formation of memory-like phenotypes. Here, I will summarize our current understanding of these processes and describe how they influence NK cell reactivity on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Watzl
- Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, IfADo, Dortmund, Germany.
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