1
|
Bohórquez JA, Jagannath C, Xu H, Wang X, Yi G. T Cell Responses during Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Mycobacterium tuberculosis Coinfection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:901. [PMID: 39204027 PMCID: PMC11358969 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Coinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a significant public health concern. Individuals infected with Mtb who acquire HIV are approximately 16 times more likely to develop active tuberculosis. T cells play an important role as both targets for HIV infection and mediators of the immune response against both pathogens. This review aims to synthesize the current literature and provide insights into the effects of HIV/Mtb coinfection on T cell populations and their contributions to immunity. Evidence from multiple in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrates that T helper responses are severely compromised during coinfection, leading to impaired cytotoxic responses. Moreover, HIV's targeting of Mtb-specific cells, including those within granulomas, offers an explanation for the severe progression of the disease. Herein, we discuss the patterns of differentiation, exhaustion, and transcriptomic changes in T cells during coinfection, as well as the metabolic adaptations that are necessary for T cell maintenance and functionality. This review highlights the interconnectedness of the immune response and the pathogenesis of HIV/Mtb coinfection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Bohórquez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Translational Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70112, USA; (H.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70112, USA; (H.X.); (X.W.)
| | - Guohua Yi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA;
- Center for Biomedical Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, Tyler, TX 75708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu S, Liang T, Jiang J, Zhu J, Chen T, Zhou C, Huang S, Yao Y, Guo H, Ye Z, Chen L, Chen W, Fan B, Qin J, Liu L, Wu S, Ma F, Zhan X, Liu C. Proteomic analysis to identification of hypoxia related markers in spinal tuberculosis: a study based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:142. [PMID: 37340462 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article aims at exploring the role of hypoxia-related genes and immune cells in spinal tuberculosis and tuberculosis involving other organs. METHODS In this study, label-free quantitative proteomics analysis was performed on the intervertebral discs (fibrous cartilaginous tissues) obtained from five spinal tuberculosis (TB) patients. Key proteins associated with hypoxia were identified using molecular complex detection (MCODE), weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA), least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and support vector machine recursive feature Elimination (SVM-REF) methods, and their diagnostic and predictive values were assessed. Immune cell correlation analysis was then performed using the Single Sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) method. In addition, a pharmaco-transcriptomic analysis was also performed to identify targets for treatment. RESULTS The three genes, namely proteasome 20 S subunit beta 9 (PSMB9), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), and transporter 1 (TAP1), were identified in the present study. The expression of these genes was found to be particularly high in patients with spinal TB and other extrapulmonary TB, as well as in TB and multidrug-resistant TB (p-value < 0.05). They revealed high diagnostic and predictive values and were closely related to the expression of multiple immune cells (p-value < 0.05). It was inferred that the expression of PSMB9, STAT 1, and TAP1 could be regulated by different medicinal chemicals. CONCLUSION PSMB9, STAT1, and TAP1, might play a key role in the pathogenesis of TB, including spinal TB, and the protein product of the genes can be served as diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic target for TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tuo Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jichong Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tianyou Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chenxing Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shengsheng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuanlin Yao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhen Ye
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Liyi Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wuhua Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Binguang Fan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiahui Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Lu Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Siling Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Fengzhi Ma
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xinli Zhan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| | - Chong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mir MA, Mir B, Kumawat M, Alkhanani M, Jan U. Manipulation and exploitation of host immune system by pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis for its advantage. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1171-1198. [PMID: 35924958 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can become a long-term infection by evading the host immune response. Coevolution of Mtb with humans has resulted in its ability to hijack the host's immune systems in a variety of ways. So far, every Mtb defense strategy is essentially dependent on a subtle balance that, if shifted, can promote Mtb proliferation in the host, resulting in disease progression. In this review, the authors summarize many important and previously unknown mechanisms by which Mtb evades the host immune response. Besides recently found strategies by which Mtb manipulates the host molecular regulatory machinery of innate and adaptive immunity, including the intranuclear regulatory machinery, costimulatory molecules, the ubiquitin system and cellular intrinsic immune components will be discussed. A holistic understanding of these immune-evasion mechanisms is of foremost importance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis and will lead to new insights into tuberculosis pathogenesis and the development of more effective vaccines and treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Bilkees Mir
- Department of Biochemistry & Biochemical Engineering, SHUATS, Allahabad, UP, India
| | - Manoj Kumawat
- Department of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-NIREH, Bhopal, MP, India
| | - Mustfa Alkhanani
- Biology Department, College of Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, P. O. Box 1803, Hafar Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ulfat Jan
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kim H, Shin SJ. Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:891878. [PMID: 35967869 PMCID: PMC9366614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.891878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are principal defense components that play multifactorial roles in translating innate immune responses to adaptive immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. The heterogeneous nature of DC subsets follows their altered functions by interacting with other immune cells, Mtb, and its products, enhancing host defense mechanisms or facilitating pathogen evasion. Thus, a better understanding of the immune responses initiated, promoted, and amplified or inhibited by DCs in Mtb infection is an essential step in developing anti-tuberculosis (TB) control measures, such as host-directed adjunctive therapy and anti-TB vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advances in salient DC subsets, including their phenotypic classification, cytokine profiles, functional alterations according to disease stages and environments, and consequent TB outcomes. A comprehensive overview of the role of DCs from various perspectives enables a deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and could be useful in developing DC-based vaccines and immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Al-Sayyar A, Hulme KD, Thibaut R, Bayry J, Sheedy FJ, Short KR, Alzaid F. Respiratory Tract Infections in Diabetes - Lessons From Tuberculosis and Influenza to Guide Understanding of COVID-19 Severity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:919223. [PMID: 35957811 PMCID: PMC9363013 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.919223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type-2 diabetes (T2D) are more likely to develop severe respiratory tract infections. Such susceptibility has gained increasing attention since the global spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in early 2020. The earliest reports marked T2D as an important risk-factor for severe forms of disease and mortality across all adult age groups. Several mechanisms have been proposed for this increased susceptibility, including pre-existing immune dysfunction, a lack of metabolic flexibility due to insulin resistance, inadequate dietary quality or adverse interactions with antidiabetic treatments or common comorbidities. Some mechanisms that predispose patients with T2D to severe COVID-19 may indeed be shared with other previously characterized respiratory tract infections. Accordingly, in this review, we give an overview of response to Influenza A virus and to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. Similar risk factors and mechanisms are discussed between the two conditions and in the case of COVID-19. Lastly, we address emerging approaches to address research needs in infection and metabolic disease, and perspectives with regards to deployment or repositioning of metabolically active therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Katina D. Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ronan Thibaut
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151/CNRS UMRS8253, Immunity and Metabolism of Diabetes (IMMEDIAB), Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Department of Biological Sciences & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, India
| | | | - Kirsty R. Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1151/CNRS UMRS8253, Immunity and Metabolism of Diabetes (IMMEDIAB), Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramon-Luing LA, Carranza C, Téllez-Navarrete NA, Medina-Quero K, Gonzalez Y, Torres M, Chavez-Galan L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Strain Increases the Frequency of CD3 +TCR + Macrophages and Affects Their Phenotype, but Not Their Migration Ability. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010329. [PMID: 35008755 PMCID: PMC8745617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mycobacterial infections, the number of cells from two newly discovered subpopulations of CD3+ myeloid cells are increased at the infection site; one type expresses the T cell receptor (CD3+TCRαβ+) and the other does not (CD3+TCRαβ−). The role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) virulence in generating these subpopulations and the ability of these cells to migrate remains unclear. In this study, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected in vitro with either a virulent (H37Rv) or an avirulent (H37Ra) Mtb strain were phenotypically characterized based on three MDM phenotypes (CD3−, CD3+TCRαβ+, and CD3+TCRαβ−); then, their migration ability upon Mtb infection was evaluated. We found no differences in the frequency of CD3+ MDMs at 24 h of infection with either Mtb strain. However, H37Rv infection increased the frequency of CD3+TCRαβ+ MDMs at a multiplicity of infection of 1 and altered the expression of CD1b, CD1c, and TNF on the surface of cells from both the CD3+ MDM subpopulations; it also modified the expression of CCR2, CXCR1, and CCR7, thus affecting CCL2 and IL-8 levels. Moreover, H37Rv infection decreased the migration ability of the CD3− MDMs, but not CD3+ MDMs. These results confirm that the CD3+ macrophage subpopulations express chemokine receptors that respond to chemoattractants, facilitating cell migration. Together, these data suggest that CD3+ MDMs are a functional subpopulation involved in the immune response against Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucero A. Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (L.A.R.-L.); (N.A.T.-N.)
| | - Claudia Carranza
- Laboratory of Tuberculosis Immunobiology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Norma A. Téllez-Navarrete
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (L.A.R.-L.); (N.A.T.-N.)
| | - Karen Medina-Quero
- Laboratory of Immunology, Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Mexico City 11200, Mexico;
| | - Yolanda Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Martha Torres
- Laboratory of Tuberculosis Immunobiology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (C.C.); (M.T.)
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (L.A.R.-L.); (N.A.T.-N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(55)-54871700 (ext. 5270)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Soma S, Lewinsohn DA, Lewinsohn DM. Donor Unrestricted T Cells: Linking innate and adaptive immunity. Vaccine 2021; 39:7295-7299. [PMID: 34740474 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Donor Unrestricted T Cells (DURTs) are characterized by their use of antigen presentation molecules that are often invariant. As these cells recognize diverse mycobacterial antigens, often found in BCG, these cells have the potential to either serve as targets for vaccination, or as a means to enable the induction of traditional T and B cell immunity. Here, we will review specific DURT family members, and their relationship to BCG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Soma
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Deborah A Lewinsohn
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR. 97239, United States
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Portland VA Medical Center, Oregon Health & Science University, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kathamuthu GR, Kumar NP, Moideen K, Menon PA, Babu S. Decreased Frequencies of Gamma/Delta T Cells Expressing Th1/Th17 Cytokine, Cytotoxic, and Immune Markers in Latent Tuberculosis-Diabetes/Pre-Diabetes Comorbidity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:756854. [PMID: 34765568 PMCID: PMC8577793 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.756854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are important in exhibiting anti-mycobacterial immunity, but their role in latent tuberculosis (LTB) with diabetes mellitus (DM) or pre-DM (PDM) and non-DM comorbidities have not been studied. Thus, we have studied the baseline, mycobacterial (PPD, WCL), and positive control antigen-stimulated γδ T cells expressing Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2) and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22) cytokine as well as cytotoxic (perforin [PFN], granzyme [GZE B], granulysin [GNLSN]) and immune (GMCSF, PD-1, CD69) markers in LTB (DM, PDM, NDM) comorbidities by flow cytometry. In the unstimulated (UNS) condition, we did not observe any significant difference in the frequencies of γδ T cells expressing Th1 and Th17 cytokine, cytotoxic, and immune markers. In contrast, upon PPD antigen stimulation, the frequencies of γδ T cells expressing Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα) and Th17 (IL-17F, IL-22) cytokine, cytotoxic (PFN, GZE B, GNLSN), and immune (CD69) markers were significantly diminished in LTB DM and/or PDM individuals compared to LTB NDM individuals. Similarly, upon WCL antigen stimulation, the frequencies of γδ T cells expressing Th1 (TNFα) and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-22) cytokine, cytotoxic (PFN), and immune (PD-1, CD69) markers were significantly diminished in LTB DM and/or PDM individuals compared to LTB NDM individuals. Finally, upon P/I stimulation we did not observe any significant difference in the γδ T cell frequencies expressing cytokine, cytotoxic, and immune markers between the study populations. The culture supernatant levels of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-17A cytokines were significantly increased in LTB DM and PDM after stimulation with Mtb antigens compared to LTB NDM individuals. Therefore, diminished γδ T cells expressing cytokine, cytotoxic, and other immune markers and elevated levels of cytokines in the supernatants is a characteristic feature of LTB PDM/DM co-morbidities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Raj Kathamuthu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Pradeep A Menon
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Walker NF, Opondo C, Meintjes G, Jhilmeet N, Friedland JS, Elkington PT, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA. Invariant Natural Killer T-cell Dynamics in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-associated Tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 70:1865-1874. [PMID: 31190065 PMCID: PMC7156773 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (PLWH). PLWH with TB disease are at risk of the paradoxical TB-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) when they commence antiretroviral therapy. However, the pathophysiology is incompletely understood and specific therapy is lacking. We investigated the hypothesis that invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells contribute to innate immune dysfunction associated with TB-IRIS. Methods In a cross-sectional study of 101 PLWH and HIV-uninfected South African patients with active TB and controls, iNKT cells were enumerated using α-galactosylceramide-loaded CD1d tetramers and subsequently functionally characterized by flow cytometry. In a second study of 49 people with HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and active TB commencing antiretroviral therapy, iNKT cells in TB-IRIS patients and non-IRIS controls were compared longitudinally. Results Circulating iNKT cells were reduced in HIV-1 infection, most significantly the CD4+ subset, which was inversely associated with HIV-1 viral load. iNKT cells in HIV-associated TB had increased surface CD107a expression, indicating cytotoxic degranulation. Relatively increased iNKT cell frequency in patients with HIV-1 infection and active TB was associated with development of TB-IRIS following antiretroviral therapy initiation. iNKT cells in TB-IRIS were CD4+CD8– subset depleted and degranulated around the time of TB-IRIS onset. Conclusions Reduced iNKT cell CD4+ subsets as a result of HIV-1 infection may skew iNKT cell functionality toward cytotoxicity. Increased CD4– cytotoxic iNKT cells may contribute to immunopathology in TB-IRIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naomi F Walker
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Infectious Diseases and Immunity, and Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Tuberculosis Centre and Department of Clinical Research
| | - Charles Opondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Graeme Meintjes
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Nishtha Jhilmeet
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Jon S Friedland
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London
| | - Paul T Elkington
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity, and Imperial College Wellcome Trust Centre for Global Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Francis Crick Institute, London.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.,Francis Crick Institute, London
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Benedictus L, Steinbach S, Holder T, Bakker D, Vrettou C, Morrison WI, Vordermeier M, Connelley T. Hydrophobic Mycobacterial Antigens Elicit Polyfunctional T Cells in Mycobacterium bovis Immunized Cattle: Association With Protection Against Challenge? Front Immunol 2020; 11:588180. [PMID: 33281817 PMCID: PMC7688591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a chronic disease of cattle with a detrimental impact on food quality and production. Research on bTB vaccines has predominantly been focused on proteinaceous antigens. However, mycobacteria have a thick and intricate lipid outer layer and lipids as well as lipopeptides are important for immune-evasion and virulence. In humans, lipid extracts of M. tuberculosis have been shown to elicit immune responses effective against M. tuberculosis in vitro. Chloroform-methanol extraction (CME) was applied to M. bovis BCG to obtain a hydrophobic antigen extract (CMEbcg) containing lipids and lipopeptides. CMEbcg stimulated IFN-γ+IL-2+ and IL-17A+IL-22+ polyfunctional T cells and elicited T cell responses with a Th1 and Th17 cytokine release profile in both M. bovis BCG vaccinated and M. bovis challenged calves. Lipopeptides were shown to be the immunodominant antigens in CMEbcg, stimulating CD4 T cells via MHC class II. CMEbcg expanded T cells killed CMEbcg loaded monocytes and the CMEbcg-specific CD3 T cell proliferative response following M. bovis BCG vaccination was the best predictor for reduced pathology following challenge with M. bovis. Although the high predictive value of CMEbcg-specific immune responses does not confirm a causal relationship with protection against M. bovis challenge, when taking into account the in vitro antimycobacterial phenotype of CMEbcg-specific T cells (e.g. Th1/Th17 cytokine profile), it is indicative that CMEbcg-specific immune responses could play a functional role in immunity against M. bovis. Based on these findings we conclude that lipopeptides of M. bovis are potential novel subunit vaccine candidates and that further studies into the functional characterization of lipopeptide-specific immune responses together with their role in protection against bovine tuberculosis are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindert Benedictus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Steinbach
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Holder
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher and Technical Consultant, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Christina Vrettou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Connelley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Smith AA, Villarreal-Ramos B, Mendum TA, Williams KJ, Jones GJ, Wu H, McFadden J, Vordermeier HM, Stewart GR. Genetic screening for the protective antigenic targets of BCG vaccination. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 124:101979. [PMID: 32814303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an important animal health problem and the predominant cause of zoonotic tuberculosis worldwide. It results in serious economic burden due to losses in productivity and the cost of control programmes. Control could be greatly improved by the introduction of an efficacious cattle vaccine but the most likely candidate, BCG, has several limitations including variable efficacy. Augmentation of BCG with a subunit vaccine booster has been shown to increase protection but the selection of antigens has hitherto been left largely to serendipity. In the present study, we take a rational approach to identify the protective antigens of BCG, selecting a BCG transposon mutant library in naïve and BCG-vaccinated cattle. Ten mutants had increased relative survival in vaccinated compared to naïve cattle, consistent with loss of protective antigen targets making the mutants less visible to the BCG immune response. The immunogenicity of three putative protective antigens, BCG_0116, BCG_0205 (YrbE1B) and BCG_1448 (PPE20) was investigated using peptide pools and PBMCs from BCG vaccinated cattle. BCG vaccination induced PBMC to release elevated levels of IP10, IL-17a and IL-10 in response to all three antigens. Taken together, the data supports the further study of these antigens for use in subunit vaccines.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Cattle
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA Transposable Elements
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Mutation
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccination/veterinary
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Smith
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK; Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Tom A Mendum
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kerstin J Williams
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Huihai Wu
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK; Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Graham R Stewart
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ogongo P, Steyn AJ, Karim F, Dullabh KJ, Awala I, Madansein R, Leslie A, Behar SM. Differential skewing of donor-unrestricted and γδ T cell repertoires in tuberculosis-infected human lungs. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:214-230. [PMID: 31763997 PMCID: PMC6934215 DOI: 10.1172/jci130711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconventional T cells that recognize mycobacterial antigens are of great interest as potential vaccine targets against tuberculosis (TB). This includes donor-unrestricted T cells (DURTs), such as mucosa-associated invariant T cells (MAITs), CD1-restricted T cells, and γδ T cells. We exploited the distinctive nature of DURTs and γδ T cell receptors (TCRs) to investigate the involvement of these T cells during TB in the human lung by global TCR sequencing. Making use of surgical lung resections, we investigated the distribution, frequency, and characteristics of TCRs in lung tissue and matched blood from individuals infected with TB. Despite depletion of MAITs and certain CD1-restricted T cells from the blood, we found that the DURT repertoire was well preserved in the lungs, irrespective of disease status or HIV coinfection. The TCRδ repertoire, in contrast, was highly skewed in the lungs, where it was dominated by Vδ1 and distinguished by highly localized clonal expansions, consistent with the nonrecirculating lung-resident γδ T cell population. These data show that repertoire sequencing is a powerful tool for tracking T cell subsets during disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ogongo
- Africa Health Research Institute and.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Kaylesh J Dullabh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ismael Awala
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute and.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel M Behar
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21114120. [PMID: 32527000 PMCID: PMC7313475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) has never been systematically addressed. The aim of this study is to assess the link between aPL and AIHA in adult systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). This study performed an EMBASE/PubMed search from inception to June 2019 and meta-analysis using Peto’s odds ratios. The pooled prevalence (PP) of IgG/IgM anticardiolipin (aCL) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) was greater in AIHA +ve than AIHA −ve patients (34.7% vs. 27.6%, p = 0.03; 33.3% vs. 21.8%, p < 0.0001; 20.9% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.01). The PP of AIHA was greater in: (1) IgG and IgM aCL +ve than −ve patients (21.8% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.001 and 18.7% vs. 6.3%, p < 0.0001), (2) in SLE related APS than in primary APS patients (22.8% vs. 3.9% p < 0.0001), (3) in APS +ve than APS −ve SLE patients (23.2% vs. 8.4%, p = 0.01), and (4) in thrombotic APS than non-thrombotic APS/SLE patients (26.8% vs. 10%, p = 0.03). The PP of IgG/IgM aCL and LA was greater in DAT +ve than DAT −ve patients (42.4% vs. 12.8%, p < 0.0001; 26.2% vs. 12.8%, p = 0.03 and 29.2% vs. 15.7%, p = 0.004 respectively). It was found that AIHA prevalence is maximal in SLE with aPL/APS, low-moderate in SLE without aPL and minimal in PAPS. Moreover, AIHA is rightly included among the classification criteria for SLE but not for APS/aPL. The significance of an isolated DAT positivity remains unclear in this setting
Collapse
|
14
|
Correia-Neves M, Sundling C, Cooper A, Källenius G. Lipoarabinomannan in Active and Passive Protection Against Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1968. [PMID: 31572351 PMCID: PMC6749014 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycolipids of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are important immunomodulators in tuberculosis. In particular, lipoarabinomannan (LAM) has a profound effect on the innate immune response. LAM and its structural variants can be recognized by and activate human CD1b-restricted T cells, and emerging evidence indicates that B cells and antibodies against LAM can modulate the immune response to Mtb. Anti-LAM antibodies are induced during Mtb infection and after bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination, and monoclonal antibodies against LAM have been shown to confer protection by passive administration in mice and guinea pigs. In this review, we describe the immune response against LAM and the potential use of the mannose-capped arabinan moiety of LAM in the construction of vaccine candidates against tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Sundling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group (LTBRG), Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Gunilla Källenius
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jamil ML, Deebajah M, Sood A, Robinson K, Rao K, Sana S, Alanee S. Protocol for phase I study of pembrolizumab in combination with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin for patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e028287. [PMID: 31320352 PMCID: PMC6661574 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-028287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The initial treatment for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is endoscopic resection of the tumour followed by BCG therapy. In those who develop recurrence, the standard treatment is radical cystectomy. Despite the advancement in surgical technique and postoperative care, the degree of morbidity associated with radical cystectomy remains high, therefore less invasive treatment modalities are desirable. Therapies targeting the programmed death (PD) pathway have shown promise in urothelial carcinoma. We undertook the current study to determine the safety and efficacy of administering pembrolizumab (a monoclonal antibody targeting the interaction between PD-1 and its ligand) in combination with BCG in high-risk NMIBC. METHODS This is a single-centre phase I safety and efficacy study of pembrolizumab used in combination with intravesicular BCG treatment for subjects with pathologically documented high-risk NMIBC despite having received two courses of induction therapy or BCG treatment followed by maintenance BCG. Fifteen subjects will be enrolled, patients will receive treatment with 200 mg of pembrolizumab every 21 days, starting 2 weeks from the initial endoscopic resection and continuing for 6 weeks after the final dose of BCG. The primary objective is to determine the safety of administering pembrolizumab at a fixed dose of 200 mg every 3 weeks in conjunction with intravesicular BCG treatment in patients with high-risk NMIBC who have failed previous treatment. Secondary objectives are to determine the 19 weeks and the 3, 12 and 24 months post-treatment completion complete response rate with combined pembrolizumab and intravesicular BCG therapy in the aforementioned patients. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Henry Ford Hospital. The results of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at a scientific conference. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02324582.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus L Jamil
- Henry Ford Hospital, Vattikuti Urology Institute Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mustafa Deebajah
- Henry Ford Hospital, Vattikuti Urology Institute Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Akshay Sood
- Henry Ford Hospital, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathy Robinson
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Krishna Rao
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Sherjeel Sana
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Shaheen Alanee
- Henry Ford Hospital, Vattikuti Urology Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis synthesizes a wide variety of complex lipids that can serve as antigens in immune recognition of the bacterium. In this issue of Cell Chemical Biology, Gilleron et al. (2016) identify key enzymes essential for lipid antigen processing, which is required for CD1b-restricted T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sander
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Katja Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dal Molin
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Gloriastrasse 30/32, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sarmiento ME, Alvarez N, Chin KL, Bigi F, Tirado Y, García MA, Anis FZ, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Tuberculosis vaccine candidates based on mycobacterial cell envelope components. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:26-41. [PMID: 30948174 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even after decades searching for a new and more effective vaccine against tuberculosis, the scientific community is still pursuing this goal due to the complexity of its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb is a microorganism with a robust variety of survival mechanisms that allow it to remain in the host for years. The structure and nature of the Mtb envelope play a leading role in its resistance and survival. Mtb has a perfect machinery that allows it to modulate the immune response in its favor and to adapt to the host's environmental conditions in order to remain alive until the moment to reactivate its normal growing state. Mtb cell envelope protein, carbohydrate and lipid components have been the subject of interest for developing new vaccines because most of them are responsible for the pathogenicity and virulence of the bacteria. Many indirect evidences, mainly derived from the use of monoclonal antibodies, support the potential protective role of Mtb envelope components. Subunit and DNA vaccines, lipid extracts, liposomes and membrane vesicle formulations are some examples of technologies used, with encouraging results, to evaluate the potential of these antigens in the protective response against Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - N Alvarez
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - K L Chin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (FPSK), Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Sabah, Malaysia
| | - F Bigi
- Institute of Biotechnology, INTA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Y Tirado
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - M A García
- Finlay Institute of Vaccines, La Habana, Cuba
| | - F Z Anis
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - M N Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - A Acosta
- School of Health Sciences (PPSK), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schaible UE, Linnemann L, Redinger N, Patin EC, Dallenga T. Strategies to Improve Vaccine Efficacy against Tuberculosis by Targeting Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1755. [PMID: 29312298 PMCID: PMC5732265 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The global tuberculosis epidemic is the most common cause of death after infectious disease worldwide. Increasing numbers of infections with multi- and extensively drug-resistant variants of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, resistant even to newly discovered and last resort antibiotics, highlight the urgent need for an efficient vaccine. The protective efficacy to pulmonary tuberculosis in adults of the only currently available vaccine, M. bovis BCG, is unsatisfactory and geographically diverse. More importantly, recent clinical studies on new vaccine candidates did not prove to be better than BCG, yet. Here, we propose and discuss novel strategies to improve efficacy of existing anti-tuberculosis vaccines. Modulation of innate immune responses upon vaccination already provided promising results in animal models of tuberculosis. For instance, neutrophils have been shown to influence vaccine efficacy, both, positively and negatively, and stimulate specific antibody secretion. Modulating immune regulatory properties after vaccination such as induction of different types of innate immune cell death, myeloid-derived suppressor or regulatory T cells, production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 may have beneficial effects on protection efficacy. Incorporation of lipid antigens presented via CD1 molecules to T cells have been discussed as a way to enhance vaccine efficacy. Finally, concepts of dendritic cell-based immunotherapies or training the innate immune memory may be exploitable for future vaccination strategies against tuberculosis. In this review, we put a spotlight on host immune networks as potential targets to boost protection by old and new tuberculosis vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich E Schaible
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Thematic Translation Unit Tuberculosis, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lara Linnemann
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Natalja Redinger
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Emmanuel C Patin
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias Dallenga
- Cellular Microbiology, Priority Program Infections, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany.,Thematic Translation Unit Tuberculosis, German Center for Infection Research, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Moulin M, Alguacil J, Gu S, Mehtougui A, Adams EJ, Peyrottes S, Champagne E. Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation by strongly agonistic nucleotidic phosphoantigens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4353-4367. [PMID: 28669030 PMCID: PMC11107656 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells can sense through their TCR tumor cells producing the weak endogenous phosphorylated antigen isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), or bacterially infected cells producing the strong agonist hydroxyl dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (HDMAPP). The recognition of the phosphoantigen is dependent on its binding to the intracellular B30.2 domain of butyrophilin BTN3A1. Most studies have focused on pyrophosphate phosphoantigens. As triphosphate nucleotide derivatives are naturally co-produced with IPP and HDMAPP, we analyzed their specific properties using synthetic nucleotides derived from HDMAPP. The adenylated, thymidylated and uridylated triphosphate derivatives were found to activate directly Vγ9Vδ2 cell lines as efficiently as HDMAPP in the absence of accessory cells. These antigens were inherently resistant to terminal phosphatases, but apyrase, when added during a direct stimulation of Vγ9Vδ2 cells, abrogated their stimulating activity, indicating that their activity required transformation into strong pyrophosphate agonists by a nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity which is present in serum. Tumor cells can be sensitized with nucleotide phosphoantigens in the presence of apyrase to become stimulatory, showing that this can occur before their hydrolysis into pyrophosphates. Whereas tumors sensitized with HDMAPP rapidly lost their stimulatory activity, sensitization with nucleotide derivatives, in particular with the thymidine derivative, induced long-lasting stimulating ability. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, binding of some nucleotide derivatives to BTN3A1 intracellular domain was found to occur with an affinity similar to that of IPP, but much lower than that of HDMAPP. Thus, nucleotide phosphoantigens are precursors of pyrophosphate antigens which can deliver strong agonists intracellularly resulting in prolonged and strengthened activity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology
- Antigens/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Butyrophilins/genetics
- Butyrophilins/immunology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- HeLa Cells
- Hemiterpenes/pharmacology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- K562 Cells
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/biosynthesis
- Lysosomal-Associated Membrane Protein 1/immunology
- Organophosphates/pharmacology
- Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/classification
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Moulin
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CPTP, INSERM U1043/CNRS UMR5282, 31024, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Javier Alguacil
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCR, Montpellier, France
| | - Siyi Gu
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Asmaa Mehtougui
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CPTP, INSERM U1043/CNRS UMR5282, 31024, Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Erin J Adams
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suzanne Peyrottes
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247 CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCR, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Champagne
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, CPTP, INSERM U1043/CNRS UMR5282, 31024, Toulouse, France.
- CNRS, UMR5282, Toulouse, France.
- Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
The human cluster of differentiation (CD)1 system for antigen display is comprised of four types of antigen-presenting molecules, each with a distinct functional niche: CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d. Whereas CD1 proteins were thought solely to influence T-cell responses through display of amphipathic lipids, recent studies emphasize the role of direct contacts between the T-cell receptor and CD1 itself. Moving from molecules to diseases, new research approaches emphasize human CD1-transgenic mouse models and the study of human polyclonal T cells
in vivo or
ex vivo in disease states. Whereas the high genetic diversity of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded antigen-presenting molecules provides a major hurdle for designing antigens that activate T cells in all humans, the simple population genetics of the CD1 system offers the prospect of discovering or designing broadly acting immunomodulatory agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Targeting neutrophils for host-directed therapy to treat tuberculosis. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:142-147. [PMID: 29055689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
M. tuberculosis is one of the prime killers from infectious diseases worldwide. Infections with multidrug-resistant variants counting for almost half a million new cases per year are steadily on the rise. Tuberculosis caused by extensively drug-resistant variants that are even resistant against newly developed or last resort antibiotics have to be considered untreaTable Susceptible tuberculosis already requires a six-months combinational therapy which requires further prolongation to treat drug-resistant infections. Such long treatment schedules are often accompanied by serious adverse effects causing patients to stop therapy. To tackle the global tuberculosis emergency, novel approaches for treatment need to be urgently explored. Host-directed therapies that target components of the defense system represent such a novel approach. In this review, we put a spotlight on neutrophils and neutrophil-associated effectors as promising targets for adjunct host-directed therapies to improve antibiotic efficacy and reduce both, treatment time and long-term pathological sequelae.
Collapse
|
22
|
Souriau A, Freret S, Foret B, Willemsen PTJ, Bakker D, Guilloteau LA. Identification of new antigen candidates for the early diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in goats. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:278-287. [PMID: 28578219 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection is diagnosed through indirect tests based on the immune response induced by the infection. The antigens commonly used in IFN-γ release assays (IGRA) are purified protein derivative tuberculins (PPD). However, PPDs, lack both specificity (Sp) and sensitivity (Se) in the early phase of infection. This study investigated the potential of 16 MAP recombinant proteins and five lipids to elicit the release of IFN-γ in goats from herds with or without a history of paratuberculosis. Ten recombinant proteins were selected as potential candidates for the detection of MAP infection in young goats. They were found to detect 25 to 75% of infected shedder (IS) and infected non-shedder (INS) kids younger than 10months of age. In comparison, PPD was shown to detect only 10% of INS and no IS kids. For seven antigens, Se (21-33%) and Sp (≥90%) of IGRA were shown to be comparable with PPD at 20months old. Only three antigens were suitable candidates to detect IS adult goats, although Se was lower than that obtained with PPD. In paratuberculosis-free herds, IGRA results were negative in 97% of indoor goats and 86% of outdoor goats using the 10 antigens. However, 22 to 44% of one-year-old outdoor goats were positive suggesting that they may be infected. In conclusion, this study showed that ten MAP recombinant proteins are potential candidates for early detection of MAP infected goats. Combining these antigens could form a possible set of MAP antigens to optimize the Se of caprine IGRA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandrine Freret
- PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | | | - Peter T J Willemsen
- Department of Infection Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Buitenplaats, 116, 8212 AM Lelystad, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Protective efficacy of a lipid antigen vaccine in a guinea pig model of tuberculosis. Vaccine 2017; 35:1395-1402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
24
|
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae must adopt a metabolic strategy and undergo various metabolic alterations upon infection to survive inside the human body for years in a dormant state. A change in lipid homeostasis upon infection is highly pronounced in Mycobacterium leprae. Lipids play an essential role in the survival and pathogenesis of mycobacteria. Lipids are present in several forms and serve multiple roles from being a source of nutrition, providing rigidity, evading the host immune response to serving as virulence factors, etc. The synthesis and degradation of lipids is a highly regulated process and is the key to future drug designing and diagnosis for mycobacteria. In the current review, an account of the distinct roles served by lipids, the mechanism of their synthesis and degradation has been elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gurkamaljit Kaur
- Research Scholar, Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baquero MM, Plattner BL. Bovine peripheral blood WC1 + and WC1 neg γδ T lymphocytes modulate monocyte-derived macrophage effector functions during in vitro Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Cell Immunol 2017; 315:34-44. [PMID: 28284486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The importance of bovine γδ T lymphocytes during anti-mycobacterial immunity is recognized; however, the role of major subsets of γδ T lymphocytes (WC1+ and WC1neg) in this process remains unclear. We investigated how WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocyte subsets of calves modulate monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) functions during Map infection in vitro. To achieve this, Map-infected or uninfected MDMs from young calves were co-cultured with autologous WC1+ or WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes. Our data indicate that WC1+ and WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes of young calves modulate effector functions of MDMs with respect to Map killing, CD11b and MHC-II expression. We observed differences in IFN-γ production and CD25 expression on γδ T lymphocyte subsets, as well as MDM expression of CD1b when in contact with WC1neg γδ T lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Baquero
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Brandon L Plattner
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Pathobiology/AHL Building 89, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ishikawa E, Mori D, Yamasaki S. Recognition of Mycobacterial Lipids by Immune Receptors. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:66-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
27
|
CD1-Restricted T Cells at the Crossroad of Innate and Adaptive Immunity. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2876275. [PMID: 28070524 PMCID: PMC5192300 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2876275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-specific T cells comprise a group of T cells that recognize lipids bound to the MHC class I-like CD1 molecules. There are four isoforms of CD1 that are expressed at the surface of antigen presenting cells and therefore capable of presenting lipid antigens: CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, and CD1d. Each one of these isoforms has distinct structural features and cellular localizations, which promotes binding to a broad range of different types of lipids. Lipid antigens originate from either self-tissues or foreign sources, such as bacteria, fungus, or plants and their recognition by CD1-restricted T cells has important implications in infection but also in cancer and autoimmunity. In this review, we describe the characteristics of CD1 molecules and CD1-restricted lipid-specific T cells, highlighting the innate-like and adaptive-like features of different CD1-restricted T cell subtypes.
Collapse
|
28
|
Recombinant human lactoferrin modulates human PBMC derived macrophage responses to BCG and LPS. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101S:S53-S62. [PMID: 27727130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein found in mammalian mucosal secretions and granules of neutrophils, possesses several immune modulatory properties. Published reports indicate that lactoferrin enhances the efficacy of the tuberculosis vaccine, BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin), both by increasing macrophage and dendritic cell ability to stimulate receptive T cells and by modulating the inflammatory response. This report is the first to demonstrate the effects of a recombinant human lactoferrin (10 μg/mL) on human PBMC derived CD14+ and CD16+ macrophages stimulated with a strong (LPS, 10 ng/mL) or weaker (BCG, MOI 1:1) stimulator of inflammation. After 3 days culture, LPS and human lactoferrin treated CD14+ cells significantly increased production of IL-10, IL-6, and MCP-1 compared to the LPS only group. In contrast, similarly treated CD16+ macrophages increased production of IL-12p40 and IL-10 and decreased TNF-α. Limited changes were observed in BCG stimulated CD14+ and CD16+ macrophages with and without lactoferrin. Analysis of surface expression of antigen presentation and co-stimulatory molecules demonstrated that CD14+ macrophages, when stimulated with BCG or LPS and cultured with lactoferrin, increased expression of CD86. CD16+ macrophages treated with lactoferrin showed a similar trend of increase in CD86 expression, but only when stimulated with BCG.
Collapse
|
29
|
Lysosomal Lipases PLRP2 and LPLA2 Process Mycobacterial Multi-acylated Lipids and Generate T Cell Stimulatory Antigens. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1147-1156. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
30
|
Tirado Y, Puig A, Alvarez N, Borrero R, Aguilar A, Camacho F, Reyes F, Fernandez S, Perez JL, Acevedo R, Mata Espinoza D, Payan JAB, Garcia MDLA, Kadir R, Sarmiento ME, Hernandez-Pando R, Norazmi MN, Acosta A. Mycobacterium smegmatis proteoliposome induce protection in a murine progressive pulmonary tuberculosis model. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 101:44-48. [PMID: 27865396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity. The TB vaccine, BCG, is not fully protective against the adult form of the disease and is unable to prevent its transmission although it is still useful against severe childhood TB. Hence, the search for new vaccines is of great interest. In a previous study, we have shown that proteoliposomes obtained from Mycobacterium smegmatis (PLMs) induced cross reactive humoral and cellular response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) antigens. With the objective to evaluate the protective capability of PLMs, a murine model of progressive pulmonary TB was used. Animals immunized with PLMs with and without alum (PLMs/PLMsAL respectively) showed protection compared to non-immunized animals. Mice immunized with PLMsAL induced similar protection as that of BCG. Animals immunized with BCG, PLMs and PLMsAL showed a significant decrease in tissue damage (percentage of pneumonic area/lung) compared to non-immunized animals, with a more prominent effect in BCG vaccinated mice. The protective effect of the administration of PLMs in mice supports its future evaluation as experimental vaccine candidate against Mtb.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Alum Compounds
- Animals
- BCG Vaccine
- Bacterial Load
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mycobacterium smegmatis/immunology
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/growth & development
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolation & purification
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/microbiology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/pathology
- Pneumonia, Bacterial/prevention & control
- Proteolipids/immunology
- Tuberculosis Vaccines
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology
- Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/prevention & control
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dulce Mata Espinoza
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran", D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alberto Barrios Payan
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran", D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Ramlah Kadir
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - María E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rogelio Hernandez-Pando
- Experimental Pathology Section, Department of Pathology, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition "Salvador Zubiran", D.F. Mexico, Mexico
| | - Mohd-Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia; INFORMM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Camacho F, Sarmiento ME, Reyes F, Kim L, Huggett J, Lepore M, Otero O, Gilleron M, Puzo G, Norazmi MN, Rook G, Mori L, De Libero G, Acosta A. Selection of phage-displayed human antibody fragments specific for CD1b presenting the Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycolipid Ac2SGL. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
32
|
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Walter Reith
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland;
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, Immunology Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom; ,
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhao J, Siddiqui S, Shang S, Bian Y, Bagchi S, He Y, Wang CR. Mycolic acid-specific T cells protect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a humanized transgenic mouse model. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26652001 PMCID: PMC4718816 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 1 CD1 molecules, CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, present lipid antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to T cells. Mtb lipid-specific group 1 CD1-restricted T cells have been detected in Mtb-infected individuals. However, their role in protective immunity against Mtb remains unclear due to the absence of group 1 CD1 expression in mice. To overcome the challenge, we generated mice that expressed human group 1 CD1 molecules (hCD1Tg) and a CD1b-restricted, mycolic-acid specific TCR (DN1Tg). Using DN1Tg/hCD1Tg mice, we found that activation of DN1 T cells was initiated in the mediastinal lymph nodes and showed faster kinetics compared to Mtb Ag85B-specific CD4+ T cells after aerosol infection with Mtb. Additionally, activated DN1 T cells exhibited polyfunctional characteristics, accumulated in lung granulomas, and protected against Mtb infection. Therefore, our findings highlight the vaccination potential of targeting group 1 CD1-restricted lipid-specific T cells against Mtb infection. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08525.001 Most cases of tuberculosis are caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is believed to have infected one third of the world’s population. Most of these infections are dormant and don’t cause any symptoms. However, active infections can be deadly if left untreated and often require six months of treatment with multiple antibiotics. One reason why these infections are so difficult to treat is because the M. tuberculosis cell walls contain fatty molecules known as mycolic acids, which make the bacteria less susceptible to antibiotics. These molecules also help the bacteria to subvert and then hide from the immune system. The prevalence of the disease and the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance have spurred the search for an effective vaccine against tuberculosis. While most efforts have focused on using protein fragments in tuberculosis vaccines, some evidence suggests that human immune cells can recognize fatty molecules such as mycolic acids and that these cells could help manage and control M. tuberculosis infections. However, it has been difficult to determine whether these immune cells genuinely play a protective role against the disease because most vaccine research uses mouse models and mice do not have an equivalent of these immune cells. Now, Zhao et al. have engineered a “humanized” mouse model that produces the fatty molecule-specific immune cells, and show that these mice do respond to the presence of mycolic acids. Infecting the genetically engineered mice with M. tuberculosis revealed that the fatty molecule-specific immune cells were quickly activated within lymph nodes at the center of the chest. These cells later accumulated at sites in the lung where the bacteria reside, and ultimately protected against M. tuberculosis infection. The results show that these specific immune cells can counteract M. tuberculosis, and highlight the potential of using mycolic acids to generate an effective vaccine that provides protection against tuberculosis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08525.002
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Sarah Siddiqui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Yao Bian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Sreya Bagchi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Ying He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ronacher K, Joosten SA, van Crevel R, Dockrell HM, Walzl G, Ottenhoff THM. Acquired immunodeficiencies and tuberculosis: focus on HIV/AIDS and diabetes mellitus. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:121-37. [PMID: 25703556 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection within Africa led to marked increases in numbers of cases of tuberculosis (TB), and although the epidemic peaked in 2006, there were still 1.8 million new cases in 2013, with 29.2 million prevalent cases. Half of all TB cases in Africa are in those with HIV co-infection. A brief review of the well-documented main immunological mechanisms of HIV-associated increased susceptibility to TB is presented. However, a new threat is facing TB control, which presents itself in the form of a rapid increase in the number of people living with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM), particularly in areas that are already hardest hit by the TB epidemic. T2DM increases susceptibility to TB threefold, and the TB burden attributable to T2DM is 15%. This review addresses the much smaller body of research information available on T2DM-TB, compared to HIV-TB comorbidity. We discuss the altered clinical presentation of TB in the context of T2DM comorbidity, changes in innate and adaptive immune responses, including lymphocyte subsets and T-cell phenotypes, the effect of treatment of the different comorbidities, changes in biomarker expression and genetic predisposition to the respective morbidities, and other factors affecting the comorbidity. Although significant gains have been made in improving our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of T2DM-associated increased susceptibility, knowledge gaps still exist that require urgent attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Ronacher
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research and MRC Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
With the promise of T cell-based therapy for cancer finally becoming reality, this Review focuses on the less-studied γδ T cell lineage and its diverse responses to tumours. γδ T cells have well-established protective roles in cancer, largely on the basis of their potent cytotoxicity and interferon-γ production. Besides this, recent studies have revealed a series of tumour-promoting functions that are linked to interleukin-17-producing γδ T cells. Here, we integrate the current knowledge from both human and mouse studies to highlight the potential of γδ T cell modulation to improve cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
36
|
Salio M, Cerundolo V. Regulation of Lipid Specific and Vitamin Specific Non-MHC Restricted T Cells by Antigen Presenting Cells and Their Therapeutic Potentials. Front Immunol 2015; 6:388. [PMID: 26284072 PMCID: PMC4517378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since initial reports, more than 25 years ago, that T cells recognize lipids in the context on non-polymorphic CD1 molecules, our understanding of antigen presentation to non-peptide-specific T cell populations has deepened. It is now clear that αβ T cells bearing semi-invariant T cell receptor, as well as subsets of γδ T cells, recognize a variety of self and non-self lipids and contribute to shaping immune responses via cross talk with dendritic cells and B cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that small molecules derived from the microbial riboflavin biosynthetic pathway (vitamin B2) bind monomorphic MR1 molecules and activate mucosal-associated invariant T cells, another population of semi-invariant T cells. Novel insights in the biological relevance of non-peptide-specific T cells have emerged with the development of tetrameric CD1 and MR1 molecules, which has allowed accurate enumeration and functional analysis of CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells in humans and discovery of novel populations of semi-invariant T cells. The phenotype and function of non-peptide-specific T cells will be discussed in the context of the known distribution of CD1 and MR1 molecules by different subsets of antigen-presenting cells at steady state and following infection. Concurrent modulation of CD1 transcription and lipid biosynthetic pathways upon TLR stimulation, coupled with efficient lipid antigen processing, result in the increased cell surface expression of antigenic CD1-lipid complexes. Similarly, MR1 expression is almost undetectable in resting APC and it is upregulated following bacterial infection, likely due to stabilization of MR1 molecules by microbial antigens. The tight regulation of CD1 and MR1 expression at steady state and during infection may represent an important mechanism to limit autoreactivity, while promoting T cell responses to foreign antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Patil PS, Cheng TJR, Zulueta MML, Yang ST, Lico LS, Hung SC. Total synthesis of tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside and evaluation of its immunomodulatory activity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7239. [PMID: 26037164 PMCID: PMC4468851 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, aggravated by drug-resistant strains and HIV co-infection of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is a global problem that affects millions of people. With essential immunoregulatory roles, phosphatidylinositol mannosides are among the cell-envelope components critical to the pathogenesis and survival of M. tuberculosis inside its host. Here we report the first synthesis of the highly complex tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside (Ac2PIM6), having stearic and tuberculostearic acids as lipid components. Our effort makes use of stereoelectronic and steric effects to control the regioselective and stereoselective outcomes and minimize the synthetic steps, particularly in the key desymmetrization and functionalization of myo-inositol. A short synthesis of tuberculostearic acid in six steps from the Roche ester is also described. Mice exposed to the synthesized Ac2PIM6 exhibit increased production of interleukin-4 and interferon-γ, and the corresponding adjuvant effect is shown by the induction of ovalbumin- and tetanus toxoid-specific antibodies. Phosphatidylinositol mannosides are cell envelope components vital for the survival of M. tuberculosis. Here, the authors report an elegant and convergent total synthesis of the complex glycolipid tetraacylated phosphatidylinositol hexamannoside (Ac2PIM6) and study the immunological effects in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pratap S Patil
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jen Rachel Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Medel Manuel L Zulueta
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Larry S Lico
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Cheng Hung
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Urdahl KB. Understanding and overcoming the barriers to T cell-mediated immunity against tuberculosis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:578-87. [PMID: 25453230 PMCID: PMC4314386 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite the overwhelming success of immunization in reducing, and even eliminating, the global threats posed by a wide spectrum of infectious diseases, attempts to do the same for tuberculosis (TB) have failed to date. While most effective vaccines act by eliciting neutralizing antibodies, T cells are the primary mediators of adaptive immunity against TB. Unfortunately, the onset of the T cell response after aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacterium that causes TB, is exceedingly slow, and systemically administered vaccines only modestly accelerate the recruitment of effector T cells to the lungs. This delay seems to be orchestrated by Mtb itself to prolong the period of unrestricted bacterial replication in the lung that characterizes the innate phase of the response. When T cells finally arrive at the site of infection, multiple layers of regulation have been established that limit the ability of T cells to control or eradicate Mtb. From this understanding, emerges a strategy for achieving immunity. Lung resident memory T cells may recognize Mtb-infected cells shortly after infection and confer protection before regulatory networks are allowed to develop. Early studies using vaccines that elicit lung resident T cells by targeting the lung mucosa have been promising, but many questions remain. Due to the fundamental nature of these questions, and the need to understand and manipulate the early events in the lung after aerosol infection, only coordinated approaches that utilize tractable animal models to inform human TB vaccine trials will move the field toward its goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Urdahl
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in tuberculosis: A two-edged sword in TB pathogenesis. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:543-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
40
|
Ivanyi J, Ottenhoff THM. Significance of antigen and epitope specificity in tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:524. [PMID: 25379038 PMCID: PMC4206936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Ivanyi
- Guy's Hospital Campus of Kings College London , London , UK
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|