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Pan C, Wang L, Zhang M, Li J, Liu J, Liu J. In Situ Polymerization-Mediated Antigen Presentation. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37262440 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Activating antigen-presenting cells is essential to generate adaptive immunity, while the efficacy of conventional activation strategies remains unsatisfactory due to suboptimal antigen-specific priming. Here, in situ polymerization-mediated antigen presentation (IPAP) is described, in which antigen-loaded nanovaccines are spontaneously formed and efficiently anchored onto the surface of dendritic cells in vivo through co-deposition with dopamine. The resulting chemically bound nanovaccines can promote antigen presentation by elevating macropinocytosis-based cell uptake and reducing lysosome-related antigen degradation. IPAP is able to prolong the duration of antigen reservation in the injection site and enhance subsequent accumulation in the draining lymph nodes, thereby eliciting robust antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. IPAP is also applicable for different antigens and capable of circumventing the disadvantages of complicated preparation and purification. By implementation with ovalbumin, IPAP induces a significant protective immunity against ovalbumin-overexpressing tumor cell challenge in a prophylactic murine model. The use of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein S1 subunit also remarkably increases the production of S1-specific immunoglobulin G in mice. IPAP offers a unique strategy for stimulating antigen-presenting cells to boost antigen-specific adaptive responses and proposes a facile yet versatile method for immunization against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Pan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Jinyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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2
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Meng C, Liu J, Kang X, Xu Z, Xu S, Li X, Pan Z, Chen X, Jiao X. Discrepancy in Response of Mouse Dendritic Cells against BCG: Weak Immune Effects of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Compared to Classical Dendritic Cells despite the Uptake of Bacilli. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8030140. [PMID: 36977141 PMCID: PMC10057906 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a zoonosis characterized by chronic respiratory infections, is mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is associated with one of the heaviest disease burdens in the world. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role and act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses against TB. DCs are divided into distinct subsets. Currently, the response of DCs to mycobacterial infections is poorly understood. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the responses of splenic conventional DCs (cDC) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDC), subsets to Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) infection in mice. Splenic pDC had a significantly higher infection rate and intracellular bacterial count than cDC and the CD8+ and CD8− cDC subsets after BCG infection. However, the expression levels of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC-II molecules were significantly upregulated in splenic cDC and the CD8 cDC subsets compared to pDC during BCG infection. Splenic cDC had a higher expression of IFN-γ and IL-12p70 than pDC, whereas pDC had higher levels of TNF-α and MCP-1 than cDC in mice infected with BCG. At early stages of immunization with BCG containing the Ag85A protein, splenic cDC and pDC could present the Ag85A peptide to a specific T hybridoma; however, cDC had a stronger antigen presenting activity than pDC. In summary, splenic cDC and pDC extensively participate in mouse immune responses against BCG infection in vivo. Although pDC had a higher BCG uptake, cDC induced stronger immunological effects, including activation and maturation, cytokine production, and antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xilong Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuangyuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (X.J.)
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (X.J.)
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3
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Kim H, Shin SJ. Pathological and protective roles of dendritic cells in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Interaction between host immune responses and pathogen evasion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:891878. [PMID: 35967869 PMCID: PMC9366614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.891878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are principal defense components that play multifactorial roles in translating innate immune responses to adaptive immunity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections. The heterogeneous nature of DC subsets follows their altered functions by interacting with other immune cells, Mtb, and its products, enhancing host defense mechanisms or facilitating pathogen evasion. Thus, a better understanding of the immune responses initiated, promoted, and amplified or inhibited by DCs in Mtb infection is an essential step in developing anti-tuberculosis (TB) control measures, such as host-directed adjunctive therapy and anti-TB vaccines. This review summarizes the recent advances in salient DC subsets, including their phenotypic classification, cytokine profiles, functional alterations according to disease stages and environments, and consequent TB outcomes. A comprehensive overview of the role of DCs from various perspectives enables a deeper understanding of TB pathogenesis and could be useful in developing DC-based vaccines and immunotherapies.
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4
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Soltani S, Mahmoudi M, Farhadi E. Dendritic Cells Currently under the Spotlight; Classification and Subset Based upon New Markers. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:646-661. [PMID: 32597286 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1783289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are considered as a subset of mononuclear phagocytes that composed of multiple subsets with distinct phenotypic features. DCs play crucial roles in the initiation and modulation of immune responses to both allo- and auto-antigens during pathogenic settings, encompassing infectious diseases, cancer, autoimmunity, transplantation, as well as vaccination. DCs play a role in preventing autoimmunity via inducing tolerance to self-antigens. This review focus on the most common subsets of DCs in human. Owing to the low frequencies of DC cells in blood and tissues and also the lack of specific DC markers, studies of DCs have been greatly hindered. Human DCs arise by a dedicated pathway of lympho-myeloid hematopoiesis and give rise into specialized subtypes under the influence of transcription factors that are specific for each linage. In humans, the classification of DCs has been generally separated into the blood and cutaneous subsets, mainly because these parts are more comfortable to examine in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Soltani
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahmoudi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Farhadi
- Rheumatology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Inflammation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Raieli S, Trichot C, Korniotis S, Pattarini L, Soumelis V. TLR1/2 orchestrate human plasmacytoid predendritic cell response to gram+ bacteria. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000209. [PMID: 31017904 PMCID: PMC6481764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram+ infections are worldwide life-threatening diseases in which the pathological role of type I interferon (IFN) has been highlighted. Plasmacytoid predendritic cells (pDCs) produce high amounts of type I IFN following viral sensing. Despite studies suggesting that pDCs respond to bacteria, the mechanisms underlying bacterial sensing in pDCs are unknown. We show here that human primary pDCs express toll-like receptor 1 (TLR1) and 2 (TLR2) and respond to bacterial lipoproteins. We demonstrated that pDCs differentially respond to gram+ bacteria through the TLR1/2 pathway. Notably, up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines was TLR1 dependent, whereas type I IFN secretion was TLR2 dependent. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that these differences relied on diverse signaling pathways activated by TLR1/2. MAPK and NF-κB pathways were engaged by TLR1, whereas the Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway was activated by TLR2. This dichotomy was reflected in a different role of TLR2 and TLR1 in pDC priming of naïve cluster of differentiation 4+ (CD4+) T cells, and T helper (Th) cell differentiation. This work provides the rationale to explore and target pDCs in bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Raieli
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Coline Trichot
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sarantis Korniotis
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Pattarini
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Vassili Soumelis
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Research University, Paris, France
- INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France
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6
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Su H, Peng B, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Zhang Z. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis glycoprotein Rv1016c protein inhibits dendritic cell maturation, and impairs Th1 /Th17 responses during mycobacteria infection. Mol Immunol 2019; 109:58-70. [PMID: 30856410 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The myobacterial factors and the associated mechanism by which Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) evades the host immune surveillance system remain widely unexplored. Here, we found that overexpressing Rv1016c, a mannosylated protein of M. tuberculosis in BCG (rBCG-Rv1016c) led to increased virulence of the recombined BCG in the severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice model and to a loss of protective efficacy in a zebrafish-M. marinum model, compared to wild type BCG. Further investigations on the effects of rBCG-Rv1016c on the host innate immunity revealed that rBCG-Rv1016c decreased the production of cytokines IL-2, IL-12p70, TGF-β, IL-6 as well as of the co-stimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, MHC-I and MHC-II by the infected DCs. These effects were mimicked by rBCG-Rv1016cHis, which carried an extra 6-His tag at the C-terminus of Rv1016c. Relatively to BCG infected DCs, the rBCG-Rv1016c-infected DCs failed to polarize naïve T cells to Th1- and Th17-type cells to secret IFN-γ and IL-17. Additionally, T lymphocytes from BCG- infected mice showed significantly less proliferation and production of IFN-γ and IL-17. Similarly, rBCG-Rv1016c mice released a higher level of IL-10 in response to rBCG-Rv1016c stimulation than wild type BCG infected mice. Furthermore, DCs from TLR-2 knockout mice showed no reduction in IL-6, IL-12 p70 and TGF-β secretion in response to rBCG-Rv1016c infection, compared to DCs infected with BCG. We propose that Rv1016c interferes in differentiation of the DCs by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1 and SOCS3 expression, which subsequently leads to the reduction in STAT-1 and STAT-6 phosphorylation. These findings open new perspectives regarding the immunosuppressive strategies adopted by Mtb to survive in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Su
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China; Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466 Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510220, China
| | - Baozhou Peng
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466 Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510220, China
| | - Zijian Liu
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Science, Guangzhou Medical University, No. 195 Dongfengxi Road, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, No. 466 Xingang Road, Guangzhou, 510220, China.
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Alculumbre S, Raieli S, Hoffmann C, Chelbi R, Danlos FX, Soumelis V. Plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cells (pDC): from molecular pathways to function and disease association. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 86:24-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Liu Y, Wang R, Jiang J, Cao Z, Zhai F, Sun W, Cheng X. A subset of CD1c + dendritic cells is increased in patients with tuberculosis and promotes Th17 cell polarization. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:189-199. [PMID: 30514502 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The role of primary subsets of DCs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in humans is incompletely understood. In this study, we identified a CD1c DC subset with phenotype of CD1c+CD11c+CD19-CD11b+ that was significantly increased in tuberculous pleural effusions and in peripheral blood from patients with TB compared with that from healthy controls (p < 0.0001). Sputum smear/culture-positive patients with tuberculosis had significantly higher frequency of CD1c+CD11b+ DC subset than sputum smear/culture-negative patients (p < 0.0001). After effective anti-TB chemotherapy, the frequency of CD1c+CD11b+ DC subset in peripheral blood and tuberculous pleural effusions was decreased. CD1c+CD11b+ DC subset from tuberculous pleural effusions expressed higher levels of TLR2, TLR4, CD172a, CD206 and FcεRⅠ, but lower levels of CD80, CD83 and CD86 compared with CD1c+CD11b- DC subset. Expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-23, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TGF-β mRNA in CD1c+CD11b+ DCs was higher than in CD1c+CD11b- DC subset. Co-culture of autologous naive CD4+ T cells with sorted CD1c+CD11b+ DCs expressed significantly increased levels of IL-17A and RORγt transcripts as compared with those co-cultured with CD11b- subset. In conclusion, a CD1c+CD11b+ DC subset with elevated frequency in patients with tuberculosis was identified and it promoted Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Ruo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhihong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Fei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Weiguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaoxing Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis Prevention and Treatment, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques for Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Institute of Tuberculosis, 309th Hospital, 17 Hei Shan Hu Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Type 1 interferon-inducible gene expression in QuantiFERON Gold TB-positive uveitis: A tool to stratify a high versus low risk of active tuberculosis? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206073. [PMID: 30336493 PMCID: PMC6193765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
QuantiFERON-Gold TB (QFT)-positive patients with undetermined cause of uveitis are problematic in terms of whether to diagnose and treat them for tuberculosis (TB). Here, we investigated whether peripheral blood expression of type 1 interferon (IFN)-inducible genes may be of use to stratify QFT-positive patients with uveitis into groups of high versus low risk of having active TB-associated uveitis. We recruited all new uveitis patients in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia for one year. We included 12 patients with uveitis and clinically diagnosed active pulmonary TB, 58 QFT-positive patients with uveitis of unknown cause, 10 newly diagnosed sputum-positive active pulmonary TB patients without uveitis and 23 QFT-negative healthy controls. Expression of 35 type 1 IFN-inducible genes was measured in peripheral blood cells from active pulmonary TB patients without uveitis and healthy controls. Differentially expressed genes were identified and used for further clustering analyses of the uveitis groups. A type-1 IFN gene signature score was calculated and the optimal cut-off value for this score to differentiate active pulmonary TB from healthy controls was determined and applied to QFT-positive patients with uveitis of unknown cause. Ten type 1 IFN-inducible genes were differentially expressed between active pulmonary TB and healthy controls. Expression of these 10 genes in QFT-positive patients with uveitis of unknown cause revealed three groups: 1); patients resembling active pulmonary TB, 2); patients resembling healthy controls, and 3); patients displaying an in-between gene expression pattern. A type 1 IFN gene signature score ≥5.61 displayed high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (91%) for identification of active TB. Application of this score to QFT-positive patients with uveitis of unknown cause yielded two groups with expected different likelihood (high vs. low) of having active-TB uveitis, and therefore may be useful in clinical management decisions.
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10
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Phelan JJ, Basdeo SA, Tazoll SC, McGivern S, Saborido JR, Keane J. Modulating Iron for Metabolic Support of TB Host Defense. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2296. [PMID: 30374347 PMCID: PMC6196273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is the world's biggest infectious disease killer. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB demonstrates that current treatments are inadequate and there is an urgent need for novel therapies. Research is now focused on the development of host-directed therapies (HDTs) which can be used in combination with existing antimicrobials, with a special focus on promoting host defense. Immunometabolic reprogramming is integral to TB host defense, therefore, understanding and supporting the immunometabolic pathways that are altered after infection will be important for the development of new HDTs. Moreover, TB pathophysiology is interconnected with iron metabolism. Iron is essential for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the bacteria that causes TB disease. Mtb struggles to replicate and persist in low iron environments. Iron chelation has therefore been suggested as a HDT. In addition to its direct effects on iron availability, iron chelators modulate immunometabolism through the stabilization of HIF1α. This review examines immunometabolism in the context of Mtb and its links to iron metabolism. We suggest that iron chelation, and subsequent stabilization of HIF1α, will have multifaceted effects on immunometabolic function and holds potential to be utilized as a HDT to boost the host immune response to Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Phelan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharee A Basdeo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simone C Tazoll
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sadhbh McGivern
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Judit R Saborido
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Santos PM, Butterfield LH. Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Vaccines. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:443-449. [PMID: 29311386 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized immune cells that play a critical role in promoting an immune response against Ags, which can include foreign pathogenic Ags and self-tumor Ags. DC are capable of boosting a memory T cell response but most importantly they are effective initiators of naive T cell responses. Many years of studies have focused on the use of DC vaccines against cancer to initiate and shape an antitumor-specific immune response and/or boost existing spontaneous antitumor T cell responses. In this study we give a brief overview of DC biology, function, and cellular subsets, and review the current status of the field of DC as cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; .,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and.,Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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12
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Xu Z, Xia A, Li X, Zhu Z, Shen Y, Jin S, Lan T, Xie Y, Wu H, Meng C, Sun L, Yin Y, Chen X, Jiao X. Rapid loss of early antigen-presenting activity of lymph node dendritic cells against Ag85A protein following Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:19. [PMID: 29940854 PMCID: PMC6019797 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection requires CD4+ T-cell responses and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) presentation of Mtb antigens (Ags). Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent of the Ag-presenting cells and are central to the initiation of T-cell immune responses. Much research has indicated that DCs play an important role in anti-mycobacterial immune responses at early infection time points, but the kinetics of Ag presentation by these cells during these events are incompletely understood. Results In the present study, we evaluated in vivo dynamics of early Ag presentation by murine lymph-node (LN) DCs in response to Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Ag85A protein. Results showed that the early Ag-presenting activity of murine DCs induced by M. bovis BCG Ag85A protein in vivo was transient, appearing at 4 h and being barely detectable at 72 h. The transcription levels of CIITA, MHC II and the expression of MHC II molecule on the cell surface increased following BCG infection. Moreover, BCG was found to survive within the inguinal LN DC pool, representing a continuing source of mycobacterial Ag85A protein, with which LN DCs formed Ag85A peptide-MHCII complexes in vivo. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that a decrease in Ag85A peptide production as a result of the inhibition of Ag processing to is largely responsible for the short duration of Ag presentation by LN DCs during BCG infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aihong Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaocheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yechi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tian Lan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Han Wu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuelan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, No. 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| | - Xinan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, MOA of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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13
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Parlato S, Chiacchio T, Salerno D, Petrone L, Castiello L, Romagnoli G, Canini I, Goletti D, Gabriele L. Impaired IFN-α-mediated signal in dendritic cells differentiates active from latent tuberculosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189477. [PMID: 29320502 PMCID: PMC5761858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) may be infected and remain for the entire life in this condition defined as latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) or develop active tuberculosis (TB). Among the multiple factors governing the outcome of the infection, dendritic cells (DCs) play a major role in dictating antibacterial immunity. However, current knowledge on the role of the diverse components of human DCs in shaping specific T-cell response during Mtb infection is limited. In this study, we performed a comparative evaluation of peripheral blood circulating DC subsets as well as of monocyte-derived Interferon-α DCs (IFN-DCs) from patients with active TB, subjects with LTBI and healthy donors (HD). The proportion of circulating myeloid BDCA3+ DCs (mDC2) and plasmacytoid CD123+ DCs (pDCs) declined significantly in active TB patients compared to HD, whereas the same subsets displayed a remarkable activation in LTBI subjects. Simultaneously, the differentiation of IFN-DCs from active TB patients resulted profoundly impaired compared to those from LTBI and HD individuals. Importantly, the altered developmental trait of IFN-DCs from active TB patients was associated with down-modulation of IFN-linked genes, marked changes in molecular signaling conveying antigen (Ag) presentation and full inability to induce Ag-specific T cell response. Thus, these data reveal an important role of IFN-α in determining the induction of Mtb-specific immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Parlato
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Chiacchio
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Debora Salerno
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy
| | - Linda Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giulia Romagnoli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Canini
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (LG); (DG)
| | - Lucia Gabriele
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (LG); (DG)
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14
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells comprising a variety of subsets, as either resident or migrating cells, in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. In the steady state DC continually process and present antigens on MHCI and MHCII, processes that are highly upregulated upon activation. By expressing differential sets of pattern recognition receptors different DC subsets are able to respond to a range of pathogenic and danger stimuli, enabling functional specialisation of the DC. The knowledge of functional specialisation of DC subsets is key to efficient priming of T cells, to the design of effective vaccine adjuvants and to understanding the role of different DC in health and disease. This review outlines mouse and human steady state DC subsets and key attributes that define their distinct functions.
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15
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Donovan ML, Schultz TE, Duke TJ, Blumenthal A. Type I Interferons in the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis: Molecular Drivers and Immunological Consequences. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1633. [PMID: 29230217 PMCID: PMC5711827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health threat. Urgent needs in the fight against TB include improved and innovative treatment options for drug-sensitive and -resistant TB as well as reliable biological indicators that discriminate active from latent disease and enable monitoring of treatment success or failure. Prominent interferon (IFN) inducible gene signatures in TB patients and animal models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection have drawn significant attention to the roles of type I IFNs in the host response to mycobacterial infections. Here, we review recent developments in the understanding of the innate immune pathways that drive type I IFN responses in mycobacteria-infected host cells and the functional consequences for the host defense against M. tuberculosis, with a view that such insights might be exploited for the development of targeted host-directed immunotherapies and development of reliable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg L Donovan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas E Schultz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Taylor J Duke
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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16
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Beigier-Bompadre M, Montagna GN, Kühl AA, Lozza L, Weiner J, Kupz A, Vogelzang A, Mollenkopf HJ, Löwe D, Bandermann S, Dorhoi A, Brinkmann V, Matuschewski K, Kaufmann SHE. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection modulates adipose tissue biology. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006676. [PMID: 29040326 PMCID: PMC5695609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) primarily resides in the lung but can also persist in extrapulmonary sites. Macrophages are considered the prime cellular habitat in all tissues. Here we demonstrate that Mtb resides inside adipocytes of fat tissue where it expresses stress-related genes. Moreover, perigonadal fat of Mtb-infected mice disseminated the infection when transferred to uninfected animals. Adipose tissue harbors leukocytes in addition to adipocytes and other cell types and we observed that Mtb infection induces changes in adipose tissue biology depending on stage of infection. Mice infected via aerosol showed infiltration of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or arginase 1 (Arg1)-negative F4/80+ cells, despite recruitment of CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Gene expression analysis of adipose tissue of aerosol Mtb-infected mice provided evidence for upregulated expression of genes associated with T cells and NK cells at 28 days post-infection. Strikingly, IFN-γ-producing NK cells and Mtb-specific CD8+ T cells were identified in perigonadal fat, specifically CD8+CD44-CD69+ and CD8+CD44-CD103+ subpopulations. Gene expression analysis of these cells revealed that they expressed IFN-γ and the lectin-like receptor Klrg1 and down-regulated CD27 and CD62L, consistent with an effector phenotype of Mtb-specific CD8+ T cells. Sorted NK cells expressed higher abundance of Klrg1 upon infection, as well. Our results reveal the ability of Mtb to persist in adipose tissue in a stressed state, and that NK cells and Mtb-specific CD8+ T cells infiltrate infected adipose tissue where they produce IFN-γ and assume an effector phenotype. We conclude that adipose tissue is a potential niche for Mtb and that due to infection CD8+ T cells and NK cells are attracted to this tissue. In 2015, tuberculosis (TB) affected 10.4 million individuals causing 1.8 million deaths per year. Yet, a much larger group– 2 billion people–harbors latent TB infection (LTBI) without clinical symptoms, but at lifelong risk of reactivation. The physiological niches of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) persistence remain incompletely defined and both pulmonary and extrapulmonary sites have been proposed. Adipose tissue constitutes 15–25% of total body mass and is an active production site for hormones and inflammatory mediators. The increasing prevalence of obesity, has led to greater incidence of type 2 diabetes. These patients suffer from three times higher risk of developing TB, pointing to a potential link between adipose tissue and TB pathogenesis. In individuals with LTBI, Mtb survives in a stressed, non-replicating state with low metabolic activity and resting macrophages serve as preferred habitat and become effectors after appropriate stimulation. Here we demonstrate that Mtb can infect and persist within adipocytes where it upregulates stress-related genes. In vivo, relative proportions of leukocyte subsets infiltrating adipose tissue varied under different conditions of infection. During natural aerosol Mtb infection, distinct leukocyte subsets, including mononuclear phagocytes, Mtb-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells infiltrated adipose tissue and became activated. Thus, our study shows that adipose tissue is not only a potential reservoir for this pathogen but also undergoes significant alteration during TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anja A. Kühl
- Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Charité - University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Lozza
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexis Vogelzang
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Delia Löwe
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Bandermann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Core Facility, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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17
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Bazzi S, Modjtahedi H, Mudan S, Achkar M, Akle C, Bahr GM. Immunomodulatory effects of heat-killed Mycobacterium obuense on human blood dendritic cells. Innate Immun 2017; 23:592-605. [PMID: 28853313 DOI: 10.1177/1753425917727838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat-killed (HK) Mycobacterium obuense is a novel immunomodulator, currently undergoing clinical evaluation as an immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer. Here, we examined the effect of in vitro exposure to HK M. obuense on the expression of different categories of surface receptors on human blood myeloid (m) and plasmacytoid (p) DCs. Moreover, we have characterized the cytokine and chemokine secretion patterns of purified total blood DCs stimulated with HK M. obuense. HK M. obuense significantly up-regulated the expression of CD11c, CD80, CD83, CD86, CD274 and MHC class II in whole-blood mDCs and CD80, CD123 and MHC class II in whole-blood pDCs. Down-regulation of CD195 expression in both DC subpopulations was also noted. Further analysis showed that HK M. obuense up-regulated the expression of CD80, CD83 and MHC class II on purified blood DC subpopulations. TLR2 and TLR1 were also identified to be engaged in mediating the HK M. obuense-induced up-regulation of surface receptor expression on whole blood mDCs. In addition, our data demonstrated that HK M. obuense augmented the secretion of CCL4, CCL5, CCL22, CXCL8, IL-6, IL-12p40 and TNF-α by purified total blood DCs. Taken together, our data suggest that HK M. obuense exerts potent differential immunomodulatory effects on human DC subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Bazzi
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, 4264 Kingston University , Kingston upon Thames, UK.,2 Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, 54686 University of Balamand , Al Kurah, Lebanon
| | - Helmout Modjtahedi
- 1 School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, 4264 Kingston University , Kingston upon Thames, UK
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- 3 St George's University of London, Imperial College, London and The Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marcel Achkar
- 4 Clinical Laboratory Department, Nini Hospital, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | | | - Georges M Bahr
- 6 Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 54686 University of Balamand , Al Kurah, Lebanon
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18
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Vyas SP, Goswami R. Striking the right immunological balance prevents progression of tuberculosis. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:1031-1056. [PMID: 28711989 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1081-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major burden for human health worldwide. Current standard treatments for TB require prolonged administration of antimycobacterial drugs leading to exaggerated inflammation and tissue damage. This can result in the reactivation of latent TB culminating in TB progression. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop therapies that would shorten the duration of anti-TB treatment and to induce optimal protective immune responses to control the spread of mycobacterial infection with minimal lung pathology. FINDINGS Granulomata is the hallmark structure formed by the organized accumulation of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, neutrophils, T cells, and B cells to the site of Mtb infection. It safeguards the host by containing Mtb in latent form. However, granulomata can undergo caseation and contribute to the reactivation of latent TB, if the immune responses developed to fight mycobacterial infection are not properly controlled. Thus, an optimal balance between innate and adaptive immune cells might play a vital role in containing mycobacteria in latent form for prolonged periods and prevent the spread of Mtb infection from one individual to another. CONCLUSION Optimal and well-regulated immune responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis may help to prevent the reactivation of latent TB. Moreover, therapies targeting balanced immune responses could help to improve treatment outcomes among latently infected TB patients and thereby limit the dissemination of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritobrata Goswami
- School of Bio Science, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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19
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Mourik BC, Lubberts E, de Steenwinkel JEM, Ottenhoff THM, Leenen PJM. Interactions between Type 1 Interferons and the Th17 Response in Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned from Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:294. [PMID: 28424682 PMCID: PMC5380685 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical paradigm of tuberculosis (TB) immunity, with a central protective role for Th1 responses and IFN-γ-stimulated cellular responses, has been challenged by unsatisfactory results of vaccine strategies aimed at enhancing Th1 immunity. Moreover, preclinical TB models have shown that increasing IFN-γ responses in the lungs is more damaging to the host than to the pathogen. Type 1 interferon signaling and altered Th17 responses have also been associated with active TB, but their functional roles in TB pathogenesis remain to be established. These two host responses have been studied in more detail in autoimmune diseases (AID) and show functional interactions that are of potential interest in TB immunity. In this review, we first identify the role of type 1 interferons and Th17 immunity in TB, followed by an overview of interactions between these responses observed in systemic AID. We discuss (i) the effects of GM-CSF-secreting Th17.1 cells and type 1 interferons on CCR2+ monocytes; (ii) convergence of IL-17 and type 1 interferon signaling on stimulating B-cell activating factor production and the central role of neutrophils in this process; and (iii) synergy between IL-17 and type 1 interferons in the generation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures and the associated follicular helper T-cell responses. Evaluation of these autoimmune-related pathways in TB pathogenesis provides a new perspective on recent developments in TB research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas C Mourik
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E M de Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom H M Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J M Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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20
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Kuo CP, Chang KS, Hsu JL, Tsai IF, Lin AB, Wei TY, Wu CL, Lu YT. Analysis of the immune response of human dendritic cells to Mycobacterium tuberculosis by quantitative proteomics. Proteome Sci 2016; 14:5. [PMID: 26957948 PMCID: PMC4782377 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-016-0095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cellular immune response for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection remained incompletely understood. To uncover membrane proteins involved in this infection mechanism, an integrated approach consisting of an organic solvent-assisted membrane protein digestion, stable-isotope dimethyl labeling and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis was used to comparatively profile the membrane protein expression of human dendritic cells upon heat-killed M. tuberculosis (HKTB) treatment. Results Organic solvent-assisted trypsin digestion coupled with stable-isotope labeling and LC-MS/MS analysis was applied to quantitatively analyze the membrane protein expression of THP-1 derived dendritic cells. We evaluated proteins that were upregulated in response to HKTB treatment, and applied STRING website database to analyze the correlations between these proteins. Of the investigated proteins, aminopeptidase N (CD13) was found to be largely expressed after HKTB treatment. By using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we found that membranous CD13 expression was upregulated and was capable of binding to live mycobacteria. Treatment dendritic cell with anti-CD13 antibody during M. tuberculosis infection enhanced the ability of T cell activation. Conclusions Via proteomics data and STRING analysis, we demonstrated that the highly-expressed CD13 is also associated with proteins involved in the antigen presenting process, especially with CD1 proteins. Increasing expression of CD13 on dendritic cells while M. tuberculosis infection and enhancement of T cell activation after CD13 treated with anti-CD13 antibody indicates CD13 positively involved in the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-016-0095-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Ping Kuo
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec 2, Chungshan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Song Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jue-Liang Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201 Taiwan
| | - I-Fang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Andrew Boyd Lin
- Biology Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Tsai-Yin Wei
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Liang Wu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec 2, Chungshan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ta Lu
- Division of Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, 92, Sec 2, Chungshan North Road, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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21
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Liu H, Zhang J, Guo JL, Lin C, Wang ZW. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 ameliorates the severity of myosin-induced myocarditis in mice. Curr Res Transl Med 2016; 64:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Kim WS, Kim JS, Cha SB, Kim SJ, Kim H, Kwon KW, Han SJ, Choi SY, Shin SJ. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE27 activates dendritic cells and contributes to Th1-polarized memory immune responses during in vivo infection. Immunobiology 2015; 221:440-53. [PMID: 26655143 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A gradual understanding of the proline-glutamate (PE) and proline-proline-glutamate (PPE) families, which compromise 10% of the coding regions in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) genome, has uncovered unique roles in host-pathogen interactions. However, the immunological function of PE27 (Rv2769c), the largest PE member, remains unclear. Here, we explored the functional roles and related signaling mechanisms of PE27 in the interaction with dendritic cells (DCs) to shape the T cell response. PE27 phenotypically and functionally induces DC maturation by up-regulating CD80, CD86, MHC class I and MHC class II expression on the DC surface to promote the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12p70 but not IL-10. Additionally, we found that PE27-mediated DC activation requires the participation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Interestingly, PE27-treated DCs directed naïve CD4(+) T cells to secrete IFN-γ and activate T-bet but not GATA-3. PE27 also induced IFN-γ-producing memory T cell responses in Mtb-infected mice, indicating that PE27 contributes to Th1-polarization. Taken together, these findings suggest that PE27 possesses Th1-polarizing potential through DC maturation and could be useful in the design of TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sik Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Seung Bin Cha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - So Jeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Hongmin Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Kee Woong Kwon
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Seung Jung Han
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea.
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O'Keeffe M, Mok WH, Radford KJ. Human dendritic cell subsets and function in health and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4309-25. [PMID: 26243730 PMCID: PMC11113503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The method of choice for the development of new vaccines is to target distinct dendritic cell subsets with antigen in vivo and to harness their function in situ to enhance cell-mediated immunity or induce tolerance to specific antigens. The innate functions of dendritic cells themselves may also be targeted by inhibitors or activators that would target a specific function such as interferon production, potentially important in autoimmune disease and chronic viral infections. Importantly targeting dendritic cells requires detailed knowledge of both the surface phenotype and function of each dendritic cell subset, including how they may respond to different types of vaccine adjuvants, their ability to produce soluble mediators and to process and present antigens and induce priming of naïve T cells. This review summarizes our knowledge of the functional attributes of the human dendritic cell subsets in the steady state and upon activation and their roles in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith O'Keeffe
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Wai Hong Mok
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4012, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, 37 Kent St, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4012, Australia.
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24
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Dorhoi A, Kaufmann SHE. Versatile myeloid cell subsets contribute to tuberculosis-associated inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2191-202. [PMID: 26140356 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), typically affects the lung and causes profound morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Recent advances in cellular immunology emphasize the complexity of myeloid cell subsets controlling TB inflammation. The specialization of myeloid cell subsets for particular immune processes has tailored their roles in protection and pathology. Among myeloid cells, dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the induction of adaptive immunity, macrophages predominantly harbor Mtb within TB granulomas and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) orchestrate lung damage. However, within each myeloid cell population, diverse phenotypes with unique functions are currently recognized, differentially influencing TB pneumonia and granuloma functionality. More recently, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been identified at the site of Mtb infection. Along with PMNs, MDSCs accumulate within the inflamed lung, interact with granuloma-residing cells and contribute to exuberant inflammation. In this review, we discuss the contribution of different myeloid cell subsets to inflammation in TB by highlighting their interactions with Mtb and their role in lung pathology. Uncovering the manifold nature of myeloid cells in TB pathogenesis will inform the development of future immune therapies aimed at tipping the inflammation balance to the benefit of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Venketaraman V. Editorial: Causes for Increased Susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis – A Close View of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2015; 6:545. [PMID: 26557122 PMCID: PMC4617100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vishwanath Venketaraman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- *Correspondence: Vishwanath Venketaraman,
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26
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Geginat J, Nizzoli G, Paroni M, Maglie S, Larghi P, Pascolo S, Abrignani S. Immunity to Pathogens Taught by Specialized Human Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2015; 6:527. [PMID: 26528289 PMCID: PMC4603245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that have a key role in immune responses because they bridge the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. They mature upon recognition of pathogens and upregulate MHC molecules and costimulatory receptors to activate antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It is now well established that DCs are not a homogeneous population but are composed of different subsets with specialized functions in immune responses to specific pathogens. Upon viral infections, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) rapidly produce large amounts of IFN-α, which has potent antiviral functions and activates several other immune cells. However, pDCs are not particularly potent APCs and induce the tolerogenic cytokine IL-10 in CD4+ T cells. In contrast, myeloid DCs (mDCs) are very potent APCs and possess the unique capacity to prime naive T cells and consequently to initiate a primary adaptive immune response. Different subsets of mDCs with specialized functions have been identified. In mice, CD8α+ mDCs capture antigenic material from necrotic cells, secrete high levels of IL-12, and prime Th1 and cytotoxic T-cell responses to control intracellular pathogens. Conversely, CD8α− mDCs preferentially prime CD4+ T cells and promote Th2 or Th17 differentiation. BDCA-3+ mDC2 are the human homologue of CD8α+ mDCs, since they share the expression of several key molecules, the capacity to cross-present antigens to CD8+ T-cells and to produce IFN-λ. However, although several features of the DC network are conserved between humans and mice, the expression of several toll-like receptors as well as the production of cytokines that regulate T-cell differentiation are different. Intriguingly, recent data suggest specific roles for human DC subsets in immune responses against individual pathogens. The biology of human DC subsets holds the promise to be exploitable in translational medicine, in particular for the development of vaccines against persistent infections or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Giulia Nizzoli
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Moira Paroni
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Maglie
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Paola Larghi
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Steve Pascolo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy ; DISCCO, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milano , Milan , Italy
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27
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Dorhoi A, Feng Y, Kaufmann SHE. Reply to Crawford. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:1173-4. [PMID: 25801653 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anca Dorhoi
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yonghong Feng
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany Shanghai Key Lab of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Kumar NP, Moideen K, Dhakshinraj SD, Banurekha VV, Nair D, Dolla C, Kumaran P, Babu S. Profiling leucocyte subsets in tuberculosis-diabetes co-morbidity. Immunology 2015; 146:243-50. [PMID: 26095067 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis-type 2 diabetes mellitus (PTB-DM) co-morbidity. However, the phenotypic profile of leucocyte subsets at homeostasis in individuals with active or latent tuberculosis (LTB) with coincident diabetes is not known. To characterize the influence of diabetes on leucocyte phenotypes in PTB or LTB, we examined the frequency (Fo ) of leucocyte subsets in individuals with TB with (PTB-DM) or without (PTB) diabetes; individuals with latent TB with (LTB-DM) or without (LTB) diabetes and non-TB-infected individuals with (NTB-DM) or without (NTB) diabetes. Coincident DM is characterized by significantly lower Fo of effector memory CD4(+) T cells in LTB individuals. In contrast, DM is characterized by significantly lower Fo of effector memory CD8(+) T cells and significantly higher Fo of central memory CD8(+) T cells in PTB individuals. Coincident DM resulted in significantly higher Fo of classical memory B cells in PTB and significantly higher Fo of activated memory and atypical B cells in LTB individuals. Coincident DM resulted in significantly lower Fo of classical and intermediate monocytes in PTB, LTB and NTB individuals. Finally, DM resulted in significantly lower Fo of myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in PTB, LTB and NTB individuals. Our data reveal that coincident diabetes alters the cellular subset distribution of T cells, B cells, dendritic cells and monocytes in both individuals with active TB and those with latent TB, thus potentially impacting the pathogenesis of this co-morbid condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Centre for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Centre for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sharmila D Dhakshinraj
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Centre for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Dina Nair
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Paul Kumaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Centre for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
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