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Zhang H, Yang Y, Cao Y, Guan J. Effects of chronic stress on cancer development and the therapeutic prospects of adrenergic signaling regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116609. [PMID: 38678960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term chronic stress is an important factor in the poor prognosis of cancer patients. Chronic stress reduces the tissue infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by continuously activating the adrenergic signaling, inhibits antitumor immune response and tumor cell apoptosis while also inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor angiogenesis, promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. This review first summarizes how adrenergic signaling activates intracellular signaling by binding different adrenergic receptor (AR) heterodimers. Then, we focused on reviewing adrenergic signaling to regulate multiple functions of immune cells, including cell differentiation, migration, and cytokine secretion. In addition, the article discusses the mechanisms by which adrenergic signaling exerts pro-tumorigenic effects by acting directly on the tumor itself. It also highlights the use of adrenergic receptor modulators in cancer therapy, with particular emphasis on their potential role in immunotherapy. Finally, the article reviews the beneficial effects of stress intervention measures on cancer treatment. We think that enhancing the body's antitumor response by adjusting adrenergic signaling can enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China; Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Yuwei Yang
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Yan Cao
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Jingzhi Guan
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
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2
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Cao Y, Chen H, Yang J. Neuroanatomy of lymphoid organs: Lessons learned from whole-tissue imaging studies. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250136. [PMID: 37377338 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Decades of extensive research have documented the presence of neural innervations of sensory, sympathetic, or parasympathetic origin in primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Such neural inputs can release neurotransmitters and neuropeptides to directly modulate the functions of various immune cells, which represents one of the essential aspects of the body's neuroimmune network. Notably, recent studies empowered by state-of-the-art imaging techniques have comprehensively assessed neural distribution patterns in BM, thymus, spleen, and LNs of rodents and humans, helping clarify several controversies lingering in the field. In addition, it has become evident that neural innervations in lymphoid organs are not static but undergo alterations in pathophysiological contexts. This review aims to update the current information on the neuroanatomy of lymphoid organs obtained through whole-tissue 3D imaging and genetic approaches, focusing on anatomical features that may designate the functional modulation of immune responses. Moreover, we discuss several critical questions that call for future research, which will advance our in-depth understanding of the importance and complexity of neural control of lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Peking University-Tsinghua University-National Institute of Biological Sciences Joint Graduate Program, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen, China
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3
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Sohn R, Jenei-Lanzl Z. Role of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Mild Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Focus on Osteoarthritis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:143-166. [PMID: 37429263 PMCID: PMC10428144 DOI: 10.1159/000531798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a major regulatory mediator connecting the brain and the immune system that influences accordingly inflammatory processes within the entire body. In the periphery, the SNS exerts its effects mainly via its neurotransmitters norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E), which are released by peripheral nerve endings in lymphatic organs and other tissues. Depending on their concentration, NE and E bind to specific α- and β-adrenergic receptor subtypes and can cause both pro- and anti-inflammatory cellular responses. The co-transmitter neuropeptide Y, adenosine triphosphate, or its metabolite adenosine are also mediators of the SNS. Local pro-inflammatory processes due to injury or pathogens lead to an activation of the SNS, which in turn induces several immunoregulatory mechanisms with either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects depending on neurotransmitter concentration or pathological context. In chronic inflammatory diseases, the activity of the SNS is persistently elevated and can trigger detrimental pathological processes. Recently, the sympathetic contribution to mild chronic inflammatory diseases like osteoarthritis (OA) has attracted growing interest. OA is a whole-joint disease and is characterized by mild chronic inflammation in the joint. In this narrative article, we summarize the underlying mechanisms behind the sympathetic influence on inflammation during OA pathogenesis. In addition, OA comorbidities also accompanied by mild chronic inflammation, such as hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and depression, will be reviewed. Finally, the potential of SNS-based therapeutic options for the treatment of OA will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sohn
- Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Department of Orthopedics (Friedrichsheim), University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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4
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Zhang GC, Wu YJ, Liu FQ, Chen Q, Sun XY, Qu QY, Fu HX, Huang XJ, Zhang XH. β2-adrenergic receptor agonist corrects immune thrombocytopenia by reestablishing the homeostasis of T cell differentiation. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1920-1933. [PMID: 36972787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sympathetic nerve is known to regulate immune responses in autoimmunity. Aberrant T cell immunity plays a vital role in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) pathogenesis. The spleen is the primary site of platelet destruction. However, little is known whether and how splenic sympathetic innervation and neuroimmune modulation contribute to ITP pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To determine the sympathetic distribution in the spleen of ITP mice and the association between splenic sympathetic nerves and T cell immunity in ITP development, and to evaluate the treatment potential of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) in ITP. METHODS Chemical sympathectomy was performed in an ITP mouse model with 6-hydroxydopamine and treated with β2-AR agonists to evaluate the effects of sympathetic denervation and activation. RESULTS Decreased sympathetic innervation in the spleen of ITP mice was observed. Significantly increased percentages of Th1 and Tc1 cells and reduced percentages of regulatory T cells (Tregs) were also observed in ITP mice with chemical sympathectomy (ITP-syx mice) relative to mice without sympathectomy (controls). Expression of genes associated with Th1, including IFN-γ and IRF8, was significantly upregulated, whereas genes associated with Tregs, including Foxp3 and CTLA4, were significantly downregulated in ITP-syx mice compared with controls. Furthermore, β2-AR restored the percentage of Tregs and increased platelet counts at days 7 and 14 in ITP mice. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that decreased sympathetic distribution contributes to ITP pathogenesis by disturbing the homeostasis of T cells and that β2-AR agonists have potential as a novel treatment for ITP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Chao Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Ye-Jun Wu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Qi Liu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Yan Sun
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Yuan Qu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Xia Fu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Peking University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Disease, Beijing, China.
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5
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Pongratz G, Straub RH. Chronic Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System in Inflammatory Models. Neuroimmunomodulation 2023; 30:113-134. [PMID: 37231902 DOI: 10.1159/000530969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is embedded in a network of regulatory systems to keep homeostasis in case of an immunologic challenge. Neuroendocrine immunologic research has revealed several aspects of these interactions over the past decades, e.g., between the autonomic nervous system and the immune system. This review will focus on evidence revealing the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in chronic inflammation, like colitis, multiple sclerosis, systemic sclerosis, lupus erythematodes, and arthritis with a focus on animal models supported by human data. A theory of the contribution of the SNS in chronic inflammation will be presented that spans these disease entities. One major finding is the biphasic nature of the sympathetic contribution to inflammation, with proinflammatory effects until the point of disease outbreak and mainly anti-inflammatory influence thereafter. Since sympathetic nerve fibers are lost from sites of inflammation during inflammation, local cells and immune cells achieve the capability to endogenously produce catecholamines to fine-tune the inflammatory response independent of brain control. On a systemic level, it has been shown across models that the SNS is activated in inflammation as opposed to the parasympathetic nervous system. Permanent overactivity of the SNS contributes to many of the known disease sequelae. One goal of neuroendocrine immune research is defining new therapeutic targets. In this respect, it will be discussed that at least in arthritis, it might be beneficial to support β-adrenergic and inhibit α-adrenergic activity besides restoring autonomic balance. Overall, in the clinical setting, we now need controlled interventional studies to successfully translate the theoretical knowledge into benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Pongratz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, St. John of God Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty of the University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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6
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Pilipović I, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Leposavić G. Adrenoceptors as potential target for add-on immunomodulatory therapy in multiple sclerosis. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 243:108358. [PMID: 36804434 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent findings related to the role of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its commonly used experimental model - experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). They indicate that noradrenaline, the key end-point mediator of the SNS, acting through β-adrenoceptor, has a contributory role in the early stages of MS/EAE development. This stage is characterized by the SNS hyperactivity (increased release of noradrenaline) reflecting the net effect of different factors, such as the disease-associated inflammation, stress, vitamin D hypovitaminosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection and dysbiosis. Thus, the administration of propranolol, a non-selective β-adrenoceptor blocker, readily crossing the blood-brain barrier, to experimental rats before the autoimmune challenge and in the early (preclinical/prodromal) phase of the disease mitigates EAE severity. This phenomenon has been ascribed to the alleviation of neuroinflammation (due to attenuation of primarily microglial activation/proinflammatory functions) and the diminution of the magnitude of the primary CD4+ T-cell autoimmune response (the effect associated with impaired autoantigen uptake by antigen presenting cells and their migration into draining lymph nodes). The former is partly related to breaking of the catecholamine-dependent self-amplifying microglial feed-forward loop and the positive feedback loop between microglia and the SNS, leading to down-regulation of the SNS hyperactivity and its enhancing influence on microglial activation/proinflammatory functions and the magnitude of autoimmune response. The effects of propranolol are shown to be more prominent in male EAE animals, the phenomenon important as males (like men) are likely to develop clinically more severe disease. Thus, these findings could serve as a firm scientific background for formulation of a new sex-specific immune-intervention strategy for the early phases of MS (characterized by the SNS hyperactivity) exploiting anti-(neuro)inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of propranolol and other relatively cheap and safe adrenergic drugs with similar therapeutic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pathobiology, Belgrade, Serbia.
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7
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Damo E, Agarwal A, Simonetti M. Activation of β2-Adrenergic Receptors in Microglia Alleviates Neuropathic Hypersensitivity in Mice. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020284. [PMID: 36672219 PMCID: PMC9856373 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs enhancing the availability of noradrenaline are gaining prominence in the therapy of chronic neuropathic pain. However, underlying mechanisms are not well understood, and research has thus far focused on α2-adrenergic receptors and neuronal excitability. Adrenergic receptors are also expressed on glial cells, but their roles toward antinociception are not well deciphered. This study addresses the contribution of β2-adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) to the therapeutic modulation of neuropathic pain in mice. We report that selective activation of β2-ARs with Formoterol inhibits pro-inflammatory signaling in microglia ex vivo and nerve injury-induced structural remodeling and functional activation of microglia in vivo. Systemic delivery of Formoterol inhibits behaviors related to neuropathic pain, such as mechanical hypersensitivity, cold allodynia as well as the aversive component of pain, and reverses chronically established neuropathic pain. Using conditional gene targeting for microglia-specific deletion of β2-ARs, we demonstrate that the anti-allodynic effects of Formoterol are primarily mediated by microglia. Although Formoterol also reduces astrogliosis at late stages of neuropathic pain, these functions are unrelated to β2-AR signaling in microglia. Our results underline the value of developing microglial β2-AR agonists for relief from neuropathic pain and clarify mechanistic underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Damo
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amit Agarwal
- The Chica and Heinz Schaller Research Group, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuela Simonetti
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence:
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8
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Wang Y, Tu S, Huang Y, Qin K, Chen Z. MicroRNA-181a regulates Treg functions via TGF-β1/Smad axis in the spleen of mice with acute gouty arthritis induced by MSU crystals. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e12002. [PMID: 36477951 PMCID: PMC9728631 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play critical roles in restricting inflammatory pathogenesis and limiting undesirable Th2 response to environmental allergens. However, the role of miR-181a in regulating acute gouty arthritis (AGA) and Treg function remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential roles of miR-181a in Treg immunity and the associated signaling pathway in the AGA mouse model. A solution with monosodium urate (MSU) crystals was injected into the joint tissue of mice to induce AGA. ELISA was used to examine inflammatory factors in blood samples, and flow cytometry was used to analyze Treg profile in mice with MSU-induced AGA. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed by CCK-8 assay. TGF-β1/Smad signaling activation was detected by western blot. We found that miR-181a expression showed a positive correlation with the changes of splenic Tregs percentage in AGA mice. miR-181a regulated the TGF-β1/Smad axis, since the transfection of miR-181a mimic increased the level of TGF-β1 and the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 in Tregs in AGA mice. Additionally, miR-181a mimic also promoted responses of Tregs via TGF-β1 in vitro and in vivo. Our work uncovered a vital role of miR-181a in the immune function of Treg cells by mediating the activity of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway in the AGA mouse model induced by MSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shenghao Tu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kai Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Ajmal I, Farooq MA, Abbas SQ, Shah J, Majid M, Jiang W. Isoprenaline and salbutamol inhibit pyroptosis and promote mitochondrial biogenesis in arthritic chondrocytes by downregulating β-arrestin and GRK2. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:996321. [PMID: 36188601 PMCID: PMC9519065 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.996321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis overlap many molecular mechanisms of cartilage destruction. Wear and tear in cartilage is chondrocyte-mediated, where chondrocytes act both as effector and target cells. In current study, role of β2-AR was studied in chondrocytes both in vitro and in vivo. High grade inflammation in vitro and in vivo disease models led to decline in anti-inflammatory β2-AR signaling and use of β2-AR agonist attenuated arthritis symptoms. Detailed analysis in chondrocytes revealed that Isoprenaline (ISO) and Salbutamol (SBT) increased cell viability and relative Bcl-2 expression, meanwhile, decreased proteins levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 in arthritic chondrocytes when compared with control, respectively. SBT preserved physiological concentration of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, SOD and GSH) in cartilage homogenates and ISO inhibited IL-1β-mediated genotoxicity in arthritic chondrocytes. Moreover, β2-AR agonist increased mitochondrial biogenesis and proteoglycan biosynthesis by upregulating the gene expression of PGC1-α, NRF2 and COL2A1, Acan, respectively. ISO and SBT inhibited extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation by downregulating the gene expression of MMP1, MMP3, MMP9 and ADAMTS5 in vitro and in vivo study. In mechanism, β2-AR agonists decreased β-arrestin and GRK2 pathway, and as a result mice receiving SBT did not exhibit severe disease. Hence our data suggest β2-AR agonist administered at disease onset can inhibit receptor internalization by downregulating the expression of β-arrestin and GRK2 in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Ajmal
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhammad Asad Farooq
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Syed Qamar Abbas
- Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Jaffer Shah
- Department of Health, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jaffer Shah, ; Muhammad Majid, ; Wenzheng Jiang,
| | - Muhammad Majid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Capital University of Science and Technology Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Jaffer Shah, ; Muhammad Majid, ; Wenzheng Jiang,
| | - Wenzheng Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jaffer Shah, ; Muhammad Majid, ; Wenzheng Jiang,
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10
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Honke N, Wiest CJ, Pongratz G. β2-Adrenergic Receptor Expression and Intracellular Signaling in B Cells Are Highly Dynamic during Collagen-Induced Arthritis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081950. [PMID: 36009497 PMCID: PMC9406045 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) has either a pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory effect, depending on the stage of arthritis. In the past, treatment of arthritic B cells with a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-ADR) agonist has been shown to attenuate arthritis. In this study, the expression and signaling of β2-ADR in B cells during collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were investigated to provide an explanation of why only B cells from arthritic mice are able to improve CIA. Splenic B cells were isolated via magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Adrenergic receptors on B cells and intracellular β2-ADR downstream molecules (G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK-2), β-Arrestin 2, p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB)) were analyzed at different time points in naïve and arthritic B cells with and without stimulation of β2-ADR agonist terbutaline by flow cytometry. β2-ADR-expressing B cells increase during CIA without a change in receptor density. Moreover, we observed a profound downregulation of GRK-2 shortly after induction of arthritis and an increase in β-Arrestin 2 only at late stage of arthritis. The second messengers studied (p38, ERK1/2 and CREB) followed a biphasic course, characterized by a reduction at onset and an increase in established arthritis. Stimulation of CIA B cells with the β-ADR agonist terbutaline increased pp38 MAPK independent of the timepoint, while pERK1/2 and pCREB were enhanced only in the late phase of arthritis. The phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and CREB in the late phase of arthritis was associated with increased IL-10 produced by B10 cells. The change of β2-ADR expression and signaling during sustained inflammation might be an integral part of the switch from pro- to anti-inflammatory action of sympathetic mechanisms in late arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Honke
- Department of Rheumatology, Hiller Research Center Rheumatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (G.P.); Tel.: +49-(0)-2118106149 (N.H.); +49-(0)-9405-18-1078 (G.P.)
| | - Clemens J. Wiest
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Georg Pongratz
- Department of Rheumatology, Hiller Research Center Rheumatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center for Rheumatologic Rehabilitation, Asklepios Clinic, 93077 Bad Abbach, Germany
- Medical Faculty of the University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (G.P.); Tel.: +49-(0)-2118106149 (N.H.); +49-(0)-9405-18-1078 (G.P.)
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11
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Capelle CM, Chen A, Zeng N, Baron A, Grzyb K, Arns T, Skupin A, Ollert M, Hefeng FQ. Stress hormone signaling inhibits Th1 polarization in a CD4 T-cell-intrinsic manner via mTORC1 and the circadian gene PER1. Immunology 2022; 165:428-444. [PMID: 35143696 PMCID: PMC9426625 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress hormones are believed to skew the CD4 T‐cell differentiation towards a Th2 response via a T‐cell‐extrinsic mechanism. Using isolated primary human naïve and memory CD4 T cells, here we show that both adrenergic‐ and glucocorticoid‐mediated stress signalling pathways play a CD4 naïve T‐cell‐intrinsic role in regulating the Th1/Th2 differentiation balance. Both stress hormones reduced the Th1 programme and cytokine production by inhibiting mTORC1 signalling via two parallel mechanisms. Stress hormone signalling inhibited mTORC1 in naïve CD4 T cells (1) by affecting the PI3K/AKT pathway and (2) by regulating the expression of the circadian rhythm gene, period circadian regulator 1 (PER1). Both stress hormones induced the expression of PER1, which inhibited mTORC1 signalling, thus reducing Th1 differentiation. This previously unrecognized cell‐autonomous mechanism connects stress hormone signalling with CD4 T‐cell differentiation via mTORC1 and a specific circadian clock gene, namely PER1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe M Capelle
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, 2, avenue de Université, L-4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Anna Chen
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, 2, avenue de Université, L-4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alexandre Baron
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Kamil Grzyb
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Thais Arns
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Alexander Skupin
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 6, avenue du Swing, L-4367, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Markus Ollert
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy Center, Odense Research Center for Anaphylaxis (ORCA), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5000 C, Denmark
| | - Feng Q Hefeng
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 29, rue Henri Koch, L-4354, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45122, Essen, Germany
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12
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Ahsan H, Irfan HM, Alamgeer, Jahan S, Shahzad M, Asim MH. Potential of ephedrine to suppress the gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and PGE2: A novel approach towards management of rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 2021; 282:119825. [PMID: 34274310 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complicated perpetual auto-immune disorder allied with synovial hyperplasia, hyperalgesia, bone destruction, cartilage erosion and eventually physical impairment. Dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a reported hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs targeting adrenergic receptors may be suitable to attenuate arthritis. MAIN METHODS This experimental work employed ephedrine (adrenergic agonist) for appraisal of its anti-arthritic potential by using CFA-provoked arthritic animal model. Physical parameters (Paw volume/diameter, arthritic index and weight) were assessed through whole study period. Blood sample was drawn by cardiac puncture for various tests like RF value, C-RP, ELISA, RFTs and LFTs. RNA was isolated from blood and expression of inflammatory cytokines was estimated through q-PCR. KEY FINDINGS Ephedrine alleviated swelling in paw and reinstated the body weight, hematological and biochemical indices of experimental animal. This drug (40 mg/kg PO) significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the expression (measured as percent expression) of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 (54, 59 and 49% respectively) in arthritic animals. On the other side, cell derived anti-inflammatory mediators were expressed more in animals treated with same dose of ephedrine. Furthermore, inhibitory effect on expression of PGE2 was significantly (p < 0.001) observed in all treatment groups of ephedrine in comparison with standard treatment. SIGNIFICANCE This study ascertained the ephedrine as prospective therapeutic alternative candidate for treatment of RA but limited for clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haseeb Ahsan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | | | - Alamgeer
- Department of Pharmacology, University college of Pharmacy, University of Punjab Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shah Jahan
- Department of Immunology, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
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13
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Bellinger DL, Wood C, Wergedal JE, Lorton D. Driving β 2- While Suppressing α-Adrenergic Receptor Activity Suppresses Joint Pathology in Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628065. [PMID: 34220796 PMCID: PMC8249812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Hypersympathetic activity is prominent in rheumatoid arthritis, and major life stressors precede onset in ~80% of patients. These findings and others support a link between stress, the sympathetic nervous system and disease onset and progression. Here, we extend previous research by evaluating how selective peripherally acting α/β2-adrenergic drugs affect joint destruction in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Methods Complete Freund's adjuvant induced inflammatory arthritis in male Lewis rats. Controls received no treatment. Arthritic rats then received vehicle or twice-daily treatment with the α-adrenergic antagonist, phentolamine (0.5 mg/day) and the β2-adrenergic agonist, terbutaline (1200 µg/day, collectively named SH1293) from day (D) of disease onset (D12) through acute (D21) and severe disease (D28). Disease progression was assessed in the hind limbs using dorsoplantar widths, X-ray analysis, micro-computed tomography, and routine histology on D14, D21, and D28 post-immunization. Results On D21, SH1293 significantly attenuated arthritis in the hind limbs, based on reduced lymphocytic infiltration, preservation of cartilage, and bone volume. Pannus formation and sympathetic nerve loss were not affected by SH1293. Bone area and osteoclast number revealed high- and low-treatment-responding groups. In high-responding rats, treatment with SH1293 significantly preserved bone area and decreased osteoclast number, data that correlated with drug-mediated joint preservation. SH1293 suppressed abnormal bone formation based on reduced production of osteophytes. On D28, the arthritic sparing effects of SH1293 on lymphocytic infiltration, cartilage and bone sparing were maintained at the expense of bone marrow adipocity. However, sympathetic nerves were retracted from the talocrural joint. Conclusion and Significance Our findings support a significant delay in early arthritis progression by treatment with SH1293. Targeting sympathetic neurotransmission may provide a strategy to slow disease progression.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Drug Combinations
- Freund's Adjuvant
- Joints/diagnostic imaging
- Joints/drug effects
- Joints/metabolism
- Joints/pathology
- Male
- Phentolamine/pharmacology
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Terbutaline/pharmacology
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L. Bellinger
- Department of Human Anatomy and Pathology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Carlo Wood
- Department of Human Anatomy and Pathology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jon E. Wergedal
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center, VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Dianne Lorton
- Hoover Arthritis Research Center, Banner Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, United States
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14
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Arora V, Morado-Urbina CE, Gwak YS, Parker RA, Kittel CA, Munoz-Islas E, Miguel Jimenez-Andrade J, Romero-Sandoval EA, Eisenach JC, Peters CM. Systemic administration of a β2-adrenergic receptor agonist reduces mechanical allodynia and suppresses the immune response to surgery in a rat model of persistent post-incisional hypersensitivity. Mol Pain 2021; 17:1744806921997206. [PMID: 33829907 PMCID: PMC8040570 DOI: 10.1177/1744806921997206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta 2 adrenergic receptor (β2 AR) activation in the central and peripheral nervous system has been implicated in nociceptive processing in acute and chronic pain settings with anti-inflammatory and anti-allodynic effects of β2-AR mimetics reported in several pain states. In the current study, we examined the therapeutic efficacy of the β2-AR agonist clenbuterol in a rat model of persistent postsurgical hypersensitivity induced by disruption of descending noradrenergic signaling in rats with plantar incision. We used growth curve modeling of ipsilateral mechanical paw withdrawal thresholds following incision to examine effects of treatment on postoperative trajectories. Depletion of spinal noradrenergic neurons delayed recovery of hypersensitivity following incision evident as a flattened slope compared to non-depleted rats (-1.8 g/day with 95% CI -2.4 to -1.085, p < 0.0001). Chronic administration of clenbuterol reduced mechanical hypersensitivity evident as a greater initial intercept in noradrenergic depleted (6.2 g with 95% CI 1.6 to 10.8, p = 0.013) and non-depleted rats (5.4 g with 95% CI 1.2 to 9.6, p = 0.018) with plantar incision compared to vehicle treated rats. Despite a persistent reduction in mechanical hypersensitivity, clenbuterol did not alter the slope of recovery when modeled over several days (p = 0.053) or five weeks in depleted rats (p = 0.64). Systemic clenbuterol suppressed the enhanced microglial activation in depleted rats and reduced the density of macrophage at the site of incision. Direct spinal infusion of clenbuterol failed to reduce mechanical hypersensitivity in depleted rats with incision suggesting that beneficial effects of β2-AR stimulation in this model are largely peripherally mediated. Lastly, we examined β2-AR distribution in the spinal cord and skin using in-situ hybridization and IHC. These data add to our understanding of the role of β2-ARs in the nervous system on hypersensitivity after surgical incision and extend previously observed anti-inflammatory actions of β2-AR agonists to models of surgical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Arora
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Young S Gwak
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Renee A Parker
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Carol A Kittel
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - James C Eisenach
- FM James III Professor of Anesthesiology and Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M Peters
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Christopher M Peters, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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15
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Chhatar S, Lal G. Role of adrenergic receptor signalling in neuroimmune communication. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:202-217. [PMID: 35492402 PMCID: PMC9040148 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune communication plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and promptly responding to any foreign insults. Sympathetic nerve fibres are innervated into all the lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes) and provide a communication link between the central nervous system (CNS) and ongoing immune response in the tissue microenvironment. Neurotransmitters such as catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) bind to adrenergic receptors present on most immune and non-immune cells, establish a local neuroimmune-communication system, and help regulate the ongoing immune response. The activation of these receptors varies with the type of receptor-activated, target cell, the activation status of the cells, and timing of activation. Activating adrenergic receptors, specifically β-adrenergic signalling in immune cells leads to activation of the cAMP-PKA pathway or other non-canonical pathways. It predominantly leads to immune suppression such as inhibition of IL-2 secretion and a decrease in macrophages phagocytosis. This review discusses the expression of different adrenergic receptors in various immune cells, signalling, and how it modulates immune cell function and contributes to health and diseases. Understanding the neuroimmune communication through adrenergic receptor signalling in immune cells could help to design better strategies to control inflammation and autoimmunity. Primary and secondary lymphoid organs are innervated with sympathetic nerve fibres. Adrenergic receptor expression on immune and non-immune cells establishes a local neuroimmune communication system. Adrenergic receptor signalling in immune cells controls the differentiation and function of various immune cells. Modulating adrenergic receptor signalling with a specific agonist or antagonist also affect the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Girdhari Lal
- Corresponding author. National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune, MH-411007, India.
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16
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Nayak TK, Tilley DG. Recent Advances in GPCR-Regulated Leukocyte Responses during Acute Cardiac Injury. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 19:55-61. [PMID: 33244505 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following acute cardiac injury such as myocardial infarction (MI), the controlled activation and recruitment of various leukocytes to the site of tissue damage significantly impacts chronic changes to cardiac structure and function, and ultimately host survival. While recent research has focused primarily on how leukocytes respond to injury, understanding how to effectively modulate their responsiveness to dampen maladaptive inflammation and promote repair processes is not yet fully understood. The complex spatio-temporal migration and activation of leukocytes are largely controlled by various chemokines and their cognate receptors, belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Beyond chemokine receptors, leukocytes express a host of additional GPCRs that have recently been shown to regulate their responsiveness to cardiac injury. In this minireview, we will briefly discuss the impact of chemokine receptors on leukocyte behaviour, with subsequent focus on the most recent advancements in understanding the impact and therapeutic potential of other GPCR classes on leukocyte responses after acute cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas K Nayak
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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17
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Renal denervation restrains the inflammatory response in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:15. [PMID: 31932910 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury leads to intensive sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation and inflammatory reactions. Whether renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) could be a new therapeutic strategy to modulate I/R inflammation and reduce infarct size after myocardial I/R injury needs to be explored. First, we investigated the correlation between plasma norepinephrine concentrations and circulating myeloid cell numbers in patients with acute myocardial infarction. And then, C57BL/6 mice underwent a "two-hit" operation, with 10% phenol applied to bilateral renal nerves to abrogate sympathoexcitation, and a 45-min ligation of the left coronary artery to induce myocardial I/R injury. The effects of RDN on the mobilization of immune cells in mice following myocardial I/R injury were explored. We observed a strong association between SNS overactivation and myeloid cell excessive accumulation in patients. In animal experiments, there was a significant reduction in infarct size per area at risk in the denervated-I/R group when compared to that of the innervated-I/R group (39.2% versus 49.8%; p < 0.005), and RDN also improved the left ventricular ejection fraction by 20% after 1 week. Furthermore, the denervated-I/R group showed a decrease in the number of neutrophils and macrophages in the blood and the myocardium as reflected by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry analysis (p < 0.05); the decrease was associated with a significant reduction in the circulating production of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α (p < 0.05). In summary, our study reveals a novel link between the SNS activity and inflammatory response undergoing myocardium I/R injury and identifies RDN as a potential therapeutic strategy against myocardium I/R injury via preserving the spleen immune cells mobilization.
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18
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Kanashiro A, Leoncio TODL, Schneider AH, Alves HR, Bassi GS, Dutra SGV, Cunha FDQ, Ulloa L, Malvar DDC. Regulation of murine arthritis by systemic, spinal, and intra-articular adrenoceptors. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1095-1103. [PMID: 31629939 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The regulation of the immune system by the sympathetic nervous system is allowing the design of novel treatments for inflammatory disorders such as arthritis. In this study, we have analyzed the effects of α- and β-adrenoceptor agonists injected subcutaneously, intrathecally, or intra-articularly in zymosan-induced arthritis. METHODS Murine arthritis was induced by intra-articular (knee joint) injection of zymosan. α1 (phenylephrine), α2 (clonidine), β1 (dobutamine), or β2 (salbutamol)-adrenoceptor agonists were injected subcutaneously (sc), intrathecally (it), or intra-articularly (ia) to activate peripheral, spinal, or intra-articular adrenoceptors and to study their effects on articular edema formation and neutrophil migration into the synovial cavity. RESULTS Treatments with phenylephrine did not affect the edema formation, but it increased neutrophil migration when injected subcutaneously (155.3%) or intra-articularly (187.7%). Treatments with clonidine inhibited neutrophil migration (59.9% sc, 68.7% it, 42.8% ia) regardless of the route of administration, but it inhibited edema formation only when injected intrathecally (66.7%) or intra-articularly (36%) but not subcutaneously. Treatments with dobutamine inhibited both edema (42.0% sc, 69.5% it, 61.6% ia) and neutrophil migration (28.4% sc, 70.3% it, 82.4% ia) in a concentration dependent manner. Likewise, all the treatments with salbutamol also inhibited edema formation (89.9% sc, 62.4% it, 69.8% ia) and neutrophil migration (76.6% sc, 39.1% it, 71.7% ia). CONCLUSION Whereas the β-adrenoceptor agonists induced anti-inflammatory effects regardless of their route of administration, α1- and α2-adrenoceptor agonists induced either pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Kanashiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil; Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Ayda Henriques Schneider
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Hélio Rocha Alves
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Shimizu Bassi
- Department of Surgery, Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Fernando de Queiróz Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Department of Surgery, Center of Immunology and Inflammation, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - David do Carmo Malvar
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil.
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19
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Neuroimmune Interactions in the Gut and Their Significance for Intestinal Immunity. Cells 2019; 8:cells8070670. [PMID: 31269754 PMCID: PMC6679154 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have a complex, multifactorial pathophysiology with an unmet need for effective treatment. This calls for novel strategies to improve disease outcome and quality of life for patients. Increasing evidence suggests that autonomic nerves and neurotransmitters, as well as neuropeptides, modulate the intestinal immune system, and thereby regulate the intestinal inflammatory processes. Although the autonomic nervous system is classically divided in a sympathetic and parasympathetic branch, both play a pivotal role in the crosstalk with the immune system, with the enteric nervous system acting as a potential interface. Pilot clinical trials that employ vagus nerve stimulation to reduce inflammation are met with promising results. In this paper, we review current knowledge on the innervation of the gut, the potential of cholinergic and adrenergic systems to modulate intestinal immunity, and comment on ongoing developments in clinical trials.
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20
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De Angelis E, Pecoraro M, Rusciano MR, Ciccarelli M, Popolo A. Cross-Talk between Neurohormonal Pathways and the Immune System in Heart Failure: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071698. [PMID: 30959745 PMCID: PMC6480265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome involving a multitude of neurohormonal pathways including the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, sympathetic nervous system, and natriuretic peptides system. It is now emerging that neurohumoral mechanisms activated during heart failure, with both preserved and reduced ejection fraction, modulate cells of the immune system. Indeed, these cells express angiotensin I receptors, adrenoceptors, and natriuretic peptides receptors. Ang II modulates macrophage polarization, promoting M2 macrophages phenotype, and this stimulation can influence lymphocytes Th1/Th2 balance. β-AR activation in monocytes is responsible for inhibition of free oxygen radicals production, and together with α2-AR can modulate TNF-α receptor expression and TNF-α release. In dendritic cells, activation of β2-AR inhibits IL-12 production, resulting in the inhibition of Th1 and promotion of Th2 differentiation. ANP induces the activation of secretion of superoxide anion in polymorphonucleated cells; reduces TNF-α and nitric oxide secretion in macrophages; and attenuates the exacerbated TH1 responses. BNP in macrophages can stimulate ROS production, up-regulates IL-10, and inhibits IL-12 and TNF-α release by dendritic cells, suggesting an anti-inflammatory cytokines profile induction. Therefore, different neurohormonal-immune cross-talks can determine the phenotype of cardiac remodeling, promoting either favorable or maladaptive responses. This review aims to summarize the available knowledge on neurohormonal modulation of immune responses, providing supportive rational background for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Angelis
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Michela Pecoraro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria Rusciano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
- Casa di Cura Montevergine, 83013 Mercogliano (AV), Italy.
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, via S.Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi (SA), Italy.
| | - Ada Popolo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy.
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21
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Duan L, Chen J, Razavi M, Wei Y, Tao Y, Rao X, Zhong J. Alpha2B-Adrenergic Receptor Regulates Neutrophil Recruitment in MSU-Induced Peritoneal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:501. [PMID: 30941135 PMCID: PMC6433825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is one of the most common metabolic disorders in human. Previous studies have shown that the disease activity is closely associated with sympathetic nervous system (SNS). α2B-adrenergic receptor (α2BAR), a subtype of α2 adrenergic receptor, plays a critical role in many diseases. However, the role of α2BAR in the pathogenesis of gout remains unclear. Here, we assessed the role of α2BAR in the monosodium urate (MSU) crystals-induced peritonitis that mimics human gout by using the α2BAR-overexpressing mice (α2BAR-Tg). We found that the number of recruited neutrophils was significantly increased in the α2BAR-Tg mice after MSU treatment, when compared with wild type mice. In contrast, the number of macrophages was not changed. Importantly, there is no difference in the IL-1β levels and caspase-1 activity between wild type and α2BAR-Tg mice in the gout animal model. Notably, the enhanced neutrophil migration in α2BAR-Tg mice was dependent on the α2BAR overexpression in neutrophils, but not resulted from other tissues or cells with α2BAR overexpression. In conclusion, our data provide a direct evidence that α2BAR plays a critical role in neutrophil migration and MSU-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Duan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Michael Razavi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Yingying Wei
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Tao
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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22
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Bucsek MJ, Giridharan T, MacDonald CR, Hylander BL, Repasky EA. An overview of the role of sympathetic regulation of immune responses in infectious disease and autoimmunity. Int J Hyperthermia 2019; 34:135-143. [PMID: 29498310 DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2017.1411621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress in patients and pre-clinical research animals plays a critical role in disease progression Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) by stress results in secretion of the catecholamines epinephrine (Epi) and norepinephrine (NE) from the adrenal gland and sympathetic nerve endings. Adrenergic receptors for catecholamines are present on immune cells and their activity is affected by stress and the accompanying changes in levels of these neurotransmitters. In this short review, we discuss how this adrenergic stress impacts two categories of immune responses, infections and autoimmune diseases. Catecholamines signal primarily through the β2-adrenergic receptors present on innate and adaptive immune cells which are critical in responding to infections caused by pathogens. In general, this adrenergic input, particularly chronic stimulation, suppresses lymphocytes and allows infections to progress. On the other hand, insufficient adrenergic control of immune responses allows progression of several autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bucsek
- a Department of Immunology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | | | - Cameron R MacDonald
- a Department of Immunology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Bonnie L Hylander
- a Department of Immunology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Elizabeth A Repasky
- a Department of Immunology , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
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Wu L, Tai Y, Hu S, Zhang M, Wang R, Zhou W, Tao J, Han Y, Wang Q, Wei W. Bidirectional Role of β2-Adrenergic Receptor in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1313. [PMID: 30538630 PMCID: PMC6277539 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorder of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is closely related to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases (ADs). Catecholamine triggered beta2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signaling is important in creating a bidirectional response in the progression of ADs due to factors including diverse expression patterns, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), biased signals, and desensitization of β2-AR, as well as different subtypes of Gα binding to β2-AR. In this review, we summarize the actions of β2-AR signaling in regulating the functions of immunocytes and in the pathogenesis of ADs, and the application of β2-AR agonists or antagonists in treating major types of ADs is also discussed. We suggest that restoring the immune balance via a soft regulation of the expression or activation of β2-AR is one of the promising therapeutic strategies for systematic ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yongsheng Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Goldberg E, Grau JB, Fortier JH, Salvati E, Levy RJ, Ferrari G. Serotonin and catecholamines in the development and progression of heart valve diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:849-857. [PMID: 28863437 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart valve diseases (HVDs) arise from a number of different processes that affect both the structure and function of the valve apparatus. Despite diverse aetiologies, treatments for HVDs are limited to percutaneous or surgical interventions. The search for medical therapies to prevent or slow the progression of HVDs has been hampered by our poor understanding of the progression from subclinical to symptomatic phases, and our limited knowledge of the molecular signals that control the susceptibility of valve interstitial cells to pathological remodeling. Clinical evidence has suggested a link between certain neurotransmitters and valvular diseases of the heart. The fenfluramine-phentermine appetite suppressants popular in the 1980s were linked to mitral valve dysfunction, and ergot-derived dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease have been associated with an increased risk of mitral and aortic valve regurgitation. The effect does not appear to be limited to medications, as valvular pathologies have also been observed in patients with carcinoid tumours of serotonin-producing enterochromaffin cells. The role of neurotransmitter molecules in valve pathology has not been adequately characterized and may represent a target for future medical therapies. Here we present current evidence from both clinical and basic science suggesting a link between neurotransmitters and HVDs, opening the door to future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott Goldberg
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Juan B Grau
- The Valley Hospital, Ridgewood, NJ, USA.,University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Elisa Salvati
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert J Levy
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Giovanni Ferrari
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Bellinger DL, Lorton D. Sympathetic Nerve Hyperactivity in the Spleen: Causal for Nonpathogenic-Driven Chronic Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (IMIDs)? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041188. [PMID: 29652832 PMCID: PMC5979464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases (IMIDs) is a descriptive term coined for an eclectic group of diseases or conditions that share common inflammatory pathways, and for which there is no definitive etiology. IMIDs affect the elderly most severely, with many older individuals having two or more IMIDs. These diseases include, but are not limited to, type-1 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and autoimmunity, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjőgren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. These diseases are ostensibly unrelated mechanistically, but increase in frequency with age and share chronic systemic inflammation, implicating major roles for the spleen. Chronic systemic and regional inflammation underlies the disease manifestations of IMIDs. Regional inflammation and immune dysfunction promotes targeted end organ tissue damage, whereas systemic inflammation increases morbidity and mortality by affecting multiple organ systems. Chronic inflammation and skewed dysregulated cell-mediated immune responses drive many of these age-related medical disorders. IMIDs are commonly autoimmune-mediated or suspected to be autoimmune diseases. Another shared feature is dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. Here, we focus on dysautonomia. In many IMIDs, dysautonomia manifests as an imbalance in activity/reactivity of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). These major autonomic pathways are essential for allostasis of the immune system, and regulating inflammatory processes and innate and adaptive immunity. Pathology in ANS is a hallmark and causal feature of all IMIDs. Chronic systemic inflammation comorbid with stress pathway dysregulation implicate neural-immune cross-talk in the etiology and pathophysiology of IMIDs. Using a rodent model of inflammatory arthritis as an IMID model, we report disease-specific maladaptive changes in β₂-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling from protein kinase A (PKA) to mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in the spleen. Beta₂-AR signal "shutdown" in the spleen and switching from PKA to G-coupled protein receptor kinase (GRK) pathways in lymph node cells drives inflammation and disease advancement. Based on these findings and the existing literature in other IMIDs, we present and discuss relevant literature that support the hypothesis that unresolvable immune stimulation from chronic inflammation leads to a maladaptive disease-inducing and perpetuating sympathetic response in an attempt to maintain allostasis. Since the role of sympathetic dysfunction in IMIDs is best studied in RA and rodent models of RA, this IMID is the primary one used to evaluate data relevant to our hypothesis. Here, we review the relevant literature and discuss sympathetic dysfunction as a significant contributor to the pathophysiology of IMIDs, and then discuss a novel target for treatment. Based on our findings in inflammatory arthritis and our understanding of common inflammatory process that are used by the immune system across all IMIDs, novel strategies to restore SNS homeostasis are expected to provide safe, cost-effective approaches to treat IMIDs, lower comorbidities, and increase longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Bellinger
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Dianne Lorton
- College of Arts and Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44304, USA.
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Guillot X, Martin H, Seguin-Py S, Maguin-Gaté K, Moretto J, Totoson P, Wendling D, Demougeot C, Tordi N. Local cryotherapy improves adjuvant-induced arthritis through down-regulation of IL-6 / IL-17 pathway but independently of TNFα. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178668. [PMID: 28759646 PMCID: PMC5536266 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Local cryotherapy is widely and empirically used in the adjuvant setting in rheumatoid arthritis treatment, however its own therapeutic and anti-inflammatory effects are poorly characterized. We aimed to evaluate the effects of local cryotherapy on local and systemic inflammation in Adjuvant-induced arthritis, a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS The effects of mild hypothermia (30°C for 2 hours) on cytokine protein levels (Multiplex/ELISA) were evaluated in vitro in cultured rat adjuvant-induced arthritis patellae. In vivo, local cryotherapy was applied twice a day for 14 days in arthritic rats (ice: n = 10, cold gas: n = 9, non-treated: n = 10). At day 24 after the induction of arthritis, cytokine expression levels were measured in grinded hind paws (Q-RT-PCR) and in the plasma (Multiplex/ELISA). RESULTS In vitro, punctual mild hypothermia down-regulated IL-6 protein expression. In vivo, ice showed a better efficacy profile on the arthritis score and joint swelling and was better tolerated, while cold gas induced a biphasic response profile with initial, transient arthritis worsening. Local cryotherapy also exerted local and systemic anti-inflammatory effects, both at the gene and the protein levels: IL-6, IL-17A and IL-1β gene expression levels were significantly down-regulated in hind paws. Both techniques decreased plasma IL-17A while ice decreased plasma IL-6 protein levels. By contrast, we observed no effect on local/systemic TNF-α pathway. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated for the first time that sub-chronically applied local cryotherapy (ice and cold gas) is an effective and well-tolerated treatment in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Furthermore, we provided novel insights into the cytokine pathways involved in Local cryotherapy's local and systemic anti-inflammatory effects, which were mainly IL-6/IL-17A-driven and TNF-α independent in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Guillot
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHRU Besançon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Hélène Martin
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | - Katy Maguin-Gaté
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Johnny Moretto
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Perle Totoson
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Daniel Wendling
- Service de Rhumatologie, CHRU Besançon, France
- EA 4266, Univ.Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Céline Demougeot
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Tordi
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Dopaminergic receptors and adrenoceptors in circulating lymphocytes as putative biomarkers for the early onset and progression of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 298:82-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Grisanti LA, Gumpert AM, Traynham CJ, Gorsky JE, Repas AA, Gao E, Carter RL, Yu D, Calvert JW, García AP, Ibáñez B, Rabinowitz JE, Koch WJ, Tilley DG. Leukocyte-Expressed β2-Adrenergic Receptors Are Essential for Survival After Acute Myocardial Injury. Circulation 2016; 134:153-67. [PMID: 27364164 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.022304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune cell-mediated inflammation is an essential process for mounting a repair response after myocardial infarction (MI). The sympathetic nervous system is known to regulate immune system function through β-adrenergic receptors (βARs); however, their role in regulating immune cell responses to acute cardiac injury is unknown. METHODS Wild-type (WT) mice were irradiated followed by isoform-specific βAR knockout (βARKO) or WT bone-marrow transplantation (BMT) and after full reconstitution underwent MI surgery. Survival was monitored over time, and alterations in immune cell infiltration after MI were examined through immunohistochemistry. Alterations in splenic function were identified through the investigation of altered adhesion receptor expression. RESULTS β2ARKO BMT mice displayed 100% mortality resulting from cardiac rupture within 12 days after MI compared with ≈20% mortality in WT BMT mice. β2ARKO BMT mice displayed severely reduced post-MI cardiac infiltration of leukocytes with reciprocally enhanced splenic retention of the same immune cell populations. Splenic retention of the leukocytes was associated with an increase in vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression, which itself was regulated via β-arrestin-dependent β2AR signaling. Furthermore, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in both mouse and human macrophages was sensitive to β2AR activity, and spleens from human tissue donors treated with β-blocker showed enhanced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. The impairments in splenic retention and cardiac infiltration of leukocytes after MI were restored to WT levels via lentiviral-mediated re-expression of β2AR in β2ARKO bone marrow before transplantation, which also resulted in post-MI survival rates comparable to those in WT BMT mice. CONCLUSIONS Immune cell-expressed β2AR plays an essential role in regulating the early inflammatory repair response to acute myocardial injury by facilitating cardiac leukocyte infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel A Grisanti
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Anna M Gumpert
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Christopher J Traynham
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Joshua E Gorsky
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Ashley A Repas
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Erhe Gao
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Rhonda L Carter
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Daohai Yu
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - John W Calvert
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Andrés Pun García
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Borja Ibáñez
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Joseph E Rabinowitz
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Walter J Koch
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.)
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- From Center for Translational Medicine (L.A.G., A.M.G., C.J.T., J.E.G., A.A.R., E.G., R.L.C., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), Department of Pharmacology (E.G., J.E.R., W.J.K., D.G.T.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.Y.), Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine and Carlyle Fraser Heart Center, Atlanta, GA (J.W.C.); and Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research, Madrid, Spain (A.P.G., B.I.).
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Wu H, Chen J, Song S, Yuan P, Liu L, Zhang Y, Zhou A, Chang Y, Zhang L, Wei W. β2-adrenoceptor signaling reduction in dendritic cells is involved in the inflammatory response in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24548. [PMID: 27079168 PMCID: PMC4832233 DOI: 10.1038/srep24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation of the synovium, which leads to the progressive destruction of cartilage and bone. Adrenoreceptor (AR) signaling may play an important role in modulating dendritic cell (DC), which may be involved in the pathogenesis of RA. We examined the effect of the β-AR agonist isoprenaline (ISO) on DC function, the impact of the β2-AR agonist salbutamol on adjuvant-induced arthritic (AA) rats, and changes in β2-AR signaling in DCs during the course of AA. ISO inhibited the expression of the surface molecules CD86 and MHC-II, inhibited the stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation by DC and TNF-α secretion, and promoted DC antigen uptake and IL-10 secretion. The effects of ISO on MHC-II expression, DC stimulation of T lymphocyte proliferation, and DC antigen uptake were mediated by β2-AR. Treatment with salbutamol ameliorated the severity of AA and histopathology of the joints and inhibited proliferation of thymus lymphocytes and FLS in vivo. β2-AR signaling was weaker in AA rats compared to the control. Elevated GRK2 and decreased β2-AR expression in DC cytomembranes were observed in AA and may have decreased the anti-inflammatory effect of β2-AR signaling. Decreased β2-AR signaling may be relevant to the exacerbation of arthritis inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaxun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shasha Song
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Pingfan Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yunfang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Aiwu Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
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Exploring the Physiological Link between Psoriasis and Mood Disorders. Dermatol Res Pract 2015; 2015:409637. [PMID: 26550011 PMCID: PMC4624926 DOI: 10.1155/2015/409637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin condition with a high rate of psychiatric comorbidity, which often goes unrecognized. Beyond the negative consequences of mood disorders like depression and anxiety on patient quality of life, evidence suggests that these conditions can worsen the severity of psoriatic disease. The mechanisms behind this relationship are not entirely understood, but inflammation seems to be a key feature linking psoriasis with mood disorders, and physiologic modulators of this inflammation, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, demonstrate changes with psychopathology that may be contributory. Cyclical disruptions in the secretion of the sleep hormone, melatonin, are also observed in both depression and psoriasis, and with well-recognized anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, this aberration may represent a shared contributor to both conditions as well as common comorbidities like diabetes and cardiovascular disease. While understanding the complexities of the biological mechanisms at play will be key in optimizing the management of patients with comorbid psoriasis and depression/anxiety, one thing is certain: recognition of psychiatric comorbidity is an imperative first step in effectively treating these patients as a whole. Evidence that improvement in mood decreases psoriasis severity underscores how psychological awareness can be critical to clinicians in their practice.
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Lowin T, Straub RH. Cannabinoid-based drugs targeting CB1 and TRPV1, the sympathetic nervous system, and arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:226. [PMID: 26343051 PMCID: PMC4561168 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is accompanied by activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which can support the immune system to perpetuate inflammation. Several animal models of arthritis already demonstrated a profound influence of adrenergic signaling on the course of RA. Peripheral norepinephrine release from sympathetic terminals is controlled by cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is activated by two major endocannabinoids (ECs), arachidonylethanolamine (anandamide) and 2-arachidonylglycerol. These ECs also modulate function of transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) located on sensory nerve fibers, which are abundant in arthritic synovial tissue. TRPs not only induce the sensation of pain but also support inflammation via secretion of pro-inflammatory neuropeptides. In addition, many cell types in synovial tissue express CB1 and TRPs. In this review, we focus on CB1 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-mediated effects on RA since most anti-inflammatory mechanisms induced by cannabinoids are attributed to cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) activation. We demonstrate how CB1 agonism or antagonism can modulate arthritic disease. The concept of functional antagonism with continuous CB1 activation is discussed. Since fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a major EC-degrading enzyme, the therapeutic possibility of FAAH inhibition is studied. Finally, the therapeutic potential of ECs is examined since they interact with cannabinoid receptors and TRPs but do not produce central side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Lowin
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, University Hospital of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, University Hospital of Regensburg, D-93053, Regensburg, Germany
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Molecular mechanisms underlying β-adrenergic receptor-mediated cross-talk between sympathetic neurons and immune cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5635-65. [PMID: 25768345 PMCID: PMC4394497 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and immune system is vital for health and well-being. Infection, tissue injury and inflammation raise firing rates of sympathetic nerves, increasing their release of norepinephrine (NE) in lymphoid organs and tissues. NE stimulation of β2-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in immune cells activates the cAMP-protein kinase A (PKA) intracellular signaling pathway, a pathway that interfaces with other signaling pathways that regulate proliferation, differentiation, maturation and effector functions in immune cells. Immune-SNS cross-talk is required to maintain homeostasis under normal conditions, to develop an immune response of appropriate magnitude after injury or immune challenge, and subsequently restore homeostasis. Typically, β2-AR-induced cAMP is immunosuppressive. However, many studies report actions of β2-AR stimulation in immune cells that are inconsistent with typical cAMP-PKA signal transduction. Research during the last decade in non-immune organs, has unveiled novel alternative signaling mechanisms induced by β2-AR activation, such as a signaling switch from cAMP-PKA to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. If alternative signaling occurs in immune cells, it may explain inconsistent findings of sympathetic regulation of immune function. Here, we review β2-AR signaling, assess the available evidence for alternative signaling in immune cells, and provide insight into the circumstances necessary for "signal switching" in immune cells.
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