1
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Chmiest D, Podavini S, Ioannidou K, Vallois D, Décaillet C, Gonzalez M, Quadroni M, Blackney K, Schairer R, de Leval L, Thome M. PD1 inhibits PKCθ-dependent phosphorylation of cytoskeleton-related proteins and immune synapse formation. Blood Adv 2024; 8:2908-2923. [PMID: 38513140 PMCID: PMC11176957 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The inhibitory surface receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) is a major target for antibody-based cancer immunotherapies. Nevertheless, a substantial number of patients fail to respond to the treatment or experience adverse effects. An improved understanding of intracellular pathways targeted by PD1 is thus needed to develop better predictive and prognostic biomarkers. Here, via unbiased phosphoproteome analysis of primary human T cells, we demonstrate that PD1 triggering inhibited the phosphorylation and physical association with protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ) of a variety of cytoskeleton-related proteins. PD1 blocked activation and recruitment of PKCθ to the forming immune synapse (IS) in a Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase-1/2 (SHP1/SHP2)-dependent manner. Consequently, PD1 engagement led to impaired synaptic phosphorylation of cytoskeleton-related proteins and formation of smaller IS. T-cell receptor induced phosphorylation of the PKCθ substrate and binding partner vimentin was long-lasting and it could be durably inhibited by PD1 triggering. Vimentin phosphorylation in intratumoral T cells also inversely correlated with the levels of the PD1 ligand, PDL1, in human lung carcinoma. Thus, PKCθ and its substrate vimentin represent important targets of PD1-mediated T-cell inhibition, and low levels of vimentin phosphorylation may serve as a biomarker for the activation of the PD1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Chmiest
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Podavini
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Vallois
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Décaillet
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Manfredo Quadroni
- Protein Analysis Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Blackney
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Formation and Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Rebekka Schairer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology, Oncology, Clinical Immunology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margot Thome
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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2
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Paillon N, Mouro V, Dogniaux S, Maurin M, Saez Pons JJ, Ferran H, Bataille L, Zucchetti AE, Hivroz C. PD-1 inhibits T cell actin remodeling at the immunological synapse independently of its signaling motifs. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eadh2456. [PMID: 38015913 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Engagement of the receptor programmed cell death molecule 1 (PD-1) by its ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 inhibits T cell-mediated immune responses. Blocking such signaling provides the clinical effects of PD-1-targeted immunotherapy. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying PD-1-mediated inhibition. Because dynamic actin remodeling is crucial for T cell functions, we characterized the effects of PD-1 engagement on actin remodeling at the immunological synapse, the interface between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) or target cell. We used microscopy to analyze the formation of immunological synapses between PD-1+ Jurkat cells or primary human CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and APCs that presented T cell-activating antibodies and were either positive or negative for PD-L1. PD-1 binding to PD-L1 inhibited T cell spreading induced by antibody-mediated activation, which was characterized by the absence of the F-actin-dense distal lamellipodial network at the immunological synapse and the Arp2/3 complex, which mediates branched actin formation. PD-1-induced inhibition of actin remodeling also prevented the characteristic deformation of T cells that contact APCs and the release of cytotoxic granules. We showed that the effects of PD-1 on actin remodeling did not require its tyrosine-based signaling motifs, which are thought to mediate the co-inhibitory effects of PD-1. Our study highlights a previously unappreciated mechanism of PD-1-mediated suppression of T cell activity, which depends on the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in a signaling motif-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Paillon
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Violette Mouro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Juan-José Saez Pons
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Hermine Ferran
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laurence Bataille
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Ernesto Zucchetti
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM, U932 "Integrative analysis of T cell activation" team, Paris, France
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3
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Manca F, Eich G, N'Dao O, Normand L, Sengupta K, Limozin L, Puech PH. Probing mechanical interaction of immune receptors and cytoskeleton by membrane nanotube extraction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15652. [PMID: 37730849 PMCID: PMC10511455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42599-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of force application in immune cell recognition is now well established, the force being transmitted between the actin cytoskeleton to the anchoring ligands through receptors such as integrins. In this chain, the mechanics of the cytoskeleton to receptor link, though clearly crucial, remains poorly understood. To probe this link, we combine mechanical extraction of membrane tubes from T cells using optical tweezers, and fitting of the resulting force curves with a viscoelastic model taking into account the cell and relevant molecules. We solicit this link using four different antibodies against various membrane bound receptors: antiCD3 to target the T Cell Receptor (TCR) complex, antiCD45 for the long sugar CD45, and two clones of antiCD11 targeting open or closed conformation of LFA1 integrins. Upon disruption of the cytoskeleton, the stiffness of the link changes for two of the receptors, exposing the existence of a receptor to cytoskeleton link-namely TCR-complex and open LFA1, and does not change for the other two where a weaker link was expected. Our integrated approach allows us to probe, for the first time, the mechanics of the intracellular receptor-cytoskeleton link in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Manca
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Gautier Eich
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Omar N'Dao
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Lucie Normand
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- CNRS, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille (CINaM), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurent Limozin
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- CNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire Adhesion et Inflammation (LAI), Aix Marseille University, 13009, Marseille, France.
- Turing Center for Living Systems (CENTURI), 13009, Marseille, France.
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4
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Wood-Trageser MA, Lesniak D, Gambella A, Golnoski K, Feng S, Bucuvalas J, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Demetris AJ. Next-generation pathology detection of T cell-antigen-presenting cell immune synapses in human liver allografts. Hepatology 2023; 77:355-366. [PMID: 35819312 PMCID: PMC9834436 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In otherwise near-normal appearing biopsies by routine light microscopy, next-generation pathology (NGP) detected close pairings (immune pairs; iPAIRs) between lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that predicted immunosuppression weaning failure in pediatric liver transplant (LTx) recipients (Immunosuppression Withdrawal for Stable Pediatric Liver Transplant Recipients [iWITH], NCT01638559). We hypothesized that NGP-detected iPAIRs enrich for true immune synapses, as determined by nuclear shape metrics, intercellular distances, and supramolecular activation complex (SMAC) formation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Intralobular iPAIRs (CD45 high lymphocyte-major histocompatibility complex II + APC pairs; n = 1167, training set) were identified at low resolution from multiplex immunohistochemistry-stained liver biopsy slides from several multicenter LTx immunosuppression titration clinical trials (iWITH; NCT02474199 (Donor Alloantigen Reactive Tregs (darTregs) for Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI) Reduction (ARTEMIS); Prospective Longitudinal Study of iWITH Screen Failures Secondary to Histopathology). After excluding complex multicellular aggregates, high-resolution imaging was used to examine immune synapse formation ( n = 998). By enriching for close intranuclear lymphocyte-APC distance (mean: 0.713 μm) and lymphocyte nuclear flattening (mean ferret diameter: 2.1), SMAC formation was detected in 29% of iPAIR-engaged versus 9.5% of unpaired lymphocytes. Integration of these morphometrics enhanced NGP detection of immune synapses (ai-iSYN). Using iWITH preweaning biopsies from eligible patients ( n = 53; 18 tolerant, 35 nontolerant; testing set), ai-iSYN accurately predicted (87.3% accuracy vs. 81.4% for iPAIRs; 100% sensitivity, 75% specificity) immunosuppression weaning failure. This confirmed the presence and importance of intralobular immune synapse formation in liver allografts. Stratification of biopsy mRNA expression data by immune synapse quantity yielded the top 20 genes involved in T cell activation and immune synapse formation and stability. CONCLUSIONS NGP-detected immune synapses (subpathological rejection) in LTx patients prior to immunosuppression reduction suggests that NGP-detected (allo)immune activity usefulness for titration of immunosuppressive therapy in various settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Wood-Trageser
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Drew Lesniak
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Alessandro Gambella
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences , University of Turin , Torino , Italy
| | - Kayla Golnoski
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
| | - Sandy Feng
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , California , USA
| | - John Bucuvalas
- Mount Sinai Kravis Children's Hospital and Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute , Mount Sinai Health System , New York , New York , USA
| | | | - A Jake Demetris
- Division of Liver and Transplant Pathology , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA
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5
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Tavasolian F, Pastrello C, Ahmed Z, Jurisica I, Inman RD. Vesicular traffic-mediated cell-to-cell signaling at the immune synapse in Ankylosing Spondylitis. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1102405. [PMID: 36741392 PMCID: PMC9889860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1102405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The chronic inflammatory disease ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is marked by back discomfort, spinal ankylosis, and extra-articular symptoms. In AS, inflammation is responsible for both pain and spinal ankylosis. However, the processes that sustain chronic inflammation remain unknown. Despite the years of research conducted to decipher the intricacy of AS, little progress has been made in identifying the signaling events that lead to the development of this disease. T cells, an immune cell type that initiates and regulates the body's response to infection, have been established to substantially impact the development of AS. T lymphocytes are regarded as a crucial part of adaptive immunity for the control of the immune system. A highly coordinated interaction involving antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells that regulate T cell activation constitutes an immunological synapse (IS). This first phase leads to the controlled trafficking of receptors and signaling mediators involved in folding endosomes to the cellular interface, which allows the transfer of information from T cells to APCs through IS formation. Discrimination of self and nonself antigen is somatically learned in adaptive immunity. In an autoimmune condition such as AS, there is a disturbance of self/nonself antigen discrimination; available findings imply that the IS plays a preeminent role in the adaptive immune response. In this paper, we provide insights into the genesis of AS by evaluating recent developments in the function of vesicular trafficking in IS formation and the targeted release of exosomes enriched microRNAs (miRNA) at the synaptic region in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fataneh Tavasolian
- Spondylitis Program, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zuhaib Ahmed
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, and the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Robert D. Inman
- Spondylitis Program, Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Robert D. Inman,
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6
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Weigelin B, Friedl P. T cell-mediated additive cytotoxicity - death by multiple bullets. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:980-987. [PMID: 35965200 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune effector cells, including cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), induce apoptosis and eliminate target cells by direct cell-cell contacts. In vivo, CTLs fail to efficiently kill solid tumor cells by individual contacts but rely upon multihit interactions by many CTLs (swarming). Recent evidence has indicated that multihit interactions by CTLs induce a series of sublethal damage events in target cells, including perforin-mediated membrane damage, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nuclear envelope rupture, and DNA damage. Individual damage can be repaired, but when induced in rapid sequence, sublethal damage can accumulate and induce target cell death. Here, we summarize the sublethal damage and additive cytotoxicity concepts for CTL-induced and other cell stresses and discuss the implications for improving immunotherapy and multitargeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Weigelin
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Friedl
- Department of Cell Biology, RIMLS, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; David H. Koch Center for Applied Research of Genitourinary Cancers, Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Cancer Genomics Centre Netherlands (CGC.nl), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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7
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Shen M, Chen C, Guo Q, Wang Q, Liao J, Wang L, Yu J, Xue M, Duan Y, Zhang J. Systemic Delivery of mPEG-Masked Trispecific T-Cell Nanoengagers in Synergy with STING Agonists Overcomes Immunotherapy Resistance in TNBC and Generates a Vaccination Effect. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203523. [PMID: 36089659 PMCID: PMC9661824 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
T-cell engagers (TCEs) represent a breakthrough in hematological malignancy treatment but are vulnerable to antigen escape and lack a vaccination effect. The "immunologically cold" solid tumor presents substantial challenges due to intratumor heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, a methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG)-masked CD44×PD-L1/CD3 trispecific T-cell nanoengager loaded with the STING agonist c-di-AMP (CDA) (PmTriTNE@CDA) for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is rationally designed. PmTriTNE@CDA shows tumor-specific accumulation and is preferentially unmasked in response to a weakly acidic TME to prevent on-target off-tumor toxicity. The unmasked CD44×PD-L1/CD3 trispecific T-cell nanoengager (TriTNE) targets dual tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to redirect CD8+ T cells for heterogeneous TNBC lysis while achieving PD-L1 blockade. PmTriTNE synergized with CDA to transform the cold tumor into a hot tumor, eradicate the large established TNBC tumor, and induce protective immune memory in a 4T1 orthotopic tumor model without causing obvious toxicity. PmTriTNE@CDA shows potent efficacy in cell line-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. This study serves as a proof-of-concept demonstration of a nanobased TCEs strategy to expand therapeutic combinations that previously could not be achieved due to systemic toxicity with the aim of overcoming TNBC heterogeneity and immunotherapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
- Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical TechnologiesShanghai200032China
| | - Chuanrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
- Department of OncologyYijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical CollegeWuhu240001China
| | - Qianqian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji HospitalSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Quan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji HospitalSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Jinghan Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Liting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesRenji HospitalSchool of Biomedical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Man Xue
- Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical TechnologiesShanghai200032China
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
| | - Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Cancer InstituteRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200032China
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8
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Göhring J, Schrangl L, Schütz GJ, Huppa JB. Mechanosurveillance: Tiptoeing T Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886328. [PMID: 35693808 PMCID: PMC9178122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient scanning of tissue that T cells encounter during their migratory life is pivotal to protective adaptive immunity. In fact, T cells can detect even a single antigenic peptide/MHC complex (pMHC) among thousands of structurally similar yet non-stimulatory endogenous pMHCs on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or target cells. Of note, the glycocalyx of target cells, being composed of proteoglycans and bulky proteins, is bound to affect and even modulate antigen recognition by posing as a physical barrier. T cell-resident microvilli are actin-rich membrane protrusions that puncture through such barriers and thereby actively place the considerably smaller T-cell antigen receptors (TCRs) in close enough proximity to APC-presented pMHCs so that productive interactions may occur efficiently yet under force. We here review our current understanding of how the plasticity of T-cell microvilli and physicochemical properties of the glycocalyx may affect early events in T-cell activation. We assess insights gained from studies on T-cell plasma membrane ultrastructure and provide an update on current efforts to integrate biophysical aspects such as the amplitude and directionality of TCR-imposed mechanical forces and the distribution and lateral mobility of plasma membrane-resident signaling molecules into a more comprehensive view on sensitized T-cell antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janett Göhring
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Applied Physics, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Janett Göhring,
| | | | | | - Johannes B. Huppa
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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9
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Understanding immune signaling using advanced imaging techniques. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:853-866. [PMID: 35343569 PMCID: PMC9162467 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advanced imaging is key for visualizing the spatiotemporal regulation of immune signaling which is a complex process involving multiple players tightly regulated in space and time. Imaging techniques vary in their spatial resolution, spanning from nanometers to micrometers, and in their temporal resolution, ranging from microseconds to hours. In this review, we summarize state-of-the-art imaging methodologies and provide recent examples on how they helped to unravel the mysteries of immune signaling. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current technologies and share our insights on how to overcome these limitations to visualize immune signaling with unprecedented fidelity.
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10
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Zak A, Merino-Cortés SV, Sadoun A, Mustapha F, Babataheri A, Dogniaux S, Dupré-Crochet S, Hudik E, He HT, Barakat AI, Carrasco YR, Hamon Y, Puech PH, Hivroz C, Nüsse O, Husson J. Rapid viscoelastic changes are a hallmark of early leukocyte activation. Biophys J 2021; 120:1692-1704. [PMID: 33730552 PMCID: PMC8204340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
To accomplish their critical task of removing infected cells and fighting pathogens, leukocytes activate by forming specialized interfaces with other cells. The physics of this key immunological process are poorly understood, but it is important to understand them because leukocytes have been shown to react to their mechanical environment. Using an innovative micropipette rheometer, we show in three different types of leukocytes that, when stimulated by microbeads mimicking target cells, leukocytes become up to 10 times stiffer and more viscous. These mechanical changes start within seconds after contact and evolve rapidly over minutes. Remarkably, leukocyte elastic and viscous properties evolve in parallel, preserving a well-defined ratio that constitutes a mechanical signature specific to each cell type. Our results indicate that simultaneously tracking both elastic and viscous properties during an active cell process provides a new, to our knowledge, way to investigate cell mechanical processes. Our findings also suggest that dynamic immunomechanical measurements can help discriminate between leukocyte subtypes during activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Zak
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France; Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Anaïs Sadoun
- Aix-Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, France
| | - Farah Mustapha
- Aix-Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, France; Centre Interdisciplinaire de Nanoscience de Marseille, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Avin Babataheri
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dupré-Crochet
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Elodie Hudik
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Yolanda R Carrasco
- B Lymphocyte Dynamics Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yannick Hamon
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-Henri Puech
- Aix-Marseille University, LAI UM 61, Marseille, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1067, Marseille, France; CNRS, UMR 7333, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Integrative analysis of T cell activation team, Institut Curie-PSL Research University, INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Nüsse
- Institut de Chimie Physique, CNRS UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Julien Husson
- LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France.
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11
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Moretti M, La Rocca R, Perrone Donnorso M, Torre B, Canale C, Malerba M, Das G, Sottile R, Garofalo C, Achour A, Kärre K, Carbone E, Di Fabrizio E. Clustering of Major Histocompatibility Complex-Class I Molecules in Healthy and Cancer Colon Cells Revealed from Their Nanomechanical Properties. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7500-7512. [PMID: 33749234 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the T cell mediated immune response relies on the fine interaction between the T cell receptor on the immune cell and the antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the membrane surface of antigen-presenting cells. Both the distribution and quantity of MHC/peptide complexes and their adequate morphological presentation affect the activation of the immune cells. In several types of cancer the immune response is down-regulated due to the low expression of MHC-class I (MHC-I) molecules on the cell's surface, and in addition, the mechanical properties of the membrane seem to play a role. Herein, we investigate the distribution of MHC-I molecules and the related nanoscale mechanical environment on the cell surface of two cell lines derived from colon adenocarcinoma and a healthy epithelial colon reference cell line. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy analysis using an antibody-tagged pyramidal probe specific for MHC-I molecules and a formula that relates the elasticity of the cell to the energy of adhesion revealed the different population distributions of MHC-I molecules in healthy cells compared to cancer cells. We found that MHC-I molecules are significantly less expressed in cancer cells. Moreover, the local elastic modulus is significantly reduced in cancer cells. We speculate that these results might be related to the proven ability of cancer cells to evade the immune system, not only by reducing MHC-I cell surface expression but also by modifying the local mechanical properties affecting the overall morphology of MHC-I synapse presentation to immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manola Moretti
- Single Molecule Imaging by Light Enhanced Spectroscopies Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rosanna La Rocca
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Torre
- Single Molecule Imaging by Light Enhanced Spectroscopies Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 23955-6900 Thuwal, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudio Canale
- Department of Physics, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Malerba
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Gobind Das
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rosa Sottile
- Katharine Hsu Lab, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Cinzia Garofalo
- Department for Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institute, and Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Biomedicum Solnavägen 9, 17165 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ennio Carbone
- Dipartimento Medicina di Precisione, Università della Campania, via L. De Crecchio, 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Fabrizio
- Department of Applied Physics, Polytechnic University of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
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12
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Zhang J, Zhao R, Li B, Farrukh A, Hoth M, Qu B, Del Campo A. Micropatterned soft hydrogels to study the interplay of receptors and forces in T cell activation. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:234-246. [PMID: 33099024 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of T cell responses to mechanical properties of antigen presenting cells (APC) is experimentally challenging at T cell-APC interfaces. Soft hydrogels with adjustable mechanical properties and biofunctionalization are useful reductionist models to address this problem. Here, we report a methodology to fabricate micropatterned soft hydrogels with defined stiffness to form spatially confined T cell/hydrogel contact interfaces at micrometer scale. Using automatized microcontact printing we prepared arrays of anti-CD3 microdots on poly(acrylamide) hydrogels with Young's Modulus in the range of 2 to 50 kPa. We optimized the printing process to obtain anti-CD3 microdots with constant area (50 µm2, corresponding to 8 µm diameter) and comparable anti-CD3 density on hydrogels of different stiffness. The anti-CD3 arrays were recognized by T cells and restricted cell attachment to the printed areas. To test functionality of the hydrogel-T cell contact, we analyzed several key events downstream of T cell receptor (TCR) activation. Anti-CD3 arrays on hydrogels activated calcium influx, induced rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, and led to Zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70) phosphorylation. Interestingly, upon increase in the stiffness, ZAP70 phosphorylation was enhanced, whereas the rearrangements of F-actin (F-actin clearance) and phosphorylated ZAP70 (ZAP70/pY centralization) were unaffected. Our results show that micropatterned hydrogels allow tuning of stiffness and receptor presentation to analyze TCR mediated T cell activation as function of mechanical, biochemical, and geometrical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Zhang
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry Department, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421 Germany
| | - Bin Li
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Aleeza Farrukh
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421 Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, 66421 Germany
| | - Aránzazu Del Campo
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Chemistry Department, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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13
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Li R, Ma C, Cai H, Chen W. The CAR T-Cell Mechanoimmunology at a Glance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002628. [PMID: 33344135 PMCID: PMC7740088 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell transfer is a novel paradigm of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. When coming into contact with a target cancer cell, CAR T-cell forms a nonclassical immunological synapse with the cancer cell and dynamically orchestrates multiple critical forces to commit cytotoxic immune function. Such an immunologic process involves a force transmission in the CAR and a spatiotemporal remodeling of cell cytoskeleton to facilitate CAR activation and CAR T-cell cytotoxic function. Yet, the detailed understanding of such mechanotransduction at the interface between the CAR T-cell and the target cell, as well as its molecular structure and signaling, remains less defined and is just beginning to emerge. This article summarizes the basic mechanisms and principles of CAR T-cell mechanoimmunology, and various lessons that can be comparatively learned from interrogation of mechanotransduction at the immunological synapse in normal cytotoxic T-cell. The recent development and future application of novel bioengineering tools for studying CAR T-cell mechanoimmunology is also discussed. It is believed that this progress report will shed light on the CAR T-cell mechanoimmunology and encourage future researches in revealing the less explored yet important mechanosensing and mechanotransductive mechanisms involved in CAR T-cell immuno-oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
| | - Haogang Cai
- Tech4Health instituteNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY10016USA
- Department of RadiologyNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY10016USA
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew York UniversityBrooklynNY11201USA
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer CenterNYU Langone HealthNew YorkNY10016USA
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14
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Zhang X, Mariano CF, Ando Y, Shen K. Bioengineering tools for probing intracellular events in T lymphocytes. WIREs Mech Dis 2020; 13:e1510. [PMID: 33073545 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes are the central coordinator and executor of many immune functions. The activation and function of T lymphocytes are mediated through the engagement of cell surface receptors and regulated by a myriad of intracellular signaling network. Bioengineering tools, including imaging modalities and fluorescent probes, have been developed and employed to elucidate the cellular events throughout the functional lifespan of T cells. A better understanding of these events can broaden our knowledge in the immune systems biology, as well as accelerate the development of effective diagnostics and immunotherapies. Here we review the commonly used and recently developed techniques and probes for monitoring T lymphocyte intracellular events, following the order of intracellular events in T cells from activation, signaling, metabolism to apoptosis. The techniques introduced here can be broadly applied to other immune cells and cell systems. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Immune System Diseases > Biomedical Engineering Infectious Diseases > Biomedical Engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chelsea F Mariano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuta Ando
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Keyue Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,USC Stem Cell, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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15
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Chaudhuri PK, Wang MS, Black CT, Huse M, Kam LC. Modulating T Cell Activation Using Depth Sensing Topographic Cues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000143. [PMID: 32744809 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This report examines how sensing of substrate topography can be used to modulate T cell activation, a key coordinating step in the adaptive immune response. Inspired by the native T cell-antigen presenting cell interface, micrometer scale pits with varying depth are fabricated into planar substrates. Primary CD4+ T cells extend actin-rich protrusions into the micropits. T cell activation, reflected in secretion of cytokines interleukin-2 and interferon gamma, is sensitive to the micropit depth. Surprisingly, arrays of micropits with 4 μm depth enhance activation compared to flat substrates but deeper micropits are less effective at increasing cell response, revealing a biphasic dependence in activation as a function of feature dimensions. Inhibition of cell contractility abrogates the enhanced activation associated with the micropits. In conclusion, this report demonstrates that the 3D, microscale topography can be used to enhance T cell activation, an ability that most directly can be used to improve production of these cells for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mitchell S Wang
- Pharmacology Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Charles T Black
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Morgan Huse
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lance C Kam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
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16
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Garcia E, Ismail S. Spatiotemporal Regulation of Signaling: Focus on T Cell Activation and the Immunological Synapse. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3283. [PMID: 32384769 PMCID: PMC7247333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In a signaling network, not only the functions of molecules are important but when (temporal) and where (spatial) those functions are exerted and orchestrated is what defines the signaling output. To temporally and spatially modulate signaling events, cells generate specialized functional domains with variable lifetime and size that concentrate signaling molecules, enhancing their transduction potential. The plasma membrane is a key in this regulation, as it constitutes a primary signaling hub that integrates signals within and across the membrane. Here, we examine some of the mechanisms that cells exhibit to spatiotemporally regulate signal transduction, focusing on the early events of T cell activation from triggering of T cell receptor to formation and maturation of the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Garcia
- CR-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shehab Ismail
- CR-UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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17
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Chabaud M, Paillon N, Gaus K, Hivroz C. Mechanobiology of antigen‐induced T cell arrest. Biol Cell 2020; 112:196-212. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Chabaud
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Noémie Paillon
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical SciencesUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular ImagingUniversity of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie‐PSL Research University INSERM U932 Paris France
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18
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Schwartz D, Iyengar S. Recognition of Apoptotic Cells by Viruses and Cytolytic Lymphocytes: Target Selection in the Fog of War. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:188-196. [PMID: 32286181 PMCID: PMC7185367 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses and cytolytic lymphocytes operate in an environment filled with dying and dead cells, and cell fragments. For viruses, irreversible fusion with doomed cells is suicide. For cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cells, time and limited lytic resources spent on apoptotic targets is wasteful and may result in death of the host. We make the case that the target membrane cytoskeleton is the best source of information regarding the suitability of potential targets for engagement for both viruses and lytic effector cells, and we present experimental evidence for detection of apoptotic cells by HIV, without loss of infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schwartz
- Jurist Research Department, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Sujatha Iyengar
- Jurist Research Department, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
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19
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Samassa F, Ferrari ML, Husson J, Mikhailova A, Porat Z, Sidaner F, Brunner K, Teo TH, Frigimelica E, Tinevez JY, Sansonetti PJ, Thoulouze MI, Phalipon A. Shigella impairs human T lymphocyte responsiveness by hijacking actin cytoskeleton dynamics and T cell receptor vesicular trafficking. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13166. [PMID: 31957253 PMCID: PMC7187243 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strategies employed by pathogenic enteric bacteria, such as Shigella, to subvert the host adaptive immunity are not well defined. Impairment of T lymphocyte chemotaxis by blockage of polarised edge formation has been reported upon Shigella infection. However, the functional impact of Shigella on T lymphocytes remains to be determined. Here, we show that Shigella modulates CD4+ T cell F‐actin dynamics and increases cell cortical stiffness. The scanning ability of T lymphocytes when encountering antigen‐presenting cells (APC) is subsequently impaired resulting in decreased cell–cell contacts (or conjugates) between the two cell types, as compared with non‐infected T cells. In addition, the few conjugates established between the invaded T cells and APCs display no polarised delivery and accumulation of the T cell receptor to the contact zone characterising canonical immunological synapses. This is most likely due to the targeting of intracellular vesicular trafficking by the bacterial type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors IpaJ and VirA. The collective impact of these cellular reshapings by Shigella eventually results in T cell activation dampening. Altogether, these results highlight the combined action of T3SS effectors leading to T cell defects upon Shigella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatoumata Samassa
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Mariana L Ferrari
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Ecole polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Ziv Porat
- Flow Cytometry Unit, Life Sciences Core Facility, Weizmann Institute of Sciences, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Katja Brunner
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | - Teck-Hui Teo
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Philippe J Sansonetti
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France.,Chaire de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | | | - Armelle Phalipon
- Molecular Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1202, Paris, France
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20
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Stein JV, Ruef N. Regulation of global CD8 + T-cell positioning by the actomyosin cytoskeleton. Immunol Rev 2020; 289:232-249. [PMID: 30977193 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have evolved as one of the most motile mammalian cell types, designed to continuously scan peptide-major histocompatibility complexes class I on the surfaces of other cells. Chemoattractants and adhesion molecules direct CD8+ T-cell homing to and migration within secondary lymphoid organs, where these cells colocalize with antigen-presenting dendritic cells in confined tissue volumes. CD8+ T-cell activation induces a switch to infiltration of non-lymphoid tissue (NLT), which differ in their topology and biophysical properties from lymphoid tissue. Here, we provide a short overview on regulation of organism-wide trafficking patterns during naive T-cell recirculation and their switch to non-lymphoid tissue homing during activation. The migratory lifestyle of CD8+ T cells is regulated by their actomyosin cytoskeleton, which translates chemical signals from surface receptors into mechanical work. We explore how properties of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and its regulators affect CD8+ T cell function in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissue, combining recent findings in the field of cell migration and actin network regulation with tissue anatomy. Finally, we hypothesize that under certain conditions, intrinsic regulation of actomyosin dynamics may render NLT CD8+ T-cell populations less dependent on input from extrinsic signals during tissue scanning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens V Stein
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nora Ruef
- Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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21
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Brown Adipocyte and Splenocyte Co-Culture Maintains Regulatory T Cell Subset in Intermittent Hypobaric Conditions. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:539-548. [PMID: 31624708 PMCID: PMC6778593 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00205-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brown adipocytes have thermogenic characteristics in neonates and elicit anti-inflammatory responses. We postulated that thermogenic brown adipocytes produce distinctive intercellular effects in a hypobaric state. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between brown adipocyte and regulatory T cell (Treg) expression under intermittent hypobaric conditions. Methods Brown and white adipocytes were harvested from the interscapular and flank areas of C57BL6 mice, respectively. Adipocytes were cultured with syngeneic splenocytes after isolation and differentiation. Intermittent hypobaric conditions were generated using cyclic negative pressure application for 48 h in both groups of adipocytes. Expression levels of Tregs (CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + T cells), cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), and the programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)] co-inhibitory ligand were examined. Results Splenocytes, cultured with brown and white adipocytes, exhibited comparable Treg expression in a normobaric state. Under hypobaric conditions, brown adipocytes maintained a subset of Tregs. However, a decrease in Tregs was found in the white adipocyte group. TNF-α levels increased in both groups under hypobaric conditions. In the brown adipocyte group, anti-inflammatory IL-10 expression increased significantly; meanwhile, IL-10 expression decreased in the white adipocyte group. PD-L1 levels increased more significantly in brown adipocytes than in white adipocytes under hypobaric conditions. Conclusion Both brown and white adipocytes support Treg expression when they are cultured with splenocytes. Of note, brown adipocytes maintained Treg expression in intermittent hypobaric conditions. Anti-inflammatory cytokines and co-inhibitory ligands mediate the immunomodulatory effects of brown adipocytes under altered atmospheric conditions. Brown adipocytes showed the feasibility as a source of adjustment in physical stresses.
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22
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Abstract
The immune response is orchestrated by a variety of immune cells. The function of each cell is determined by the collective signals from various immunoreceptors, whose expression and activity depend on the developmental stages of the cell and its environmental context. Recent studies have highlighted the presence of mechanical force on several immunoreceptor-ligand pairs and the important role of force in regulating their interaction and function. In this Perspective, we use the T cell antigen receptor as an example with which to review the current understanding of the mechanosensing properties of immunoreceptors. We discuss the types of forces that immunoreceptors may encounter and the effects of force on ligand bonding, conformational change and the triggering of immunoreceptors, as well as the effects of force on the downstream signal transduction, cell-fate decisions and effector function of immune cells.
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23
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Membrane Organization and Physical Regulation of Lymphocyte Antigen Receptors: A Biophysicist's Perspective. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:397-412. [PMID: 31352492 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptors at the membrane of immune cells are the central players of innate and adaptative immunity, providing effective defence mechanisms against pathogens or cancer cells. Their function is intimately linked to their position at and within the membrane which provides accessibility, mobility as well as membrane proximal cytoskeleton anchoring, all of these elements playing important roles in the final function and links to cellular actions. Understanding how immune cells integrate the specific signals received at their membrane to take a decision remains an immense challenge and a very active field of fundamental and applied research. Recent progress in imaging and micromanipulation techniques have led to an unprecedented refinement in the description of molecular structures and supramolecular assemblies at the immune cell membrane, and provided a glimpse into their dynamics and regulation by force. Several key elements have been scrutinized such as the roles of relative sizes of molecules, lateral organisation, motion in the membrane of the receptors, but also physical cues such as forces, mediated by cellular substrates of different rigidities or applied by the cell itself, in conjunction with its partner cell. We review here these recent discoveries associated with a description of the biophysical methods used. While a conclusive picture integrating all of these components is still lacking, mainly due to the implication of diverse and different mechanisms and spatio-temporal scales involved, the amount of quantitative data available opens the way for physical modelling and numerical simulations and new avenues for experimental research.
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24
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Pullen RH, Abel SM. Mechanical feedback enables catch bonds to selectively stabilize scanning microvilli at T-cell surfaces. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2087-2095. [PMID: 31116687 PMCID: PMC6727777 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-01-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells use microvilli to search the surfaces of antigen-presenting cells for antigenic ligands. The active motion of scanning microvilli provides a force-generating mechanism that is intriguing in light of single-molecule experiments showing that applied forces increase the lifetimes of stimulatory receptor–ligand bonds (catch-bond behavior). In this work, we introduce a theoretical framework to explore the motion of a microvillar tip above an antigen-presenting surface when receptors on the tip stochastically bind to ligands on the surface and dissociate from them in a force-dependent manner. Forces on receptor-ligand bonds impact the motion of the microvillus, leading to feedback between binding and microvillar motion. We use computer simulations to show that the average microvillar velocity varies in a ligand-dependent manner; that catch bonds generate responses in which some microvilli almost completely stop, while others move with a broad distribution of velocities; and that the frequency of stopping depends on the concentration of stimulatory ligands. Typically, a small number of catch bonds initially immobilize the microvillus, after which additional bonds accumulate and increase the cumulative receptor-engagement time. Our results demonstrate that catch bonds can selectively slow and stabilize scanning microvilli, suggesting a physical mechanism that may contribute to antigen discrimination by T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Pullen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Steven M Abel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
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25
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Wurzer H, Hoffmann C, Al Absi A, Thomas C. Actin Cytoskeleton Straddling the Immunological Synapse between Cytotoxic Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050463. [PMID: 31100864 PMCID: PMC6563383 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a fundamental part of the tumor microenvironment. In particular, cytotoxic lymphocytes, such as cytolytic T cells and natural killer cells, control tumor growth and disease progression by interacting and eliminating tumor cells. The actin cytoskeleton of cytotoxic lymphocytes engaged in an immunological synapse has received considerable research attention. It has been recognized as a central mediator of the formation and maturation of the immunological synapse, and its signaling and cytolytic activities. In comparison, fewer studies have explored the organization and function of actin filaments on the target cancer cell side of the immunological synapse. However, there is growing evidence that the actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells also undergoes extensive remodeling upon cytotoxic lymphocyte attack, and that such remodeling can alter physical and functional interactions at the immunological synapse. In this article, we review the current knowledge of actin organization and functions at both sides of the immunological synapse between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, with particular focus on synapse formation, signaling and cytolytic activity, and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
- University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 2 Avenue de l'Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Antoun Al Absi
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
- University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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26
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27
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Pettmann J, Santos AM, Dushek O, Davis SJ. Membrane Ultrastructure and T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2152. [PMID: 30319617 PMCID: PMC6167458 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system serves as a crucial line of defense from infection and cancer, while also contributing to tissue homeostasis. Communication between immune cells is mediated by small soluble factors called cytokines, and also by direct cellular interactions. Cell-cell interactions are particularly important for T cell activation. T cells direct the adaptive immune response and therefore need to distinguish between self and foreign antigens. Even though decades have passed since the discovery of T cells, exactly why and how they are able to recognize and discriminate between antigens is still not fully understood. Early imaging of T cells was very successful in capturing the early stages of conjugate formation of T cells with antigen-presenting cells upon recognition of peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complexes by the T cell receptor (TCR). These studies lead to the discovery of a “supramolecular activation cluster” now known as the immunological synapse, followed by the identification of microclusters of TCRs formed upon receptor triggering, that eventually coalesce at the center of the synapse. New developments in light microscopy have since allowed attention to turn to the very earliest stages of T cell activation, and to resting cells, at high resolution. This includes single-molecule localization microscopy, which has been applied to the question of whether TCRs are pre-clustered on resting T cells, and lattice light-sheet microscopy that has enabled imaging of whole cells interacting with antigen-presenting cells. The utilization of lattice light-sheet microscopy has yielded important insights into structures called microvilli, which are small membrane protrusions on T cells that seem likely to have a large impact on T cell recognition and activation. Here we consider how imaging has shaped our thinking about T cell activation. We summarize recent findings obtained by applying more advanced microscopy techniques and discuss some of the limitations of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pettmann
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Omer Dushek
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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28
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Benard E, Nunès JA, Limozin L, Sengupta K. T Cells on Engineered Substrates: The Impact of TCR Clustering Is Enhanced by LFA-1 Engagement. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2085. [PMID: 30279692 PMCID: PMC6154019 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We created APC-mimetic synthetic substrates to study the impact of ligand clustering on T cell activation and spreading. The substrates exhibit antibodies directed against the TCR-complex in the form of a patterned array of sub micrometric dots surrounded by a fluid supported lipid bilayer (SLB) which may itself be functionalized with another bio-molecule. We show that for T cell adhesion mediated by T cell receptor (TCR) alone, in the patterned, but not in the corresponding homogeneous controls, the TCR, ZAP-70 and actin are present in the form of clusters or patches that co-localize with the ligand-dots. However, global cell scale parameters like cell area and actin distribution are only weakly impacted by ligand clustering. In presence of ICAM-1 - the ligand of the T cell integrin LFA-1 - on the SLB, the TCR is still clustered due to the patterning of its ligands, but now global parameters are also impacted. The actin organization changes to a peripheral ring, resembling the classical actin distribution seen on homogeneous substrates, the patterned membrane topography disappears and the membrane is flat, whereas the cell area increases significantly. These observations taken together point to a possible pivotal role for LFA-1 in amplifying the effect of TCR-clustering. No such effect is evident for co-engagement of CD28, affected via its ligand B7.2. Unlike on ICAM-1, on B7.2 cell spreading and actin organization are similar for homogeneous and patterned substrates. However, TCR and ZAP-70 clusters are still formed in the patterned case. These results indicate complementary role for LFA-1 and CD28 in the regulation and putative coupling of TCR micro-clusters to actin. The engineered substrates presented here clearly have the potential to act as platform for fundamental research in immune cell biology, as well as translational analyses in immunotherapy, for example to screen molecules for their role in T cell adhesion/activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacques A Nunès
- CNRS, UMR7258, Centre de Recherche en Cancerologie de Marseille, Immunity and Cancer Team, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Inserm, U1068, Aix-Marseille Université UM 105, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Limozin
- LAI, CNRS UMR 7333, INSERM UMR 1067, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Kheya Sengupta
- CNRS, CINaM UMR 7325, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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29
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Tkach M, Kowal J, Zucchetti AE, Enserink L, Jouve M, Lankar D, Saitakis M, Martin-Jaular L, Théry C. Qualitative differences in T-cell activation by dendritic cell-derived extracellular vesicle subtypes. EMBO J 2017; 36:3012-3028. [PMID: 28923825 PMCID: PMC5641679 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201696003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, nano-sized secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs), are actively studied for their diagnostic and therapeutic potential. In particular, exosomes secreted by dendritic cells (DCs) have been shown to carry MHC-peptide complexes allowing efficient activation of T lymphocytes, thus displaying potential as promoters of adaptive immune responses. DCs also secrete other types of EVs of different size, subcellular origin and protein composition, whose immune capacities have not been yet compared to those of exosomes. Here, we show that large EVs (lEVs) released by human DCs are as efficient as small EVs (sEVs), including exosomes, to induce CD4+ T-cell activation in vitro When released by immature DCs, however, lEVs and sEVs differ in their capacity to orient T helper (Th) cell responses, the former favouring secretion of Th2 cytokines, whereas the latter promote Th1 cytokine secretion (IFN-γ). Upon DC maturation, however, these functional differences are abolished, and all EVs become able to induce IFN-γ. Our results highlight the need to comprehensively compare the functionalities of EV subtypes in all patho/physiological systems where exosomes are claimed to perform critical roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Tkach
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Joanna Kowal
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Lotte Enserink
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Mabel Jouve
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Danielle Lankar
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | - Michael Saitakis
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University INSERM U932, Paris, France
| | | | - Clotilde Théry
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University INSERM U932, Paris, France
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30
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Ferreira CP, Cariste LM, Santos Virgílio FD, Moraschi BF, Monteiro CB, Vieira Machado AM, Gazzinelli RT, Bruna-Romero O, Menin Ruiz PL, Ribeiro DA, Lannes-Vieira J, Lopes MDF, Rodrigues MM, de Vasconcelos JRC. LFA-1 Mediates Cytotoxicity and Tissue Migration of Specific CD8 + T Cells after Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination against Trypanosoma cruzi Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1291. [PMID: 29081775 PMCID: PMC5645645 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins mediate the lymphocyte migration into an infected tissue, and these cells are essential for controlling the multiplication of many intracellular parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. Here, we explore LFA-1 and VLA-4 roles in the migration of specific CD8+ T cells generated by heterologous prime-boost immunization during experimental infection with T. cruzi. To this end, vaccinated mice were treated with monoclonal anti-LFA-1 and/or anti-VLA-4 to block these molecules. After anti-LFA-1, but not anti-VLA-4 treatment, all vaccinated mice displayed increased blood and tissue parasitemia, and quickly succumbed to infection. In addition, there was an accumulation of specific CD8+ T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes and a decrease in the number of those cells, especially in the heart, suggesting that LFA-1 is important for the output of specific CD8+ T cells from secondary lymphoid organs into infected organs such as the heart. The treatment did not alter CD8+ T cell effector functions such as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and granzyme B, and maintained the proliferative capacity after treatment. However, the specific CD8+ T cell direct cytotoxicity was impaired after LFA-1 blockade. Also, these cells expressed higher levels of Fas/CD95 on the surface, suggesting that they are susceptible to programmed cell death by the extrinsic pathway. We conclude that LFA-1 plays an important role in the migration of specific CD8+ T cells and in the direct cytotoxicity of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Pontes Ferreira
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Moro Cariste
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Dos Santos Virgílio
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Ferri Moraschi
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Tostes Gazzinelli
- René Rachou Research Center, Fiocruz, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Oscar Bruna-Romero
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joseli Lannes-Vieira
- Biology Interactions Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcela de Freitas Lopes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Martins Rodrigues
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Ronnie Carvalho de Vasconcelos
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Center of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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Chen Y, Ju L, Rushdi M, Ge C, Zhu C. Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3134-3155. [PMID: 28954860 PMCID: PMC5687017 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-04-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensing depicts the ability of a cell to sense mechanical cues, which under some circumstances is mediated by the surface receptors. In this review, a four-step model is described for receptor-mediated mechanosensing. Platelet GPIb, T-cell receptor, and integrins are used as examples to illustrate the key concepts and players in this process. Mechanosensing describes the ability of a cell to sense mechanical cues of its microenvironment, including not only all components of force, stress, and strain but also substrate rigidity, topology, and adhesiveness. This ability is crucial for the cell to respond to the surrounding mechanical cues and adapt to the changing environment. Examples of responses and adaptation include (de)activation, proliferation/apoptosis, and (de)differentiation. Receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing is a multistep process that is initiated by binding of cell surface receptors to their ligands on the extracellular matrix or the surface of adjacent cells. Mechanical cues are presented by the ligand and received by the receptor at the binding interface; but their transmission over space and time and their conversion into biochemical signals may involve other domains and additional molecules. In this review, a four-step model is described for the receptor-mediated cell mechanosensing process. Platelet glycoprotein Ib, T-cell receptor, and integrins are used as examples to illustrate the key concepts and players in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Chen
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Lining Ju
- Charles Perkins Centre and Heart Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Muaz Rushdi
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Chenghao Ge
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 .,Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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32
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Sawicka A, Babataheri A, Dogniaux S, Barakat AI, Gonzalez-Rodriguez D, Hivroz C, Husson J. Micropipette force probe to quantify single-cell force generation: application to T-cell activation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3229-3239. [PMID: 28931600 PMCID: PMC5687025 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the micropipette force probe, a novel technique that uses a micropipette as a flexible cantilever that aspirates a coated microbead and brings it into contact with a cell. We apply the technique to quantify mechanical and morphological events occurring during T-cell activation. In response to engagement of surface molecules, cells generate active forces that regulate many cellular processes. Developing tools that permit gathering mechanical and morphological information on these forces is of the utmost importance. Here we describe a new technique, the micropipette force probe, that uses a micropipette as a flexible cantilever that can aspirate at its tip a bead that is coated with molecules of interest and is brought in contact with the cell. This technique simultaneously allows tracking the resulting changes in cell morphology and mechanics as well as measuring the forces generated by the cell. To illustrate the power of this technique, we applied it to the study of human primary T lymphocytes (T-cells). It allowed the fine monitoring of pushing and pulling forces generated by T-cells in response to various activating antibodies and bending stiffness of the micropipette. We further dissected the sequence of mechanical and morphological events occurring during T-cell activation to model force generation and to reveal heterogeneity in the cell population studied. We also report the first measurement of the changes in Young’s modulus of T-cells during their activation, showing that T-cells stiffen within the first minutes of the activation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sawicka
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France.,Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 and PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Avin Babataheri
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 and PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Abdul I Barakat
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 and PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Husson
- Laboratoire d'Hydrodynamique (LadHyX), Department of Mechanics, Ecole polytechnique-CNRS UMR7646, 91128 Palaiseau, France
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33
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Catch Bonds at T Cell Interfaces: Impact of Surface Reorganization and Membrane Fluctuations. Biophys J 2017; 113:120-131. [PMID: 28700910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Catch bonds are characterized by average lifetimes that initially increase with increasing tensile force. Recently, they have been implicated in T cell activation, where small numbers of antigenic receptor-ligand bonds at a cell-cell interface can stimulate a T cell. Here, we use computational methods to investigate small numbers of bonds at the interface between two membranes. We characterize the time-dependent forces on the bonds in response to changes in the membrane shape and the organization of other surface molecules. We then determine the distributions of bond lifetimes using recent force-dependent lifetime data for T cell receptors bound to various ligands. Strong agonists, which exhibit catch bond behavior, are markedly more likely to remain intact than an antagonist whose average lifetime decreases with increasing force. Thermal fluctuations of the membrane shape enhance the decay of the average force on a bond, but also lead to fluctuations of the force. These fluctuations promote bond rupture, but the effect is buffered by catch bonds. When more than one bond is present, the bonds experience reduced average forces that depend on their relative positions, leading to changes in bond lifetimes. Our results highlight the importance of force-dependent binding kinetics when bonds experience time-dependent and fluctuating forces, as well as potential consequences of collective bond behavior relevant to T cell activation.
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34
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Contractile actomyosin arcs promote the activation of primary mouse T cells in a ligand-dependent manner. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183174. [PMID: 28817635 PMCID: PMC5560663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechano-transduction is an emerging but still poorly understood component of T cell activation. Here we investigated the ligand-dependent contribution made by contractile actomyosin arcs populating the peripheral supramolecular activation cluster (pSMAC) region of the immunological synapse (IS) to T cell receptor (TCR) microcluster transport and proximal signaling in primary mouse T cells. Using super resolution microscopy, OT1-CD8+ mouse T cells, and two ovalbumin (OVA) peptides with different affinities for the TCR, we show that the generation of organized actomyosin arcs depends on ligand potency and the ability of myosin 2 to contract actin filaments. While weak ligands induce disorganized actomyosin arcs, strong ligands result in organized actomyosin arcs that correlate well with tension-sensitive CasL phosphorylation and the accumulation of ligands at the IS center. Blocking myosin 2 contractility greatly reduces the difference in the extent of Src and LAT phosphorylation observed between the strong and the weak ligand, arguing that myosin 2-dependent force generation within actin arcs contributes to ligand discrimination. Together, our data are consistent with the idea that actomyosin arcs in the pSMAC region of the IS promote a mechano-chemical feedback mechanism that amplifies the accumulation of critical signaling molecules at the IS.
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35
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Chen BM, Al-Aghbar MA, Lee CH, Chang TC, Su YC, Li YC, Chang SE, Chen CC, Chung TH, Liao YC, Lee CH, Roffler SR. The Affinity of Elongated Membrane-Tethered Ligands Determines Potency of T Cell Receptor Triggering. Front Immunol 2017; 8:793. [PMID: 28740495 PMCID: PMC5502409 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes are important mediators of adoptive immunity but the mechanism of T cell receptor (TCR) triggering remains uncertain. The interspatial distance between engaged T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) is believed to be important for topological rearrangement of membrane tyrosine phosphatases and initiation of TCR signaling. We investigated the relationship between ligand topology and affinity by generating a series of artificial APCs that express membrane-tethered anti-CD3 scFv with different affinities (OKT3, BC3, and 2C11) in addition to recombinant class I and II pMHC molecules. The dimensions of membrane-tethered anti-CD3 and pMHC molecules were progressively increased by insertion of different extracellular domains. In agreement with previous studies, elongation of pMHC molecules or low-affinity anti-CD3 scFv caused progressive loss of T cell activation. However, elongation of high-affinity ligands (BC3 and OKT3 scFv) did not abolish TCR phosphorylation and T cell activation. Mutation of key amino acids in OKT3 to reduce binding affinity to CD3 resulted in restoration of topological dependence on T cell activation. Our results show that high-affinity TCR ligands can effectively induce TCR triggering even at large interspatial distances between T cells and APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mohammad Ameen Al-Aghbar
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsin Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Su
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-En Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Hua Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chun Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Hwang Lee
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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36
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Saitakis M, Dogniaux S, Goudot C, Bufi N, Asnacios S, Maurin M, Randriamampita C, Asnacios A, Hivroz C. Different TCR-induced T lymphocyte responses are potentiated by stiffness with variable sensitivity. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28594327 PMCID: PMC5464771 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are mechanosensitive but the effect of stiffness on their functions is still debated. We characterize herein how human primary CD4+ T cell functions are affected by stiffness within the physiological Young’s modulus range of 0.5 kPa to 100 kPa. Stiffness modulates T lymphocyte migration and morphological changes induced by TCR/CD3 triggering. Stiffness also increases TCR-induced immune system, metabolism and cell-cycle-related genes. Yet, upon TCR/CD3 stimulation, while cytokine production increases within a wide range of stiffness, from hundreds of Pa to hundreds of kPa, T cell metabolic properties and cell cycle progression are only increased by the highest stiffness tested (100 kPa). Finally, mechanical properties of adherent antigen-presenting cells modulate cytokine production by T cells. Together, these results reveal that T cells discriminate between the wide range of stiffness values found in the body and adapt their responses accordingly. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23190.001 Our immune system contains many cells that play various roles in defending the body against infection, cancer and other threats. For example, T cells constantly patrol the body ready to detect and respond to dangers. They do so by gathering cues from their surroundings, which can be specific chemical signals or physical properties such as the stiffness of tissues. Once the T cells are active they respond in several different ways including releasing hormones and dividing to produce more T cells. Tissue stiffness varies considerably between different organs. Furthermore, disease can lead to changes in tissue stiffness. For example, tissues become more rigid when they are inflamed. The stiffness and other physical properties of the surfaces that T cells interact with affect how the cells respond when they detect a threat, but few details are known about exactly how these cues tune T cell responses. Saitakis et al. studied how human T cells respond to artificial surfaces of varying stiffness that mimic the range found in the body. The experiments show that T cells that interact with stiff surfaces become more active than T cells that interact with softer surfaces. However, some responses are more sensitive to the stiffness of the surface than others. For example, the ability of the T cells to release hormones was affected by the whole range of stiffnesses tested in the experiments, whereas only very stiff surfaces stimulated the T cells to divide. These findings show that T cells can detect the stiffness of surfaces in the body and use this to adapt how they respond to threats. Future challenges will be to find out how T cells sense the physical properties of their surroundings and investigate whether cell and tissue stiffness affects immune responses in the body. This will help us to understand how T cells fight infections and other threats, and could be used to develop new ways of boosting these cells to fight cancer and other diseases. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23190.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Saitakis
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Dogniaux
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Christel Goudot
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Bufi
- Laboratoire Matières et systèmes complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matières et systèmes complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Physics, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Maurin
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Clotilde Randriamampita
- INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin & UMR8104, CNRS & Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Atef Asnacios
- Laboratoire Matières et systèmes complexes, Université Paris-Diderot and CNRS, UMR 7057, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Claire Hivroz
- Institut Curie Section Recherche, INSERM U932 & PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Tostanoski LH, Jewell CM. Engineering self-assembled materials to study and direct immune function. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:60-78. [PMID: 28392305 PMCID: PMC6262758 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is an awe-inspiring control structure that maintains a delicate and constantly changing balance between pro-immune functions that fight infection and cancer, regulatory or suppressive functions involved in immune tolerance, and homeostatic resting states. These activities are determined by integrating signals in space and time; thus, improving control over the densities, combinations, and durations with which immune signals are delivered is a central goal to better combat infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity. Self-assembly presents a unique opportunity to synthesize materials with well-defined compositions and controlled physical arrangement of molecular building blocks. This review highlights strategies exploiting these capabilities to improve the understanding of how precisely-displayed cues interact with immune cells and tissues. We present work centered on fundamental properties that regulate the nature and magnitude of immune response, highlight pre-clinical and clinical applications of self-assembled technologies in vaccines, cancer, and autoimmunity, and describe some of the key manufacturing and regulatory hurdles facing these areas.
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Key Words
- Autoimmunity and tolerance
- Biomaterial
- Cancer
- Immunomodulation
- Manufacturing, regulatory approval and FDA
- Nanoparticle, microparticle, micelle, liposome, polyplex, lipoplex, polyelectrolyte multilayer
- Nanotechnology
- Non-covalent, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interaction
- Self-assembly
- Sensor, diagnostic, and theranostic
- Vaccine and immunotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Tostanoski
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Christopher M Jewell
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 8228 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, 22 S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Bearoff F, Del Rio R, Case LK, Dragon JA, Nguyen-Vu T, Lin CY, Blankenhorn EP, Teuscher C, Krementsov DN. Natural genetic variation profoundly regulates gene expression in immune cells and dictates susceptibility to CNS autoimmunity. Genes Immun 2016; 17:386-395. [PMID: 27653816 PMCID: PMC5133152 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2016.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression in immune cells is known to be under genetic control, and likely contributes to susceptibility to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). How this occurs in concert across multiple immune cell types is poorly understood. Using a mouse model that harnesses the genetic diversity of wild-derived mice, more accurately reflecting genetically diverse human populations, we provide an extensive characterization of the genetic regulation of gene expression in five different naive immune cell types relevant to MS. The immune cell transcriptome is shown to be under profound genetic control, exhibiting diverse patterns: global, cell-specific and sex-specific. Bioinformatic analysis of the genetically controlled transcript networks reveals reduced cell type specificity and inflammatory activity in wild-derived PWD/PhJ mice, compared with the conventional laboratory strain C57BL/6J. Additionally, candidate MS-GWAS (genome-wide association study candidate genes for MS susceptibility) genes were significantly enriched among transcripts overrepresented in C57BL/6J cells compared with PWD. These expression level differences correlate with robust differences in susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the principal model of MS, and skewing of the encephalitogenic T-cell responses. Taken together, our results provide functional insights into the genetic regulation of the immune transcriptome, and shed light on how this in turn contributes to susceptibility to autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bearoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Del Rio
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - L K Case
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - J A Dragon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - T Nguyen-Vu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C-Y Lin
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - E P Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C Teuscher
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - D N Krementsov
- Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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Abstract
Stroke induces a local inflammatory reaction and a plethora of innate immune responses in the brain where antigen-presenting cells become prominent. However, to date, it is still unclear whether antigen presentation is relevant to the neuropathological and functional outcome of stroke. Stroke does not trigger overt autoimmune reactions, but neural antigens have been found in lymphoid tissues of patient with stroke and it is unknown whether they promote tolerance or immune reactions that under certain conditions might contribute to the functional worsening observed in some patients. Autoantibodies to neural molecules have also been reported in patients with stroke, but the subclass of antibodies is important for their function, and the contribution of such findings to stroke outcome is not yet clear. Notably, stroke induces immunodepression highlighted by a transient lymphopenia, lymphoid organ atrophy, and monocyte deactivation. While these effects might reduce the chances of autoreactivity, they increase the risk of infection in patients with stroke and most frequently in those with severe stroke. Therefore any potential brain protective effect of stroke-induced immunodepression by attenuating or preventing lymphocyte-mediated brain damage is confounded by stroke severity and an increased incidence of infections. Systemic inflammation due to a number of comorbidities that are frequent in patients with stroke is also associated to a poor outcome. Herein, we review some relevant findings regarding the identification of neural antigens in stroke and discuss their potential contribution to the functional outcome of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Miró-Mur
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xabier Urra
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mattia Gallizioli
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Chamorro
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna M Planas
- August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Brain Ischemia and Neurodegeneration, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
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