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Gao J, Gerstein M. Representing core gene expression activity relationships using the latent structure implicit in Bayesian networks. Bioinformatics 2024; 40:btae463. [PMID: 39051682 PMCID: PMC11316617 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btae463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Many types of networks, such as co-expression or ChIP-seq-based gene-regulatory networks, provide useful information for biomedical studies. However, they are often too full of connections and difficult to interpret, forming "indecipherable hairballs." RESULTS To address this issue, we propose that a Bayesian network can summarize the core relationships between gene expression activities. This network, which we call the LatentDAG, is substantially simpler than conventional co-expression network and ChIP-seq networks (by two orders of magnitude). It provides clearer clusters, without extraneous cross-cluster connections, and clear separators between modules. Moreover, one can find a number of clear examples showing how it bridges the connection between steps in the transcriptional regulatory network and other networks (e.g. RNA-binding protein). In conjunction with a graph neural network, the LatentDAG works better than other biological networks in a variety of tasks, including prediction of gene conservation and clustering genes. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Code is available at https://github.com/gersteinlab/LatentDAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Gao
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Mark Gerstein
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
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Akhavanrezayat A, Khatri A, Onghanseng NGL, Halim MS, Or C, Sredar N, Razeen M, Hasanreisoglu M, Regenold J, Thng ZX, Mohammadi SS, Jain T, Yavari N, Bazojoo V, Gupta AS, Mobasserian A, Yasar C, Than NTT, Uludag Kirimli G, Karaca I, Shin YU, Yoo WS, Ghoraba H, Do DV, Dubra A, Nguyen QD. Structural and Functional Changes in Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3376. [PMID: 37958272 PMCID: PMC10649684 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe longitudinal changes in patients with non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (npAIR) by utilizing different diagnostic modalities/tests. METHODS The index study is a retrospective longitudinal review of sixteen eyes of eight patients from a tertiary care eye hospital diagnosed with npAIR. Multiple diagnostic modalities such as wide-angle fundus photography (WAFP), WA fundus autofluorescence (WAFAF), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), Goldmann visual field (GVF) perimetry, microperimetry (MP), electrophysiologic testing, and adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS At the baseline visits, anomalies were detected by multimodal diagnostic tests on all patients. Subjects were followed up for a median duration of 11.5 [3.0-18.7] months. Structural changes at the baseline were detected in 14 of 16 (87.5%) eyes on WAFP and WAFAF and 13 of 16 (81.2%) eyes on SD-OCT. Eight of the ten (80%) eyes that underwent AOSLO imaging depicted structural changes. Functional changes were detected in 14 of 16 (87.5%) eyes on GVF, 15 of 16 (93.7%) eyes on MP, and 11 of 16 (68.7%) eyes on full-field electroretinogram (ff-ERG). Multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) tests were performed in 14 eyes, of which 12 (85.7%) and 14 (100%) of the eyes demonstrated functional abnormalities, respectively, at baseline. Compared to all the other structural diagnostic tools, AOSLO had a better ability to demonstrate deterioration in retinal microstructures occurring at follow-ups. Functional deterioration at follow-up was detected on GVF in 8 of 10 (80%) eyes, mf-ERG in 4 of 8 (50%) eyes, and MP in 7 of 16 (43.7%) eyes. The ff-ERG and VEP were stable in the majority of cases at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The utilization of multimodal imaging/tests in the diagnosing and monitoring of npAIR patients can aid in identifying anomalous changes over time. Analysis of both the anatomical and functional aspects by these devices can be supportive of detecting the changes early in such patients. AOSLO shows promise as it enables the capture of high-resolution images demonstrating quantifiable changes to retinal microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Akhavanrezayat
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Anadi Khatri
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Birat Aankha Aspatal, Biratnagar 56613, Nepal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu University, Biratnagar 45200, Nepal
| | - Neil Gregory L. Onghanseng
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Makati Medical Center, Manila 1229, Philippines
| | - Muhammad Sohail Halim
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Christopher Or
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Nripun Sredar
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Moataz Razeen
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Murat Hasanreisoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jonathan Regenold
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Zheng Xian Thng
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - S. Saeed Mohammadi
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Tanya Jain
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Dr. Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Negin Yavari
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Vahid Bazojoo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Ankur Sudhir Gupta
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Azadeh Mobasserian
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Cigdem Yasar
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Ngoc Trong Tuong Than
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Gunay Uludag Kirimli
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Irmak Karaca
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Yong-Un Shin
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Sun Yoo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hashem Ghoraba
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Diana V. Do
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
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Zhang J, Tang Z, Liu Z, Wang G, Yang X, Hou X. Metabolomic and proteomic analyses of primary Sjogren's syndrome. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152722. [PMID: 37567091 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS) has not been fully elucidated. We explored differentially expressed proteins and metabolic pathways in pSS using proteomics and metabolomics. 456 named proteins in total were identified, among which 50 were significantly changed in the pSS. Altered proteins were significantly associated with signaling pathways such as antigen processing and presentation, human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection, and FC gamma R-mediated phagocytosis. Meanwhile, 12 proteins, such as SH3BGRL3, TPM4, and CA1, can be used as potential clinical molecular markers. Moreover, 128 metabolites were significantly expressed in the pSS group. A total of 96 pathways were significantly enriched including central carbon metabolism in cancer, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, and ABC transporters. Notably, both proteomics and metabolomics enriched glycolysis/gluconeogenesis metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, and glutathione metabolism pathways. In this study, the progression mechanism of pSS was analyzed and novel biomarkers were identified by proteomics and metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Zixing Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Guangyu Wang
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xueli Yang
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xianliang Hou
- Central Laboratory, Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism Disorders, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China.
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Künzel SE, Flesch LTM, Frentzel DP, Knecht VA, Rübsam A, Dreher F, Schütte M, Dubrac A, Lange B, Yaspo ML, Lehrach H, Joussen AM, Zeitz O. Systemic Blood Proteome Patterns Reflect Disease Phenotypes in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10327. [PMID: 37373474 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is early evidence of extraocular systemic signals effecting function and morphology in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). The prospective, cross-sectional BIOMAC study is an explorative investigation of peripheral blood proteome profiles and matched clinical features to uncover systemic determinacy in nAMD under anti-vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal therapy (anti-VEGF IVT). It includes 46 nAMD patients stratified by the level of disease control under ongoing anti-VEGF treatment. Proteomic profiles in peripheral blood samples of every patient were detected with LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. The patients underwent extensive clinical examination with a focus on macular function and morphology. In silico analysis includes unbiased dimensionality reduction and clustering, a subsequent annotation of clinical features, and non-linear models for recognition of underlying patterns. The model assessment was performed using leave-one-out cross validation. The findings provide an exploratory demonstration of the link between systemic proteomic signals and macular disease pattern using and validating non-linear classification models. Three main results were obtained: (1) Proteome-based clustering identifies two distinct patient subclusters with the smaller one (n = 10) exhibiting a strong signature for oxidative stress response. Matching the relevant meta-features on the individual patient's level identifies pulmonary dysfunction as an underlying health condition in these patients. (2) We identify biomarkers for nAMD disease features with Aldolase C as a putative factor associated with superior disease control under ongoing anti-VEGF treatment. (3) Apart from this, isolated protein markers are only weakly correlated with nAMD disease expression. In contrast, applying a non-linear classification model identifies complex molecular patterns hidden in a high number of proteomic dimensions determining macular disease expression. In conclusion, so far unconsidered systemic signals in the peripheral blood proteome contribute to the clinically observed phenotype of nAMD, which should be examined in future translational research on AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E Künzel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie T M Flesch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik P Frentzel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vitus A Knecht
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Rübsam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Dreher
- Alacris Theranostics, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Schütte
- Alacris Theranostics, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Dubrac
- Département de Pathologie et Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Bodo Lange
- Alacris Theranostics, Max-Planck-Straße 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Laure Yaspo
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans Lehrach
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia M Joussen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Zeitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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[Relationship between anti-ENO1 antibody and systemic lupus erythematosus patients with retinopathy]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54. [PMID: 36533339 PMCID: PMC9761819 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To build bridges between anti-α enolase antibody (anti-enolase 1 antibody, anti-ENO1 antibody) and common clinical and laboratory characteristics of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to analyze the role of anti-ENO1 antibody in the evaluation of SLE disease activity. METHODS The SLE patients with retinopathy and without retinopathy were enrolled in the study, as well as healthy individuals whose gender and age matched with those of the SLE patients. Serum anti-ENO1 antibodies were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), presenting as intra-group positive rate and arbitrary units (AU) value. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained from medical records. RESULTS The SLE retinopathy patients represented various fundus abnormalities. Ranked by percentage, the top three retinopathies were retinal hemorrhage (14/32, 43.75%), cotton-wool spots (8/32, 25.00%) and retinal vein occlusion (3/32, 9.38%). Among the 32 SLE retinopathy patients, 13 (40.63%) suffered from two or more fundus abnormalities. The positive rate and AU value of the SLE patients were higher than of the SLE patients without retinopathy (68.75% vs. 46.00%, P=0.043; 16.11%±10.35% vs. 12.06%±6.47%, P=0.045). Besides, the positive rate and AU value of the two SLE groups were both significantly higher than those of the healthy control group (P < 0.001). Compared with the SLE-without-retinopathy group, the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI)-2000 of the SLE retinopathy patients were significantly higher than those of the SLE patients without retinopathy (17.41±4.25 vs. 9.48±5.35, P < 0.001). Dividing all the SLE patients into an anti-ENO1-positive group and an anti-ENO1-negative group, we found that anti-ENO1-positive was more likely to be correlated to developing fever and positive result of urine occult blood (P=0.011, P=0.042). Comparing with the patients with negative anti-ENO1 antibodies, the patients with positive anti-ENO1 antibodies had significantly higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) [the median (range) was 29.50 (1.52-110.00) mg/L vs. 12.00 (4.00-101.00) mg/L, P=0.001], higher immunoglobulin G (IgG) [the median (range) was 14.30 (4.02-37.80) g/L vs. 10.46 (2.50-25.73) g/L, P=0.000 3], and higher blood platelet count (PLT) [(205.87×109±67.98×109) /L vs. (164.57×109±69.57×109) /L, P=0.008], as well as higher immunoglobulin A (IgA) [the median (range) was 2.85 (0.07-27.00) g/L vs. 2.05 (0.42-4.36) g/L, P=0.014]. CONCLUSION The positive rate and AU value of anti-ENO1 antibody suggested higher SLE disease activity and they were elevated in SLE and SLE retinopathy.
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Han X, Zhang L, Tang J, Wang Z, Li S, Yuan L, Qu J. Correlation of photoreceptor damage with anti-retina antibodies level in aqueous humor in macular edema patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21212. [PMID: 36481862 PMCID: PMC9732343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the severity of photoreceptor damage and the level of anti-retina antibodies (ARAs) in aqueous humor, including recoverin, CA II and enolase-α IgG antibody of macular edema patients. Aqueous humor samples were collected from macular edema patients and from cataract patients. Patients were divided into three groups according to the severity of discontinuity of ellipsoid zone (EZ) shown on optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging: cataract patients with intact EZ, macular edema patients with mild EZ damage, and macular edema patients with severe EZ damage. The level of ARAs was determined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The correlation between the level of ARAs and the degree of photoreceptor damage was analyzed. The level of ARAs of the intact EZ group was significantly lower than that in the severely damaged group (P < 0.05). The level of recoverin IgG of the intact EZ group was significantly lower than mildly damaged group (P = 0.030). In a subgroup analysis, the level of recoverin IgG of DME patients was correlated with their central retinal thickness (CRT) (r = 0.462, P = 0.035). The level of ARAs in aqueous humor of patients with DME and RVO-ME was correlated with the degree of photoreceptor damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Han
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyang Tang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zongyi Wang
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Siying Li
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li Yuan
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jinfeng Qu
- grid.411634.50000 0004 0632 4559Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases and Optometry Institute, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China ,grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, College of Optometry, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Yang ML, Kibbey RG, Mamula MJ. Biomarkers of autoimmunity and beta cell metabolism in type 1 diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028130. [PMID: 36389721 PMCID: PMC9647083 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational protein modifications (PTMs) are an inherent response to physiological changes causing altered protein structure and potentially modulating important biological functions of the modified protein. Besides cellular metabolic pathways that may be dictated by PTMs, the subtle change of proteins also may provoke immune attack in numerous autoimmune diseases. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing beta cells within the pancreatic islets, a result of tissue inflammation to specific autoantigens. This review summarizes how PTMs arise and the potential pathological consequence of PTMs, with particular focus on specific autoimmunity to pancreatic beta cells and cellular metabolic dysfunction in T1D. Moreover, we review PTM-associated biomarkers in the prediction, diagnosis and in monitoring disease activity in T1D. Finally, we will discuss potential preventive and therapeutic approaches of targeting PTMs in repairing or restoring normal metabolic pathways in pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Yang
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Richard G. Kibbey
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mark J. Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Chen R, Zhao L, Gan R, Feng Z, Cui C, Xie X, Hao F, Zhang Z, Wang L, Ran T, Wang W, Zhang S, Li Y, Zhang W, Pang M, Xiong Q, Shao G. Evidence for the Rapid and Divergent Evolution of Mycoplasmas: Structural and Phylogenetic Analysis of Enolases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:811106. [PMID: 35145997 PMCID: PMC8822174 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.811106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas are a group of prokaryotes without cell walls that have evolved through several rounds of degenerative evolution. With a low cell DNA G + C content and definitively long genetic lineages, mycoplasmas are thought to be in a state of rapid evolution. However, little associated evidence has been provided. Enolase is a key enzyme in glycolysis that is widely found in all species from the three domains, and it is evolutionarily conserved. In our previous studies, enolase acted as a virulence factor and participated in cell-surface adhesion in Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Furthermore, unique loop regions were first found in the crystal structure of Mhp Eno. Here, enolase structures from Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma bovis were determined. An extra helix 7 is specific and conservatively found in almost all mycoplasma enolases, as confirmed by crystal structures and sequence alignment. Particular motifs for helix 7, which is composed of F-K/G-K-L/F-K-X-A-I, have been proposed and could be regarded as molecular markers. To our surprise, the genetic distances between any two mycoplasma enolases were obviously longer than those between the two corresponding species themselves, indicating divergent evolution of mycoplasma enolases, whereas no horizontal gene transfer was detected in mycoplasma enolase genens. Furthermore, different evolutionary patterns were adopted by different loop regions of mycoplasma enolase. Enolases from different Mycoplasma species also showed different affinities for PLG and fibronectin. Our results indicate the rapid and divergent evolution of mycoplasma enolase and mycoplasmas. This study will also aid understanding the independent evolution of Mycoplasma species after separation from their common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rong Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxi Cui
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tingting Ran
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yufeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Lab of Animal Bacteriology of Ministry of Agriculture, OIE Reference Lab for Swine Streptococcosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhang, ; Maoda Pang, ; Qiyan Xiong,
| | - Maoda Pang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of MOST, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhang, ; Maoda Pang, ; Qiyan Xiong,
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Zhang, ; Maoda Pang, ; Qiyan Xiong,
| | - Guoqing Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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9
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Arve-Butler S, Mossberg A, Kahn F, Najibi SM, Berthold E, Król P, Månsson B, Kahn R. Identification of novel autoantigens as potential biomarkers in juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1091308. [PMID: 36699287 PMCID: PMC9869058 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have autoantibodies, targeting nuclear components (anti-nuclear antibodies, ANA). ANA in JIA is associated with uveitis, an eye inflammation which may cause permanent vision impairment if not detected and treated. However, ANA-testing is neither specific nor sensitive enough to be a clinically reliable predictor of uveitis risk, and the precise autoantigens targeted by ANA in JIA are largely unknown. If identified, specific autoantibodies highly associated with uveitis could be used as biomarkers to facilitate identification of JIA patients at risk. METHODS Antibodies from six ANA-positive, oligoarticular JIA patients, with and without uveitis, were explored by two large-scale methods: (1) screening against 42,100 peptides on an autoimmunity profiling planar array, and (2) immunoprecipitations from cell lysates with antigen identification by mass spectrometry. Three hundred thirty-five peptide antigens, selected from proteins identified in the large-scale methods and the scientific literature were investigated using a bead-based array in a cohort of 56 patients with oligoarticular- or RF-negative polyarticular JIA, eight of which were having current or previous uveitis. RESULTS In the planar array, reactivity was detected against 332 peptide antigens. The immunoprecipitations identified reactivity towards 131 proteins. Only two proteins were identified by both methods. In the bead-based array of selected peptide antigens, patients with uveitis had a generally higher autoreactivity, seen as higher median fluorescence intensity (MFI) across all antigens, compared to patients without uveitis. Reactivity towards 17 specific antigens was significantly higher in patients with uveitis compared to patients without uveitis. Hierarchical clustering revealed that patients with uveitis clustered together. CONCLUSION This study investigated autoantigens in JIA and uveitis, by combining two exploratory methods and confirmation in a targeted array. JIA patients with current or a history of uveitis had significantly higher reactivity towards 17 autoantigens and a generally higher autoreactivity compared to JIA patients without uveitis. Hierarchical clustering suggests that a combination of certain autoantibodies, rather than reactivity towards one specific antigen, is associated with uveitis. Our analysis of autoantibodies associated with uveitis in JIA could be a starting point for identification of prognostic biomarkers useful in JIA clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Arve-Butler
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anki Mossberg
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Kahn
- Department of Infection Medicine, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Seyed Morteza Najibi
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Berthold
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petra Król
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bengt Månsson
- Department of Rheumatology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robin Kahn
- Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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10
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Angeletti A, Migliorini P, Bruschi M, Pratesi F, Candiano G, Prunotto M, Verrina E, Ghiggeri GM. Anti-alpha enolase multi-antibody specificity in human diseases. Clinical significance and molecular mechanisms. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102977. [PMID: 34718161 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-enolase (Eno) is an ubiquitary glycolytic enzyme playing multiple functions that go well beyond its principal metabolic role of energy supplier during glycolysis. Eno is localized in the cytoplasm, but also expressed on the cell membrane, where it binds plasminogen allowing its activation. Its shorter form, in the nucleus, acts as transcription factor. In inflammatory conditions, Eno undergoes post-translational modifications, such as citrullination, oxidation and phosphorylation. Eno is also an autoantigen in different disorders. In fact, autoantibodies to Eno have been detected in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus nephritis, primary glomerulonephritis, cancer, infections and other disorders, and in many cases they represent specific markers to be utilized in clinical practice. Anti-Eno antibodies in the different clinical conditions are not equal: they differ in isotype and often recognize different epitopes on the enzyme. IgG1 and IgG3 are prevalent in Rheumatoid Arthritis, IgG2 in Lupus nephritis and IgG4 in primary autoimmune glomerulopathy. This review analyzes the characteristics of anti-Eno autoantibodies in autoimmune disorders and cancer, describing their fine specificity and isotype restriction. The post-translational modifications that are target of autoantibodies are also discussed, as they represent the basis for elucidating the molecular mechanisms responsible for epitope generation. Despite an impressive amount of experimental work on anti-Eno antibodies, it is still necessary to validate the use of anti-Eno antibodies as biomarkers of selected diseases and extend the knowledge on the mechanisms of anti-Eno autoantibody production. Strategies that downmodulate the immune response to Eno may represent in the future novel approaches in the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Angeletti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Italy
| | - Paola Migliorini
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Bruschi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Italy
| | - Federico Pratesi
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Candiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Italy
| | - Marco Prunotto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Verrina
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Italy.
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11
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Pirovich DB, Da’dara AA, Skelly PJ. Multifunctional Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Aldolase as a Therapeutic Target. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:719678. [PMID: 34458323 PMCID: PMC8385298 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.719678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase is a ubiquitous cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the fourth step of glycolysis. Aldolases are classified into three groups: Class-I, Class-IA, and Class-II; all classes share similar structural features but low amino acid identity. Apart from their conserved role in carbohydrate metabolism, aldolases have been reported to perform numerous non-enzymatic functions. Here we review the myriad "moonlighting" functions of this classical enzyme, many of which are centered on its ability to bind to an array of partner proteins that impact cellular scaffolding, signaling, transcription, and motility. In addition to the cytosolic location, aldolase has been found the extracellular surface of several pathogenic bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and metazoans. In the extracellular space, the enzyme has been reported to perform virulence-enhancing moonlighting functions e.g., plasminogen binding, host cell adhesion, and immunomodulation. Aldolase's importance has made it both a drug target and vaccine candidate. In this review, we note the several inhibitors that have been synthesized with high specificity for the aldolases of pathogens and cancer cells and have been shown to inhibit classical enzyme activity and moonlighting functions. We also review the many trials in which recombinant aldolases have been used as vaccine targets against a wide variety of pathogenic organisms including bacteria, fungi, and metazoan parasites. Most of such trials generated significant protection from challenge infection, correlated with antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. We argue that refinement of aldolase antigen preparations and expansion of immunization trials should be encouraged to promote the advancement of promising, protective aldolase vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Pirovich
- Molecular Helminthology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, United States
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12
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Pawestri AR, Arjkongharn N, Suvannaboon R, Tuekprakhon A, Srimuninnimit V, Udompunthurak S, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Koolvisoot A, Trinavarat A. Autoantibody profiles and clinical association in Thai patients with autoimmune retinopathy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15047. [PMID: 34294798 PMCID: PMC8298708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare immune-mediated inflammation of the retina. The autoantibodies against retinal proteins and glycolytic enzymes were reported to be involved in the pathogenesis. This retrospective cohort study assessed the antiretinal autoantibody profiles and their association with clinical outcomes of AIR patients in Thailand. We included 44 patients, 75% were females, with the overall median age of onset of 48 (17-74, IQR 40-55.5) years. Common clinical presentations were nyctalopia (65.9%), blurred vision (52.3%), constricted visual field (43.2%), and nonrecordable electroretinography (65.9%). Underlying malignancy and autoimmune diseases were found in 2 and 12 female patients, respectively. We found 41 autoantibodies, with anti-α-enolase (65.9%) showing the highest prevalence, followed by anti-CAII (43.2%), anti-aldolase (40.9%), and anti-GAPDH (36.4%). Anti-aldolase was associated with male gender (P = 0.012, OR 7.11, 95% CI 1.54-32.91). Anti-CAII showed significant association with age of onset (P = 0.025, 95% CI - 17.28 to - 1.24), while anti-α-enolase (P = 0.002, OR 4.37, 95% CI 1.83-10.37) and anti-GAPDH (P = 0.001, OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.32-2.64) were significantly associated with nonrecordable electroretinography. Association between the antibody profiles and clinical outcomes may be used to direct and adjust the treatment plans and provide insights in the pathogenesis of AIR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niracha Arjkongharn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Ragkit Suvannaboon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Welcome Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vichien Srimuninnimit
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthipol Udompunthurak
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Siriraj Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - La-Ongsri Atchaneeyasakul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Ajchara Koolvisoot
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Adisak Trinavarat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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13
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Lerner A, Sobolevskaia P, Churilov L, Shoenfeld Y. Alpha-enolase involvement in intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100109. [PMID: 34189450 PMCID: PMC8219987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is a life-long intestinal autoimmune disease, characterized by the gluten intolerance and chronic enteric inflammation. Traditionally presented by intestinal manifestations, however, a shift toward extra intestinal presentation is taking place. One of the affected organs is the nervous systems presented by neuropsychiatric manifestations, hence the mechanism and pathways are not clear. The presence of neuronal and alpha-enolases and their corresponding antibodies were noticed in the mucosa and serum of celiac disease patients, as well as in other various autoimmune diseases with psycho-neurological manifestations. The aims of the present review are to screen the literature on different isoforms of enolase, mainly alpha enolase, and their specific antibodies and to suggest their potential pathophysiological mechanisms relaying the enolases to intestinal or extraintestinal celiac disease manifestations. The shared aspects between the enolases and celiac disease and the cross-talks between alpha-enolase and tissue transglutaminase suggest new potential pathophysiological mechanisms that might drive celiac disease evolvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Lerner
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, The Zabludowicz Research Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Visiting Professor), Moscow, Russia.,Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
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14
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Rodríguez-Saavedra C, Morgado-Martínez LE, Burgos-Palacios A, King-Díaz B, López-Coria M, Sánchez-Nieto S. Moonlighting Proteins: The Case of the Hexokinases. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:701975. [PMID: 34235183 PMCID: PMC8256278 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.701975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Moonlighting proteins are defined as proteins with two or more functions that are unrelated and independent to each other, so that inactivation of one of them should not affect the second one and vice versa. Intriguingly, all the glycolytic enzymes are described as moonlighting proteins in some organisms. Hexokinase (HXK) is a critical enzyme in the glycolytic pathway and displays a wide range of functions in different organisms such as fungi, parasites, mammals, and plants. This review discusses HXKs moonlighting functions in depth since they have a profound impact on the responses to nutritional, environmental, and disease challenges. HXKs’ activities can be as diverse as performing metabolic activities, as a gene repressor complexing with other proteins, as protein kinase, as immune receptor and regulating processes like autophagy, programmed cell death or immune system responses. However, most of those functions are particular for some organisms while the most common moonlighting HXK function in several kingdoms is being a glucose sensor. In this review, we also analyze how different regulation mechanisms cause HXK to change its subcellular localization, oligomeric or conformational state, the response to substrate and product concentration, and its interactions with membrane, proteins, or RNA, all of which might impact the HXK moonlighting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Rodríguez-Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Enrique Morgado-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrés Burgos-Palacios
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Beatriz King-Díaz
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Montserrat López-Coria
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Laboratorio de Transporte y Percepción de Azúcares en Plantas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Almaguel FA, Sanchez TW, Ortiz-Hernandez GL, Casiano CA. Alpha-Enolase: Emerging Tumor-Associated Antigen, Cancer Biomarker, and Oncotherapeutic Target. Front Genet 2021; 11:614726. [PMID: 33584813 PMCID: PMC7876367 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.614726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-enolase, also known as enolase-1 (ENO1), is a glycolytic enzyme that “moonlights” as a plasminogen receptor in the cell surface, particularly in tumors, contributing to cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. ENO1 also promotes other oncogenic events, including protein-protein interactions that regulate glycolysis, activation of signaling pathways, and resistance to chemotherapy. ENO1 overexpression has been established in a broad range of human cancers and is often associated with poor prognosis. This increased expression is usually accompanied by the generation of anti-ENO1 autoantibodies in some cancer patients, making this protein a tumor associated antigen. These autoantibodies are common in patients with cancer associated retinopathy, where they exert pathogenic effects, and may be triggered by immunodominant peptides within the ENO1 sequence or by posttranslational modifications. ENO1 overexpression in multiple cancer types, localization in the tumor cell surface, and demonstrated targetability make this protein a promising cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. This mini-review summarizes our current knowledge of ENO1 functions in cancer and its growing potential as a cancer biomarker and guide for the development of novel anti-tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frankis A Almaguel
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Loma Linda University Cancer Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Tino W Sanchez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Greisha L Ortiz-Hernandez
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Carlos A Casiano
- Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
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16
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Uslubas I, Kanli A, Kasap M, Akpinar G, Karabas L. Effect of aflibercept on proliferative vitreoretinopathy: Proteomic analysis in an experimental animal model. Exp Eye Res 2021; 203:108425. [PMID: 33417914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to monitor inflammatory, proliferative and progressive effects of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and aflibercept treatment in dispase induced PVR rat model by proteomic analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 35 male Long Evans pigmented rats were divided into three groups, namely, PVR (dispase+saline), PVR+aflibercept (dispase+aflibercept) and control. The PVR group received 2 μl of 0.03 IU/μl dispase and 2 μl saline, the PVR+aflibercept group received 2 μl of 0.03 IU/μl and 2 μl of 40 mg/ml aflibercept at the first day of the experiment. At the end of the 6th week all retina and vitreous specimens were collected by evisceration and transferred to the proteomics laboratory for analysis. Proteomic analysis by 2D gel electrophoresis coupled with MALDI-TOF/TOF was performed. RESULTS In the PVR and PVR+aflibercept group 16 different proteins that were identified to be differentially regulated in comparison to the control group. In the PVR+aflibercept group, ENO1, ENO2, LDH-B, PEBP-1 and GS levels were higher than the PVR group. In addition, the association of proteins such as UCHL, PEBP1, PDHB and ENO1 with PVR has been demonstrated for the first time. CONCLUSION STRING analysis elucidated the functional protein-protein interaction among the differentially regulated proteins and highlighted that those proteins mainly played roles in carbon and nucleotide metabolisms. Functional analysis of the differentially regulated proteins indicated the presence of inflammation, gliosis and retinal damage in the PVR group. Aflibercept treatment had pronounced effect on prevention of inflammation and retinal damage while causing a slight increase in gliosis. However, aflibercept treatment was not effective enough to normalize the levels of differentially regulated proteins of the PVR group. Therefore, we predict that the treatment dose of aflibercept used in this study was below of its ideal concentration and should be increased in the future studies. The differential regulation of these structural proteins in this study should shed some light to the mechanism of glial wound formation in the retina and guide future treatment modalities.
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MESH Headings
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Endopeptidases/toxicity
- Eye Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Proteome/metabolism
- Proteomics
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/chemically induced
- Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/drug therapy
- Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Uslubas
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Turkey.
| | - Aylin Kanli
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Turkey
| | - Gurler Akpinar
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Turkey
| | - Levent Karabas
- Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Turkey
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17
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Using bioinformatic protein sequence similarity to investigate if SARS CoV-2 infection could cause an ocular autoimmune inflammatory reactions? Exp Eye Res 2021; 203:108433. [PMID: 33400927 PMCID: PMC7831665 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) infection have emerged globally, findings related to ocular involvement and reported cases are quite limited. Immune reactions against viral infections are closely related to viral and host proteins sequence similarity. Molecular Mimicry has been described for many different viruses; sequence similarities of viral and human tissue proteins may trigger autoimmune reactions after viral infections due to similarities between viral and human structures. With this study, we aimed to investigate the protein sequence similarity of SARS CoV-2 with retinal proteins and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) surface proteins. Retinal proteins involved in autoimmune retinopathy and retinal pigment epithelium surface transport proteins were analyzed in order to infer their structural similarity to surface glycoprotein (S), nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N), membrane glycoprotein (M), envelope protein (E), ORF1ab polyprotein (orf1ab) proteins of SARS CoV-2. Protein similarity comparisons, 3D protein structure prediction, T cell epitopes-MHC binding prediction, B cell epitopes-MHC binding prediction and the evaluation of the antigenicity of peptides assessments were performed. The protein sequence analysis was made using the Pairwise Sequence Alignment and the LALIGN program. 3D protein structure estimates were made using Swiss Model with default settings and analyzed with TM-align web server. T-cell epitope identification was performed using the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis (IEDB) resource Tepitool. B cell epitopes based on sequence characteristics of the antigen was performed using amino acid scales and HMMs with the BepiPred 2.0 web server. The predicted peptides/epitopes in terms of antigenicity were examined using the default settings with the VaxiJen v2.0 server. Analyses showed that, there is a meaningful similarities between 6 retinal pigment epithelium surface transport proteins (MRP-4, MRP-5, RFC1, SNAT7, TAUT and MATE) and the SARS CoV-2 E protein. Immunoreactive epitopic sites of these proteins which are similar to protein E epitope can create an immune stimulation on T cytotoxic and T helper cells and 6 of these 9 epitopic sites are also vaxiJen. These result imply that autoimmune cross-reaction is likely between the studied RPE proteins and SARS CoV-2 E protein. The structure of SARS CoV-2, its proteins and immunologic reactions against these proteins remain largely unknown. Understanding the structure of SARS CoV-2 proteins and demonstration of similarity with human proteins are crucial to predict an autoimmune response associated with immunity against host proteins and its clinical manifestations as well as possible adverse effects of vaccination.
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18
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Faustman DL. Benefits of BCG-induced metabolic switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis in autoimmune and nervous system diseases. J Intern Med 2020; 288:641-650. [PMID: 32107806 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly used vaccine worldwide, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), appears to have the ability to restore blood sugar control in humans with early-onset but long-duration type 1 diabetes when a repeat vaccination strategy is used. This is a process that may be driven by a metabolic switch from overactive oxidative phosphorylation to accelerated aerobic glycolysis and a reset of the immune system. BCG is a live, attenuated strain of Mycobacteria bovis, a cousin of M. tuberculosis. Humans and Mycobacteria, which are found in the environment and in warm-blooded hosts, share a long coevolutionary history. In recent times, humans have had fewer exposures to these and other microorganisms that historically helped shape the immune response. By 're-introducing' an attenuated form of Mycobacteria via BCG vaccination, humans might benefit from an immunological perspective, a concept supported by a growing body of data in autoimmunity and robust data on the nonspecific immune effects of BCG related to protection from diverse infections and early mortality. New findings of immune and metabolic defects in type 1 diabetes that can be corrected with repeat BCG vaccination suggest that this therapeutic strategy may be applicable in other diseases with inadequate aerobic glycolysis, including Parkinson's disease, dementia, depression and other disorders affecting the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Faustman
- From the, Department of Medicine, Immunobiology Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Ocular Paraneoplastic Syndromes. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110490. [PMID: 33182708 PMCID: PMC7698240 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular-involving paraneoplastic syndromes present a wide variety of clinical symptoms. Understanding the background pathophysiological and immunopathological factors can help make a more refined differential diagnosis consistent with the signs and symptoms presented by patients. There are two main pathophysiology arms: (1) autoimmune pathomechanism, which is presented with cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR), cancer-associated cone dysfunction (CACD), paraneoplastic vitelliform maculopathy (PVM), and paraneoplastic optic neuritis (PON), and (2) ectopic peptides, which is often caused by tumor-expressed growth factors (T-exGF) and presented with bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP). Meticulous systematic analysis of patient symptoms is a critical diagnostic step, complemented by multimodal imaging, which includes fundus photography, optical coherent tomography, fundus autofluorescence, fundus fluorescein angiography, electrophysiological examination, and sometimes fundus indocyjanin green angiography if prescribed by the clinician. Assessment of the presence of circulating antibodies is required for diagnosis. Antiretinal autoantibodies are highly associated with visual paraneoplastic syndromes and may guide diagnosis by classifying clinical manifestations in addition to monitoring treatment.
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20
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Adamus G, Champaigne R, Yang S. Occurrence of major anti-retinal autoantibodies associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (ORLANDO, FLA.) 2020. [PMID: 31770612 DOI: 10.1016/j.clin2019.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AAbs) against retinal antigens can be found in patients with cancer and unexplained vision loss unrelated to the cancer metastasis. Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) is a rare paraneoplastic visual syndrome mediated by AAbs. Our goal was to determine whether CAR patients with different malignancies have a specific AAb or repertoire of AAbs that could serve as biomarkers for retinal disease. We found AAbs against 12 confirmed retinal antigens, with α-enolase being the most frequently recognized. The significant finding of the study was a high incidence of anti-aldolase AAbs in colon-CAR, anti-CAII in prostate-CAR, and anti-arrestin in skin melanoma patients thus these AAbs could serve as biomarkers in the context of clinical presentation and could support the diagnosis of CAR. However, a lack of AAb restriction to any one antigenic protein or to one retinal cellular location makes screening for a CAR biomarker challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Rachel Champaigne
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sufang Yang
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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21
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Kato Y, Kasama T, Soejima M, Kubota T. Anti-enolase1antibodies from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus accompanied by pulmonary arterial hypertension promote migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Immunol Lett 2019; 218:22-29. [PMID: 31866401 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an intractable complication in connective tissue diseases, but the pathological mechanisms responsible for progression remain obscure. This study aims to test whether patient IgG possesses biological activity promoting the migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). METHODS Cell migration was estimated by lamellipodia formation and by utilizing a Boyden chamber method. The specificity of autoantibodies was established by western blotting, ELISA, and immunocytochemistry. The target antigen was investigated by mass spectrometry. RESULTS IgG obtained from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) accompanied by PAH was found to promote lamellipodia formation and migration of PASMCs. The IgG bound to a ∼50 kDa protein expressed on the cell membrane, and in the cytoplasm and nucleus. This molecule was identified as enolase 1. Removal of enolase 1-binding antibodies from the IgG fraction, or treatment of the cells with an enolase inhibitor, significantly suppressed the migration of PASMCs. CONCLUSION Patients with SLE may possess autoantibodies to enolase 1 which stimulate the migration of PASMCs and are likely to play a role in the progression of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kato
- Department of Immunopathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - T Kasama
- HiPep Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Soejima
- Soka Municipal Hospital, Soka, Japan
| | - T Kubota
- Department of Immunopathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Adamus G, Champaigne R, Yang S. Occurrence of major anti-retinal autoantibodies associated with paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108317. [PMID: 31770612 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AAbs) against retinal antigens can be found in patients with cancer and unexplained vision loss unrelated to the cancer metastasis. Cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) is a rare paraneoplastic visual syndrome mediated by AAbs. Our goal was to determine whether CAR patients with different malignancies have a specific AAb or repertoire of AAbs that could serve as biomarkers for retinal disease. We found AAbs against 12 confirmed retinal antigens, with α-enolase being the most frequently recognized. The significant finding of the study was a high incidence of anti-aldolase AAbs in colon-CAR, anti-CAII in prostate-CAR, and anti-arrestin in skin melanoma patients thus these AAbs could serve as biomarkers in the context of clinical presentation and could support the diagnosis of CAR. However, a lack of AAb restriction to any one antigenic protein or to one retinal cellular location makes screening for a CAR biomarker challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Rachel Champaigne
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sufang Yang
- Ocular Immunology Laboratory, Casey Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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23
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Nikoopour E, Lin CM, Sheskey S, Heckenlively JR, Lundy SK. Immune Cell Infiltration into the Eye Is Controlled by IL-10 in Recoverin-Induced Autoimmune Retinopathy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1057-1068. [PMID: 30635390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a treatable condition that manifests in acute and progressive vision loss in patients. It has recently been determined that AIR is associated with an imbalance of TH1 versus regulatory T cell immunity toward the retinal protein, recoverin. This study describes a new murine model to understand the immunopathology of AIR and its association with T cell responses toward recoverin. Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with recoverin resulted in ocular inflammation including infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, B cells, and CD11b+Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes in the eyes. Production of IFN-γ and IL-17 from T cells was exacerbated in IL-10 knockout (KO) mice and kinetics of disease development was accelerated. Infiltration of T cells and inflammatory monocytes into the eyes dramatically increased in recoverin-immunized IL-10 KO mice. An immunodominant peptide of recoverin, AG-16, was capable of inducing disease in IL-10 KO mice and resulted in expansion of AG-16 tetramer-specific CD4+ T cells in lymphoid organs and eyes. Adoptive transfer of recoverin-stimulated cells into naive mice was sufficient to induce AIR, and immunization of B cell-deficient mice led to a milder form of the disease. This model supports the hypothesis that recoverin-specific T cell responses are major drivers of AIR pathogenesis and that IL-10 is an important factor in protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enayat Nikoopour
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Cheng-Mao Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Sarah Sheskey
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - John R Heckenlively
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences-Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
| | - Steven K Lundy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and .,Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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24
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Thompson AC, McCall CM, Proia AD. Beneath the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Histopathologic Findings in Metastatic Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2018; 4:388-394. [PMID: 30574492 DOI: 10.1159/000487268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report a case of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), nasal type metastatic to the space beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with coincident paraneoplastic lymphoma-associated retinopathy. Methods Findings of clinical and histopathologic examination are presented with differential diagnoses and a literature review. Case Report A 53-year-old man presented with bilateral blindness and had exudative retinal detachments overlying subretinal masses in both eyes. Flow cytometry of pericardial fluid revealed malignant T lymphocytes. After two cycles of chemotherapy, the patient was hospitalized and quickly expired. Autopsy revealed lymphoma involving the eyes, heart, right lung, and two subcarinal lymph nodes focally. Histopathologic examination of the eyes revealed intraocular metastases from ENKTCL, nasal type. Expression of CD3 and CD56, along with expression of Epstein-Barr virus by in situ hybridization, confirmed the diagnosis. Lymphomatous infiltrates were confined to the space beneath the neurosensory retina and between the RPE and the Bruch membrane, sparing the uveal tissue, similar to other metastatic T-cell lymphomas. Extensive RPE and photoreceptor loss in regions with and without underlying tumor was typical of a concurrent paraneoplastic lymphoma-associated retinopathy. Conclusion Patients diagnosed with ENKTCL should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist, as ophthalmic involvement portends a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atalie C Thompson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chad M McCall
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan D Proia
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Adamus G. Are Anti-Retinal Autoantibodies a Cause or a Consequence of Retinal Degeneration in Autoimmune Retinopathies? Front Immunol 2018; 9:765. [PMID: 29713325 PMCID: PMC5911469 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies (AAbs) against various retinal proteins have been associated with vision loss in paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathies (AR). There are two major paraneoplastic syndromes associated anti-retinal AAbs, cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR), and melanoma-associated retinopathy. Some people without a cancer diagnosis may present symptoms of CAR and have anti-retinal AAbs. The etiology and pathogenesis of those entities are not fully understood. In this review, we provide evidence for the role of AAbs in retinal death and degeneration. Studies of epitope mapping for anti-recoverin, anti-enolase, and anti-carbonic anhydrase II revealed that although patients' AAbs may recognize the same retinal protein as normal individuals they bind to different molecular domains, which allows distinguishing between normal and diseased AAbs. Given the great diversity of anti-retinal AAbs, it is likely some antibodies have greater pathogenic potential than others. Pathogenic, but not normal antibodies penetrate the target cell, reach their specific antigen, induce apoptosis, and impact retinal pathophysiology. Photoreceptors, dying by apoptosis, induced by other than immunologic mechanisms produce substantial amounts of metabolic debris, which consequently leads to autoimmunization and enhanced permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. AAbs that were made as a part of anti-cancer response are likely to be the cause of retinal degeneration, whereas others, generated against released antigens from damaged retina, contribute to the progression of retinopathy. Altogether, AAbs may trigger retinal degeneration and may also exacerbate the degenerative process in response to the release of sequestered antigens and influence disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Adamus
- School of Medicine, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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26
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Clemente MG, Schwarz KB, Antonucci R. Multiple glycolytic enzymes are antigens also in biliary atresia. Immunol Lett 2018; 196:124-125. [PMID: 29432777 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Clemente
- Pediatric Liver Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 21205 Baltimore, MD, USA; Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Kathleen B Schwarz
- Pediatric Liver Center, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 21205 Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roberto Antonucci
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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27
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Detrick B, Gangaputra S, Palsgrove DN, Heaney CD, Hooks JJ, Nida Sen H. Elevated serum levels of IL-6 and CXCL9 in autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) patients. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 316:74-79. [PMID: 29310941 PMCID: PMC5801042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare immune-mediated retinopathy associated with circulating antiretinal antibodies (ARAs). Other prominent features of AIR include visual field deficits and photoreceptor dysfunction in the setting of progressive unexplained vision loss. The role of inflammation is poorly understood in AIR. Since cytokines play a central role in the initiation and development of inflammation, we evaluated the presence of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in AIR patient sera. We demonstrate that IL-6 and CXCL9 are both elevated in AIR patient sera. Moreover, the presence and concentration of these 2 molecules appear to correlate with AIR patient disease severity. This cytokine profile, IL-6 and CXCL9, has been described to participate in a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Our study provides support for an activated inflammatory process in AIR and identifies possible mechanisms that can drive autoimmunity in this disease. IL-6 and CXCL9 are both elevated in AIR patient sera. The presence and concentration of IL-6 and CXCL9 correlate with AIR patient disease severity. These cytokines may play a prominent role in the initiation and development of inflammation and autoimmunity. The data provides evidence for activated inflammatory processes in AIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Detrick
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, SOM, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Sapna Gangaputra
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Doreen N Palsgrove
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, SOM, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Department of Epidemiology, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John J Hooks
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - H Nida Sen
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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