1
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Espejo C, Ezenwa VO. Extracellular vesicles: an emerging tool for wild immunology. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 3:kyae011. [PMID: 39005930 PMCID: PMC11244269 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The immune system is crucial for defending organisms against pathogens and maintaining health. Traditionally, research in immunology has relied on laboratory animals to understand how the immune system works. However, there is increasing recognition that wild animals, due to their greater genetic diversity, lifespan, and environmental exposures, have much to contribute to basic and translational immunology. Unfortunately, logistical challenges associated with collecting and storing samples from wildlife, and the lack of commercially available species-specific reagents have hindered the advancement of immunological research on wild species. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived nanoparticles present in all body fluids and tissues of organisms spanning from bacteria to mammals. Human and lab animal studies indicate that EVs are involved in a range of immunological processes, and recent work shows that EVs may play similar roles in diverse wildlife species. Thus, EVs can expand the toolbox available for wild immunology research, helping to overcome some of the challenges associated with this work. In this paper, we explore the potential application of EVs to wild immunology. First, we review current understanding of EV biology across diverse organisms. Next, we discuss key insights into the immune system gained from research on EVs in human and laboratory animal models and highlight emerging evidence from wild species. Finally, we identify research themes in wild immunology that can immediately benefit from the study of EVs and describe practical considerations for using EVs in wildlife research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Espejo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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2
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Knowles SCL, Raulo A. The genome sequence of the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Wellcome Open Res 2023; 8:442. [PMID: 39099644 PMCID: PMC11294814 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.20001.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual male Apodemus sylvaticus (the wood mouse; Chordata; Mammalia; Rodentia; Muridae). The genome sequence is 2,889.8 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 25 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the X and Y sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 16.31 kilobases in length.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aura Raulo
- University of Oxford, Oxford, England, UK
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3
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Oyesola O, Downie AE, Howard N, Barre RS, Kiwanuka K, Zaldana K, Chen YH, Menezes A, Lee SC, Devlin J, Mondragón-Palomino O, Souza COS, Herrmann C, Koralov S, Cadwell K, Graham AL, Loke P. Genetic and Environmental interactions contribute to immune variation in rewilded mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.17.533121. [PMID: 36993484 PMCID: PMC10055251 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.17.533121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The relative and synergistic contributions of genetics and environment to inter-individual immune response variation remain unclear, despite its implications for understanding both evolutionary biology and medicine. Here, we quantify interactive effects of genotype and environment on immune traits by investigating three inbred mouse strains rewilded in an outdoor enclosure and infected with the parasite, Trichuris muris. Whereas cytokine response heterogeneity was primarily driven by genotype, cellular composition heterogeneity was shaped by interactions between genotype and environment. Notably, genetic differences under laboratory conditions can be decreased following rewilding, and variation in T cell markers are more driven by genetics, whereas B cell markers are driven more by environment. Importantly, variation in worm burden is associated with measures of immune variation, as well as genetics and environment. These results indicate that nonheritable influences interact with genetic factors to shape immune variation, with synergistic impacts on the deployment and evolution of defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyebola Oyesola
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexander E. Downie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University; Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nina Howard
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ramya S. Barre
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University; Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kasalina Kiwanuka
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly Zaldana
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ying-Han Chen
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Arthur Menezes
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University; Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Soo Ching Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Devlin
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Octavio Mondragón-Palomino
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Camila Oliveira Silva Souza
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christin Herrmann
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Sergei Koralov
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University, Grossman School of Medicine; New York, NY, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andrea L. Graham
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University; Princeton, NJ, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - P’ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health; Bethesda, MD, USA
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4
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Taylor CH, Friberg IM, Jackson JA, Arriero E, Begon M, Wanelik KM, Paterson S, Bradley JE. Living with chronic infection: Persistent immunomodulation during avirulent haemoparasitic infection in a wild rodent. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:1197-1210. [PMID: 36478482 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexans are a protozoan phylum of obligate parasites which may be highly virulent during acute infections, but may also persist as chronic infections which appear to have little fitness cost. Babesia microti is an apicomplexan haemoparasite that, in immunocompromised individuals, can cause severe, potentially fatal disease. However, in its natural host, wild field voles (Microtus agrestis), it exhibits chronic infections that have no detectable impact on survival or female fecundity. How is damage minimized, and what is the impact on the host's immune state and health? We examine the differences in immune state (here represented by expression of immune-related genes in multiple tissues) associated with several common chronic infections in a population of wild field voles. While some infections show little impact on immune state, we find strong associations between immune state and B. microti. These include indications of clearance of infected erythrocytes (increased macrophage activity in the spleen) and activity likely associated with minimizing damage from the infection (anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity in the blood). By analysing gene expression from the same individuals at multiple time points, we show that the observed changes are a response to infection, rather than a risk factor. Our results point towards continual investment to minimize the damage caused by the infection. Thus, we shed light on how wild animals can tolerate some chronic infections, but emphasize that this tolerance does not come without a cost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ida M Friberg
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Joseph A Jackson
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Elena Arriero
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mike Begon
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Klara M Wanelik
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steve Paterson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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5
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Helminth parasites of the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus in Southern England: levels of infection, species richness and interactions between species. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e18. [PMID: 36747489 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helminth parasites of the wood mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (n = 440), were surveyed in five localities, comprising woodland and grassland sites, in Southern England. Seven species of helminths were identified, among which Heligmosomoides polygyrus and Syphacia stroma were dominant (prevalence = 79.1% and 54.1%, respectively). Less common species were the trematode Corrigia vitta (14.8%), cestodes Catenotaenia pusilla (8.4%), Hydatigera taeniaeformis (4.1%) and Microsomacanthus crenata (3.4%) and the nematode Aonchotheca murissylvatici (0.2%). Differences in prevalences between localities were found for H. polygyrus, H. taeniaeformis and M. crenata and in abundances of H. polygyrus, S. stroma and C. vitta. Age-dependent increases in both parameters were identified among species and for helminth species richness. The only species to show significant host sex bias was S. stroma with prevalence values being higher in male mice. A number of different methods for exploiting raw data, and data corrected for significant confounding factors, were used to determine whether there were significant associations (prevalence) between species or quantitative interactions (abundance). The strongest evidence for a positive association was shown in concurrent infections with the trematode C. vitta and the cestode C. pusilla (significant in the whole dataset and evident in each locality, both sexes and both age classes). The abundance of C. pusilla was also higher in mice with C. vitta and vice versa. Overall, however, there was little support for associations or quantitative interactions between species, especially after data had been corrected for significant extrinsic/intrinsic factors, and we conclude that the helminths of wood mice in these communities are largely non-interactive and hence, perhaps better referred to as assemblages.
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6
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Long-term temporal trends in gastrointestinal parasite infection in wild Soay sheep. Parasitology 2022; 149:1749-1759. [PMID: 36052517 PMCID: PMC10090761 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the prevalence and abundance of parasites over time is important for addressing their potential impact on host life histories, immunological profiles and their influence as a selective force. Only long-term ecological studies have the potential to shed light on both the temporal trends in infection prevalence and abundance and the drivers of such trends, because of their ability to dissect drivers that may be confounded over shorter time scales. Despite this, only a relatively small number of such studies exist. Here, we analysed changes in the prevalence and abundance of gastrointestinal parasites in the wild Soay sheep population of St. Kilda across 31 years. The host population density (PD) has increased across the study, and PD is known to increase parasite transmission, but we found that PD and year explained temporal variation in parasite prevalence and abundance independently. Prevalence of both strongyle nematodes and coccidian microparasites increased during the study, and this effect varied between lambs, yearlings and adults. Meanwhile, abundance of strongyles was more strongly linked to host PD than to temporal (yearly) dynamics, while abundance of coccidia showed a strong temporal trend without any influence of PD. Strikingly, coccidian abundance increased 3-fold across the course of the study in lambs, while increases in yearlings and adults were negligible. Our decades-long, intensive, individual-based study will enable the role of environmental change and selection pressures in driving these dynamics to be determined, potentially providing unparalleled insight into the drivers of temporal variation in parasite dynamics in the wild.
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7
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Monocytes maintain central nervous system homeostasis following helminth-induced inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201645119. [PMID: 36070344 PMCID: PMC9478671 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201645119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions are crucial for regulating immunity and inflammation. Recent studies have revealed that the central nervous system (CNS) senses peripheral inflammation and responds by releasing molecules that limit immune cell activation, thereby promoting tolerance and tissue integrity. However, the extent to which this is a bidirectional process, and whether peripheral immune cells also promote tolerance mechanisms in the CNS remains poorly defined. Here we report that helminth-induced type 2 inflammation promotes monocyte responses in the brain that are required to inhibit excessive microglial activation and host death. Mechanistically, infection-induced monocytes express YM1 that is sufficient to inhibit tumor necrosis factor production from activated microglia. Importantly, neuroprotective monocytes persist in the brain, and infected mice are protected from subsequent lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation months after infection-induced inflammation has resolved. These studies demonstrate that infiltrating monocytes promote CNS homeostasis in response to inflammation in the periphery and demonstrate that a peripheral infection can alter the immunologic landscape of the host brain.
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8
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Varyani F, Löser S, Filbey KJ, Harcus Y, Drurey C, Poveda MC, Rasid O, White MPJ, Smyth DJ, Gerbe F, Jay P, Maizels RM. The IL-25-dependent tuft cell circuit driven by intestinal helminths requires macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1243-1256. [PMID: 35288645 PMCID: PMC9705247 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a key innate immune mediator with chemokine- and cytokine-like properties in the inflammatory pathway. While its actions on macrophages are well-studied, its effects on other cell types are less understood. Here we report that MIF is required for expansion of intestinal tuft cells during infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. MIF-deficient mice show defective innate responses following infection, lacking intestinal epithelial tuft cell hyperplasia or upregulation of goblet cell RELMβ, and fail to expand eosinophil, type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) and macrophage (M2) populations. Similar effects were observed in MIF-sufficient wild-type mice given the MIF inhibitor 4-IPP. MIF had no direct effect on epithelial cells in organoid cultures, and MIF-deficient intestinal stem cells could generate tuft cells in vitro in the presence of type 2 cytokines. In vivo the lack of MIF could be fully compensated by administration of IL-25, restoring tuft cell differentiation and goblet cell expression of RELM-β, demonstrating its requirement upstream of the ILC2-tuft cell circuit. Both ILC2s and macrophages expressed the MIF receptor CXCR4, indicating that MIF may act as an essential co-factor on both cell types to activate responses to IL-25 in helminth infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumi Varyani
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephan Löser
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Kara J Filbey
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute for Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Yvonne Harcus
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Drurey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marta Campillo Poveda
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Orhan Rasid
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Madeleine P J White
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Danielle J Smyth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - François Gerbe
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Jay
- IGF, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Inserm, Montpellier, France
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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9
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Kane RA, Christodoulides N, Jensen IM, Becker DJ, Mansfield KL, Savage AE. Gene expression changes with tumor disease and leech parasitism in the juvenile green sea turtle skin transcriptome. Gene 2021; 800:145800. [PMID: 34175400 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century. Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is an epithelial tumor disease that affects immature and adult marine turtles worldwide, particularly green turtles (Chelonia mydas). We know little about the host factors contributing to FP susceptibility, in part because transcriptomic studies that compare transcript expression in turtles with and without FP are lacking. Here, we performed RNA-Seq on healthy skin tissue from immature C. mydas in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA, comparing turtles (1) with and without FP and (2) with and without leech parasites, a putative vector of FP. We assembled a de novo C. mydas skin transcriptome to identify transcripts with significant differential expression (DE) across FP and leech categories. Significant DE transcripts were found across FP and leech comparisons, including 10 of the same transcripts with DE across both comparisons. Leech-positive individuals significantly upregulated different immune and viral interaction transcripts than did leech-negative individuals, including viral interaction transcripts associated with herpesvirus interactions. This finding strengthens the role of marine leeches as mechanical vectors of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) which has been implicated as a causative agent of FP. FP-positive turtles upregulated several tumor progression and suppression transcripts relative to FP-negative turtles, which had no significant DE tumor progression transcripts. FP-positive turtles also upregulated significantly more protein interaction transcripts than FP-negative turtles. DE transcripts across leech comparisons showed no functional enrichment, whereas DE transcripts across FP comparisons showed some GO terms were enriched in FP-positive and FP negative turtles. Notably, only FP-negative turtles were enriched for GO terms involved in acquired and inflammatory immune gene regulation. Overall, our DE transcripts included several candidate genes that may play important roles in C. mydas resistance to or recovery from FP, highlighting that transcriptomics provides a promising venue to understand this impactful disease. Continued investigation of C. mydas responses to FP and leech affliction is imperative for species persistence and the conservation of marine ecosystems worldwide due to the essential role of sea turtles in ecosystem function and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Kane
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | | | - Irelyn M Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| | - Donald J Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| | | | - Anna E Savage
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
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10
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Zhang Z, Yue P, Lu T, Wang Y, Wei Y, Wei X. Role of lysosomes in physiological activities, diseases, and therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:79. [PMID: 33990205 PMCID: PMC8120021 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long known as digestive organelles, lysosomes have now emerged as multifaceted centers responsible for degradation, nutrient sensing, and immunity. Growing evidence also implicates role of lysosome-related mechanisms in pathologic process. In this review, we discuss physiological function of lysosomes and, more importantly, how the homeostasis of lysosomes is disrupted in several diseases, including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, pancreatitis, lysosomal storage disorders, and malignant tumors. In atherosclerosis and Gaucher disease, dysfunction of lysosomes changes cytokine secretion from macrophages, partially through inflammasome activation. In neurodegenerative diseases, defect autophagy facilitates accumulation of toxic protein and dysfunctional organelles leading to neuron death. Lysosomal dysfunction has been demonstrated in pathology of pancreatitis. Abnormal autophagy activation or inhibition has been revealed in autoimmune disorders. In tumor microenvironment, malignant phenotypes, including tumorigenesis, growth regulation, invasion, drug resistance, and radiotherapy resistance, of tumor cells and behaviors of tumor-associated macrophages, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, and T cells are also mediated by lysosomes. Based on these findings, a series of therapeutic methods targeting lysosomal proteins and processes have been developed from bench to bedside. In a word, present researches corroborate lysosomes to be pivotal organelles for understanding pathology of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmune disorders, pancreatitis, and lysosomal storage disorders, and malignant tumors and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Yue
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Lu
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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11
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Behnke JM, Rogan MT, Craig PS, Jackson JA, Hide G. Long-term trends in helminth infections of wood mice ( Apodemus sylvaticus) from the vicinity of Malham Tarn in North Yorkshire, England. Parasitology 2021; 148:451-463. [PMID: 33256865 PMCID: PMC11010161 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Helminth infections in wood mice (n = 483), trapped over a period of 26 years in the woods surrounding Malham Tarn in North Yorkshire, were analysed. Although 10 species of helminths were identified, the overall mean species richness was 1.01 species/mouse indicating that the helminth community was relatively depauperate in this wood mouse population. The dominant species was Heligmosomoides polygyrus, the prevalence (64.6%) and abundance (10.4 worms/mouse) of which declined significantly over the study period. Because of the dominance of this species, analyses of higher taxa (combined helminths and combined nematodes) also revealed significantly declining values for prevalence, although not abundance. Helminth species richness (HSR) and Brillouin's index of diversity (BID) did not show covariance with year, neither did those remaining species whose overall prevalence exceeded 5% (Syphacia stroma, Aonchotheca murissylvatici and Plagiorchis muris). Significant age effects were detected for the prevalence and abundance of all higher taxa, H. polygyrus and P. muris, and for HSR and BID, reflecting the accumulation of helminths with increasing host age. Only two cases of sex bias were found; male bias in abundance of P. muris and combined Digenea. We discuss the significance of these results and hypothesize about the underlying causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy M. Behnke
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael T. Rogan
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, SalfordM5 4WT, UK
| | - Philip S. Craig
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, SalfordM5 4WT, UK
| | - Joseph A. Jackson
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, SalfordM5 4WT, UK
| | - Geoff Hide
- Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, SalfordM5 4WT, UK
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12
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Rynkiewicz EC, Clerc M, Babayan SA, Pedersen AB. Variation in Local and Systemic Pro-Inflammatory Immune Markers of Wild Wood Mice after Anthelmintic Treatment. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:1190-1202. [PMID: 31368489 PMCID: PMC6863754 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system represents a host's main defense against infection to parasites and pathogens. In the wild, a host's response to immune challenges can vary due to physiological condition, demography (age, sex), and coinfection by other parasites or pathogens. These sources of variation, which are intrinsic to natural populations, can significantly impact the strength and type of immune responses elicited after parasite exposure and infection. Importantly, but often neglected, a host's immune response can also vary within the individual, across tissues and between local and systemic scales. Consequently, how a host responds at each scale may impact its susceptibility to concurrent and subsequent infections. Here we analyzed how characteristics of hosts and their parasite infections drive variation in the pro-inflammatory immune response in wild wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) at both the local and systemic scale by experimentally manipulating within-host parasite communities through anthelmintic drug treatment. We measured concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) produced in vitro in response to a panel of toll-like receptor agonists at the local (mesenteric lymph nodes [MLNs]) and systemic (spleen) scales of individuals naturally infected with two gastrointestinal parasites, the nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus and the protozoan Eimeria hungaryensis. Anthelmintic-treated mice had a 20-fold lower worm burden compared to control mice, as well as a four-fold higher intensity of the non-drug targeted parasite E. hungaryensis. Anthelmintic treatment differentially impacted levels of TNF-α expression in males and females at the systemic and local scales, with treated males producing higher, and treated females lower, levels of TNF-α, compared to control mice. Also, TNF-α was affected by host age, at the local scale, with MLN cells of young, treated mice producing higher levels of TNF-α than those of old, treated mice. Using complementary, but distinct, measures of inflammation measured across within-host scales allowed us to better assess the wood mouse immune response to changes in parasite infection dynamics after anthelmintic treatment. This same approach could be used to understand helminth infections and responses to parasite control measures in other systems in order to gain a broader view of how variation impacts the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn C Rynkiewicz
- Fashion Institute of Technology, State University of New York, New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Melanie Clerc
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Amy B Pedersen
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
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13
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The hidden faces of a biological invasion: parasite dynamics of invaders and natives. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:111-123. [PMID: 31981672 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary drivers of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) is human intervention via host or parasite translocations. A unique opportunity to study host and parasite dispersal during a bio-invasion currently exists in Ireland due to the introduction of the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) in the 1920s. The continuing range expansion of M. glareolus within Ireland presents a natural large-scale perturbation experiment. This study used the Irish M. glareolus model to conduct a spatiotemporal study analysing the parasite dynamics of native and invasive species throughout their range. Myodes glareolus and native Apodemus sylvaticus were trapped in woodlands across Ireland and surveyed for their helminth parasites. Myodes glareolus in Ireland were found to have lower parasite diversity in comparison to records of M. glareolus from across Europe and A. sylvaticus in Ireland. Increased density of M. glareolus resulted in a dilution effect, with significantly lower levels of parasitism overall in native hosts, where M. glareolus has been established longest. However, three helminth parasite species of A. sylvaticus increased in abundance in the presence of M. glareolus. Furthermore, M. glareolus at the expansion front were less parasitised (lower abundance and prevalence of certain parasites and lower parasite diversity) than M. glareolus from the core population. This "enemy release" is believed to be mediating the continued successful spread of the invader across Ireland. Our results identify two important variables, seasonality and the stage of the invasion, which should not be overlooked when investigating or managing the changing distribution of hosts and their parasites. Studies of bio-invasions and parasite transmission have primarily focused on the invasive host species or the native host species in cases where virulent pathogen spillover is observed. Our results demonstrate how the concurrent study of invasive and native hosts, and the careful identification of their parasite communities, allows the dynamic processes influencing the parasite component and intracommunity to be identified.
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14
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Bracamonte SE, Johnston PR, Monaghan MT, Knopf K. Gene expression response to a nematode parasite in novel and native eel hosts. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:13069-13084. [PMID: 31871630 PMCID: PMC6912882 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive parasites are involved in population declines of new host species worldwide. The high susceptibilities observed in many novel hosts have been attributed to the lack of protective immunity to the parasites which native hosts acquired during their shared evolution. We experimentally infected Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) and European eels (Anguilla anguilla) with Anguillicola crassus, a nematode parasite that is native to the Japanese eel and invasive in the European eel. We inferred gene expression changes in head kidney tissue from both species, using RNA-seq data to determine the responses at two time points during the early stages of infection (3 and 23 days postinfection). At both time points, the novel host modified the expression of a larger and functionally more diverse set of genes than the native host. Strikingly, the native host regulated immune gene expression only at the earlier time point and to a small extent while the novel host regulated these genes at both time points. A low number of differentially expressed immune genes, especially in the native host, suggest that a systemic immune response was of minor importance during the early stages of infection. Transcript abundance of genes involved in cell respiration was reduced in the novel host which may affect its ability to cope with harsh conditions and energetically demanding activities. The observed gene expression changes in response to a novel parasite that we observed in a fish follow a general pattern observed in amphibians and mammals, and suggest that the disruption of physiological processes, rather than the absence of an immediate immune response, is responsible for the higher susceptibility of the novel host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraina E. Bracamonte
- Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland FisheriesBerlinGermany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity ResearchBerlinGermany
- Faculty of Life SciencesHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Paul R. Johnston
- Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland FisheriesBerlinGermany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity ResearchBerlinGermany
- Institut für BiologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Michael T. Monaghan
- Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland FisheriesBerlinGermany
- Berlin Center for Genomics in Biodiversity ResearchBerlinGermany
- Institut für BiologieFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Klaus Knopf
- Leibniz‐Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland FisheriesBerlinGermany
- Faculty of Life SciencesHumboldt‐Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
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15
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González Jiménez M, Babayan SA, Khazaeli P, Doyle M, Walton F, Reedy E, Glew T, Viana M, Ranford-Cartwright L, Niang A, Siria DJ, Okumu FO, Diabaté A, Ferguson HM, Baldini F, Wynne K. Prediction of mosquito species and population age structure using mid-infrared spectroscopy and supervised machine learning. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:76. [PMID: 31544155 PMCID: PMC6753605 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15201.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the global efforts made in the fight against malaria, the disease is resurging. One of the main causes is the resistance that Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of the disease, have developed to insecticides. Anopheles must survive for at least 10 days to possibly transmit malaria. Therefore, to evaluate and improve malaria vector control interventions, it is imperative to monitor and accurately estimate the age distribution of mosquito populations as well as their population sizes. Here, we demonstrate a machine-learning based approach that uses mid-infrared spectra of mosquitoes to characterise simultaneously both age and species identity of females of the African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis, using laboratory colonies. Mid-infrared spectroscopy-based prediction of mosquito age structures was statistically indistinguishable from true modelled distributions. The accuracy of classifying mosquitoes by species was 82.6%. The method has a negligible cost per mosquito, does not require highly trained personnel, is rapid, and so can be easily applied in both laboratory and field settings. Our results indicate this method is a promising alternative to current mosquito species and age-grading approaches, with further improvements to accuracy and expansion for use with wild mosquito vectors possible through collection of larger mid-infrared spectroscopy data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon A. Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pegah Khazaeli
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Margaret Doyle
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Finlay Walton
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Elliott Reedy
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Thomas Glew
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Niang
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Doreen J. Siria
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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16
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González Jiménez M, Babayan SA, Khazaeli P, Doyle M, Walton F, Reedy E, Glew T, Viana M, Ranford-Cartwright L, Niang A, Siria DJ, Okumu FO, Diabaté A, Ferguson HM, Baldini F, Wynne K. Prediction of mosquito species and population age structure using mid-infrared spectroscopy and supervised machine learning. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:76. [PMID: 31544155 PMCID: PMC6753605 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15201.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the global efforts made in the fight against malaria, the disease is resurging. One of the main causes is the resistance that Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of the disease, have developed to insecticides. Anopheles must survive for at least 10 days to possibly transmit malaria. Therefore, to evaluate and improve malaria vector control interventions, it is imperative to monitor and accurately estimate the age distribution of mosquito populations as well as their population sizes. Here, we demonstrate a machine-learning based approach that uses mid-infrared spectra of mosquitoes to characterise simultaneously both age and species identity of females of the African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis, using laboratory colonies. Mid-infrared spectroscopy-based prediction of mosquito age structures was statistically indistinguishable from true modelled distributions. The accuracy of classifying mosquitoes by species was 82.6%. The method has a negligible cost per mosquito, does not require highly trained personnel, is rapid, and so can be easily applied in both laboratory and field settings. Our results indicate this method is a promising alternative to current mosquito species and age-grading approaches, with further improvements to accuracy and expansion for use with wild mosquito vectors possible through collection of larger mid-infrared spectroscopy data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon A. Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pegah Khazaeli
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Margaret Doyle
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Finlay Walton
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Elliott Reedy
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Thomas Glew
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Niang
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Doreen J. Siria
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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17
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González Jiménez M, Babayan SA, Khazaeli P, Doyle M, Walton F, Reedy E, Glew T, Viana M, Ranford-Cartwright L, Niang A, Siria DJ, Okumu FO, Diabaté A, Ferguson HM, Baldini F, Wynne K. Prediction of mosquito species and population age structure using mid-infrared spectroscopy and supervised machine learning. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:76. [PMID: 31544155 PMCID: PMC6753605 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15201.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the global efforts made in the fight against malaria, the disease is resurging. One of the main causes is the resistance that Anopheles mosquitoes, vectors of the disease, have developed to insecticides. Anopheles must survive for at least 10 days to possibly transmit malaria. Therefore, to evaluate and improve malaria vector control interventions, it is imperative to monitor and accurately estimate the age distribution of mosquito populations as well as their population sizes. Here, we demonstrate a machine-learning based approach that uses mid-infrared spectra of mosquitoes to characterise simultaneously both age and species identity of females of the African malaria vector species Anopheles gambiae and An. arabiensis. mid-infrared spectroscopy-based prediction of mosquito age structures was statistically indistinguishable from true modelled distributions. The accuracy of classifying mosquitoes by species was 82.6%. The method has a negligible cost per mosquito, does not require highly trained personnel, is rapid, and so can be easily applied in both laboratory and field settings. Our results indicate this method is a promising alternative to current mosquito species and age-grading approaches, with further improvements to accuracy and expansion for use with other mosquito vectors possible through collection of larger mid-infrared spectroscopy data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon A. Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Pegah Khazaeli
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Margaret Doyle
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Finlay Walton
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Elliott Reedy
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Thomas Glew
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Lisa Ranford-Cartwright
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Abdoulaye Niang
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Doreen J. Siria
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Fredros O. Okumu
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Environmental Health & Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Off Mlabani Passage, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania
| | - Abdoulaye Diabaté
- Department of Medical Biology and Public Health, Institut de Recherche en Science de la Santé (IRSS), Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Francesco Baldini
- Institute of Biodiversity Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Klaas Wynne
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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18
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Budischak SA, Cressler CE. Fueling Defense: Effects of Resources on the Ecology and Evolution of Tolerance to Parasite Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2453. [PMID: 30429848 PMCID: PMC6220035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resource availability is a key environmental constraint affecting the ecology and evolution of species. Resources have strong effects on disease resistance, but they can also affect the other main parasite defense strategy, tolerance. A small but growing number of animal studies are beginning to investigate the effects of resources on tolerance phenotypes. Here, we review how resources affect tolerance strategies across animal taxa ranging from fruit flies to frogs to mice. Surprisingly, resources (quality and quantity) can increase or reduce tolerance, dependent upon the particular host-parasite system. To explore this seeming contradiction, we recast predictions of models of sterility tolerance and mortality tolerance in a resource-dependent context. Doing so reveals that resources can have very different epidemiological and evolutionary effects, depending on what aspects of the tolerance phenotype are affected. Thus, it is critical to consider both sterility and mortality in future empirical studies of how behavioral and environmental resource availability affect tolerance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Budischak
- W. M. Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer, and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Clayton E. Cressler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States
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19
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Long-term spatiotemporal stability and dynamic changes in helminth infracommunities of spiny mice (Acomys dimidiatus) in St. Katherine's Protectorate, Sinai, Egypt. Parasitology 2018; 146:50-73. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe importance of parasites as a selective force in host evolution is a topic of current interest. However, short-term ecological studies of host–parasite systems, on which such studies are usually based, provide only snap-shots of what may be dynamic systems. We report here on four surveys, carried out over a period of 12 years, of helminths of spiny mice (Acomys dimidiatus), the numerically dominant rodents inhabiting dry montane wadis in the Sinai Peninsula. With host age (age-dependent effects on prevalence and abundance were prominent) and sex (female bias in abundance in helminth diversity and in several taxa including Cestoda) taken into consideration, we focus on the relative importance of temporal and spatial effects on helminth infracommunities. We show that site of capture is the major determinant of prevalence and abundance of species (and higher taxa) contributing to helminth community structure, the only exceptions beingStreptopharausspp. andDentostomella kuntzi.We provide evidence that most (notably the Spiruroidea,Protospirura muricola,Mastophorus murisandGongylonema aegypti, but with exceptions among the Oxyuroidae, e.g.Syphacia minuta), show elements of temporal-site stability, with a rank order of measures among sites remaining similar over successive surveys. Hence, there are some elements of predictability in these systems.
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