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Berdnikovs S, Newcomb DC, Hartert TV. How early life respiratory viral infections impact airway epithelial development and may lead to asthma. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1441293. [PMID: 39156016 PMCID: PMC11327159 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1441293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood asthma is a common chronic disease of the airways that results from host and environment interactions. Most risk factor studies of asthma point to the first year of life as a susceptibility window of mucosal exposure that directly impacts the airway epithelium and airway epithelial cell development. The development of the airway epithelium, which forms a competent barrier resulting from coordinated interactions of different specialized cell subsets, occurs during a critical time frame in normal postnatal development in the first year of life. Understanding the normal and aberrant developmental trajectory of airway epithelial cells is important in identifying pathways that may contribute to barrier dysfunction and asthma pathogenesis. Respiratory viruses make first contact with and infect the airway mucosa. Human rhinovirus (HRV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are mucosal pathogens that are consistently identified as asthma risk factors. Respiratory viruses represent a unique early life exposure, different from passive irritant exposures which injure the developing airway epithelium. To replicate, respiratory viruses take over the host cell transcriptional and translational processes and exploit host cell energy metabolism. This takeover impacts the development and differentiation processes of airway epithelial cells. Therefore, delineating the mechanisms through which early life respiratory viral infections alter airway epithelial cell development will allow us to understand the maturation and heterogeneity of asthma and develop tools tailored to prevent disease in specific children. This review will summarize what is understood about the impact of early life respiratory viruses on the developing airway epithelium and define critical gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Dawn C. Newcomb
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Tina V. Hartert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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2
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Ponticelli D, Losa L, Antonazzo IC, Zampella A, Di Marino F, Mottola G, Fede MN, Gallucci F, Magliuolo R, Rainone A, Arcari A, Del Giudice C, Ferrara P. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Intention to Recommend RSV Vaccination: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Cardiologists and Cardiac Nurses in Southern Italy. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:128-141. [PMID: 38391588 PMCID: PMC10888396 DOI: 10.3390/idr16010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
As respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccine distribution gains traction in Europe and Italy, healthcare workers (HCWs) can strategize about vaccine promotion to increase uptake among patients at risk of RSV consequences, such cardiac patients. This cross-sectional survey investigated the knowledge about and attitude towards RSV and RSV vaccines, and the intention to recommend vaccination within a cardiological hospital in Italy. To explore factors associated with the outcomes of interest, multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Of 197 invited HCWs, 78.2% returned the survey. The knowledge about market authorisation for new RSV vaccines for older adults (present in 46.9% of respondents) was significantly associated with the HCWs' age, education, and previous update on vaccinations. HCWs with a higher educational level and those with a positive attitude towards RSV vaccines safety reported a higher attitude towards the importance of vaccinating people at risk. The willingness of recommending RSV vaccination to patients (70.5% of respondents) was more likely in HCWs who were knowledgeable about market authorisation for RSV vaccines and in physicians. This tempestive research sheds light on current factors influencing the strategies of cardiac HCWs regarding RSV vaccination. The results suggest the need for training events on the protective role of RSV vaccination in cardiac patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Losa
- Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo
- Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20165 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pietro Ferrara
- Center for Public Health Research, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Laboratory of Public Health, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20165 Milan, Italy
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3
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Gauthier TW, Ping XD, Harris FL, Brown LAS. Liposomal Glutathione Augments Immune Defenses against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Neonatal Mice Exposed in Utero to Ethanol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:137. [PMID: 38397736 PMCID: PMC10886408 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that maternal alcohol use increased the risk of sepsis in premature and term newborns. In the neonatal mouse, fetal ethanol (ETOH) exposure depleted the antioxidant glutathione (GSH), which promoted alveolar macrophage (AM) immunosuppression and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. In this study, we explored if oral liposomal GSH (LGSH) would attenuate oxidant stress and RSV infections in the ETOH-exposed mouse pups. C57BL/6 female mice were pair-fed a liquid diet with 25% of calories from ethanol or maltose-dextrin. Postnatal day 10 pups were randomized to intranasal saline, LGSH, and RSV. After 48 h, we assessed oxidant stress, AM immunosuppression, pulmonary RSV burden, and acute lung injury. Fetal ETOH exposure increased oxidant stress threefold, lung RSV burden twofold and acute lung injury threefold. AMs were immunosuppressed with decreased RSV clearance. However, LGSH treatments of the ETOH group normalized oxidant stress, AM immune phenotype, the RSV burden, and acute lung injury. These studies suggest that the oxidant stress caused by fetal ETOH exposure impaired AM clearance of infectious agents, thereby increasing the viral infection and acute lung injury. LGSH treatments reversed the oxidative stress and restored AM immune functions, which decreased the RSV infection and subsequent acute lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa W. Gauthier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (X.-D.P.); (F.L.H.); (L.A.S.B.)
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4
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Mijač S, Banić I, Genc AM, Lipej M, Turkalj M. The Effects of Environmental Exposure on Epigenetic Modifications in Allergic Diseases. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:110. [PMID: 38256371 PMCID: PMC10820670 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are one of the most common chronic conditions and their prevalence is on the rise. Environmental exposure, primarily prenatal and early life influences, affect the risk for the development and specific phenotypes of allergic diseases via epigenetic mechanisms. Exposure to pollutants, microorganisms and parasites, tobacco smoke and certain aspects of diet are known to drive epigenetic changes that are essential for immune regulation (e.g., the shift toward T helper 2-Th2 cell polarization and decrease in regulatory T-cell (Treg) differentiation). DNA methylation and histone modifications can modify immune programming related to either pro-allergic interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 13 (IL-13) or counter-regulatory interferon γ (IFN-γ) production. Differential expression of small non-coding RNAs has also been linked to the risk for allergic diseases and associated with air pollution. Certain exposures and associated epigenetic mechanisms play a role in the susceptibility to allergic conditions and specific clinical manifestations of the disease, while others are thought to have a protective role against the development of allergic diseases, such as maternal and early postnatal microbial diversity, maternal helminth infections and dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D. Epigenetic mechanisms are also known to be involved in mediating the response to common treatment in allergic diseases, for example, changes in histone acetylation of proinflammatory genes and in the expression of certain microRNAs are associated with the response to inhaled corticosteroids in asthma. Gaining better insight into the epigenetic regulation of allergic diseases may ultimately lead to significant improvements in the management of these conditions, earlier and more precise diagnostics, optimization of current treatment regimes, and the implementation of novel therapeutic options and prevention strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Mijač
- Department of Medical Research, Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.-M.G.)
| | - Ivana Banić
- Department of Medical Research, Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.-M.G.)
- Department of Innovative Diagnostics, Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Genc
- Department of Medical Research, Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (S.M.); (A.-M.G.)
| | - Marcel Lipej
- IT Department, Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Mirjana Turkalj
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Pulmonology, Srebrnjak Children’s Hospital, Srebrnjak 100, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Croatia, Ilica 242, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Wrede D, Bordak M, Abraham Y, Mehedi M. Pulmonary Pathogen-Induced Epigenetic Modifications. EPIGENOMES 2023; 7:13. [PMID: 37489401 PMCID: PMC10366755 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes7030013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics generally involves genetic control by factors other than our own DNA sequence. Recent research has focused on delineating the mechanisms of two major epigenetic phenomena: DNA methylation and histone modification. As epigenetics involves many cellular processes, it is no surprise that it can also influence disease-associated gene expression. A direct link between respiratory infections, host cell epigenetic regulations, and chronic lung diseases is still unknown. Recent studies have revealed bacterium- or virus-induced epigenetic changes in the host cells. In this review, we focused on respiratory pathogens (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) induced epigenetic modulations (DNA methylation and histone modification) that may contribute to lung disease pathophysiology by promoting host defense or allowing pathogen persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Masfique Mehedi
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (D.W.); (M.B.); (Y.A.)
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Jenkins VA, Hoet B, Hochrein H, De Moerlooze L. The Quest for a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine for Older Adults: Thinking beyond the F Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020382. [PMID: 36851260 PMCID: PMC9963583 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common cause of paediatric respiratory tract infection and causes a significant health burden in older adults. Natural immunity to RSV is incomplete, permitting recurrent symptomatic infection over an individual's lifespan. When combined with immunosenescence, this increases older adults' susceptibility to more severe disease symptoms. As RSV prophylaxis is currently limited to infants, older adults represent an important target population for RSV vaccine development. The relationship between RSV and our immune systems is complex, and these interactions require deeper understanding to tailor an effective vaccine candidate towards older adults. To date, vaccine candidates targeting RSV antigens, including pre-F, F, G (A), G (B), M2-1, and N, have shown efficacy against RSV infection in older adults in clinical trial settings. Although vaccine candidates have demonstrated robust neutralising IgG and cellular responses, it is important that research continues to investigate the RSV immune response in order to further understand how the choice of antigenic target site may impact vaccine effectiveness. In this article, we discuss the Phase 3 vaccine candidates being tested in older adults and review the hurdles that must be overcome to achieve effective protection against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Jenkins
- Bavarian Nordic AG, 6301 Zug, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-79-558-89-39
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Chirikov V, Botteman M, Simões EAF. The Long-Term Healthcare Utilization and Economic Burden of RSV Infection in Children ≤5 Years in Japan: Propensity Score Matched Cohort Study. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2022; 14:699-714. [DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s382495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Increased Heme Oxygenase 1 Expression upon a Primary Exposure to the Respiratory Syncytial Virus and a Secondary Mycobacterium bovis Infection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081453. [PMID: 35892656 PMCID: PMC9332618 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants. Because recurrent epidemics based on reinfection occur in children and adults, hRSV has gained interest as a potential primary pathogen favoring secondary opportunistic infections. Several infection models have shown different mechanisms by which hRSV promotes immunopathology to prevent the development of adaptive protective immunity. However, little is known about the long-lasting effects of viral infection on pulmonary immune surveillance mechanisms. As a first approach, here we evaluated whether a primary infection by hRSV, once resolved, dampens the host immune response to a secondary infection with an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis (M. Bovis) strain referred as to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). We analyzed leukocyte dynamics and immunomodulatory molecules in the lungs after eleven- and twenty-one-days post-infection with Mycobacterium, using previous hRSV infected mice, by flow cytometry and the expression of critical genes involved in the immune response by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Among the latter, we analyzed the expression of Heme Oxygenase (HO)-1 in an immunization scheme in mice. Our data suggest that a pre-infection with hRSV has a conditioning effect promoting lung pathology during a subsequent mycobacterial challenge, characterized by increased infiltration of innate immune cells, including interstitial and alveolar macrophages. Our data also suggest that hRSV impairs pulmonary immune responses, promoting secondary mycobacterial colonization and lung survival, which could be associated with an increase in the expression of HO-1. Additionally, BCG is a commonly used vaccine that can be used as a platform for the generation of new recombinant vaccines, such as a recombinant BCG strain expressing the nucleoprotein of hRSV (rBCG-N-hRSV). Therefore, we evaluated if the immunization with rBCG-N-hRSV could modulate the expression of HO-1. We found a differential expression pattern for HO-1, where a higher induction of HO-1 was detected on epithelial cells compared to dendritic cells during late infection times. This is the first study to demonstrate that infection with hRSV produces damage in the lung epithelium, promoting subsequent mycobacterial colonization, characterized by an increase in the neutrophils and alveolar macrophages recruitment. Moreover, we determined that immunization with rBCG-N-hRSV modulates differentially the expression of HO-1 on immune and epithelial cells, which could be involved in the repair of pulmonary tissue.
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Wurzel D, Licciardi PV. Targeted strategies are needed to prevent childhood asthma. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:60/1/2200378. [PMID: 35835473 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00378-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wurzel
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Dept of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul V Licciardi
- Infection and Immunity, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia .,Dept of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Pischedda S, Rivero-Calle I, Gómez-Carballa A, Cebey-López M, Barral-Arca R, Gómez-Rial J, Pardo-Seco J, Curras-Tuala MJ, Viz-Lasheras S, Bello X, Crujeiras AB, Diaz-Lagares A, González-López MT, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A. Role and Diagnostic Performance of Host Epigenome in Respiratory Morbidity after RSV Infection: The EPIRESVi Study. Front Immunol 2022; 13:875691. [PMID: 35619695 PMCID: PMC9128527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.875691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been associated with the subsequent development of recurrent wheezing and asthma, although the mechanisms involved are still unknown. We investigate the role of epigenetics in the respiratory morbidity after infection by comparing methylation patterns from children who develop recurrent wheezing (RW-RSV), subsequent asthma (AS-RVS), and those experiencing complete recovery (CR-RSV). Methods Prospective, observational study of infants aged < 2 years with RSV respiratory infection admitted to hospital and followed-up after discharge for at least three years. According to their clinical course, patients were categorized into subgroups: RW-RSV (n = 36), AS-RSV (n = 9), and CR-RSV (n = 32). The DNA genome-wide methylation pattern was analyzed in whole blood samples, collected during the acute phase of the infection, using the Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC BeadChip (850K CpG sites). Differences in methylation were determined through a linear regression model adjusted for age, gender and cell composition. Results Patients who developed respiratory sequelae showed a statistically significant higher proportion of NK and CD8T cells (inferred through a deconvolution approach) than those with complete recovery. We identified 5,097 significant differentially methylated positions (DMPs) when comparing RW-RSV and AS-RVS together against CR-RSV. Methylation profiles affect several genes involved in airway inflammation processes. The most significant DMPs were found to be hypomethylated in cases and therefore generally leading to overexpression of affected genes. The lead CpG position (cg24509398) falls at the gene body of EYA3 (P-value = 2.77×10-10), a tyrosine phosphatase connected with pulmonary vascular remodeling, a key process in the asthma pathology. Logistic regression analysis resulted in a diagnostic epigenetic signature of 3-DMPs (involving genes ZNF2698, LOC102723354 and RPL15/NKIRAS1) that allows to efficiently differentiate sequelae cases from CR-RSV patients (AUC = 1.00). Enrichment pathway analysis reveals the role of the cell cycle checkpoint (FDR P-value = 4.71×10-2), DNA damage (FDP-value = 2.53×10-2), and DNA integrity checkpoint (FDR P-value = 2.56×10-2) in differentiating sequelae from CR-RSV patients. Conclusions Epigenetic mechanisms might play a fundamental role in the long-term sequelae after RSV infection, contributing to explain the different phenotypes observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pischedda
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Rivero-Calle
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Gómez-Carballa
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Cebey-López
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ruth Barral-Arca
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jose Gómez-Rial
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Pardo-Seco
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - María-José Curras-Tuala
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Viz-Lasheras
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Xabier Bello
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B Crujeiras
- Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition Group, Epigenomics Unit, Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago De Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario De Santiago De Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Angel Diaz-Lagares
- Cancer Epigenomics, Epigenomics Unit, Translational Medical Oncology (Oncomet), Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Santiago De Compostela (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario De Santiago De Compostela (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago De Compostela, Spain.,Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red Cancer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Federico Martinón-Torres
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Salas
- Genetics, Vaccines, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics Research Group (GENVIP), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,GenPoB Research Group, Instituto de Investigacinó Sanitaria (IDIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (SERGAS), Unidade de Xenética, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBER-ES), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Facultade de Medicina, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Odumade OA, van Haren SD, Angelidou A. Implications of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic on the Epidemiology of Pediatric Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:S130-S135. [PMID: 35579506 PMCID: PMC9129219 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections account for a large percentage of global disease and death. Respiratory syncytial virus is a seasonal virus affecting immunologically vulnerable populations, such as preterm newborns and young infants; however, its epidemiology has changed drastically during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. In this perspective, we discuss the implications of coronavirus disease 2019 on respiratory syncytial virus seasonality patterns and mitigation efforts, as well as the urgent need for vaccination as a preventive tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oludare A Odumade
- Correspondence: Oludare Odumade, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Ave, CC BCH 3136, Boston, MA 02115 ()
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Asimenia Angelidou
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Department of Neonatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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12
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Yagi K, Asai N, Huffnagle GB, Lukacs NW, Fonseca W. Early-Life Lung and Gut Microbiota Development and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877771. [PMID: 35444639 PMCID: PMC9013880 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several environmental factors can influence the development and establishment of the early-life microbiota. For example, exposure to different environmental factors from birth to childhood will shape the lung and gut microbiota and the development of the immune system, which will impact respiratory tract infection and widespread disease occurrence during infancy and later in life. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects most infants by the age of two and is the primary cause of bronchiolitis in children worldwide. Approximately a third of infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis develop asthma later in life. However, it is unclear what factors increase susceptibility to severe RSV-bronchiolitis and the subsequent asthma development. In recent years, the role of the gut and lung microbiota in airway diseases has received increased interest, and more studies have focused on this field. Different epidemiological studies and experimental animal models have associated early-life gut microbiota dysbiosis with an increased risk of lung disease later in life. This work will review published evidence that correlated environmental factors that affect the early-life microbiota composition and their role in developing severe RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Yagi
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nobuhiro Asai
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gary B Huffnagle
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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13
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Barnes MVC, Openshaw PJM, Thwaites RS. Mucosal Immune Responses to Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071153. [PMID: 35406717 PMCID: PMC8997753 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite over half a century of research, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-induced bronchiolitis remains a major cause of hospitalisation in infancy, while vaccines and specific therapies still await development. Our understanding of mucosal immune responses to RSV continues to evolve, but recent studies again highlight the role of Type-2 immune responses in RSV disease and hint at the possibility that it dampens Type-1 antiviral immunity. Other immunoregulatory pathways implicated in RSV disease highlight the importance of focussing on localised mucosal responses in the respiratory mucosa, as befits a virus that is essentially confined to the ciliated respiratory epithelium. In this review, we discuss studies of mucosal immune cell infiltration and production of inflammatory mediators in RSV bronchiolitis and relate these studies to observations from peripheral blood. We also discuss the advantages and limitations of studying the nasal mucosa in a disease that is most severe in the lower airway. A fresh focus on studies of RSV pathogenesis in the airway mucosa is set to revolutionise our understanding of this common and important infection.
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14
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Gilliaux G, Desmecht D. Gammaherpesvirus Alters Alveolar Macrophages According to the Host Genetic Background and Promotes Beneficial Inflammatory Control over Pneumovirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010098. [PMID: 35062301 PMCID: PMC8777918 DOI: 10.3390/v14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) infection brings a wide spectrum of clinical outcomes, from a mild cold to severe bronchiolitis or even acute interstitial pneumonia. Among the known factors influencing this clinical diversity, genetic background has often been mentioned. In parallel, recent evidence has also pointed out that an early infectious experience affects heterologous infections severity. Here, we analyzed the importance of these two host-related factors in shaping the immune response in pneumoviral disease. We show that a prior gammaherpesvirus infection improves, in a genetic background-dependent manner, the immune system response against a subsequent lethal dose of pneumovirus primary infection notably by inducing a systematic expansion of the CD8+ bystander cell pool and by modifying the resident alveolar macrophages (AMs) phenotype to induce immediate cyto/chemokinic responses upon pneumovirus exposure, thereby drastically attenuating the host inflammatory response without affecting viral replication. Moreover, we show that these AMs present similar rapid and increased production of neutrophil chemokines both in front of pneumoviral or bacterial challenge, confirming recent studies attributing a critical antibacterial role of primed AMs. These results corroborate other recent studies suggesting that the innate immunity cells are themselves capable of memory, a capacity hitherto reserved for acquired immunity.
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15
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Neonates and COVID-19: state of the art : Neonatal Sepsis series. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:432-439. [PMID: 34961785 PMCID: PMC8712275 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01875-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has had a significant impact worldwide, particularly in middle- and low-income countries. While this impact has been well-recognized in certain age groups, the effects, both direct and indirect, on the neonatal population remain largely unknown. There are placental changes associated, though the contributions to maternal and fetal illness have not been fully determined. The rate of premature delivery has increased and SARS-CoV-2 infection is proportionately higher in premature neonates, which appears to be related to premature delivery for maternal reasons rather than an increase in spontaneous preterm labor. There is much room for expansion, including long-term data on outcomes for affected babies. Though uncommon, there has been evidence of adverse events in neonates, including Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children, associated with COVID-19 (MIS-C). There are recommendations for reduction of viral transmission to neonates, though more research is required to determine the role of passive immunization of the fetus via maternal vaccination. There is now considerable evidence suggesting that the severe visitation restrictions implemented early in the pandemic have negatively impacted the care of the neonate and the experiences of both parents and healthcare professionals alike. Ongoing collaboration is required to determine the full impact, and guidelines for future management. IMPACT: Comprehensive review of current available evidence related to impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on neonates, effects on their health, impact on their quality of care and indirect influences on their clinical course, including comparisons with other age groups. Reference to current evidence for maternal experience of infection and how it impacts the fetus and then neonate. Outline of the need for ongoing research, including specific areas in which there are significant gaps in knowledge.
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16
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Boutin S, Hildebrand D, Boulant S, Kreuter M, Rüter J, Pallerla SR, Velavan TP, Nurjadi D. Host factors facilitating SARS-CoV-2 virus infection and replication in the lungs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5953-5976. [PMID: 34223911 PMCID: PMC8256233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus causing the major pandemic facing the world today. Although, SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes lung infection, a variety of symptoms have proven a systemic impact on the body. SARS-CoV-2 has spread in the community quickly infecting humans from all age, ethnicities and gender. However, fatal outcomes have been linked to specific host factors and co-morbidities such as age, hypertension, immuno-deficiencies, chronic lung diseases or metabolic disorders. A major shift in the microbiome of patients suffering of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have also been observed and is linked to a worst outcome of the disease. As many co-morbidities are already known to be associated with a dysbiosis of the microbiome such as hypertension, diabetes and metabolic disorders. Host factors and microbiome changes are believed to be involved as a network in the acquisition of the infection and the development of the diseases. We will review in detail in this manuscript, the immune response toward SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the host factors involved in the facilitation and worsening of the infection. We will also address the impact of COVID-19 on the host's microbiome and secondary infection which also worsen the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Hildebrand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Division of Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kreuter
- Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Pneumology, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jule Rüter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Thirumalaisamy P Velavan
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dennis Nurjadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Grier A, Gill AL, Kessler HA, Corbett A, Bandyopadhyay S, Java J, Holden-Wiltse J, Falsey AR, Topham DJ, Mariani TJ, Caserta MT, Walsh EE, Gill SR. Temporal Dysbiosis of Infant Nasal Microbiota Relative to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:1650-1658. [PMID: 32926147 PMCID: PMC8136976 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of infant respiratory disease. Infant airway microbiota has been associated with respiratory disease risk and severity. The extent to which interactions between RSV and microbiota occur in the airway, and their impact on respiratory disease susceptibility and severity, are unknown. METHODS We carried out 16S rRNA microbiota profiling of infants in the first year of life from (1) a cross-sectional cohort of 89 RSV-infected infants sampled during illness and 102 matched healthy controls, and (2) a matched longitudinal cohort of 12 infants who developed RSV infection and 12 who did not, sampled before, during, and after infection. RESULTS We identified 12 taxa significantly associated with RSV infection. All 12 taxa were differentially abundant during infection, with 8 associated with disease severity. Nasal microbiota composition was more discriminative of healthy vs infected than of disease severity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings elucidate the chronology of nasal microbiota dysbiosis and suggest an altered developmental trajectory associated with RSV infection. Microbial temporal dynamics reveal indicators of disease risk, correlates of illness and severity, and impact of RSV infection on microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Grier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ann L Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Haeja A Kessler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Corbett
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sanjukta Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - James Java
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Jeanne Holden-Wiltse
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - David J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Thomas J Mariani
- Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Molecular and Personalized Medicine Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Mary T Caserta
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Edward E Walsh
- Department of Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Steven R Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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18
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de Steenhuijsen Piters WAA, Binkowska J, Bogaert D. Early Life Microbiota and Respiratory Tract Infections. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 28:223-232. [PMID: 32791114 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has become clear that respiratory and intestinal tract microbiota are related to pathogenesis of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Host and environmental factors can drive respiratory microbiota maturation in early life, which in turn is related to consecutive susceptibility to RTIs. Moreover, during RTIs, including viral bronchiolitis, the local microbiome appears to play an immunomodulatory role through complex interactions, though causality has not yet been fully demonstrated. The microbiota is subsequently associated with recovery after RTIs and can be related to persistent or long-term sequelae. In this Review, we explore the epidemiological evidence supporting these associations and link to mechanistic insights. The long-term consequences of childhood RTIs and the comprehensive role of the microbiota at various stages in RTI pathogenesis call for early life preventative and therapeutic interventions to promote respiratory health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A A de Steenhuijsen Piters
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Justyna Binkowska
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital/University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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19
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Öner D, Drysdale SB, McPherson C, Lin GL, Janet S, Broad J, Pollard AJ, Aerssens J. Biomarkers for Disease Severity in Children Infected With Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Systematic Literature Review. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:S648-S657. [PMID: 32794555 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical manifestations of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection vary widely from mild, self-limiting illness to severe life-threatening disease. There are gaps in knowledge of biomarkers to objectively define severe disease and predict clinical outcomes. METHODS A systematic search was performed, 1945-March 2019 in databases Ovid Medline, Embase, Global health, Scopus, and Web of Science. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool. RESULTS A total of 25 132 abstracts were screened and studies were assessed for quality, risk of bias, and extracted data; 111 studies met the inclusion criteria. RSV severity was correlated with antibody titers, reduced T and B cells, dysregulated innate immunity, neutrophil mobilization to the lungs and blood, decreased Th1 response, and Th2 weighted shift. Microbial exposures in respiratory tract may contribute to neutrophil mobilization to the lungs of the infants with severe RSV compared with mild RSV disease. CONCLUSIONS Although a wide range of biomarkers have been associated with RSV disease severity, robust validated biomarkers are lacking. This review illustrates the broad heterogeneity of study designs and high variability in the definition of severe RSV disease. Prospective studies are required to validate biomarkers. Additional research investigating epigenetics, metabolomics, and microbiome holds promise for novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Öner
- Infectious Diseases Translational Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Simon B Drysdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Calum McPherson
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gu-Lung Lin
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Janet
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Broad
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Aerssens
- Infectious Diseases Translational Biomarkers, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
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20
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Elesela S, Lukacs NW. Role of Mitochondria in Viral Infections. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11030232. [PMID: 33799853 PMCID: PMC7998235 DOI: 10.3390/life11030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases account for an increasing proportion of deaths worldwide. Viruses maneuver host cell machinery in an attempt to subvert the intracellular environment favorable for their replication. The mitochondrial network is highly susceptible to physiological and environmental insults, including viral infections. Viruses affect mitochondrial functions and impact mitochondrial metabolism, and innate immune signaling. Resurgence of host-virus interactions in recent literature emphasizes the key role of mitochondria and host metabolism on viral life processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to damage of mitochondria that generate toxic compounds, importantly mitochondrial DNA, inducing systemic toxicity, leading to damage of multiple organs in the body. Mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy are essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial quality control and homeostasis. Therefore, metabolic antagonists may be essential to gain a better understanding of viral diseases and develop effective antiviral therapeutics. This review briefly discusses how viruses exploit mitochondrial dynamics for virus proliferation and induce associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Elesela
- Department of Pathology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicholas W. Lukacs
- Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
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21
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Byrne AB, García AG, Brahamian JM, Mauri A, Ferretti A, Polack FP, Talarico LB. A murine model of dengue virus infection in suckling C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:16-26. [PMID: 33738433 PMCID: PMC7954830 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a significant public health concern across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, principally causing disease in children. Very young children are at increased risk of severe manifestations of dengue infection. The mechanism of dengue disease in this population is not fully understood. In this study, we present a murine model of dengue virus primary infection in suckling C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice in order to investigate disease pathogenesis. Three-day-old C57BL/6 mice intraperitoneally infected with DENV-2 NGC were more susceptible to infection than BALB/c mice, showing increased liver enzymes, extended viremia, dissemination to organs and histological alterations in liver and small intestine. Furthermore, the immune response in DENV-infected C57BL/6 mice exhibited a marked Th1 bias compared to BALB/c mice. These findings highlight the possibility of establishing an immunocompetent mouse model of DENV-2 infection in suckling mice that reproduces certain signs of disease observed in humans and that could be used to further study age-related mechanisms of dengue pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana B. Byrne
- Fundación INFANTBuenos AiresArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
- Present address:
Laboratorio de Investigaciones Infectológicas y Biología MolecularInfectologíaDepartamento de MedicinaHospital de Niños Ricardo GutiérrezBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Ayelén G. García
- Fundación INFANTBuenos AiresArgentina
- Present address:
Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas (INEI) ‐ Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud (ANLIS) “Dr Carlos Malbrán”Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Jorge M. Brahamian
- Fundación INFANTBuenos AiresArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
- Present address:
Departamento de Química Biológica‐IQUIBICEN (CONICET‐UBA)Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y NaturalesUniversidad de Buenos AiresBuenos AiresArgentina
| | | | | | | | - Laura B. Talarico
- Fundación INFANTBuenos AiresArgentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
- Present address:
Laboratorio de Investigaciones Infectológicas y Biología MolecularInfectologíaDepartamento de MedicinaHospital de Niños Ricardo GutiérrezBuenos AiresArgentina
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22
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Porto BN, Moraes TJ. The triad: respiratory microbiome - virus - immune response in the pathophysiology of pulmonary viral infections. Expert Rev Respir Med 2021; 15:635-648. [PMID: 33605840 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1893168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The longstanding dogma that the healthy lung is sterile has been refuted by recent advances in culture-independent analyses of airway samples. The respiratory microbiome comprises all airway and lung tissue-associated microbes. These micro-organisms occur throughout the upper and lower respiratory tracts, with different populations and distinct burdens at specific sites and can be classified as pathogenic or commensal. AREAS COVERED The majority of studies investigating the respiratory microbiome have focused on bacteria; however, emerging evidence has revealed the composition of the lung virome, the global viral communities present in the lung tissue. In this review, we searched PubMed and used keywords such as airway microbiome. We restricted outputs to English language and did not limit by any dates. We summarize the up-to-date knowledge on how the microbiome interacts with the host immune system and influences the pathogenesis of pulmonary viral infections. EXPERT OPINION The relationship between colonizing microbes and the host is complex and various factors need to be considered in order to appreciate its pathophysiological consequences. Understanding these intricate mechanisms of interaction among the respiratory microbiome, viruses and the immune response may lead to the development of better therapies to treat or prevent respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara N Porto
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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23
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Alterman N, Kurinczuk JJ, Quigley MA. Caesarean section and severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections during infancy: Evidence from two UK cohorts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246832. [PMID: 33592033 PMCID: PMC7886211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that birth by caesarean section is associated with increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections in the child, but it is unclear whether this applies to any caesarean section or specifically to planned caesareans. Furthermore, although infections of the upper respiratory tract are very common during childhood, there is a scarcity of studies examining whether caesarean is also a risk factor for this site of infection. METHODS We obtained data from two UK cohorts: the Millennium Cohort Study (MCS) and linked administrative datasets of the population of Wales through the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank. The study focused on term-born singleton infants and included 15,580 infants born 2000-2002 (MCS) and 392,145 infants born 2002-2016 (SAIL). We used information about mode of birth (vaginal delivery, assisted vaginal delivery, planned caesarean and emergency caesarean) from maternal report in the MCS and from hospital birth records in SAIL. Unplanned hospital admission for lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) was ascertained from maternal report in the MCS and from hospital record ICD codes in SAIL. Information about admissions for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) was available from SAIL only. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for each outcome and cohort separately while accounting for a wide range of confounders. Gestational age at birth was further examined as a potential added, indirect risk of planned caesarean birth due to the early delivery. FINDINGS The rate of hospital admission for LRTI was 4.6 per 100 child years in the MCS and 5.9 per 100 child years in SAIL. Emergency caesarean was not associated with LRTI admission during infancy in either cohort. In the MCS, planned caesarean was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.39 (95% CI 1.03, 1.87) which further increased to 1.65 (95% CI 1.24, 2.19) when gestational age was not adjusted for. In SAIL, the adjusted hazard ratio was 1.10 (95% CI 1.05, 1.15), which increased to 1.17 (95% CI 1.12, 1.22) when gestational age was not adjusted for. The rate of hospital admission for URTI was 5.9 per 100 child years in SAIL. Following adjustments, emergency caesarean was found to have a hazard ratio of 1.09 (95% CI 1.05, 1.14) for hospital admission for URTI. Planned caesarean was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.11 (95% CI 1.06, 1.16) which increased to 1.17 (95% CI 1.12, 1.22) when gestational age was not adjusted for. CONCLUSIONS The risk of severe LRTIs during infancy is moderately elevated in infants born by planned caesarean compared to those born vaginally. Infants born by any type of caesarean may also be at a small increased risk of severe URTIs. The estimated effect sizes are stronger if including the indirect effect arising from planning the caesarean birth for an earlier gestation than would have occurred spontaneously. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neora Alterman
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jennifer J. Kurinczuk
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A. Quigley
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Policy Research Unit in Maternal Health and Care, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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任 康, 任 洛, 邓 昱, 谢 晓, 臧 娜, 谢 军, 罗 征, 罗 健, 符 州, 刘 恩, 李 渠. [Epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Chongqing, China, from 2013 to 2018: an analysis of 2 066 cases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:67-73. [PMID: 33476540 PMCID: PMC7818151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the detection rate, epidemic pattern, and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI). METHODS Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children with ALRI, aged < 2 years, who were hospitalized in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from June 2013 to May 2018. Multiplex PCR was used to detect 16 common respiratory viruses. The epidemiological characteristics of RSV were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 2 066 hospitalized children with ALRI were enrolled. Among the children, 1 595 (77.20%) tested positive for virus and 826 (39.98%) tested positive for RSV [410(49.6%) positive for RSV-A, 414 (50.1%) positive for RSV-B, and 2 (0.2%) positive for both RSV-A and RSV-B]. RSV-B was the main subtype detected in 2013-2014 and 2016-2017, while RSV-A was the main subtype in 2014-2015 and 2017-2018, and these two subtypes were prevalent in 2015-2016. The highest detection rate of RSV was noted in winter. RSV + human rhinovirus was the most common combination of viruses and was detected in 123 children. These children were more likely to develop wheezing than those with single RSV detected (P=0.030). A total of 298 samples were detected with single RSV, 148 were detected with RSV mixed with other viruses, 389 were detected with other viruses, and 241 were detected negative for viruses. Compared with the other viruses and negative virus groups, the single RSV group had a significantly younger age and significantly higher incidence rates of dyspnea, respiratory failure, and severe lower respiratory tract infection (P < 0.0083). The RSV-A positive group had a significantly higher proportion of boys than the RSV-B positive group (P=0.004), but there were no significant differences in clinical manifestations between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In Chongqing in 2013-2018, RSV-A and RSV-B not only can predominate alternately, but also can co-circulate during a season. RSV is the major viral pathogen of hospitalized children with ALRI and can cause severe lower respiratory tract infection. There are no differences in clinical manifestations between children with RSV-A infection and those with RSV-B infection, but boys are more susceptible to RSV-A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- 康轶 任
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 洛 任
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 昱 邓
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 晓虹 谢
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 娜 臧
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 军 谢
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 征秀 罗
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 健 罗
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 州 符
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 恩梅 刘
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 渠北 李
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
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任 康, 任 洛, 邓 昱, 谢 晓, 臧 娜, 谢 军, 罗 征, 罗 健, 符 州, 刘 恩, 李 渠. [Epidemiological characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Chongqing, China, from 2013 to 2018: an analysis of 2 066 cases]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:67-73. [PMID: 33476540 PMCID: PMC7818151 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2007139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the detection rate, epidemic pattern, and clinical features of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI). METHODS Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children with ALRI, aged < 2 years, who were hospitalized in Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from June 2013 to May 2018. Multiplex PCR was used to detect 16 common respiratory viruses. The epidemiological characteristics of RSV were analyzed. RESULTS A total of 2 066 hospitalized children with ALRI were enrolled. Among the children, 1 595 (77.20%) tested positive for virus and 826 (39.98%) tested positive for RSV [410(49.6%) positive for RSV-A, 414 (50.1%) positive for RSV-B, and 2 (0.2%) positive for both RSV-A and RSV-B]. RSV-B was the main subtype detected in 2013-2014 and 2016-2017, while RSV-A was the main subtype in 2014-2015 and 2017-2018, and these two subtypes were prevalent in 2015-2016. The highest detection rate of RSV was noted in winter. RSV + human rhinovirus was the most common combination of viruses and was detected in 123 children. These children were more likely to develop wheezing than those with single RSV detected (P=0.030). A total of 298 samples were detected with single RSV, 148 were detected with RSV mixed with other viruses, 389 were detected with other viruses, and 241 were detected negative for viruses. Compared with the other viruses and negative virus groups, the single RSV group had a significantly younger age and significantly higher incidence rates of dyspnea, respiratory failure, and severe lower respiratory tract infection (P < 0.0083). The RSV-A positive group had a significantly higher proportion of boys than the RSV-B positive group (P=0.004), but there were no significant differences in clinical manifestations between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In Chongqing in 2013-2018, RSV-A and RSV-B not only can predominate alternately, but also can co-circulate during a season. RSV is the major viral pathogen of hospitalized children with ALRI and can cause severe lower respiratory tract infection. There are no differences in clinical manifestations between children with RSV-A infection and those with RSV-B infection, but boys are more susceptible to RSV-A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- 康轶 任
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 洛 任
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 昱 邓
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 晓虹 谢
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 娜 臧
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 军 谢
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 征秀 罗
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 健 罗
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 州 符
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 恩梅 刘
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 渠北 李
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科/国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心/儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室/儿童感染免疫重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
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Decoding Susceptibility to Respiratory Viral Infections and Asthma Inception in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176372. [PMID: 32887352 PMCID: PMC7503410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Rhinovirus are the most frequent cause of respiratory tract infections in infants and children and are major triggers of acute viral bronchiolitis, wheezing and asthma exacerbations. Here, we will discuss the application of the powerful tools of systems biology to decode the molecular mechanisms that determine risk for infection and subsequent asthma. An important conceptual advance is the understanding that the innate immune system is governed by a Bow-tie architecture, where diverse input signals converge onto a few core pathways (e.g., IRF7), which in turn generate diverse outputs that orchestrate effector and regulatory functions. Molecular profiling studies in children with severe exacerbations of asthma/wheeze have identified two major immunological phenotypes. The IRF7hi phenotype is characterised by robust upregulation of antiviral response networks, and the IRF7lo phenotype is characterised by upregulation of markers of TGFβ signalling and type 2 inflammation. Similar phenotypes have been identified in infants and children with severe viral bronchiolitis. Notably, genome-wide association studies supported by experimental validation have identified key pathways that increase susceptibility to HRV infection (ORMDL3 and CHDR3) and modulate TGFβ signalling (GSDMB, TGFBR1, and SMAD3). Moreover, functional deficiencies in the activation of type I and III interferon responses are already evident at birth in children at risk of developing febrile lower respiratory tract infections and persistent asthma/wheeze, suggesting that the trajectory to asthma begins at birth or in utero. Finally, exposure to microbes and their products reprograms innate immunity and provides protection from the development of allergies and asthma in children, and therefore microbial products are logical candidates for the primary prevention of asthma.
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A gammaherpesvirus licenses CD8 T cells to protect the host from pneumovirus-induced immunopathologies. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:799-813. [PMID: 32424182 PMCID: PMC7116076 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a pneumovirus that causes severe infections in infants worldwide. Despite intensive research, safe and effective vaccines against RSV have remained elusive. The main reason is that RSV infection of children previously immunized with formalin-inactivated-RSV vaccines has been associated with exacerbated pathology, a phenomenon called RSV vaccine-enhanced respiratory disease. In parallel, despite the high RSV prevalence, only a minor proportion of children develop severe diseases. Interestingly, variation in the immune responses against RSV or following RSV vaccination could be linked with differences of exposure to microbes during childhood. Gammaherpesviruses (γHVs), such as the Epstein-Barr virus, are persistent viruses that deeply influence the immune system of their host and could therefore affect the development of pneumovirus-induced immunopathologies for the long term. Here, we showed that a previous ɣHV infection protects against both pneumovirus vaccine-enhanced disease and pneumovirus primary infection and that CD8 T cells are essential for this protection. These observations shed a new light on the understanding of pneumovirus-induced diseases and open new perspectives for the development of vaccine strategies.
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Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Bohmwald K, Berrios RV, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. The Role of Dendritic Cells During Infections Caused by Highly Prevalent Viruses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1513. [PMID: 32765522 PMCID: PMC7378533 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of innate immune cells with major relevance in the establishment of an adaptive response, as they are responsible for the activation of lymphocytes. Since their discovery, several reports of their role during infectious diseases have been performed, highlighting their functions and their mechanisms of action. DCs can be categorized into different subsets, and each of these subsets expresses a wide arrange of receptors and molecules that aid them in the clearance of invading pathogens. Interferon (IFN) is a cytokine -a molecule of protein origin- strongly associated with antiviral immune responses. This cytokine is secreted by different cell types and is fundamental in the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections. Particularly, DCs are one of the most important immune cells that produce IFN, with type I IFNs (α and β) highlighting as the most important, as they are associated with viral clearance. Type I IFN secretion can be induced via different pathways, activated by various components of the virus, such as surface proteins or genetic material. These molecules can trigger the activation of the IFN pathway trough surface receptors, including IFNAR, TLR4, or some intracellular receptors, such as TLR7, TLR9, and TLR3. Here, we discuss various types of dendritic cells found in humans and mice; their contribution to the activation of the antiviral response triggered by the secretion of IFN, through different routes of the induction for this important antiviral cytokine; and as to how DCs are involved in human infections that are considered highly frequent nowadays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Soto
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolas M S Gálvez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gaspar A Pacheco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roslye V Berrios
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Fonseca W, Malinczak CA, Schuler CF, Best SK, Rasky AJ, Morris SB, Cui TX, Popova AP, Lukacs NW. Uric acid pathway activation during respiratory virus infection promotes Th2 immune response via innate cytokine production and ILC2 accumulation. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:691-701. [PMID: 32047272 PMCID: PMC7316593 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infects a majority of infants and can cause severe disease leading to increased risk to develop asthma later in life. In the present studies we detected high levels of uric acid pathway components during RSV infection and examined whether they altered the pathogenesis of RSV infection. Inhibition of uric acid (UA) pathway activation during RSV infection in airway epithelial cells using XOI decreased the expression of IL-33, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), and CCL2. In addition, treatment of RSV infected bone marrow-derived macrophages with XOI decreased production of IL-1β. Thus, UA activation of different cell populations contributes different innate immune mediators that promote immunopathogenesis. When mice were treated with XOI or interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1-ra) during RSV infection decreased pulmonary mucus was observed along with significantly reduced numbers of ILC2 and macrophages, accompanied by decreased IL-33 in bronchoalveolar lavage of the treated mice. These findings provide mechanistic insight into the development of RSV immunopathology and indicate that xanthine metabolites and UA are key immunoregulator molecules during RSV infection. Moreover, these findings suggest uric acid and IL-1β as possible therapeutic targets to attenuate severe RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | | | - Charles F. Schuler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Shannon K.K. Best
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Andrew J Rasky
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Susan B Morris
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Tracy X. Cui
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Antonia P. Popova
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA 48109
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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30
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Early-Life Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, Trained Immunity and Subsequent Pulmonary Diseases. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050505. [PMID: 32375305 PMCID: PMC7290378 DOI: 10.3390/v12050505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is often the first clinically relevant pathogen encountered in life, with nearly all children infected by two years of age. Many studies have also linked early-life severe respiratory viral infection with more pathogenic immune responses later in life that lead to pulmonary diseases like childhood asthma. This phenomenon is thought to occur through long-term immune system alterations following early-life respiratory viral infection and may include local responses such as unresolved inflammation and/or direct structural or developmental modifications within the lung. Furthermore, systemic responses that could impact the bone marrow progenitors may be a significant cause of long-term alterations, through inflammatory mediators and shifts in metabolic profiles. Among these alterations may be changes in transcriptional and epigenetic programs that drive persistent modifications throughout life, leaving the immune system poised toward pathogenic responses upon secondary insult. This review will focus on early-life severe RSV infection and long-term alterations. Understanding these mechanisms will not only lead to better treatment options to limit initial RSV infection severity but also protect against the development of childhood asthma linked to severe respiratory viral infections.
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31
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Midulla F, Di Mattia G, Nenna R, Scagnolari C, Viscido A, Oliveto G, Petrarca L, Frassanito A, Arima S, Antonelli G, Pierangeli A. Novel Variants of Respiratory Syncytial Virus A ON1 Associated With Increased Clinical Severity of Bronchiolitis. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:102-110. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A study of respiratory syncytial virus-A (RSV A) genotype ON1 genetic variability and clinical severity in infants hospitalized with bronchiolitis over 6 epidemic seasons (2012–2013 to 2017–2018) was carried out.
Methods
From prospectively enrolled term infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis, samples positive for RSV A ON1 (N = 139) were sequenced in the second half of the G gene. Patients’ clinical data were obtained from medical files and each infant was assigned a clinical severity score. ANOVA comparison and adjusted multinomial logistic regression were used to evaluate clinical severity score and clinical parameters.
Results
The phylogenetic analysis of 54 strains showed 3 distinct clades; sequences in the last 2 seasons differed from previous seasons. The most divergent and numerous cluster of 2017–2018 strains was characterized by a novel pattern of amino acid changes, some in antigenic sites. Several amino acid changes altered predicted glycosylation sites, with acquisition of around 10 new O-glycosylation sites. Clinical severity of bronchiolitis increased in 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 and changed according to the epidemic seasons only.
Conclusions
Amino acid changes in the hypervariable part of G protein may have altered functions and/or changed its immunogenicity, leading to an impact on disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Midulla
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University,Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Viscido
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University,Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Oliveto
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University,Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Serena Arima
- Department of Methods and Models in Economics, the Territory and Finance, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University,Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University,Rome, Italy
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Zurita-Cruz J, Gutierrez-Gonzalez A, Manuel-Apolinar L, Fernández-Gárate JE, Arellano-Flores ML, Correa Gonzalez RA, Vázquez-Rosales G, Pérez Vieyra P, Sanchez-Armas R, Cisneros-González N. The Impact of a History of Pre-maturity on Viral Respiratory Infections in Children Under 2 Years of Age: A Propensity Score-Matching Analysis of in-hospital Complications and Mortality. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:499013. [PMID: 33072667 PMCID: PMC7531324 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.499013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A history of pre-maturity may be a risk factor for complications in patients under 24 months of age hospitalized for viral respiratory infections (VRIs). Objective: To identify the impact of a history of pre-maturity on in-hospital complications and mortality in patients under 24 months of age who were hospitalized for VRIs over a period of 5 years. Material and Methods: This was a propensity score-matched study. The database was compiled by physicians, electronically validated by engineers, and analyzed by statisticians. Patients diagnosed with VRIs (based on International Classification of Diseases [ICD-10]) codes B974, J12, J120-J129X, J168, J17, J171, J178, J20, J203-J209, J21, J210, J211, J218, J219, J22X, and J189) from 2013 to 2017 were enrolled in the study. The subjects were classified into two groups according to the absence or presence of a history of pre-maturity (P070, P072, P073). Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) (Q20-Q26) were excluded. Length of hospital stay, in-hospital complications, surgical procedures, and mortality were analyzed. Statistical Analysis: Patients were matched according to age. For comparisons between groups, Student's t-tests and chi2 tests were applied. A logistic regression model was constructed to identify factors related to in-hospital complications and mortality. Results: In total, 5,880 patients were eligible for inclusion in the analysis. The average patient age was 14.25 weeks. The presence of pre-maturity (coefficient = 1.16), male sex, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), in-hospital infectious complications (coefficient = 11.31), and invasive medical procedures (coefficient = 18.4) increased the number of days of hospitalization. Invasive medical procedures (OR = 6.13), a history of pre-maturity (OR = 2.54), and male sex (OR = 1.78) increased the risk for in-hospital complications. In-hospital infectious complications (OR = 84.2) and invasive medical procedures (OR = 58.4) were risk factors for mortality. Conclusions: A history of pre-maturity increased the length of hospital stay and the rate of in-hospital complications but did not increase mortality in patients under 24 months of age hospitalized for VRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Zurita-Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional de México, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital "Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Leticia Manuel-Apolinar
- Endocrine Research Unit, Centro Médico Nacional, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Pérez Vieyra
- Unit of Inhalation Therapy, Pediatric Hospital, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocio Sanchez-Armas
- Unit of Research in Medical Nutrition, Pediatric Hospital "Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI", Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nelly Cisneros-González
- Epidemiological Surveillance Coordination, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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33
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Johnson JK, Harris FL, Ping XD, Gauthier TW, Brown LAS. Role of zinc insufficiency in fetal alveolar macrophage dysfunction and RSV exacerbation associated with fetal ethanol exposure. Alcohol 2019; 80:5-16. [PMID: 30580016 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that maternal alcohol use significantly increases the risk of sepsis in premature and term newborns. In the mouse, fetal ethanol exposure results in an immunosuppressed phenotype for the alveolar macrophage (AM) and decreases bacterial phagocytosis. In pregnant mice, ethanol decreased AM zinc homeostasis, which contributed to immunosuppression and impaired AM phagocytosis. In this study, we explored whether ethanol-induced zinc insufficiency extended to the pup AMs and contributed to immunosuppression and exacerbated viral lung infections. METHODS C57BL/6 female mice were fed a liquid diet with 25% ethanol-derived calories or pair-fed a control diet with 25% of calories as maltose-dextrin. Some pup AMs were treated in vitro with zinc acetate before measuring zinc pools or transporter expression and bacteria phagocytosis. Some dams were fed additional zinc supplements in the ethanol or control diets, and then we assessed pup AM zinc pools, zinc transporters, and the immunosuppressant TGFβ1. On postnatal day 10, some pups were given intranasal saline or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and then AM RSV phagocytosis and the RSV burden in the airway lining fluid were assessed. RESULTS Fetal ethanol exposure decreased pup AM zinc pools, zinc transporter expression, and bacterial clearance, but in vitro zinc treatments reversed these alterations. In addition, the expected ethanol-induced increase in TGFβ1 and immunosuppression were associated with decreased RSV phagocytosis and exacerbated RSV infections. However, additional maternal zinc supplements blocked the ethanol-induced perturbations in the pup AM zinc homeostasis and TGFβ1 immunosuppression, thereby improving RSV phagocytosis and attenuating the RSV burden in the lung. CONCLUSION These studies suggest that, despite normal maternal dietary zinc intake, in utero alcohol exposure results in zinc insufficiency, which contributes to compromised neonatal AM immune functions, thereby increasing the risk of bacterial and viral infections.
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Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Salazar-Ardiles C, Maya JE, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Host Components Contributing to Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2152. [PMID: 31572372 PMCID: PMC6753334 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most prevalent viral etiological agent of acute respiratory tract infection. Although RSV affects people of all ages, the disease is more severe in infants and causes significant morbidity and hospitalization in young children and in the elderly. Host factors, including an immature immune system in infants, low lymphocyte levels in patients under 5 years old, and low levels of RSV-specific neutralizing antibodies in the blood of adults over 65 years of age, can explain the high susceptibility to RSV infection in these populations. Other host factors that correlate with severe RSV disease include high concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and thymic stromal lymphopoitein (TSLP), which are produced in the respiratory tract of RSV-infected individuals, accompanied by a strong neutrophil response. In addition, data from studies of RSV infections in humans and in animal models revealed that this virus suppresses adaptive immune responses that could eliminate it from the respiratory tract. Here, we examine host factors that contribute to RSV pathogenesis based on an exhaustive review of in vitro infection in humans and in animal models to provide insights into the design of vaccines and therapeutic tools that could prevent diseases caused by RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan J. Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M. Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E. Maya
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K. Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Age-Dependent Effects of Immunoproteasome Deficiency on Mouse Adenovirus Type 1 Pathogenesis. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00569-19. [PMID: 31092582 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00569-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory infection with mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) induces activity of the immunoproteasome, an inducible form of the proteasome that shapes CD8 T cell responses by enhancing peptide presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. We used mice deficient in all three immunoproteasome subunits (triple-knockout [TKO] mice) to determine whether immunoproteasome activity is essential for control of MAV-1 replication or inflammatory responses to acute infection. Complete immunoproteasome deficiency in adult TKO mice had no effect on MAV-1 replication, virus-induced lung inflammation, or adaptive immunity compared to C57BL/6 (B6) controls. In contrast, immunoproteasome deficiency in neonatal TKO mice was associated with decreased survival and decreased lung gamma interferon (IFN-γ) expression compared to B6 controls, although without substantial effects on viral replication, histological evidence of inflammation, or expression of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1β in lungs or other organs. T cell recruitment and IFN-γ production was similar in lungs of infected B6 and TKO mice. In lungs of uninfected B6 mice, we detected low levels of immunoproteasome subunit mRNA and protein that increased with age. Immunoproteasome subunit expression was lower in lungs of adult IFN-γ-deficient mice compared to B6 controls. Together, these results demonstrate developmental regulation of the immunoproteasome that is associated with age-dependent differences in MAV-1 pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE MAV-1 infection is a useful model to study the pathogenesis of an adenovirus in its natural host. Host factors that control MAV-1 replication and contribute to inflammation and disease are not fully understood. The immunoproteasome is an inducible component of the ubiquitin proteasome system that shapes the repertoire of peptides presented by MHC class I to CD8 T cells, influences other aspects of T cell survival and activation, and promotes production of proinflammatory cytokines. We found that immunoproteasome activity is dispensable in adult mice. However, immunoproteasome deficiency in neonatal mice increased mortality and impaired IFN-γ responses in the lungs. Baseline immunoproteasome subunit expression in lungs of uninfected mice increased with age. Our findings suggest the existence of developmental regulation of the immunoproteasome, like other aspects of host immune function, and indicate that immunoproteasome activity is a critical protective factor early in life.
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Jartti T, Smits HH, Bønnelykke K, Bircan O, Elenius V, Konradsen JR, Maggina P, Makrinioti H, Stokholm J, Hedlin G, Papadopoulos N, Ruszczynski M, Ryczaj K, Schaub B, Schwarze J, Skevaki C, Stenberg‐Hammar K, Feleszko W. Bronchiolitis needs a revisit: Distinguishing between virus entities and their treatments. Allergy 2019; 74:40-52. [PMID: 30276826 PMCID: PMC6587559 DOI: 10.1111/all.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current data indicate that the “bronchiolitis” diagnosis comprises more than one condition. Clinically, pathophysiologically, and even genetically three main clusters of patients can be identified among children suffering from severe bronchiolitis (or first wheezing episode): (a) respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)‐induced bronchiolitis, characterized by young age of the patient, mechanical obstruction of the airways due to mucus and cell debris, and increased risk of recurrent wheezing. For this illness, an effective prophylactic RSV‐specific monoclonal antibody is available; (b) rhinovirus‐induced wheezing, associated with atopic predisposition of the patient and high risk of subsequent asthma development, which may, however, be reversed with systemic corticosteroids in those with severe illness; and (c) wheeze due to other viruses, characteristically likely to be less frequent and severe. Clinically, it is important to distinguish between these partially overlapping patient groups as they are likely to respond to different treatments. It appears that the first episode of severe bronchiolitis in under 2‐year‐old children is a critical event and an important opportunity for designing secondary prevention strategies for asthma. As data have shown bronchiolitis cannot simply be diagnosed using a certain cutoff age, but instead, as we suggest, using the viral etiology as the differentiating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Jartti
- Department of Pediatrics Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Hermelijn H. Smits
- Department of Parasitology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Ozlem Bircan
- Department of Pediatric Allergy Istanbul Medeniyet University Göztepe Training and Research Hospital Istanbul Turkey
| | - Varpu Elenius
- Department of Pediatrics Turku University Hospital and University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Jon R. Konradsen
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna Immunology and Allergy Unit Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Paraskevi Maggina
- Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic University of Athens Athens Greece
| | | | - Jakob Stokholm
- COPSAC Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Gunilla Hedlin
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Allergy Department 2nd Pediatric Clinic University of Athens Athens Greece
- Division of Infection Immunity & Respiratory Medicine University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | | | - Klaudia Ryczaj
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
| | - Bianca Schaub
- Pediatric Allergology Department of Pediatrics Dr. von Hauner Children′s Hospital University Hospital German Center for Lung Research (DZL) LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Jürgen Schwarze
- Centre for Inflammation Research Queen's Medical Research Institute and Child Life and Health University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Chrysanthi Skevaki
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
- Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC) Philipps Universität, Marburg German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Marburg Germany
| | - Katarina Stenberg‐Hammar
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pneumonology and Allergy Medical University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland
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Versluys AB, Boelens JJ. Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Respiratory Virus Infections in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant: Too Little Defense or Harmful Immunity? Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2795. [PMID: 30519222 PMCID: PMC6258814 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact on morbidity and mortality of Community Acquired Respiratory Virus (CARV) infections in patients undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant (HCT) is widely studied. Here we give an overview of the current literature on the incidence and chance of progression to severe disease in this highly immune compromised population. We discuss the issue whether it is predominantly direct viral damage that causes clinical deterioration, or that it is in fact the allogeneic immuneresponse to the virus that is most important. This is an important question as it will guide therapeutic decision making. It asks for further collaborative studies focusing on sensitive surveillance with PCR techniques and relating clinical data with parameters of immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Birgitta Versluys
- Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Boelens
- Stem Cell Transplant and Cellular Therapies Program, Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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38
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Chen S, Yu G, Xie J, Tang W, Gao L, Long X, Ren L, Xie X, Deng Y, Fu Z, Liu E. High-mobility group box-1 protein from CC10 + club cells promotes type 2 response in the later stage of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 316:L280-L290. [PMID: 30407867 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00552.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 immune response, induced by infection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), has been linked to asthma development, but it remains unclear how the response is initiated. Here, we reported that the high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein promotes the type 2 response in the later stage of RSV infection. In mice, we found that type 2 cytokines were elevated in the later stages, which were strongly diminished after administration of anti-HMGB1 antibodies. Further investigation revealed that HMGB1 expression was localized to CC10+ club cells in the lung. In the clinic, levels of HMGB1 in nasopharyngeal aspirates in hospitalized infants with RSV bronchiolitis [median (interquartile range) 161.20 ng/ml (68.06-221.30)] were significantly higher than those without lower respiratory tract infections [21.94 ng/ml (12.12-59.82); P < 0.001]. Moreover, higher levels of HMGB1 correlated with clinical severity. These results reveal a link between viral infection and the asthma-like type 2 responses that are associated with long-term consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Guangyuan Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Wei Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Leiqiong Gao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiaoru Long
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Luo Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002; Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
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Michels KR, Lukacs NW, Fonseca W. TLR Activation and Allergic Disease: Early Life Microbiome and Treatment. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:61. [PMID: 30259206 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0815-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Allergy and asthma are growing problems in the developed world. The accelerated increase of these diseases may be related to microbiome modification that leads to aberrant activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Current research supports the concept that changes in microbial communities in early life impact TLR activation, resulting in an altered risk for the development of asthma and allergies. RECENT FINDINGS Prenatal and early childhood events that generate microbiome modification are closely related with TLR activation. Early childhood exposure to a rich array of TLR agonists, particularly lipopolysaccharide, strongly predicts protection against allergic disease later in life even when other lifestyle factors are accounted for. Genetic deletion of TLR signaling components in mice results in reduced function of tolerogenic cell populations in the gut. In contrast, weak TLR signaling can promote allergic sensitization later in life. This review summarizes the role of TLR signaling in microbiome-mediated protection against allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Michels
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Mary H. Weiser Food Allergy Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wendy Fonseca
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Feng S, Zeng D, Zheng J, Zhao D. MicroRNAs: Mediators and Therapeutic Targets to Airway Hyper Reactivity After Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2177. [PMID: 30254626 PMCID: PMC6141694 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important pathogen correlated to the first-time infant wheezing and later recurrence after its primary infection. RSV infection promotes the bronchial smooth muscle sensitivity to leukotrienes (LTs) in acute stage, causes the extensive inflammatory reaction and the aggregation of Th2-like cells during respiratory tract obstruction. Infants and young children infected with RSV exhibit an increased susceptibility to the exposure of exogenous allergens, easy to suffer from the recurrent wheezing, which prompts that the body is still in a state of inflammation or immunological bias. However, the pathological mechanism is unclear. The recent researches demonstrate that abnormal expression of non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) can be detected from the peripheral blood and airway tract epithelial of RSV infected infants, which participate the regulation of immune cells polarization and LTs synthesis. Improving the immune tolerance can significantly relieve the airway inflammation and broncho-spasm caused by RSV. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanism of RSV-induced inflammatory reaction and immune dysfunction leading to airway hyper-reactivity. Further, we summarize the potential molecular basis that, in this process, miRNAs, which are produced by airway epithelial cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells, directly or in the form of exosome to regulate the inflammation programs as well as the function, differentiation and proliferation of immune cells. miRNAs may become a potential bio-marker of detecting severe RSV infection and a novel target of early intervention and therapeutic strategy in recurrent wheezing or asthma related to RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dongchi Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Digital Health and Data Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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