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Ham A, Chang AY, Li H, Bain JM, Goldman JE, Sulzer D, Veenstra-VanderWeele J, Tang G. Impaired macroautophagy confers substantial risk for intellectual disability in children with autism spectrum disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02741-z. [PMID: 39237724 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02741-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a complex of neurological and developmental disabilities characterized by clinical and genetic heterogeneity. While the causes of ASD are still unknown, many ASD risk factors are found to converge on intracellular quality control mechanisms that are essential for cellular homeostasis, including the autophagy-lysosomal degradation pathway. Studies have reported impaired autophagy in ASD human brain and ASD-like synapse pathology and behaviors in mouse models of brain autophagy deficiency, highlighting an essential role for defective autophagy in ASD pathogenesis. To determine whether altered autophagy in the brain may also occur in peripheral cells that might provide useful biomarkers, we assessed activities of autophagy in lympoblasts from ASD and control subjects. We find that lymphoblast autophagy is compromised in a subset of ASD participants due to impaired autophagy induction. Similar changes in autophagy are detected in postmortem human brains from ASD individuals and in brain and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from syndromic ASD mouse models. Remarkably, we find a strong correlation between impaired autophagy and intellectual disability in ASD participants. By depleting the key autophagy gene Atg7 from different brain cells, we provide further evidence that autophagy deficiency causes cognitive impairment in mice. Together, our findings suggest autophagy dysfunction as a convergent mechanism that can be detected in peripheral blood cells from a subset of autistic individuals, and that lymphoblast autophagy may serve as a biomarker to stratify ASD patients for the development of targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahrom Ham
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Audrey Yuen Chang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hongyu Li
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jennifer M Bain
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - James E Goldman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Guomei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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2
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Wang Y, Wu L, Van Kaer L. Role of canonical and noncanonical autophagy pathways in shaping the life journey of B cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1426204. [PMID: 39139569 PMCID: PMC11319164 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1426204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a regulated intracellular catabolic process by which invading pathogens, damaged organelles, aggregated proteins, and other macromolecules are degraded in lysosomes. It has been widely appreciated that autophagic activity plays an important role in regulating the development, fate determination, and function of cells in the immune system, including B lymphocytes. Autophagy encompasses several distinct pathways that have been linked to B cell homeostasis and function. While B cell presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted cytosolic antigens to T cells involves both macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), plasma cells and memory B cells mainly rely on macroautophagy for their survival. Emerging evidence indicates that core autophagy factors also participate in processes related to yet clearly distinct from classical autophagy. These autophagy-related pathways, referred to as noncanonical autophagy or conjugation of ATG8 to single membranes (CASM), contribute to B cell homeostasis and functions, including MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation to T cells, germinal center formation, plasma cell differentiation, and recall responses. Dysregulation of B cell autophagy has been identified in several autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the role of canonical and noncanonical autophagy in B cells, including B cell development and maturation, antigen processing and presentation, pathogen-specific antibody responses, cytokine secretion, and autoimmunity. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms of canonical and noncanonical autophagy in B cells will improve our understanding of B cell biology, with implications for the development of autophagy-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luc Van Kaer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
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3
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Ponticelli C, Reggiani F, Moroni G. Autophagy: A Silent Protagonist in Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2024; 108:1532-1541. [PMID: 37953477 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent regulated mechanism that recycles unnecessary cytoplasmic components. It is now known that autophagy dysfunction may have a pathogenic role in several human diseases and conditions, including kidney transplantation. Both defective and excessive autophagy may induce or aggravate several complications of kidney transplantation, such as ischemia-reperfusion injury, alloimmune response, and immunosuppressive treatment and side effects. Although it is still complicated to measure autophagy levels in clinical practice, more attention should be paid to the factors that may influence autophagy. In kidney transplantation, the association of low doses of a mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor with low doses of a calcineurin inhibitor may be of benefit for autophagy modulation. However, further studies are needed to explore the role of other autophagy regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Moroni
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
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4
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Yang QQ, Zhang HY, Duan XH, Li MH, Sun J, Tian LX, Dong JC, Kong LW. Astragaloside IV targeting autophagy of T cells improves inflammation of asthma. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2024; 26:699-713. [PMID: 38213072 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2294069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AST) has been confirmed to have antiasthmatic effects. However, the underline mechanism is unclear. The study aimed to explore the treatment mechanism of AST based on autophagy of memory T cells. AST treatment significantly decreased the number of T effector cells in asthma mice blood and the nude mice that received AST-treated TCMs had relieved inflammation compared with the untreated group; meanwhile, we found that AST significantly decreased the autophagy level and inhibited OX40/OX40L signal pathway of lymphocytes. The results highlighted that AST regulated autophagy to inhibit differentiation of effector T-cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hong-Ying Zhang
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Duan
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Mi-Hui Li
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Li-Xia Tian
- Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jing-Cheng Dong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ling-Wen Kong
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Huashan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
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5
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Chen J, Shen L, Guo Q, Ma S, Zhang Y, Chen J, Qu L, Ng SS, Chen X. The downregulation of Tapasin in dendritic cell regulates CD8 + T cell autophagy to hamper hepatitis B viral clearance in the induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte organoid. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29546. [PMID: 38516804 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Tapasin, a crucial molecular chaperone involved viral antigen processing and presentation, plays an important role in antivirus immunity. However, its impact on T cell differentiation in the context of virus clearance remains unclear. In this study, we employed induced pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cell, which were subsequently inserted to the inverted colloidal crystal scaffolds, thus establishing a hepatocyte organoid (HO). By inoculating hepatitis B virus (HBV) particles in the system, we successfully engineered a robust in vitro HBV infection model for at least 3 weeks. Furthermore, we aimed to explore the effects of lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting human Tapasin on the differentiation and antiviral function of CD8+ T cells. Specifically, we transfected dendritic cells (DCs) with Tapasin-shRNA and cocultured with T cells. The results demonstrated that Tapasin-shRNA transfected DCs effectively suppressed T cell proliferation and impeded HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. Our investigation also revealed the role of mTOR pathway activation in reducing autophagy activity within CD8+ T cells. Expressions of autophagy-related proteins, beclin-1, LC3II/LC3I were decreased and PI3K/AKT/mTOR activity was increased in Tapasin-shRNA group. Collectively, our findings elucidate that shRNA targeting the Tapasin gene within DCs inhibits T cell differentiation by reducing autophagy activity to hamper viral clearance in the HBV-infected HO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Leer Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxin Guo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihong Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Soon Seng Ng
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Starikova EA, Mammedova JT, Ozhiganova A, Leveshko TA, Lebedeva AM, Sokolov AV, Isakov DV, Karaseva AB, Burova LA, Kudryavtsev IV. Streptococcal Arginine Deiminase Inhibits T Lymphocyte Differentiation In Vitro. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2585. [PMID: 37894243 PMCID: PMC10608802 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes use arginine-metabolizing enzymes as an immune evasion strategy. In this study, the impact of streptococcal arginine deiminase (ADI) on the human peripheral blood T lymphocytes function in vitro was studied. The comparison of the effects of parental strain (Streptococcus pyogenes M49-16) with wild type of ArcA gene and its isogenic mutant with inactivated ArcA gene (Streptococcus pyogenes M49-16delArcA) was carried out. It was found that ADI in parental strain SDSC composition resulted in a fivefold decrease in the arginine concentration in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) supernatants. Only parental strain SDSCs suppressed anti-CD2/CD3/CD28-bead-stimulated mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and caused a twofold decrease in IL-2 production in PBMC. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that ADI decreased the percentage of CM (central memory) and increased the proportion of TEMRA (terminally differentiated effector memory) of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells subsets. Enzyme activity inhibited the proliferation of all CD8+ T cell subsets as well as CM, EM (effector memory), and TEMRA CD4+ T cells. One of the prominent ADI effects was the inhibition of autophagy processes in CD8+ CM and EM as well as CD4+ CM, EM, and TEMRA T cell subsets. The data obtained confirm arginine's crucial role in controlling immune reactions and suggest that streptococcal ADI may downregulate adaptive immunity and immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora A. Starikova
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jennet T. Mammedova
- Laboratory of General Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arina Ozhiganova
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana A. Leveshko
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra M. Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Sokolov
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitry V. Isakov
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alena B. Karaseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics of Pathogenic Microorganisms, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Larissa A. Burova
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microecology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Igor V. Kudryavtsev
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Medical Faculty, First Saint Petersburg State I. Pavlov Medical University, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
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7
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The role of lysosomes in metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2023; 19:366-383. [PMID: 36894628 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-023-00692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are catabolic organelles that contribute to the degradation of intracellular constituents through autophagy and of extracellular components through endocytosis, phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. They also have roles in secretory mechanisms, the generation of extracellular vesicles and certain cell death pathways. These functions make lysosomes central organelles in cell homeostasis, metabolic regulation and responses to environment changes including nutrient stresses, endoplasmic reticulum stress and defects in proteostasis. Lysosomes also have important roles in inflammation, antigen presentation and the maintenance of long-lived immune cells. Their functions are tightly regulated by transcriptional modulation via TFEB and TFE3, as well as by major signalling pathways that lead to activation of mTORC1 and mTORC2, lysosome motility and fusion with other compartments. Lysosome dysfunction and alterations in autophagy processes have been identified in a wide variety of diseases, including autoimmune, metabolic and kidney diseases. Deregulation of autophagy can contribute to inflammation, and lysosomal defects in immune cells and/or kidney cells have been reported in inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies with kidney involvement. Defects in lysosomal activity have also been identified in several pathologies with disturbances in proteostasis, including autoimmune and metabolic diseases such as Parkinson disease, diabetes mellitus and lysosomal storage diseases. Targeting lysosomes is therefore a potential therapeutic strategy to regulate inflammation and metabolism in a variety of pathologies.
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8
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Frankowska N, Bryl E, Fulop T, Witkowski JM. Longevity, Centenarians and Modified Cellular Proteodynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032888. [PMID: 36769212 PMCID: PMC9918038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have shown before that at least one intracellular proteolytic system seems to be at least as abundant in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of centenarians as in the same cells of young individuals (with the cells of the elderly population showing a significant dip compared to both young and centenarian cohorts). Despite scarce published data, in this review, we tried to answer the question how do different types of cells of longevous people-nonagenarians to (semi)supercentenarians-maintain the quality and quantity of their structural and functional proteins? Specifically, we asked if more robust proteodynamics participate in longevity. We hypothesized that at least some factors controlling the maintenance of cellular proteomes in centenarians will remain at the "young" level (just performing better than in the average elderly). In our quest, we considered multiple aspects of cellular protein maintenance (proteodynamics), including the quality of transcribed DNA, its epigenetic changes, fidelity and quantitative features of transcription of both mRNA and noncoding RNAs, the process of translation, posttranslational modifications leading to maturation and functionalization of nascent proteins, and, finally, multiple facets of the process of elimination of misfolded, aggregated, and otherwise dysfunctional proteins (autophagy). We also included the status of mitochondria, especially production of ATP necessary for protein synthesis and maintenance. We found that with the exception of the latter and of chaperone function, practically all of the considered aspects did show better performance in centenarians than in the average elderly, and most of them approached the levels/activities seen in the cells of young individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Frankowska
- Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Bryl
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Geriatric Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Jacek M. Witkowski
- Department of Physiopathology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-1510
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9
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Hasan KMM, Haque MA. Autophagy and Its Lineage-Specific Roles in the Hematopoietic System. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:8257217. [PMID: 37180758 PMCID: PMC10171987 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8257217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process that regulates the selective and nonselective degradation of cytoplasmic components, such as damaged organelles and protein aggregates inside lysosomes to maintain tissue homeostasis. Different types of autophagy including macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperon-mediated autophagy (CMA) have been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions, such as cancer, aging, neurodegeneration, and developmental disorders. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism and biological functions of autophagy have been extensively studied in vertebrate hematopoiesis and human blood malignancies. In recent years, the hematopoietic lineage-specific roles of different autophagy-related (ATG) genes have gained more attention. The evolution of gene-editing technology and the easy access nature of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), hematopoietic progenitors, and precursor cells have facilitated the autophagy research to better understand how ATG genes function in the hematopoietic system. Taking advantage of the gene-editing platform, this review has summarized the roles of different ATGs at the hematopoietic cell level, their dysregulation, and pathological consequences throughout hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Md Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, The University of California, 710 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Md Anwarul Haque
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
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10
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McCaleb MR, Miranda AM, Ratliff KC, Torres RM, Pelanda R. CD19 Is Internalized Together with IgM in Proportion to B Cell Receptor Stimulation and Is Modulated by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Bone Marrow Immature B Cells. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:49-63. [PMID: 36637517 PMCID: PMC10074640 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly generated immature B cells that bind self-antigen with high avidity arrest in differentiation and undergo central tolerance via receptor editing and clonal deletion. These autoreactive immature B cells also express low surface levels of the coreceptor CD19, a key activator of the PI3K pathway. Signals emanating from both CD19 and PI3K are known to be critical for attenuating receptor editing and selecting immature B cells into the periphery. However, the mechanisms that modulate CD19 expression at this stage of B cell development have not yet been resolved. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we demonstrate that Cd19 de novo gene transcription and translation do not significantly contribute to the differences in CD19 surface expression in mouse autoreactive and nonautoreactive immature B cells. Instead, CD19 downregulation is induced by BCR stimulation in proportion to BCR engagement, and the remaining surface IgM and CD19 molecules promote intracellular PI3K-AKT activity in proportion to their level of expression. The internalized CD19 is degraded with IgM by the lysosome, but inhibiting lysosome-mediated protein degradation only slightly improves surface CD19. In fact, CD19 is restored only upon Ag removal. Our data also reveal that the PI3K-AKT pathway positively modulates CD19 surface expression in immature B cells via a mechanism that is independent of inhibition of FOXO1 and its role on Cd19 gene transcription while is dependent on mTORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R. McCaleb
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Anjelica M. Miranda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Kaysie C. Ratliff
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; and
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO
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11
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Pan W, Zhao Z, Wu J, Fan Q, Huang H, He R, Shen H, Zhao Z, Feng S, Gan G, Chen Z, Ma M, Sun C, Zhang L. LACpG10-HL Functions Effectively in Antibiotic-Free and Healthy Husbandry by Improving the Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911466. [PMID: 36232768 PMCID: PMC9569488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are broadly restricted in modern husbandry farming, necessitating the need for efficient and low-cost immunomodulatory preparations in antibiotic-free and healthful farming. As is known to all, CpG oligonucleotides (CpG-ODNs, an effective innate immunostimulatory agent) recognized by TLR9 in mammals (while TLR21 in avians) could collaborate with some united agent to induce stronger immune responses, but the cost is prohibitively expensive for farmers. Here, considering the coordination between TLR2 and TLR9/TLR21, we firstly proposed the idea that the well-fermented Lactococcus lactis could be utilized as a CpG-plasmid carrier (LACpG10) to enhance the host’s innate immunity against pathogenic invasion. In the present study, after obtaining LACpG10-HL from homogenized and lyophilized recombinant strain LACpG10, we treated primary chicken lymphocytes, two cell lines (HD11 and IPEC-J2), and chickens with LACpG10-HL, CpG plasmids (pNZ8148-CpG10), and other stimulants, and respectively confirmed the effects by conducting qRT-PCR, bacterial infection assays, and a zoological experiment. Our data showed that LACpG10-HL could induce excellent innate immunity by regulating autophagy reactions, cytokine expression, and motivating PRRs. Interestingly, despite having no direct antiseptic effect, LACpG10-HL improved the antibacterial capacities of lymphocytes and enterocytes at the first line of defense. Most importantly, water-supplied LACpG10-HL treatment reduced the average adverse event rates, demonstrating that LACpG10-HL maintained its excellent immunostimulatory and protective properties under farming conditions. Our research not only contributes to revealing the satisfactory effects of LACpG10-HL but also sheds new light on a cost-effective solution with optimal immune effects in green, antibiotic-free, and healthful husbandry farming.
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12
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Frankowska N, Lisowska K, Witkowski JM. Proteolysis dysfunction in the process of aging and age-related diseases. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:927630. [PMID: 35958270 PMCID: PMC9361021 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.927630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss in detail the most relevant proteolytic systems that together with chaperones contribute to creating the proteostasis network that is kept in dynamic balance to maintain overall functionality of cellular proteomes. Data accumulated over decades demonstrate that the effectiveness of elements of the proteostasis network declines with age. In this scenario, failure to degrade misfolded or faulty proteins increases the risk of protein aggregation, chronic inflammation, and the development of age-related diseases. This is especially important in the context of aging-related modification of functions of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Frankowska
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Lisowska
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Physiopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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13
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Silva RCMC, Ribeiro JS, da Silva GPD, da Costa LJ, Travassos LH. Autophagy Modulators in Coronavirus Diseases: A Double Strike in Viral Burden and Inflammation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:845368. [PMID: 35433503 PMCID: PMC9010404 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.845368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are the etiologic agents of several diseases. Coronaviruses of critical medical importance are characterized by highly inflammatory pathophysiology, involving severe pulmonary impairment and infection of multiple cell types within the body. Here, we discuss the interplay between coronaviruses and autophagy regarding virus life cycle, cell resistance, and inflammation, highlighting distinct mechanisms by which autophagy restrains inflammatory responses, especially those involved in coronavirus pathogenesis. We also address different autophagy modulators available and the rationale for drug repurposing as an attractive adjunctive therapy. We focused on pharmaceuticals being tested in clinical trials with distinct mechanisms but with autophagy as a common target. These autophagy modulators act in cell resistance to virus infection and immunomodulation, providing a double-strike to prevent or treat severe disease development and death from coronaviruses diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso Maciel Costa Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jhones Sousa Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Peixoto Duarte da Silva
- Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Jesus da Costa
- Laboratório de Genética e Imunologia das Infecções Virais, Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Holanda Travassos
- Laboratório de Imunoreceptores e Sinalização Celular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Boothby MR, Brookens SK, Raybuck AL, Cho SH. Supplying the trip to antibody production-nutrients, signaling, and the programming of cellular metabolism in the mature B lineage. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:352-369. [PMID: 34782762 PMCID: PMC8591438 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00782-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID pandemic has refreshed and expanded recognition of the vital role that sustained antibody (Ab) secretion plays in our immune defenses against microbes and of the importance of vaccines that elicit Ab protection against infection. With this backdrop, it is especially timely to review aspects of the molecular programming that govern how the cells that secrete Abs arise, persist, and meet the challenge of secreting vast amounts of these glycoproteins. Whereas plasmablasts and plasma cells (PCs) are the primary sources of secreted Abs, the process leading to the existence of these cell types starts with naive B lymphocytes that proliferate and differentiate toward several potential fates. At each step, cells reside in specific microenvironments in which they not only receive signals from cytokines and other cell surface receptors but also draw on the interstitium for nutrients. Nutrients in turn influence flux through intermediary metabolism and sensor enzymes that regulate gene transcription, translation, and metabolism. This review will focus on nutrient supply and how sensor mechanisms influence distinct cellular stages that lead to PCs and their adaptations as factories dedicated to Ab secretion. Salient findings of this group and others, sometimes exhibiting differences, will be summarized with regard to the journey to a distinctive metabolic program in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Boothby
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rheumatology & Immunology Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Shawna K Brookens
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Cancer Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Ariel L Raybuck
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sung Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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15
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Li Y, Gao S, Du X, Ji J, Xi Y, Zhai G. Advances in autophagy as a target in the treatment of tumours. J Drug Target 2021; 30:166-187. [PMID: 34319838 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1961792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a multi-step lysosomal degradation process, which regulates energy and material metabolism and has been used to maintain homeostasis. Autophagy has been shown to be involved in the regulation of health and disease. But at present, there is no consensus on the relationship between autophagy and tumour, and we consider that it plays a dual role in the occurrence and development of tumour. That is to say, under certain conditions, it can inhibit the occurrence of tumour, but it can also promote the process of tumour. Therefore, autophagy could be used as a target for tumour treatment. The regulation of autophagy plays a synergistic role in the radiotherapy, chemotherapy, phototherapy and immunotherapy of tumour, and nano drug delivery system provides a promising strategy for improving the efficacy of autophagy regulation. This review summarised the progress in the regulatory pathways and factors of autophagy as well as nanoformulations as carriers for the delivery of autophagy modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiyou Du
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jianbo Ji
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yanwei Xi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Guangxi Zhai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
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16
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Yang Y, Liangjian K, Li L, Yongjian W, Zhong B, Huang X. Distinct mitochondria-mediated T cells apoptosis responses in children and adults with COVID-19. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1333-1344. [PMID: 34374752 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphopenia is a key feature for adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), while it is rarely observed in children. The underlying mechanism remains unclear. METHODS Immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses were used to compare the apoptotic rate of T cells from COVID-19 adults and children and apoptotic responses of adult and child T cells to COVID-19 pooled plasma. Biological properties of caspases and reactive oxygen species were assessed in T cells treated by COVID-19 pooled plasma. RESULTS Mitochondria apoptosis of peripheral T cells were identified in COVID-19 adult patient samples, but not in the children. Furthermore, increased TNF-α and IL-6 in COVID-19 plasma induced mitochondria apoptosis and caused DNA damage by elevating reactive oxygen species levels of the adult T cells. However, the child T cells showed tolerance to mitochondrial apoptosis due to mitochondria autophagy. Activation of autophagy could decrease apoptotic sensitivity of the adult T cells to plasma from COVID-19 patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was activated in T cells of COVID-19 adult patients specifically, which may shed light on the pathophysiological difference between adults and children infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China.,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, 511518, China
| | - Kuang Liangjian
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China
| | - Linhai Li
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, 511518, China
| | - Wu Yongjian
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China.,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, 511518, China
| | - Bei Zhong
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, 511518, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China.,The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, 511518, China
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17
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Metur SP, Klionsky DJ. Adaptive immunity at the crossroads of autophagy and metabolism. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1096-1105. [PMID: 33785844 PMCID: PMC8093269 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00662-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of lymphocytes is dependent on their plasticity, particularly their adaptation to energy availability and environmental stress, and their protein synthesis machinery. Lymphocytes are constantly under metabolic stress, and macroautophagy/autophagy is the primary metabolic pathway that helps cells overcome stressors. The intrinsic role of autophagy in regulating the metabolism of adaptive immune cells has recently gained increasing attention. In this review, we summarize and discuss the versatile roles of autophagy in regulating cellular metabolism and the implications of autophagy for immune cell function and fate, especially for T and B lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shree Padma Metur
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370University of Michigan, Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Ann Arbor, MI USA
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18
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Gies V, Bekaddour N, Dieudonné Y, Guffroy A, Frenger Q, Gros F, Rodero MP, Herbeuval JP, Korganow AS. Beyond Anti-viral Effects of Chloroquine/Hydroxychloroquine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1409. [PMID: 32714335 PMCID: PMC7343769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As the world is severely affected by COVID-19 pandemic, the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in prevention or for the treatment of patients is allowed in multiple countries but remained at the center of much controversy in recent days. This review describes the properties of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, and highlights not only their anti-viral effects but also their important immune-modulatory properties and their well-known use in autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus and arthritis. Chloroquine appears to inhibit in vitro SARS virus' replication and to interfere with SARS-CoV2 receptor (ACE2). Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine impede lysosomal activity and autophagy, leading to a decrease of antigen processing and presentation. They are also known to interfere with endosomal Toll-like receptors signaling and cytosolic sensors of nucleic acids, which result in a decreased cellular activation and thereby a lower type I interferons and inflammatory cytokine secretion. Given the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, there is a rational to use them against SARS-CoV2 infection. However, the anti-interferon properties of these molecules might be detrimental, and impaired host immune responses against the virus. This duality could explain the discrepancy with the recently published studies on CQ/HCQ treatment efficacy in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, although these treatments could be an interesting potential strategy to limit progression toward uncontrolled inflammation, they do not appear per se sufficiently potent to control the whole inflammatory process in COVID-19, and more targeted and/or potent therapies should be required at least in add-on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Gies
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR - S1109, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculty of Pharmacy, Illkirch, France
| | - Nassima Bekaddour
- Université de Paris, CNRS UMR-8601, Paris, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
| | - Yannick Dieudonné
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR - S1109, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélien Guffroy
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR - S1109, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Quentin Frenger
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR - S1109, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculty of Life Sciences, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Gros
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR - S1109, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculty of Life Sciences, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mathieu Paul Rodero
- Université de Paris, CNRS UMR-8601, Paris, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Herbeuval
- Université de Paris, CNRS UMR-8601, Paris, France
- Team Chemistry & Biology, Modeling & Immunology for Therapy, CBMIT, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM UMR - S1109, Strasbourg, France
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Department of Clinical Immunology and Internal Medicine, National Reference Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases (CNR RESO), Tertiary Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Strasbourg, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
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19
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Dinesh P, Rasool M. Berberine mitigates IL-21/IL-21R mediated autophagic influx in fibroblast-like synoviocytes and regulates Th17/Treg imbalance in rheumatoid arthritis. Apoptosis 2020; 24:644-661. [PMID: 31111379 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01548-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study, we explored the therapeutic effect of berberine (BBR) against IL-21/IL-21R mediated inflammatory proliferation of adjuvant-induced arthritic fibroblast-like synoviocytes (AA-FLS) through the PI3K/Akt pathway. The current study was designed to explore the therapeutic potential of BBR (15-45 µM) against IL-21/IL-21R mediated autophagy in AA-FLS mediated through PI3K/Akt signaling and Th17/Treg imbalance. Upon IL-21 stimulation, AA-FLS expressed elevated levels of autophagy-related 5 (Atg5), Beclin-1 and LC3-phosphatidylethanolamine conjugate 3-II (LC3-II) through the utilization of p62 and inhibition of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). BBR (15-45 µM) inhibited autophagy in AA-FLS cells mediated through PI3K/Akt signaling via suppressing autophagic elements, p62 sequestration and induction of CHOP in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, IL-21 promoted the uncontrolled proliferation of AA-FLS through induction of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and diminished expression of Bcl-2 associated X protein (BAX) via PI3K/Akt signaling. BBR inhibited the proliferation of AA-FLS via promoting apoptosis through increased expression of BAX and diminished Bcl-2 transcription factor levels. Furthermore, T cells stimulated with IL-21 induced CD4+ CD196+ Th17 cells proliferation through RORγt activation mediated in a PI3K/Akt dependent manner. BBR inhibited the proliferation of Th17 cells through downregulation of RORγt in a concentration-dependent manner. BBR also promoted the differentiation of CD4+ CD25+ Treg cells through induction of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) activation via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and upregulation of cytochrome P450 family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP1A1). Collectively, we conclude that BBR might attenuate AA-FLS proliferation through inhibition of IL-21/IL-21R dependent autophagy and regulates the Th17/Treg imbalance in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palani Dinesh
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India
| | - MahaboobKhan Rasool
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India. .,SMV 240, Immunopathology Lab, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632 014, India.
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20
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Onnis A, Cassioli C, Finetti F, Baldari CT. Regulation of Selective B Cell Autophagy by the Pro-oxidant Adaptor p66SHC. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:193. [PMID: 32274384 PMCID: PMC7113388 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
p66SHC is a pro-oxidant member of the SHC family of protein adaptors that acts as a negative regulator of cell survival. In lymphocytes p66SHC exploits both its adaptor and its reactive oxygen species (ROS)-elevating function to antagonize mitogenic and survival signaling and promote apoptosis. As a result, p66SHC deficiency leads to the abnormal expansion of peripheral T and B cells and lupus-like autoimmunity. Additionally, a defect in p66SHC expression is a hallmark of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, where it contributes to the accumulation of long-lived neoplastic cells. We have recently provided evidence that p66SHC exerts a further layer of control on B cell homeostasis by acting as a new mitochondrial LC3-II receptor to promote the autophagic demise of dysfunctional mitochondria. Here we discuss this finding in the context of the autophagic control of B cell homeostasis, development, and differentiation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onnis
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Cassioli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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21
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mTOR-Related Cell-Clearing Systems in Epileptic Seizures, an Update. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051642. [PMID: 32121250 PMCID: PMC7084443 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that autophagy impairment is implicated in the epileptogenic mechanisms downstream of mTOR hyperactivation. This holds true for a variety of genetic and acquired epileptic syndromes besides malformations of cortical development which are classically known as mTORopathies. Autophagy suppression is sufficient to induce epilepsy in experimental models, while rescuing autophagy prevents epileptogenesis, improves behavioral alterations, and provides neuroprotection in seizure-induced neuronal damage. The implication of autophagy in epileptogenesis and maturation phenomena related to seizure activity is supported by evidence indicating that autophagy is involved in the molecular mechanisms which are implicated in epilepsy. In general, mTOR-dependent autophagy regulates the proliferation and migration of inter-/neuronal cortical progenitors, synapse development, vesicular release, synaptic plasticity, and importantly, synaptic clustering of GABAA receptors and subsequent excitatory/inhibitory balance in the brain. Similar to autophagy, the ubiquitin–proteasome system is regulated downstream of mTOR, and it is implicated in epileptogenesis. Thus, mTOR-dependent cell-clearing systems are now taking center stage in the field of epilepsy. In the present review, we discuss such evidence in a variety of seizure-related disorders and models. This is expected to provide a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying seizure activity.
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22
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Bnip3 in mitophagy: Novel insights and potential therapeutic target for diseases of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 506:72-83. [PMID: 32092316 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present review is a summary of the recent literature concerning Bnip3 expression, function, and regulation, along with its implications in mitochondrial dysfunction, disorders of mitophagy homeostasis, and development of diseases of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction. As a member of the Bcl-2 family of cell death-regulating factors, Bnip3 mediates mPTP opening, mitochondrial potential, oxidative stress, calcium overload, mitochondrial respiratory collapse, and ATP shortage of mitochondria from multiple cells. Recent studies have discovered that Bnip3 regulates mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial fragmentation, mitophagy, cell apoptosis, and the development of lipid disorder diseases via numerous cellular signaling pathways. In addition, Bnip3 promotes the development of cardiac hypertrophy by mediating inflammatory response or the related signaling pathways of cardiomyocytes and is also responsible for raising abnormal mitophagy and apoptosis progression through multiple molecular signaling pathways, inducing the pathogenesis and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Different molecules regulate Bnip3 expression at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and unbalance of mitophagy in hepatocytes, which promotes the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Thus, Bnip3 plays an important role in mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy homeostasis and has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for diseases of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Peter Hung Pain Research Centre and State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Jianbo Yue
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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24
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Bajić SS, Đokić J, Dinić M, Tomić S, Popović N, Brdarić E, Golić N, Tolinački M. GABA potentiate the immunoregulatory effects of Lactobacillus brevis BGZLS10-17 via ATG5-dependent autophagy in vitro. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1347. [PMID: 31992761 PMCID: PMC6987229 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The characterization of mechanisms involved in the positive effects of probiotic bacteria in various pathophysiological conditions is a prerogative for their safe and efficient application in biomedicine. We have investigated the immunological effects of live bacteria-free supernatant collected from GABA-producing Lactobacillus brevis BGZLS10-17 on Concanavalin A-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells (MLNC), an in vitro model of activated immune cells. We have shown that GABA containing and GABA-free supernatant of Lactobacillus brevis BGZLS10-17 have strong immunoregulatory effects on MLNC. Further, GABA produced by this strain exhibit additional inhibitory effects on proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-17 production by MLNC, and the expression of MHCII and CD80 on antigen presenting cells. At the other hand, GABA-containing supernatants displayed the strongest stimulatory effects on the expression of immunoregulatory molecules, such as Foxp3+, IL-10, TGF-β, CTLA4 and SIRP-α. By looking for the mechanisms of actions, we found that supernatants produced by BGZLS10-17 induce autophagy in different MLNC, such as CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, NK and NKT cells, as well as antigen presenting cells. Further, we showed that the stimulation of Foxp3+, IL-10 and TGF-β expression by BGZLS10-17 produced GABA is completely mediated by the induction of ATG5 dependent autophagy, and that other molecules in the supernatants display GABA-, ATG5-, Foxp3+-, IL-10- and TGF-β- independent, immunoregulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Soković Bajić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đokić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Miroslav Dinić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sergej Tomić
- Department for Immunology and Immunoparasitology, Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Popović
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Emilija Brdarić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nataša Golić
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja Tolinački
- Laboratory for Molecular Microbiology (LMM), Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering (IMGGI), University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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25
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Bektas A, Schurman SH, Gonzalez-Freire M, Dunn CA, Singh AK, Macian F, Cuervo AM, Sen R, Ferrucci L. Age-associated changes in human CD4 + T cells point to mitochondrial dysfunction consequent to impaired autophagy. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:9234-9263. [PMID: 31707363 PMCID: PMC6874450 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To gain understanding on the mechanisms that drive immunosenescence in humans, we examined CD4+ T cells obtained from younger (20-39 years-old) and older (70+ years-old) healthy participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging (BLSA). We found that mitochondrial proteins involved in the electron transport chain were overrepresented in cells from older participants, with prevalent dysregulation of oxidative phosphorylation and energy metabolism molecular pathways. Surprisingly, gene transcripts coding for mitochondrial proteins pertaining to oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain pathways were underrepresented in older individuals. Paralleling the observed decrease in gene expression, mitochondrial respiration was impaired in CD4+ T cells from older subjects. Though mitochondrial number in both naïve and memory cells visualized with electron microcopy was similar in older versus younger participants, there were a significantly higher number of autophagosomes, many of them containing undegraded mitochondria, in older individuals. The presence of mitochondria inside the accumulated autophagic compartments in CD4+ T cells from older individuals was confirmed by immunofluorescence. These findings suggest that older age is associated with persistence of dysfunctional mitochondria in CD4+ T lymphocytes caused by defective mitochondrial turnover by autophagy, which may trigger chronic inflammation and contribute to the impairment of immune defense in older persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsun Bektas
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Shepherd H. Schurman
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Christopher A. Dunn
- Flow Cytometry Unit, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Amit K. Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ana Maria Cuervo
- Institute for Aging Studies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Improved Motor Nerve Regeneration by SIRT1/Hif1a-Mediated Autophagy. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111354. [PMID: 31671642 PMCID: PMC6912449 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Complete restoring of functional connectivity between neurons or target tissue after traumatic lesions is still an unmet medical need. Using models of nerve axotomy and compression, we investigated the effect of autophagy induction by genetic and pharmacological manipulation on motor nerve regeneration. ATG5 or NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) overexpression on spinal motoneurons stimulates mTOR-independent autophagy and facilitates a growth-competent state improving motor axonal regeneration with better electromyographic records after nerve transection and suture. In agreement with this, using organotypic spinal cord cultures and the human cell line SH-SY5Y, we observed that the activation of SIRT1 and autophagy by NeuroHeal increased neurite outgrowth and length extension and that this was mediated by downstream HIF1a. To conclude, SIRT1/Hifα-dependent autophagy confers a more pro-regenerative phenotype to motoneurons after peripheral nerve injury. Altogether, we provide evidence showing that autophagy induction by SIRT1/Hifα activation or NeuroHeal treatment is a novel therapeutic option for improving motor nerve regeneration and functional recovery after injury.
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Shan Y, Li P. Long Intergenic Non-Protein Coding RNA 665 Regulates Viability, Apoptosis, and Autophagy via the MiR-186-5p/MAP4K3 Axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:842-853. [PMID: 31433582 PMCID: PMC6704017 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.9.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 665 (LINC00665) plays a vital role in the development of cancer. Its function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), however, remains largely unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expressions of LINC00665, miR-186-5p, and MAP4K3 were determined by qRT-PCR. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by MTT and flow cytometry, respectively. Autophagic puncta formation was observed by fluorescence microscopy. Bioinformatics analysis, luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, and RNA pulldown were performed to identify associations among LINC00665, miR-186-5p, and MAP4K3. Western blot was utilized to examine the expressions of MAP4K3, Beclin-1, and LC3. Tumor growth was evaluated in a xenograft model. RESULTS Elevations in LINC00665 were observed in HCC tissues and cells. The overall survival of HCC patients with high levels of LINC00665 was shorter than those with low levels. In vitro, LINC00665 depletion inhibited viability and induced apoptosis and autophagy. miR-186-5p interacted with LINC00665 and was downregulated in HCC tissues and cells. Upregulation of miR-186-5p inhibited viability and induced apoptosis and autophagy, which were attenuated by upregulation of LINC00665. MAP4K3 was found to possess binding sites with miR-186-5p and was upregulated in HCC tissues and cells. MAP4K3 depletion inhibited viability and induced apoptosis and autophagy, which were attenuated by miR-186-5p inhibitor. In vivo, miR-186-5p expression was negatively correlated with LINC00665 or MAP4K3 in HCC tissues, while LINC00665 was positively correlated with MAP4K3. LINC00665 knockdown suppressed tumor growth. CONCLUSION LINC00665 was involved in cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy in HCC via miR-186-5p/MAP4K3 axis, which may provide a new approach for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shan
- Department of General Surgery, Jinchang Central Hospital, Jinchang, Gansu, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
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Cell Clearing Systems Bridging Neuro-Immunity and Synaptic Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092197. [PMID: 31060234 PMCID: PMC6538995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, functional interconnections emerged between synaptic transmission, inflammatory/immune mediators, and central nervous system (CNS) (patho)-physiology. Such interconnections rose up to a level that involves synaptic plasticity, both concerning its molecular mechanisms and the clinical outcomes related to its behavioral abnormalities. Within this context, synaptic plasticity, apart from being modulated by classic CNS molecules, is strongly affected by the immune system, and vice versa. This is not surprising, given the common molecular pathways that operate at the cross-road between the CNS and immune system. When searching for a common pathway bridging neuro-immune and synaptic dysregulations, the two major cell-clearing cell clearing systems, namely the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy, take center stage. In fact, just like is happening for the turnover of key proteins involved in neurotransmitter release, antigen processing within both peripheral and CNS-resident antigen presenting cells is carried out by UPS and autophagy. Recent evidence unravelling the functional cross-talk between the cell-clearing pathways challenged the traditional concept of autophagy and UPS as independent systems. In fact, autophagy and UPS are simultaneously affected in a variety of CNS disorders where synaptic and inflammatory/immune alterations concur. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy and UPS in bridging synaptic plasticity with neuro-immunity, while posing a special emphasis on their interactions, which may be key to defining the role of immunity in synaptic plasticity in health and disease.
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Khodadadi L, Cheng Q, Radbruch A, Hiepe F. The Maintenance of Memory Plasma Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:721. [PMID: 31024553 PMCID: PMC6464033 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well accepted that plasma cells can become long-lived (memory) plasma cells and secrete antibodies for months, years or a lifetime. However, the mechanisms involved in this process of humoral memory, which is crucial for both protective immunity and autoimmunity, still are not fully understood. This article will address a number of open questions. For example: Is longevity of plasma cells due to their intrinsic competence, extrinsic factors, or a combination of both? Which internal signals are involved in this process? What factors provide external support? What survival factors play a part in inflammation and autoreactive disease? Internal and external factors that contribute to the maintenance of memory long-lived plasma cells will be discussed. The aim is to provide useful additional information about the maintenance of protective and autoreactive memory plasma cells that will help researchers design effective vaccines for the induction of life-long protection against infectious diseases and to efficiently target pathogenic memory plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Khodadadi
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qingyu Cheng
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Hiepe
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin-A Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Charité Mitte, Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Rheumatologie und Klinische Immunologie, Berlin, Germany
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Zhou XJ, Klionsky DJ, Zhang H. Podocytes and autophagy: a potential therapeutic target in lupus nephritis. Autophagy 2019; 15:908-912. [PMID: 30755075 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1580512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that defects in macroautophagy/autophagy contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythamatosus (SLE), especially in adaptive immunity. The occurrence and progression of lupus nephritis (LN) is the end result of complex interactions between regulation of immune responses and pathological process by renal resident cells, but there is still a lot of missing information for establishing the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of LN, and as a therapy target. In our recent study, we observed that autophagy is activated in LN, especially in podocytes. Based on in vitro assays, many of the most important mediators of the disease - patients' sera, patients' IgG and IFNA/IFN-α - can induce autophagy in both murine and human podocytes, by reactive oxygen species production or MTORC1 inhibition; autophagy activation negatively associates with podocyte injury. With regard to intervention, autophagy activators can protect against podocyte injury, whereas autophagy inhibitors aggravate injury. Taken together, our findings suggest that podocyte autophagy is involved in lupus renal protection and may be a therapeutic target. These data shed new light on the role of rapamycin and autophagy inducers in the treatment of SLE. Abbreviations: ALB: albumin; ARHGDIB: Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor beta; APOL1: apolipoprotein L1; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; ATG16L2: autophagy related 16 like 2; BECN1: beclin 1; CDKN1B: cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; CLEC16A, C-type lectin domain containing 16A; CYBB: cytochrome b-245 beta chain; DC: dendritic cell; DRAM1: DNA damage regulated autophagy modulator 1; eQTL: expression quantitative trait loci; GWAS: genome-wide association study; IFNA: interferon alpha; IRGM: immunity related GTPase M; LRRK2: leucine rich repeat kinase 2; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTMR3: myotubularin related protein 3; LAP" LC3-associated phagocytosis; LN: lupus nephritis; NOD: non-obese diabetic; NPHS2: NPHS2, podocin; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cell; RUBCN: rubicon autophagy regulator; SLE: systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jie Zhou
- a Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital,Peking University Institute of Nephrology,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease , Ministry of Health of China , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University) , Ministry of Education , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- c Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- a Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital,Peking University Institute of Nephrology,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease , Ministry of Health of China , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,b Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University) , Ministry of Education , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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