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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yuan S, Zhang J. The potential immunological mechanisms of sepsis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434688. [PMID: 39040114 PMCID: PMC11260823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is described as a life-threatening organ dysfunction and a heterogeneous syndrome that is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care settings. Severe sepsis could incite an uncontrollable surge of inflammatory cytokines, and the host immune system's immunosuppression could respond to counter excessive inflammatory responses, characterized by the accumulated anti-inflammatory cytokines, impaired function of immune cells, over-proliferation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, depletion of immune effector cells by different means of death, etc. In this review, we delve into the underlying pathological mechanisms of sepsis, emphasizing both the hyperinflammatory phase and the associated immunosuppression. We offer an in-depth exploration of the critical mechanisms underlying sepsis, spanning from individual immune cells to a holistic organ perspective, and further down to the epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, we outline the strengths of artificial intelligence in analyzing extensive datasets pertaining to septic patients, showcasing how classifiers trained on various clinical data sources can identify distinct sepsis phenotypes and thus to guide personalized therapy strategies for the management of sepsis. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive summary of recent, reliable biomarkers for hyperinflammatory and immunosuppressive states, facilitating more precise and expedited diagnosis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiying Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Wang X, Wen X, Yuan S, Zhang J. Gut-brain axis in the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 195:106499. [PMID: 38588753 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication network linking the gut and the brain, overseeing digestive functions, emotional responses, body immunity, brain development, and overall health. Substantial research highlights a connection between disruptions of the gut-brain axis and various psychiatric and neurological conditions, including depression and Alzheimer's disease. Given the impact of the gut-brain axis on behavior, cognition, and brain diseases, some studies have started to pay attention to the role of the axis in sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), where cognitive impairment is the primary manifestation. SAE emerges as the primary and earliest form of organ dysfunction following sepsis, potentially leading to acute cognitive impairment and long-term cognitive decline in patients. Notably, the neuronal damage in SAE does not stem directly from the central nervous system (CNS) infection but rather from an infection occurring outside the brain. The gut-brain axis is posited as a pivotal factor in this process. This review will delve into the gut-brain axis, exploring four crucial pathways through which inflammatory signals are transmitted and elevate the incidence of SAE. These pathways encompass the vagus nerve pathway, the neuroendocrine pathway involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and serotonin (5-HT) regulation, the neuroimmune pathway, and the microbial regulation. These pathways can operate independently or collaboratively on the CNS to modulate brain activity. Understanding how the gut affects and regulates the CNS could offer the potential to identify novel targets for preventing and treating this condition, ultimately enhancing the prognosis for individuals with SAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Wen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China
| | - Shiying Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China.
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China; Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, PR China.
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Kurata-Sato I, Mughrabi IT, Rana M, Gerber M, Al-Abed Y, Sherry B, Zanos S, Diamond B. Vagus nerve stimulation modulates distinct acetylcholine receptors on B cells and limits the germinal center response. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3760. [PMID: 38669336 PMCID: PMC11051663 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Acetylcholine is produced in the spleen in response to vagus nerve activation; however, the effects on antibody production have been largely unexplored. Here, we use a chronic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) mouse model to study the effect of VNS on T-dependent B cell responses. We observed lower titers of high-affinity IgG and fewer antigen-specific germinal center (GC) B cells. GC B cells from chronic VNS mice exhibited altered mRNA and protein expression suggesting increased apoptosis and impaired plasma cell differentiation. Follicular dendritic cell (FDC) cluster dispersal and altered gene expression suggested poor function. The absence of acetylcholine-producing CD4+ T cells diminished these alterations. In vitro studies revealed that α7 and α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) directly regulated B cell production of TNF, a cytokine crucial to FDC clustering. α4 nAChR inhibited coligation of CD19 to the B cell receptor, presumably decreasing B cell survival. Thus, VNS-induced GC impairment can be attributed to distinct effects of nAChRs on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kurata-Sato
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Ibrahim T. Mughrabi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Minakshi Rana
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Michael Gerber
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Sherry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
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Liu T, Fu Y, Shi J, He S, Chen D, Li W, Chen Y, Zhang L, Lv Q, Yang Y, Jin Q, Wang J, Xie M. Noninvasive ultrasound stimulation to treat myocarditis through splenic neuro-immune regulation. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:94. [PMID: 37069636 PMCID: PMC10108488 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) has been widely studied to modulate the immune response. Current stimulating strategies are invasive or imprecise. Noninvasive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has become increasingly appreciated for targeted neuronal modulation. However, its mechanisms and physiological role on myocarditis remain poorly defined. METHODS The mouse model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis was established. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound was targeted at the spleen to stimulate the spleen nerve. Under different ultrasound parameters, histological tests and molecular biology were performed to observe inflammatory lesions and changes in immune cell subsets in the spleen and heart. In addition, we evaluated the dependence of the spleen nerve and cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in treating autoimmune myocarditis in mice through different control groups. RESULTS The echocardiography and flow cytometry of splenic or heart infiltrating immune cells revealed that splenic ultrasound could alleviate the immune response, regulate the proportion and function of CD4+ Treg and macrophages by activating cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, and finally reduce heart inflammatory injury and improve cardiac remodeling, which is as effective as an acetylcholine receptor agonists GTS-21. Transcriptome sequencing showed significant differential expressed genes due to ultrasound modulation. CONCLUSIONS It is worth noting that the ultrasound therapeutic efficacy depends greatly on acoustic pressure and exposure duration, and the effective targeting organ was the spleen but not the heart. This study provides novel insight into the therapeutic potentials of LIPUS, which are essential for its future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yanan Fu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiawei Shi
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Shukun He
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wenqu Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yali Yang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qiaofeng Jin
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Mingxing Xie
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Silverman HA, Tynan A, Hepler TD, Chang EH, Gunasekaran M, Li JH, Huerta TS, Tsaava T, Chang Q, Addorisio ME, Chen AC, Thompson DA, Pavlov VA, Brines M, Tracey KJ, Chavan SS. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1-expressing vagus nerve fibers mediate IL-1β induced hypothermia and reflex anti-inflammatory responses. Mol Med 2023; 29:4. [PMID: 36650454 PMCID: PMC9847185 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00590-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation, the physiological response to infection and injury, is coordinated by the immune and nervous systems. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and other cytokines produced during inflammatory responses activate sensory neurons (nociceptors) to mediate the onset of pain, sickness behavior, and metabolic responses. Although nociceptors expressing Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-1 (TRPA1) can initiate inflammation, comparatively little is known about the role of TRPA1 nociceptors in the physiological responses to specific cytokines. METHODS To monitor body temperature in conscious and unrestrained mice, telemetry probes were implanted into peritoneal cavity of mice. Using transgenic and tissue specific knockouts and chemogenetic techniques, we recorded temperature responses to the potent pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Using calcium imaging, whole cell patch clamping and whole nerve recordings, we investigated the role of TRPA1 during IL-1β-mediated neuronal activation. Mouse models of acute endotoxemia and sepsis were used to elucidate how specific activation, with optogenetics and chemogenetics, or ablation of TRPA1 neurons can affect the outcomes of inflammatory insults. All statistical tests were performed with GraphPad Prism 9 software and for all analyses, P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Here, we describe a previously unrecognized mechanism by which IL-1β activates afferent vagus nerve fibers to trigger hypothermia, a response which is abolished by selective silencing of neuronal TRPA1. Afferent vagus nerve TRPA1 signaling also inhibits endotoxin-stimulated cytokine storm and significantly reduces the lethality of bacterial sepsis. CONCLUSION Thus, IL-1β activates TRPA1 vagus nerve signaling in the afferent arm of a reflex anti-inflammatory response which inhibits cytokine release, induces hypothermia, and reduces the mortality of infection. This discovery establishes that TRPA1, an ion channel known previously as a pro-inflammatory detector of cold, pain, itch, and a wide variety of noxious molecules, also plays a specific anti-inflammatory role via activating reflex anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold A Silverman
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Aisling Tynan
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tyler D Hepler
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Eric H Chang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Manojkumar Gunasekaran
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Jian Hua Li
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Tomás S Huerta
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Tea Tsaava
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Qing Chang
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Meghan E Addorisio
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Adrian C Chen
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Dane A Thompson
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, 300 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Michael Brines
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Laboratory for Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, 500 Hofstra Blvd, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA.
- The Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Northwell Health, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
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Feng J, Xie Z, Hu H. Ion channel regulation of gut immunity. J Gen Physiol 2022; 155:213734. [PMID: 36459135 PMCID: PMC9723512 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis hinges on communications among many cellular networks including the intestinal epithelium, the immune system, and both intrinsic and extrinsic nerves innervating the gut. The GI tract, especially the colon, is the home base for gut microbiome which dynamically regulates immune function. The gut's immune system also provides an effective defense against harmful pathogens entering the GI tract while maintaining immune homeostasis to avoid exaggerated immune reaction to innocuous food and commensal antigens which are important causes of inflammatory disorders such as coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Various ion channels have been detected in multiple cell types throughout the GI tract. By regulating membrane properties and intracellular biochemical signaling, ion channels play a critical role in synchronized signaling among diverse cellular components in the gut that orchestrates the GI immune response. This work focuses on the role of ion channels in immune cells, non-immune resident cells, and neuroimmune interactions in the gut at the steady state and pathological conditions. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of ion channel signaling in these immune-related pathways and initial testing of pharmacological intervention will facilitate the development of ion channel-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China,Correspondence to Jing Feng:
| | - Zili Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Hongzhen Hu:
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Liu YX, Yu Y, Liu JP, Liu WJ, Cao Y, Yan RM, Yao YM. Neuroimmune Regulation in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy: The Interaction Between the Brain and Peripheral Immunity. Front Neurol 2022; 13:892480. [PMID: 35832175 PMCID: PMC9271799 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.892480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE), the most popular cause of coma in the intensive care unit (ICU), is the diffuse cerebral damage caused by the septic challenge. SAE is closely related to high mortality and extended cognitive impairment in patients in septic shock. At present, many studies have demonstrated that SAE might be mainly associated with blood–brain barrier damage, abnormal neurotransmitter secretion, oxidative stress, and neuroimmune dysfunction. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism which initiates SAE and contributes to the long-term cognitive impairment remains largely unknown. Recently, a growing body of evidence has indicated that there is close crosstalk between SAE and peripheral immunity. The excessive migration of peripheral immune cells to the brain, the activation of glia, and resulting dysfunction of the central immune system are the main causes of septic nerve damage. This study reviews the update on the pathogenesis of septic encephalopathy, focusing on the over-activation of immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and the “neurocentral–endocrine–immune” networks in the development of SAE, aiming to further understand the potential mechanism of SAE and provide new targets for diagnosis and management of septic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-xiao Liu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-peng Liu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Sixth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Run-min Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong-ming Yao
| | - Yong-ming Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Run-min Yan
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8
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Ahmed U, Graf JF, Daytz A, Yaipen O, Mughrabi I, Jayaprakash N, Cotero V, Morton C, Deutschman CS, Zanos S, Puleo C. Ultrasound Neuromodulation of the Spleen Has Time-Dependent Anti-Inflammatory Effect in a Pneumonia Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892086. [PMID: 35784337 PMCID: PMC9244783 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfaces between the nervous and immune systems have been shown essential for the coordination and regulation of immune responses. Non-invasive ultrasound stimulation targeted to the spleen has recently been shown capable of activating one such interface, the splenic cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP). Over the past decade, CAP and other neuroimmune pathways have been activated using implanted nerve stimulators and tested to prevent cytokine release and inflammation. However, CAP studies have typically been performed in models of severe, systemic (e.g., endotoxemia) or chronic inflammation (e.g., collagen-induced arthritis or DSS-induced colitis). Herein, we examined the effects of activation of the splenic CAP with ultrasound in a model of local bacterial infection by lung instillation of 105 CFU of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We demonstrate a time-dependent effect of CAP activation on the cytokine response assay during infection progression. CAP activation-induced cytokine suppression is absent at intermediate times post-infection (16 hours following inoculation), but present during the early (4 hours) and later phases (48 hours). These results indicate that cytokine inhibition associated with splenic CAP activation is not observed at all timepoints following bacterial infection and highlights the importance of further studying neuroimmune interfaces within the context of different immune system and inflammatory states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Ahmed
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - John F. Graf
- General Electric Research, Niskayuna, NY, United States
| | - Anna Daytz
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Omar Yaipen
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ibrahim Mughrabi
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Naveen Jayaprakash
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Clifford Scott Deutschman
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Chris Puleo
- General Electric Research, Niskayuna, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Chris Puleo,
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Zhu X, Dai S, Xia B, Gong J, Ma B. Activation of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mitigates osteoarthritis progression by inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome activation and enhancing autophagy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256507. [PMID: 34941874 PMCID: PMC8699641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease characterized by cartilage degradation. Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) is associated with inflammatory and metabolic responses in OA. However, the mechanisms underlying the pathological process of OA remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the role and mechanisms of α7nAChR-mediated autophagy and anti-inflammatory response in chondroprotection. Monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced Wistar rat OA model was used to assess the in vivo effects of the ɑ7nAChR agonist (PNU-282987). The histopathological characteristics of OA were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the levels of autophagy markers were determined by western blotting and transmission electron microscopy. The anti-inflammatory effect of the ɑ7nAChR agonist was assessed by IHC, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Parallel experiments to determine the molecular mechanisms through which the ɑ7nAChR agonist prevents OA were performed using interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-treated chondrocytes. Our results showed that PNU-282987 reduced cartilage degeneration and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-13 expressions. Activating α7nAChR with PNU-282987 significantly promoted MIA/IL-1β-induced chondrocyte autophagy, as demonstrated by the increase in LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, Beclin-1 levels, and autophagosome number. Furthermore, treating chondrocyte with ULK1 siRNA attenuated the PNU282987-induced enhancement of LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and Beclin-1 level. Additionally, PNU282987 suppressed NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting the ROS/TXNIP pathway and suppressed tumor necrosis factor-ɑ and IL-1β secretion in MIA/IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. Our results demonstrate that the activation of α7nAChR promotes chondrocyte autophagy and attenuates inflammation to mitigate OA progression, providing a novel target for the treatment of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjie Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shiyou Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Baohua Xia
- Department of Clinical Skills Training Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jianbao Gong
- Department of Orthopedics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bingzheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
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Udovicic I, Stanojevic I, Djordjevic D, Zeba S, Rondovic G, Abazovic T, Lazic S, Vojvodic D, To K, Abazovic D, Khan W, Surbatovic M. Immunomonitoring of Monocyte and Neutrophil Function in Critically Ill Patients: From Sepsis and/or Trauma to COVID-19. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245815. [PMID: 34945111 PMCID: PMC8706110 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells and mediators play a crucial role in the critical care setting but are understudied. This review explores the concept of sepsis and/or injury-induced immunosuppression and immuno-inflammatory response in COVID-19 and reiterates the need for more accurate functional immunomonitoring of monocyte and neutrophil function in these critically ill patients. in addition, the feasibility of circulating and cell-surface immune biomarkers as predictors of infection and/or outcome in critically ill patients is explored. It is clear that, for critically ill, one size does not fit all and that immune phenotyping of critically ill patients may allow the development of a more personalized approach with tailored immunotherapy for the specific patient. In addition, at this point in time, caution is advised regarding the quality of evidence of some COVID-19 studies in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Udovicic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.U.); (D.D.); (S.Z.); (G.R.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (S.L.); (D.V.)
| | - Ivan Stanojevic
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (S.L.); (D.V.)
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragan Djordjevic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.U.); (D.D.); (S.Z.); (G.R.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (S.L.); (D.V.)
| | - Snjezana Zeba
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.U.); (D.D.); (S.Z.); (G.R.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (S.L.); (D.V.)
| | - Goran Rondovic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.U.); (D.D.); (S.Z.); (G.R.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (S.L.); (D.V.)
| | - Tanja Abazovic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.U.); (D.D.); (S.Z.); (G.R.); (T.A.)
| | - Srdjan Lazic
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (S.L.); (D.V.)
- Institute of Epidemiology, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danilo Vojvodic
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (S.L.); (D.V.)
- Institute for Medical Research, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Kendrick To
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; (K.T.); (W.K.)
| | - Dzihan Abazovic
- Emergency Medical Centar of Montenegro, Vaka Djurovica bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro;
| | - Wasim Khan
- Division of Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK; (K.T.); (W.K.)
| | - Maja Surbatovic
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Military Medical Academy, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.U.); (D.D.); (S.Z.); (G.R.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine of the Military Medical Academy, University of Defence, Crnotravska 17, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.S.); (S.L.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-11-2665-125
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11
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Mogensen FLH, Delle C, Nedergaard M. The Glymphatic System (En)during Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7491. [PMID: 34299111 PMCID: PMC8305763 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The glymphatic system is a fluid-transport system that accesses all regions of the brain. It facilitates the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid and clears waste from the metabolically active brain. Astrocytic endfeet and their dense expression of the aquaporin-4 water channels promote fluid exchange between the perivascular spaces and the neuropil. Cerebrospinal and interstitial fluids are together transported back to the vascular compartment by meningeal and cervical lymphatic vessels. Multiple lines of work show that neurological diseases in general impair glymphatic fluid transport. Insofar as the glymphatic system plays a pseudo-lymphatic role in the central nervous system, it is poised to play a role in neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss how the association of the glymphatic system with the meningeal lymphatic vessel calls for a renewal of established concepts on the CNS as an immune-privileged site. We also discuss potential approaches to target the glymphatic system to combat neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Lind-Holm Mogensen
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.L.-H.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Christine Delle
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.L.-H.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (F.L.-H.M.); (C.D.)
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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12
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Rana M, La Bella A, Lederman R, Volpe BT, Sherry B, Diamond B. Follicular dendritic cell dysfunction contributes to impaired antigen-specific humoral responses in sepsis-surviving mice. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146776. [PMID: 33956665 DOI: 10.1172/jci146776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis survivors exhibit impaired responsiveness to antigen (Ag) challenge associated with increased mortality from infection. The contribution of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in the impaired humoral response in sepsis-surviving mice is investigated in this study. We demonstrated that mice subjected to sepsis from cecal ligation and puncture (CLP mice) have reduced NP-specific high-affinity class-switched Ig antibodies (Abs) compared with sham-operated control mice following immunization with the T cell-dependent Ag, NP-CGG. NP-specific germinal center (GC) B cells in CLP mice exhibited reduced TNF-α and AID mRNA expression compared with sham-operated mice. CLP mice showed a reduction in FDC clusters, a reduced binding of immune complexes on FDCs, and reduced mRNA expression of CR2, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, FcγRIIB, TNFR1, IKK2, and LTβR compared with sham-operated mice. Adoptive transfer studies showed that there was no B cell-intrinsic defect. In summary, our data suggest that the reduced Ag-specific Ab response in CLP mice is secondary to a disruption in FDC and GC B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minakshi Rana
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases
| | - Andrea La Bella
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases
| | - Rivka Lederman
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases
| | | | - Barbara Sherry
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, New York, New York, USA
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases
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Abstract
Objectives: Expound upon priorities for basic/translational science identified in a recent paper by a group of experts assigned by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Data Sources: Original paper, search of the literature. Study Selection: By several members of the original task force with specific expertise in basic/translational science. Data Extraction: None. Data Synthesis: None. Conclusions: In the first of a series of follow-up reports to the original paper, several members of the original task force with specific expertise provided a more in-depth analysis of the five identified priorities directly related to basic/translational science. This analysis expounds on what is known about the question and what was identified as priorities for ongoing research. It is hoped that this analysis will aid the development of future research initiatives.
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14
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Reduced frequency of cytotoxic CD56 dim CD16 + NK cells leads to impaired antibody-dependent degranulation in EBV-positive classical Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:13-24. [PMID: 33993319 PMCID: PMC8738354 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Around 30–50% of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) cases in immunocompetent individuals from industrialized countries are associated with the B-lymphotropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Although natural killer (NK) cells exhibit anti-viral and anti-tumoral functions, virtually nothing is known about quantitative and qualitative differences in NK cells in patients with EBV+ cHL vs. EBV- cHL. Here, we prospectively investigated 36 cHL patients without known immune suppression or overt immunodeficiency at diagnosis. All 10 EBV+ cHL patients and 25 out 26 EBV- cHL were seropositive for EBV antibodies, and EBV+ cHL patients presented with higher plasma EBV DNA levels compared to EBV- cHL patients. We show that the CD56dim CD16+ NK cell subset was decreased in frequency in EBV+ cHL patients compared to EBV- cHL patients. This quantitative deficiency translates into an impaired CD56dim NK cell mediated degranulation toward rituximab-coated HLA class 1 negative lymphoblastoid cells in EBV+ compared to EBV- cHL patients. We finally observed a trend to a decrease in the rituximab-associated degranulation and ADCC of in vitro expanded NK cells of EBV+ cHL compared to healthy controls. Our findings may impact on the design of adjunctive treatment targeting antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in EBV+ cHL.
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15
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Lu J, Wu W. Cholinergic modulation of the immune system - A novel therapeutic target for myocardial inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107391. [PMID: 33548577 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system and the nervous system depend on each other for their fine tuning and working, thus cooperating to maintain physiological homeostasis and prevent infections. The cholinergic system regulates the mobilization, differentiation, secretion, and antigen presentation of adaptive and innate immune cells mainly through α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChRs). The neuro-immune interactions are established and maintained by the following mechanisms: colocalization of immune and neuronal cells at defined anatomical sites, expression of the non-neuronal cholinergic system by immune cells, and the acetylcholine receptor-mediated activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Based on these immunological mechanisms, the protective effects of cholinergic system in animal models of diseases were summarized in this paper, such as myocardial infarction/ischemia-reperfusion, viral myocarditis, and endotoxin-induced myocardial damage. In addition to maintaining hemodynamic stability and improving the energy metabolism of the heart, both non-neuronal acetylcholine and neuronal acetylcholine in the heart can alleviate myocardial inflammation and remodeling to exert a significant cardioprotective effect. The new findings on the role of cholinergic agonists and vagus nerve stimulation in immune regulation are updated, so as to develop improved approaches to treat inflammatory heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China.
| | - Weifeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China; Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 22, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, PR China.
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16
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Wang W, Xu H, Lin H, Molnar M, Ren H. The role of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in septic cardiomyopathy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107160. [PMID: 33243604 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Septic cardiomyopathy (SCM)is common in septic patients and results in cardiovascular failure. The pathogenesis of SCM is complicated, and patients with SCM have high mortality because current treatment methods are limited. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAP) modulates inflammatory responses through vagus nerve stimulation that leads to the release of acetylcholine (ACh), which binds to the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Moreover, α7nAChR activation by its agonists at the tissue level inhibits inflammatory mediators and regulates the function of immune cells in sepsis. Therefore, the α7nAChR can maintain balance of the inflammatory-immune response in sepsis. CAP has been elucidated as a critical regulator of anti-inflammation in many diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory boweldisease and SCM. Additionally, some clinical and preclinical trials show therapeutic potential via regulating CAP. There are excellent studies regarding the beneficial role of CAP activation, especially α7nAChR, in experimental SCM. This review aims to discuss the CAP in attenuating inflammation and the potential role of α7nAChR activation in regulating immune and reducing inflammation in SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huan Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Megan Molnar
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, USA.
| | - Hongsheng Ren
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Deng J, Tan LH, Kohanski MA, Kennedy DW, Bosso JV, Adappa ND, Palmer JN, Shi J, Cohen NA. Solitary chemosensory cells are innervated by trigeminal nerve endings and autoregulated by cholinergic receptors. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020; 11:877-884. [DOI: 10.1002/alr.22695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Deng
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Li Hui Tan
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Michael A. Kohanski
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - David W. Kennedy
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - John V. Bosso
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Nithin D. Adappa
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - James N. Palmer
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
| | - Jianbo Shi
- Otorhinolaryngology Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital Sun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center Philadelphia PA
- Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia PA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Clozapine has recently been described as a novel cause of secondary antibody deficiency (SAD), associated with long-term therapy. Here we critically review the evidence linking clozapine use to an increased infection risk, describe immunological alterations, and discuss potential mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Individuals with schizophrenia are at two to five times more likely to develop pneumonia than the general population, in particular, when receiving clozapine. Delayed-onset distinguishes clozapine-associated hypogammaglobulinaemia from agranulocytosis or neutropenia that occur at lesser frequency. Biomarker searches in treatment-resistant schizophrenia highlight an immune signature associated with long-term clozapine use. This includes reduction in class-switched memory B cells, echoing common variable immunodeficiency. Recent identification of a role for dopamine in T follicular helper-B cell interactions may inform future clinical studies. SUMMARY The detrimental impact of the increased infection risk associated with clozapine necessitates a re-evaluation of the current monitoring strategies as well as further studies to better understand the underlying mechanisms of SAD in this setting. On the basis of available evidence, we suggest simple modifications to clozapine monitoring including integration of routine vaccination, smoking cessation, and assessment of humoral immunity. Further studies are required to understand the role of clozapine in neuroinflammation as well as other potentially autoantibody-mediated diseases.
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Deutschman CS, Hellman J, Roca RF, De Backer D, Coopersmith CM. The surviving sepsis campaign: basic/translational science research priorities. Intensive Care Med Exp 2020; 8:31. [PMID: 32676795 PMCID: PMC7365694 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-020-00312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Expound upon priorities for basic/translational science identified in a recent paper by a group of experts assigned by the Society of Critical Care Medicine and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Data sources Original paper, search of the literature. Study selection This study is selected by several members of the original task force with specific expertise in basic/translational science. Data extraction and data synthesis are not available. Conclusions In the first of a series of follow-up reports to the original paper, several members of the original task force with specific expertise provided a more in-depth analysis of the five identified priorities directly related to basic/translational science. This analysis expounds on what is known about the question and what was identified as priorities for ongoing research. It is hoped that this analysis will aid the development of future research initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford S Deutschman
- Department of Pediatrics, Hofstra/Northwell School of Medicine and the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research/Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra/Northwell School of Medicine and the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research/Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, Manhasset, NY, USA.
| | - Judith Hellman
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ricard Ferrer Roca
- Intensive Care Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Shock, Organ Dysfunction and Resuscitation (SODIR) Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel De Backer
- Chirec Hospitals, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Craig M Coopersmith
- Department of Surgery and Emory Critical Care Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Malin SG, Shavva VS, Tarnawski L, Olofsson PS. Functions of acetylcholine-producing lymphocytes in immunobiology. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 62:115-121. [PMID: 32126362 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience and immunology have shown that cholinergic signals are vital in the regulation of inflammation and immunity. Choline acetyltransferase+ (ChAT+) lymphocytes have the capacity to biosynthesize and release acetylcholine, the cognate ligand for cholinergic receptors. Acetylcholine-producing T cells relay neural signals in the 'inflammatory reflex' that regulate cytokine release in spleen. Mice deficient in acetylcholine-producing T cells have increased blood pressure, show reduced local vasodilatation and viral control in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection, and display changes in gut microbiota compared with littermates. These observations indicate that ChAT+ lymphocytes play physiologically important roles in regulation of inflammation and anti-microbial defense. However, the full scope and importance of ChAT+ lymphocytes in immunity and vascular biology remains to be elucidated. Here, we review key findings in this emerging area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Malin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladmir S Shavva
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Tarnawski
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Alleviates Inflammatory Bowel Disease Through Induction of AMPK-mTOR-p70S6K-Mediated Autophagy. Inflammation 2020; 42:1666-1679. [PMID: 31236857 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) has been reported to be protective in several kinds of disorders through inflammatory suppression. Here, we investigated the role of α7nAChR in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on α7nAChR deficient mice (α7nAChR-/-) and the wild-type mice (α7nAChR+/+). Three percent dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was used for the creation of IBD mice model and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/DSS as an inflammatory stressor in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). The severity of IBD was determined and HE staining as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and real-time PCR were used to detect the level of inflammatory activation. Western blot was used to determine the levels of autophagy-related proteins. Transmission electron microscopy and mRFP-GFP-LC3 plasmid were applied to determine the levels of autophagy. We demonstrated that deficiency in α7nAChR produced a detrimental effect on IBD severity and inflammatory reaction in DSS-induced colitis models. Those effects were led to via autophagy dysfunction. α7nAChR deficiency attenuated the protective and anti-inflammatory effect of autophagy inducer in IBD mice and BMDMs challenged with LPS/DSS. The alleviative effect of activating α7nAChR was attenuated through inhibiting adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated signaling. In conclusion, α7nAChR contributes to alleviate IBD through the induction of AMPK-mammalian target of rapamycin rabbit (mTOR)-p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K)-mediated autophagy, thus providing a novel target for the treatment of IBD.
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Ren C, Yao RQ, Zhang H, Feng YW, Yao YM. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy: a vicious cycle of immunosuppression. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:14. [PMID: 31924221 PMCID: PMC6953314 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-1701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is commonly complicated by septic conditions, and is responsible for increased mortality and poor outcomes in septic patients. Uncontrolled neuroinflammation and ischemic injury are major contributors to brain dysfunction, which arises from intractable immune malfunction and the collapse of neuroendocrine immune networks, such as the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and sympathetic nervous system. Dysfunction in these neuromodulatory mechanisms compromised by SAE jeopardizes systemic immune responses, including those of neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells, and T lymphocytes, which ultimately results in a vicious cycle between brain injury and a progressively aberrant immune response. Deep insight into the crosstalk between SAE and peripheral immunity is of great importance in extending the knowledge of the pathogenesis and development of sepsis-induced immunosuppression, as well as in exploring its effective remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Qi Yao
- Department of Burn Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Navy Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Wen Feng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518035, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Willemze RA, Brinkman DJ, Welting O, van Hamersveld PHP, Verseijden C, Luyer MD, Wildenberg ME, Seppen J, de Jonge WJ. Acetylcholine-producing T cells augment innate immune-driven colitis but are redundant in T cell-driven colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 317:G557-G568. [PMID: 31322912 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00067.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials suggest that vagus nerve stimulation presents an alternative approach to classical immune suppression in Crohn's disease. T cells capable of producing acetylcholine (ChAT+ T cells) in the spleen are essential mediators of the anti-inflammatory effect of vagus nerve stimulation. Besides the spleen, ChAT+ T cells are found abundantly in Peyer's patches of the small intestine. However, the role of ChAT+ T cells in colitis pathogenesis is unknown. Here, we made use of CD4creChATfl/fl mice (CD4ChAT-/- mice) lacking ChAT expression specifically in CD4+ T cells. Littermates (ChATfl/fl mice) served as controls. In acute dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis (7 days of 2% DSS in drinking water), CD4ChAT-/- mice showed attenuated colitis and lower intestinal inflammatory cytokine levels compared with ChATfl/fl mice. In contrast, in a resolution model of DSS-induced colitis (5 days of 2% DSS followed by 7 days without DSS), CD4ChAT-/- mice demonstrated a worsened colitis recovery and augmented colonic histological inflammation scores and inflammatory cytokine levels as compared with ChATfl/fl mice. In a transfer colitis model using CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells, T cells from CD4ChAT-/- mice induced a similar level of colitis compared with ChATfl/fl T cells. Together, our results indicate that ChAT+ T cells aggravate the acute innate immune response upon mucosal barrier disruption in an acute DSS-induced colitis model, whereas they are supporting the later resolution process of this innate immune-driven colitis. Surprisingly, ChAT expression in T cells seems redundant in the context of T cell-driven colitis.NEW & NOTEWORTHY By using different mouse models of experimental colitis, we provide evidence that in dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis, ChAT+ T cells capable of producing acetylcholine worsen the acute immune response, whereas they support the later healing phase of this innate immune-driven colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose A Willemze
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David J Brinkman
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Welting
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia H P van Hamersveld
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline Verseijden
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Misha D Luyer
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen Seppen
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter J de Jonge
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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