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Sharma S, Dasgupta M, Vadaga BS, Kodgire P. Unfolding the Symbiosis of AID, Chromatin Remodelers, and Epigenetics - The ACE Phenomenon of Antibody Diversity. Immunol Lett 2024:106909. [PMID: 39128629 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2024.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is responsible for the initiation of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR), which result in antibody affinity maturation and isotype switching, thus producing pathogen-specific antibodies. Chromatin dynamics and accessibility play a significant role in determining AID expression and its targeting. Chromatin remodelers contribute to the accessibility of the chromatin structure, thereby influencing the targeting of AID to Ig genes. Epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and miRNA expression, profoundly impact the regulation of AID and chromatin remodelers targeting Ig genes. Additionally, epigenetic modifications lead to chromatin rearrangement and thereby can change AID expression levels and its preferential targeting to Ig genes. This interplay is symbolized as the ACE phenomenon encapsulates three interconnected aspects: AID, Chromatin remodelers, and Epigenetic modifications. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding the intricate relationship between these aspects to unlock the therapeutic potential of these molecular processes and molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore - 453552, India
| | - Mallar Dasgupta
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore - 453552, India
| | - Bindu Sai Vadaga
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore - 453552, India
| | - Prashant Kodgire
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Simrol, Khandwa Road, Indore - 453552, India.
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2
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Touarin P, Serrano B, Courbois A, Bornet O, Chen Q, Scott LG, Williamson JR, Sebban-Kreuzer C, Mancini SJC, Elantak L. Pre-B cell receptor acts as a selectivity switch for galectin-1 at the pre-B cell surface. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114541. [PMID: 39058594 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectins are glycan-binding proteins translating the sugar-encoded information of cellular glycoconjugates into physiological activities, including immunity, cell migration, and signaling. Galectins also interact with non-glycosylated partners in the extracellular milieu, among which the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) during B cell development. How these interactions might interplay with the glycan-decoding function of galectins is unknown. Here, we perform NMR experiments on native membranes to monitor Gal-1 binding to physiological cell surface ligands. We show that pre-BCR interaction changes Gal-1 binding to glycosylated pre-B cell surface receptors. At the molecular and cellular levels, we identify α2,3-sialylated motifs as key targeted epitopes. This targeting occurs through a selectivity switch increasing Gal-1 contacts with α2,3-sialylated poly-N-acetyllactosamine upon pre-BCR interaction. Importantly, we observe that this switch is involved in the regulation of pre-BCR activation. Altogether, this study demonstrates that interactions to non-glycosylated proteins regulate the glycan-decoding functions of galectins at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Touarin
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologies, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Serrano
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologies, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Courbois
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologies, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Bornet
- NMR platform, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée (IMM FR3479), Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologies, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Qian Chen
- Cassia, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 214, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - Lincoln G Scott
- Cassia, 3030 Bunker Hill Street, Suite 214, San Diego, CA 92109, USA
| | - James R Williamson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Corinne Sebban-Kreuzer
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologies, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | | | - Latifa Elantak
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes Macromoléculaires (LISM UMR7255), Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies et Biotechnologies, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
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3
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Iwai N, Akaki K, Hia F, Li W, Yoshinaga M, Mino T, Takeuchi O. UPF1 plays critical roles in early B cell development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5765. [PMID: 38982067 PMCID: PMC11233602 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The ATP-dependent RNA helicase UPF1 plays a crucial role in various mRNA degradation pathways, most importantly in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Here, we show that UPF1 is upregulated during the early stages of B cell development and is important for early B cell development in the bone marrow. B-cell-specific Upf1 deletion in mice severely impedes the early to late LPre-B cell transition, in which VH-DHJH recombination occurs at the Igh gene. Furthermore, UPF1 is indispensable for VH-DHJH recombination, without affecting DH-JH recombination. Intriguingly, the genetic pre-arrangement of the Igh gene rescues the differentiation defect in early LPre-B cells under Upf1 deficient conditions. However, differentiation is blocked again following Ig light chain recombination, leading to a failure in development into immature B cells. Notably, UPF1 interacts with and regulates the expression of genes involved in immune responses, cell cycle control, NMD, and the unfolded protein response in B cells. Collectively, our findings underscore the critical roles of UPF1 during the early LPre-B cell stage and beyond, thus orchestrating B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriki Iwai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kotaro Akaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fabian Hia
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Yoshinaga
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Mino
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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4
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Bhattacharyya P, Christopherson RI, Skarratt KK, Fuller SJ. Method for B Cell Receptor Enrichment in Malignant B Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2341. [PMID: 39001403 PMCID: PMC11240526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16132341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
B cells are central to the adaptive immune response and provide long-lasting immunity after infection. B cell activation is mediated by the surface membrane-bound B cell receptor (BCR) following recognition of a specific antigen. The BCR has been challenging to analyse using mass spectrometry (MS) due to the difficulty of isolating and enriching this membrane-bound protein complex. There are approximately 120,000 BCRs on the B cell surface; however, depending on the B cell activation state, there may be hundreds-of-millions to billions of proteins in a B cell. Consequently, advanced proteomic techniques such as MS workflows that use purified proteins to yield structural and protein-interaction information have not been published for the BCR complex. This paper describes a method for enriching the BCR complex that is MS-compatible. The method involves a Protein G pull down on agarose beads using an intermediary antibody to each of the BCR complex subcomponents (CD79a, CD79b, and membrane immunoglobulin). The enrichment process is shown to pull down the entire BCR complex and has the advantage of being readily compatible with further proteomic study including MS analysis. Using intermediary antibodies has the potential to enrich all isotypes of the BCR, unlike previous methods described in the literature that use protein G-coated beads to directly pull down the membrane IgG (mIgG) but cannot be used for other mIg isotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Bhattacharyya
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia; (P.B.); (K.K.S.)
- Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown Rd., Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | | | - Kristen K. Skarratt
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia; (P.B.); (K.K.S.)
- Nepean Hospital, Derby Str., Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Fuller
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW 2750, Australia; (P.B.); (K.K.S.)
- Nepean Hospital, Derby Str., Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
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5
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Guerra-Galán T, Palacios-Ortega M, Jiménez-Huete A, Guevara-Hoyer K, Cárdenas MC, Villegas-Mendiola Á, Mansilla-Ruíz MD, Subhi-Issa N, de la Fuente-Munoz E, Requejo PM, de la Peña AR, Guzmán-Fulgencio M, Fernández-Arquero M, de Diego RP, Sánchez-Ramón S. An Exploratory Approach of Clinically Useful Biomarkers of Cvid by Logistic Regression. J Clin Immunol 2024; 44:143. [PMID: 38847936 PMCID: PMC11161432 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-024-01746-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Despite advancements in genetic and functional studies, the timely diagnosis of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) remains a significant challenge. This exploratory study was designed to assess the diagnostic performance of a novel panel of biomarkers for CVID, incorporating the sum of κ+λ light chains, soluble B-cell maturation antigen (sBCMA) levels, switched memory B cells (smB) and the VISUAL score. Comparative analyses utilizing logistic regression were performed against established gold-standard tests, specifically antibody responses. Our research encompassed 88 subjects, comprising 27 CVID, 23 selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD), 20 secondary immunodeficiency (SID) patients and 18 healthy controls. We established the diagnostic accuracy of sBCMA and the sum κ+λ, achieving sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Spe) of 89% and 89%, and 90% and 99%, respectively. Importantly, sBCMA showed strong correlations with all evaluated biomarkers (sum κ+λ, smB cell and VISUAL), whereas the sum κ+λ was uniquely independent from smB cells or VISUAL, suggesting its additional diagnostic value. Through a multivariate tree decision model, specific antibody responses and the sum κ+λ emerged as independent, signature biomarkers for CVID, with the model showcasing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.946, Se 0.85, and Spe 0.95. This tree-decision model promises to enhance diagnostic efficiency for CVID, underscoring the sum κ+λ as a superior CVID classifier and potential diagnostic criterion within the panel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Guerra-Galán
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Palacios-Ortega
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Kissy Guevara-Hoyer
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Cruz Cárdenas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Villegas-Mendiola
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Mansilla-Ruíz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nabil Subhi-Issa
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo de la Fuente-Munoz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Mikel Requejo
- Departmen of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Universitario Donostia, País Vasco, Donostia, Spain
| | - Antonia Rodríguez de la Peña
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Guzmán-Fulgencio
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-Arquero
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, 28046, Spain
- Innate Immunity Group, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine and IdISSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
- Interdepartmental Group of Immunodeficiencies, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Laboratory Medicine Institute Hospital Clinico San Carlos and IdISSC, Calle Profesor Martín Lagos SN, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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6
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Santana-Sánchez P, Vaquero-García R, Legorreta-Haquet MV, Chávez-Sánchez L, Chávez-Rueda AK. Hormones and B-cell development in health and autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1385501. [PMID: 38680484 PMCID: PMC11045971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1385501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of B cells into antibody-secreting plasma cells is central to the adaptive immune system as they induce protective and specific antibody responses against invading pathogens. Various studies have shown that, during this process, hormones can play important roles in the lymphopoiesis, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of B cells, and depending on the signal given by the receptor of each hormone, they can have a positive or negative effect. In autoimmune diseases, hormonal deregulation has been reported to be related to the survival, activation and/or differentiation of autoreactive clones of B cells, thus promoting the development of autoimmunity. Clinical manifestations of autoimmune diseases have been associated with estrogens, prolactin (PRL), and growth hormone (GH) levels. However, androgens, such as testosterone and progesterone (P4), could have a protective effect. The objective of this review is to highlight the links between different hormones and the immune response mediated by B cells in the etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The data collected provide insights into the role of hormones in the cellular, molecular and/or epigenetic mechanisms that modulate the B-cell response in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adriana Karina Chávez-Rueda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México (CDMX), Mexico
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7
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Shimizu T, Sun L, Ohnishi K. Influence of pre-B cell receptor deficiency on the immunoglobulin repertoires in peripheral blood B cells before and after immunization. Mol Immunol 2024; 166:87-100. [PMID: 38271880 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
During B cell development, pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR), comprising the immunoglobulin heavy chain (HC) and surrogate light chain (SLC), plays a crucial role. The expression of pre-BCR serves as a certification of HC quality, confirming its ability to associate with the SLC and light chain (LC). In mice lacking SLC, the absence of this quality control mechanism leads to a distorted repertoire of HCs in the spleen and bone marrow. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the immunoglobulin gene repertoire in peripheral blood cells of both wild-type mice and pre-BCR-deficient mice. Our findings reveal differences not only in the μ HC repertoire but also in the α HC and κ LC repertoires of the pre-BCR-deficient mice. These results suggest that the pre-BCR-mediated quality check of HC influences the selection of class-switched HC and LC repertoires. To further explore the impact of pre-BCR deficiency, we immunized these mice with thymus-dependent antigens and compared the antigen-responding repertoires. Our observations indicate that the affinity maturation pathways remain consistent between wild-type mice and pre-BCR-deficient mice, albeit with variations in the degree of maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyuki Shimizu
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohnishi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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8
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Tkachenko A, Kupcova K, Havranek O. B-Cell Receptor Signaling and Beyond: The Role of Igα (CD79a)/Igβ (CD79b) in Normal and Malignant B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:10. [PMID: 38203179 PMCID: PMC10779339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
B-cell receptor (BCR) is a B cell hallmark surface complex regulating multiple cellular processes in normal as well as malignant B cells. Igα (CD79a)/Igβ (CD79b) are essential components of BCR that are indispensable for its functionality, signal initiation, and signal transduction. CD79a/CD79b-mediated BCR signaling is required for the survival of normal as well as malignant B cells via a wide signaling network. Recent studies identified the great complexity of this signaling network and revealed the emerging role of CD79a/CD79b in signal integration. In this review, we have focused on functional features of CD79a/CD79b, summarized signaling consequences of CD79a/CD79b post-translational modifications, and highlighted specifics of CD79a/CD79b interactions within BCR and related signaling cascades. We have reviewed the complex role of CD79a/CD79b in multiple aspects of normal B cell biology and how is the normal BCR signaling affected by lymphoid neoplasms associated CD79A/CD79B mutations. We have also summarized important unresolved questions and highlighted issues that remain to be explored for better understanding of CD79a/CD79b-mediated signal transduction and the eventual identification of additional therapeutically targetable BCR signaling vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tkachenko
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Kupcova
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- First Department of Internal Medicine–Hematology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Havranek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
- First Department of Internal Medicine–Hematology, General University Hospital and First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 08 Prague, Czech Republic
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9
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Capuz A, Osien S, Cardon T, Karnoub MA, Aboulouard S, Raffo-Romero A, Duhamel M, Cizkova D, Trerotola M, Devos D, Kobeissy F, Vanden Abeele F, Bonnefond A, Fournier I, Rodet F, Salzet M. Heimdall, an alternative protein issued from a ncRNA related to kappa light chain variable region of immunoglobulins from astrocytes: a new player in neural proteome. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:526. [PMID: 37587118 PMCID: PMC10432539 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The dogma "One gene, one protein" is clearly obsolete since cells use alternative splicing and generate multiple transcripts which are translated into protein isoforms, but also use alternative translation initiation sites (TISs) and termination sites on a given transcript. Alternative open reading frames for individual transcripts give proteins originate from the 5'- and 3'-UTR mRNA regions, frameshifts of mRNA ORFs or from non-coding RNAs. Longtime considered as non-coding, recent in-silico translation prediction methods enriched the protein databases allowing the identification of new target structures that have not been identified previously. To gain insight into the role of these newly identified alternative proteins in the regulation of cellular functions, it is crucial to assess their dynamic modulation within a framework of altered physiological modifications such as experimental spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we carried out a longitudinal proteomic study on rat SCI from 12 h to 10 days. Based on the alternative protein predictions, it was possible to identify a plethora of newly predicted protein hits. Among these proteins, some presented a special interest due to high homology with variable chain regions of immunoglobulins. We focus our interest on the one related to Kappa variable light chains which is similarly highly produced by B cells in the Bence jones disease, but here expressed in astrocytes. This protein, name Heimdall is an Intrinsically disordered protein which is secreted under inflammatory conditions. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that the Heimdall interactome contained proteins related to astrocyte fate keepers such as "NOTCH1, EPHA3, IPO13" as well as membrane receptor protein including "CHRNA9; TGFBR, EPHB6, and TRAM". However, when Heimdall protein was neutralized utilizing a specific antibody or its gene knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9, sprouting elongations were observed in the corresponding astrocytes. Interestingly, depolarization assays and intracellular calcium measurements in Heimdall KO, established a depolarization effect on astrocyte membranes KO cells were more likely that the one found in neuroprogenitors. Proteomic analyses performed under injury conditions or under lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation, revealed the expression of neuronal factors, stem cell proteins, proliferation, and neurogenesis of astrocyte convertor factors such as EPHA4, NOTCH2, SLIT3, SEMA3F, suggesting a role of Heimdall could regulate astrocytic fate. Taken together, Heimdall could be a novel member of the gatekeeping astrocyte-to-neuroprogenitor conversion factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Capuz
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Sylvain Osien
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Tristan Cardon
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Mélodie Anne Karnoub
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Soulaimane Aboulouard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Antonella Raffo-Romero
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Marie Duhamel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Dasa Cizkova
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Centre for Experimental and Clinical Regenerative Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Marco Trerotola
- Laboratory of Cancer Pathology, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University 'G. d'Annunzio', Chieti, Italy
| | - David Devos
- Université de Lille, INSERM, U1172, CHU-Lille, Lille Neuroscience Cognition Research Centre, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Fabien Vanden Abeele
- Université de Lille, INSERM U1003, Laboratory of Cell Physiology, 59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Amélie Bonnefond
- Univ. Lille, Inserm UMR1283, CNRS UMR8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU de Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Franck Rodet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Michel Salzet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U-1192 - Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse-PRISM, F-59000, Lille, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005, Paris, France.
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10
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Trzos S, Link-Lenczowski P, Pocheć E. The role of N-glycosylation in B-cell biology and IgG activity. The aspects of autoimmunity and anti-inflammatory therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1188838. [PMID: 37575234 PMCID: PMC10415207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1188838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is strictly regulated by glycosylation through the addition of highly diverse and dynamically changing sugar structures (glycans) to the majority of immune cell receptors. Although knowledge in the field of glycoimmunology is still limited, numerous studies point to the key role of glycosylation in maintaining homeostasis, but also in reflecting its disruption. Changes in oligosaccharide patterns can lead to impairment of both innate and acquired immune responses, with important implications in the pathogenesis of diseases, including autoimmunity. B cells appear to be unique within the immune system, since they exhibit both innate and adaptive immune activity. B cell surface is rich in glycosylated proteins and lectins which recognise glycosylated ligands on other cells. Glycans are important in the development, selection, and maturation of B cells. Changes in sialylation and fucosylation of cell surface proteins affect B cell signal transduction through BCRs, CD22 inhibitory coreceptor and Siglec-G. Plasmocytes, as the final stage of B cell differentiation, produce and secrete immunoglobulins (Igs), of which IgGs are the most abundant N-glycosylated proteins in human serum with the conserved N-glycosylation site at Asn297. N-oligosaccharide composition of the IgG Fc region affects its secretion, structure, half-life and effector functions (ADCC, CDC). IgG N-glycosylation undergoes little change during homeostasis, and may gradually be modified with age and during ongoing inflammatory processes. Hyperactivated B lymphocytes secrete autoreactive antibodies responsible for the development of autoimmunity. The altered profile of IgG N-glycans contributes to disease progression and remission and is sensitive to the application of therapeutic substances and immunosuppressive agents. In this review, we focus on the role of N-glycans in B-cell biology and IgG activity, the rearrangement of IgG oligosaccharides in aging, autoimmunity and immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Trzos
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Link-Lenczowski
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Pocheć
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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11
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Bhattacharyya P, Christopherson RI, Skarratt KK, Chen JZ, Balle T, Fuller SJ. Combination of High-Resolution Structures for the B Cell Receptor and Co-Receptors Provides an Understanding of Their Interactions with Therapeutic Antibodies. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15112881. [PMID: 37296844 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15112881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are central to the adaptive immune response, providing long lasting immunity after infection. B cell activation is mediated by a cell surface B cell receptor (BCR) following recognition of an antigen. BCR signaling is modulated by several co-receptors including CD22 and a complex that contains CD19 and CD81. Aberrant signaling through the BCR and co-receptors promotes the pathogenesis of several B cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases. Treatment of these diseases has been revolutionized by the development of monoclonal antibodies that bind to B cell surface antigens, including the BCR and its co-receptors. However, malignant B cells can escape targeting by several mechanisms and until recently, rational design of antibodies has been limited by the lack of high-resolution structures of the BCR and its co-receptors. Herein we review recently determined cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and crystal structures of the BCR, CD22, CD19 and CD81 molecules. These structures provide further understanding of the mechanisms of current antibody therapies and provide scaffolds for development of engineered antibodies for treatment of B cell malignancies and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Bhattacharyya
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2750, Australia
- Blacktown Hospital, Blacktown, NSW 2148, Australia
| | - Richard I Christopherson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kristen K Skarratt
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2750, Australia
- Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Jake Z Chen
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Thomas Balle
- Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2750, Australia
- Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
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12
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Sarno J, Domizi P, Liu Y, Merchant M, Pedersen CB, Jedoui D, Jager A, Nolan GP, Gaipa G, Bendall SC, Bava FA, Davis KL. Dasatinib overcomes glucocorticoid resistance in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2935. [PMID: 37217509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38456-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to glucocorticoids (GC) is associated with an increased risk of relapse in B-cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). Performing transcriptomic and single-cell proteomic studies in healthy B-cell progenitors, we herein identify coordination between the glucocorticoid receptor pathway with B-cell developmental pathways. Healthy pro-B cells most highly express the glucocorticoid receptor, and this developmental expression is conserved in primary BCP-ALL cells from patients at diagnosis and relapse. In-vitro and in vivo glucocorticoid treatment of primary BCP-ALL cells demonstrate that the interplay between B-cell development and the glucocorticoid pathways is crucial for GC resistance in leukemic cells. Gene set enrichment analysis in BCP-ALL cell lines surviving GC treatment show enrichment of B cell receptor signaling pathways. In addition, primary BCP-ALL cells surviving GC treatment in vitro and in vivo demonstrate a late pre-B cell phenotype with activation of PI3K/mTOR and CREB signaling. Dasatinib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, most effectively targets this active signaling in GC-resistant cells, and when combined with glucocorticoids, results in increased cell death in vitro and decreased leukemic burden and prolonged survival in an in vivo xenograft model. Targeting the active signaling through the addition of dasatinib may represent a therapeutic approach to overcome GC resistance in BCP-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda Sarno
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Pablo Domizi
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Milton Merchant
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christina Bligaard Pedersen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Dorra Jedoui
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Astraea Jager
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Gaipa
- M. Tettamanti Research Center, Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo dei Tintori, Monza, (MB), Italy
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Felice-Alessio Bava
- Baxter Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Kara L Davis
- Hematology, Oncology, Stem Cell Transplant, and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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13
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Nandiwada SL. Overview of human B-cell development and antibody deficiencies. J Immunol Methods 2023:113485. [PMID: 37150477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
B cells are a key component of the humoral (antibody-mediated) immune response which is responsible for defense against a variety of pathogens. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of B cell development and function and briefly describe inborn errors of immunity associated with B cell development defects which can manifest as immune deficiency, malignancy, autoimmunity, or allergy. The knowledge and application of B cell biology are essential for laboratory evaluation and clinical assessment of these B cell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarada L Nandiwada
- The Texas Children's Hospital, Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Retrovirology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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14
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Osma-Garcia IC, Capitan-Sobrino D, Mouysset M, Aubert Y, Maloudi O, Turner M, Diaz-Muñoz MD. The splicing regulators TIA1 and TIAL1 are required for the expression of the DNA damage repair machinery during B cell lymphopoiesis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111869. [PMID: 36543128 PMCID: PMC9794549 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphopoiesis requires dynamic modulation of the B cell transcriptome for timely coordination of somatic mutagenesis and DNA repair in progenitor B (pro-B) cells. Here, we show that, in pro-B cells, the RNA-binding proteins T cell intracellular antigen 1 (TIA1) and TIA1-like protein (TIAL1) act redundantly to enable developmental progression. They are global splicing regulators that control the expression of hundreds of mRNAs, including those involved in DNA damage repair. Mechanistically, TIA1 and TIAL1 bind to 5' splice sites for exon definition, splicing, and expression of DNA damage sensors, such as Chek2 and Rif1. In their absence, pro-B cells show exacerbated DNA damage, altered P53 expression, and increased cell death. Our study uncovers the importance of tight regulation of RNA splicing by TIA1 and TIAL1 for the expression of integrative transcriptional programs that control DNA damage sensing and repair during B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines C. Osma-Garcia
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Inserm UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France
| | - Dunja Capitan-Sobrino
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Inserm UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France
| | - Mailys Mouysset
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Inserm UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France
| | - Yann Aubert
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Inserm UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France
| | - Orlane Maloudi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Inserm UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France
| | - Martin Turner
- Immunology Program, The Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Manuel D. Diaz-Muñoz
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), Inserm UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, University Paul Sabatier, CHU Purpan, Toulouse 31024, France,Corresponding author
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15
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Janssen AWF, Louisse J, Rijkers D, Pinckaers NET, Hoekstra SA, Hoogenboom RLAP, Peijnenburg AACM, Beekmann K. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) decrease the expression of recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) in human B lymphoma Namalwa cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 97:10.1007/s00204-022-03405-z. [PMID: 36326898 PMCID: PMC9859925 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent and have been shown to induce a wide range of adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity. So far, little information is available about the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PFASs, including those related to their immunotoxicity. Reported immunotoxic effects of PFASs include decreased antibody responses in experimental animals and humans, indicating that PFASs may, among others, affect B cell function. In the present study, we first assessed the effects of PFOA on the transcriptome of the human Namalwa B cell line using RNA seq analysis. Gene expression changes, analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, pointed to various cellular processes affected by PFOA, including 'B cell development' and 'Primary immunodeficiency signaling'. Interestingly, PFOA decreased the expression of RAG1 and RAG2, genes involved in immunoglobulin and T cell receptor V(D)J recombination. As a next step, time- and concentration-dependent changes in the expression of RAG1 and RAG2 upon exposure to PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS were studied through RT-qPCR analysis. Analysis with the concentration-response modeling software PROAST resulted in the following potency ranking: PFNA > PFOA > PFOS > PFHxS. Altogether, the present in vitro study provides insights into the effects of selected PFASs on B cells, identifying RAG1 and RAG2 expression as possible relevant targets that may play a role in the immunotoxicity of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole E T Pinckaers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerdtje A Hoekstra
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Ott JA, Haakenson JK, Kelly AR, Christian C, Criscitiello MF, Smider VV. Evolution of surrogate light chain in tetrapods and the relationship between lengths of CDR H3 and VpreB tails. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1001134. [PMID: 36311706 PMCID: PMC9614664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1001134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian immune system, the surrogate light chain (SLC) shapes the antibody repertoire during B cell development by serving as a checkpoint for production of functional heavy chains (HC). Structural studies indicate that tail regions of VpreB contact and cover the third complementarity-determining region of the HC (CDR H3). However, some species, particularly bovines, have CDR H3 regions that may not be compatible with this HC-SLC interaction model. With immense structural and genetic diversity in antibody repertoires across species, we evaluated the genetic origins and sequence features of surrogate light chain components. We examined tetrapod genomes for evidence of conserved gene synteny to determine the evolutionary origin of VpreB1, VpreB2, and IGLL1, as well as VpreB3 and pre-T cell receptor alpha (PTCRA) genes. We found the genes for the SLC components (VpreB1, VpreB2, and IGLL1) only in eutherian mammals. However, genes for PTCRA occurred in all amniote groups and genes for VpreB3 occurred in all tetrapod groups, and these genes were highly conserved. Additionally, we found evidence of a new VpreB gene in non-mammalian tetrapods that is similar to the VpreB2 gene of eutherian mammals, suggesting VpreB2 may have appeared earlier in tetrapod evolution and may be a precursor to traditional VpreB2 genes in higher vertebrates. Among eutherian mammals, sequence conservation between VpreB1 and VpreB2 was low for all groups except rabbits and rodents, where VpreB2 was nearly identical to VpreB1 and did not share conserved synteny with VpreB2 of other species. VpreB2 of rabbits and rodents likely represents a duplicated variant of VpreB1 and is distinct from the VpreB2 of other mammals. Thus, rabbits and rodents have two variants of VpreB1 (VpreB1-1 and VpreB1-2) but no VpreB2. Sequence analysis of VpreB tail regions indicated differences in sequence content, charge, and length; where repertoire data was available, we observed a significant relationship between VpreB2 tail length and maximum DH length. We posit that SLC components co-evolved with immunoglobulin HC to accommodate the repertoire - particularly CDR H3 length and structure, and perhaps highly unusual HC (like ultralong HC of cattle) may bypass this developmental checkpoint altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine A. Ott
- Comparative Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jeremy K. Haakenson
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Abigail R. Kelly
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Claire Christian
- Comparative Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Lab, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Vaughn V. Smider
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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17
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Mutational Analysis of the VPREB1 Gene of Pre-BCR Complex in a Cohort of Sporadic Pediatric Patients With B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:210-219. [PMID: 35398858 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During bone marrow B-cell development, the pre-B-cell receptor is formed by the association of the immunoglobulin heavy chain with a surrogate light chain, which is encoded by the VPREB1, and λ5 genes. It is known that pre-BCR signaling signifies a critical checkpoint at the pre-B-cell stage. Thus, failure pre-BCR signaling is proposed as a critical factor for the development of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). B‑ALL is the most common pediatric cancer and is one of the leading causes of death in children. Until now, several molecular analyses were performed for genomic alterations in B-ALL, but for genomic analysis of the VPREB1 gene and its rare variations, limited studies have been conducted. In this study, using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of 88 pediatric patients with B-ALL, we investigated the genomic region of the VPREB1 gene to find sequence variations of this gene. Our study presented ten homozygous and heterozygous point mutations and heterozygous nucleotide deletions, in the VPREB1 gene in 36 boys and 32 girls' patients. Our Bioinformatics assay results presented that these variations may alter the RNA folding, protein structure, and therefore probable effect on the protein function. These results propose that nucleotide changes probably contribute to B-ALL pathogenesis.
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18
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Deletion of Mettl3 at the Pro-B Stage Marginally Affects B Cell Development and Profibrogenic Activity of B Cells in Liver Fibrosis. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:8118577. [PMID: 35747688 PMCID: PMC9213183 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8118577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays a pivotal role in cell fate determination. Previous studies show that eliminating m6A using Mb1-Cre dramatically impairs B cell development. However, whether disturbing m6A modification at later stages affects B cell development and function remains elusive. Here, we deleted m6A methyltransferase Mettl3 from the pro-B stage on using Cd19-Cre (Mettl3 cKO) and found that the frequency of total B cells in peripheral blood, peritoneal cavity, and liver is comparable between Mettl3 cKO mice and wild-type (WT) littermates, while the percentage of whole splenic B cells slightly increases in Mettl3 cKO individuals. The proportion of pre-pro-B, pro-B, pre-B, immature, and mature B cells in the bone marrow were minimally affected. Loss of Mettl3 resulted in increased apoptosis but barely affected B cells' proliferation and IgG production upon LPS, CD40L, anti-IgM, or TNF-α stimulation. Different stimuli had different effects on B cell activation. In addition, B cell-specific Mettl3 knockout had no influence on the pro-fibrogenic activity of B cells in liver fibrosis, evidenced by comparable fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) treated Mettl3 cKO mice and WT controls. In summary, our study demonstrated that deletion of Mettl3 from the pro-B stage on has minimal effects on B cell development and function, as well as profibrogenic activity of B cells in liver fibrosis, revealing a stage-specific dependence on Mettl3-mediated m6A of B cell development.
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19
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Yamasaki K, Kaneko E, Mori K. Establishment of Membrane-Bound IgA1-Specific Antibody Possessing Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Activity. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:125-132. [PMID: 35736627 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic agents targeting B cells, such as rituximab, have been proven to be effective in several diseases. However, since this therapy targets the whole B cell population, there are still concerns about critical adverse events. Therefore, a new type of antibody that can specifically deplete a particular type of B cell may have the potential to become an efficient and safer therapy. Membrane-bound IgA1 (mIgA1) is expressed on soluble IgA1 (sIgA1) producing B cells and/or their precursor, B cells. Although most of the amino acid sequence in the N-terminal regions of the extracellular domains of mIgA1 and sIgA1 is shared, there is a membrane type-specific region, named the membrane-bound immunoglobulin isotype-specific (migis-α) region, at the membrane-proximal region of mIgA1. We hypothesized that the migis-α region would be a suitable antigen for therapeutic antibodies to target mIgA1-expressing B cells without binding to sIgA1, which may cause undesired adverse effects and poor pharmacokinetics (PK). We established two anti-migis-α monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), KM4641 and KM4644, by immunization of the synthetic peptide corresponding to an migis-α region. These mAbs both showed robust binding to mIgA1-expressing transfectant cells. As we expected, neither mAbs bound to sIgA1 and we found that the mAbs recognized different seven to eight amino acid sequences within the migis-α region. Furthermore, the rat-human chimeric type of both mAbs showed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against mIgA1-expressing transfectant cells. Taken together, this study showed that established mAbs have therapeutic potential in IgA-related diseases, such as IgA nephropathy.
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20
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An Update on the Evolutionary History of Bregs. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13050890. [PMID: 35627275 PMCID: PMC9141580 DOI: 10.3390/genes13050890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the evolutionary history and the differentiation of Bregs is still not clear. Bregs were demonstrated to possess a regulatory effect on B cells. Various subsets of Bregs have been identified including T2-MZP, MZ, B10, IL10-producing plasma cells, IL10 producing plasmablasts, immature IL10 producing B cells, TIM1, and Br1. It is known that B cells have evolved during fish emergence. However, the origin of Bregs is still not known. Three main models have been previously proposed to describe the origin of Bregs, the first known as single–single (SS) suggests that each type of Bregs subpopulation has emerged from a single pre-Breg type. The second model (single–multi) (SM) assumes that a single Bregs gave rise to multiple types of Bregs that in turn differentiated to other Breg subpopulations. In the third model (multi–multi) (MM), it is hypothesized that Bregs arise from the nearest B cell phenotype. The link between the differentiation of cells and the evolution of novel types of cells is known to follow one of three evolutionary patterns (i.e., homology, convergence, or concerted evolution). Another aspect that controls differentiation and evolution processes is the principle of optimization of energy, which suggests that an organism will always use the choice that requires less energy expenditure for survival. In this review, we investigate the evolution of Breg subsets. We studied the feasibility of Breg origination models based on evolution and energy constraints. In conclusion, our review indicates that Bregs are likely to have evolved under a combination of SM–MM models. This combination ensured successful survival in harsh conditions by following the least costly differentiation pathway, as well as adapting to changing environmental conditions.
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21
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Tachibana H, Daino K, Ishikawa A, Morioka T, Shang Y, Ogawa M, Matsuura A, Shimada Y, Kakinuma S. Genomic profile of radiation-induced early-onset mouse B-cell lymphoma recapitulates features of Philadelphia chromosome-like acute lymphoblastic leukemia in humans. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:693-703. [PMID: 35395675 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have revealed a radiation-related increase in the risk of developing acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Our recent study revealed early induction and increased risk of precursor B-cell (pB) lymphomas in mice after radiation exposure. However, the genomic landscape of radiation-induced B-cell lymphomas remains unclear. To identify the relevant genetic alterations in mice, whole-exome sequencing was performed on both early-onset and late-onset B-cell lymphomas that developed spontaneously or after gamma-irradiation. In addition to multiple driver mutations, the data revealed that interstitial deletion of chromosome 4, including Pax5, and missense mutations in Jak3 are unique genomic alterations in radiation-induced, early-onset B-cell lymphomas. RNA sequencing revealed a pB-cell-type gene-expression profile with no involvement of known fusion genes for human ALLs in the early-onset B-cell lymphomas. Activation of Jak3/Stat5 signaling in early-onset B-cell lymphomas was validated using western capillary electrophoresis. Those features were similar to those of Philadelphia chromosome-like ALL. Our data suggest a critical role for Pax5 loss-of-function mutations in initiating B-cell leukemogenesis coupled with activation of Jak3/Stat5 signaling as a basis for the rapid development of radiation-induced pB-ALL. These molecular signatures for radiation-induced cancers will inform both risk assessment and potential targeted therapies for pB-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Tachibana
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST); Chiba, Japan.,Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University; Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Daino
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST); Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuko Ishikawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST); Chiba, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Morioka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST); Chiba, Japan
| | - Yi Shang
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST); Chiba, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST); Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuura
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University; Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Shimada
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST); Chiba, Japan.,Chief director, Institute for Environmental Sciences; Aomori, Japan
| | - Shizuko Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology (QST); Chiba, Japan
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22
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dos Passos Junior RR, Bomfim GF, Giachini FR, Tostes RC, Lima VV. O-Linked β-N-Acetylglucosamine Modification: Linking Hypertension and the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852115. [PMID: 35371030 PMCID: PMC8967968 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of proteins dynamically regulates protein function, localization, stability, and interactions. This post-translational modification is intimately linked to cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. An increasing number of studies suggest that components of innate and adaptive immunity, active players in the pathophysiology of hypertension, are targets for O-GlcNAcylation. In this review, we highlight the potential roles of O-GlcNAcylation in the immune system and discuss how those immune targets of O-GlcNAcylation may contribute to arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo Rodrigues dos Passos Junior
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda R. Giachini
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Victor Vitorino Lima,
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23
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Li X, Zhang Y, Zheng M, Cao X, Guo M, Gao X, Han H. miR-582 negatively regulates pre-B cell proliferation and survival through targeting Hif1α and Rictor. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:107. [PMID: 35115499 PMCID: PMC8814019 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cell development in bone marrow (BM) is a multi-staged process involving pro-B, pre-B, immature B, and mature B cells, among which pre-B cells undergo vigorous proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and gene rearrangement. While several signaling pathways participate in pre-B cell development have been clarified, detailed intrinsic mechanisms regulating pre-B cell proliferation and survival have not been fully understood. In the current study, we report that miR-582 regulates pre-B cell proliferation and survival. miR-582 is enriched in pre-B cells. Deletion of miR-582 in mice expanded the BM pre-B cell population in a cell-autonomous manner as shown by competitive BM transplantation. We show that forced miR-582 overexpression inhibited pre-B cell proliferation and survival, whereas downregulation of miR-582 by siRNA significantly promoted pre-B cell proliferation and survival in vitro. We identified that Hif1α and Rictor are authentic targets of miR-582 in pre-B cells as shown by reporter assays. Moreover, miR-582 overexpression reduced the expression of Hif1α and its downstream molecule Glut1, as well as Rictor and mTORC2 activity as shown by attenuated AKT and FoxO1 phosphorylation, while miR-582 knockdown showed opposite effects. miR-582 knockdown-induced increases in pre-B proliferation and survival was abrogated by Hif1α and Rictor inhibitors. Together, miR-582 functions as a negative regulator of pre-B cell proliferation and survival by simultaneously targeting Hif1α and mTORC2 signaling that regulates metabolism in early B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Li
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China. .,Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | - Yufei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Minhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Min Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Hua Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.
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24
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Deenick EK, Bier J, Lau A. PI3K Isoforms in B Cells. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 436:235-254. [PMID: 36243847 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06566-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) control many aspects of cellular activation and differentiation and play an important role in B cells biology. Three different classes of PI3K have been described, all of which are expressed in B cells. However, it is the class IA PI3Ks, and the p110δ catalytic subunit in particular, which seem to play the most critical role in B cells. Here we discuss the important role that class IA PI3K plays in B cell development, activation and differentiation, as well as examine what is known about the other classes of PI3Ks in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa K Deenick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Julia Bier
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anthony Lau
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
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25
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Borbet TC, Hines MJ, Koralov SB. MicroRNA regulation of B cell receptor signaling. Immunol Rev 2021; 304:111-125. [PMID: 34523719 PMCID: PMC8616848 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes play a central role in host immune defense. B cell receptor (BCR) signaling regulates survival, proliferation, and differentiation of B lymphocytes. Signaling through the BCR signalosome is a multi-component cascade that is tightly regulated and is important in the coordination of B cell differentiation and function. At different stages of development, B cells that have BCRs recognizing self are eliminated to prevent autoimmunity. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNAs that contribute to post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and have been shown to orchestrate cell fate decisions through the regulation of lineage-specific transcriptional profiles. Studies have identified miRNAs to be crucial for B cell development in the bone marrow and their subsequent population of the peripheral immune system. In this review, we focus on the role of miRNAs in the regulation of BCR signaling as it pertains to B lymphocyte development and function. In particular, we discuss the most recent studies describing the role of miRNAs in the regulation of both early B cell development and peripheral B cell responses and examine the ways by which miRNAs regulate signal downstream of B cell antigen receptor to prevent aberrant activation and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Borbet
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10016
| | - Marcus J. Hines
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10016
| | - Sergei B. Koralov
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New York, NY 10016
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26
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VpreB Surrogate Light Chain Expression in B-Lineage ALL: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood Adv 2021; 6:585-589. [PMID: 34662891 PMCID: PMC8791581 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The VpreB component of the SLC is expressed in standard- and high-risk B-ALL. The VpreB may serve as a novel immunotherapeutic target.
Immunotherapies directed against B-cell surface markers have been a common developmental strategy to treat B-cell malignancies. The immunoglobulin heavy chain surrogate light chain (SLC), comprising the VpreB1 (CD179a) and Lamda5 (CD179b) subunits, is expressed on pro- and pre-B cells, where it governs pre–B-cell receptor (BCR)-mediated autonomous survival signaling. We hypothesized that the pre-BCR might merit the development of targeted immunotherapies to decouple “autonomous” signaling in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). We used the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) minimal residual disease (MRD) flow panel to assess pre-BCR expression in 36 primary patient samples accrued to COG standard- and high-risk B-ALL studies through AALL03B1. We also assessed CD179a expression in 16 cases with day 29 end-induction samples, preselected to have ≥1% MRD. All analyses were performed on a 6-color Becton-Dickinson flow cytometer in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment/College of American Pathologist–certified laboratory. Among 36 cases tested, 32 cases were at the pre-B and 4 cases were at the pro-B stages of developmental arrest. One or both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) showed that CD179a was present in ≥20% of the B-lymphoblast population. All cases expressed CD179a in the end-induction B-lymphoblast population. The CD179a component of the SLC is commonly expressed in B-ALL, regardless of genotype, stage of developmental arrest, or National Cancer Institute risk status.
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27
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Li J, Li L, Sun X, Deng T, Huang G, Li X, Xie Z, Zhou Z. Role of Tet2 in Regulating Adaptive and Innate Immunity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665897. [PMID: 34222235 PMCID: PMC8247589 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence indicates that epigenetic modifications play central roles in gene expression regulation and participate in developing many autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Mechanistically, epigenetic modifications act as a bridge between environmental and cellular factors and susceptibility genes. DNA methylation is a critical epigenetic modification that is regulated by ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes. Accumulating evidence has revealed that TET family proteins function as gene regulators and antitumor drug targets mainly because of their ability to oxidize 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Recently, the effect of Tet2, an essential TET protein, on the development of autoimmune diseases has been explored. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of Tet2 in immune response regulation, clarify the mechanisms of Tet2 in B and T cell differentiation and function, and discuss the opposing effects of Tet2 on inflammatory gene expression in the immune system to provide new potential therapeutic targets for related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lifang Li
- Department of Ultrasound, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tuo Deng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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28
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Lee J, Rho JH, Roehrl MH, Wang JY. Dermatan Sulfate Is a Potential Regulator of IgH via Interactions With Pre-BCR, GTF2I, and BiP ER Complex in Pre-B Lymphoblasts. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680212. [PMID: 34113352 PMCID: PMC8185350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) and autoantigen (autoAg) complexes are capable of stimulating autoreactive CD5+ B1 cells. We examined the activity of DS on CD5+ pre-B lymphoblast NFS-25 cells. CD19, CD5, CD72, PI3K, and Fas possess varying degrees of DS affinity. The three pre-BCR components, Ig heavy chain mu (IgH), VpreB, and lambda 5, display differential DS affinities, with IgH having the strongest affinity. DS attaches to NFS-25 cells, gradually accumulates in the ER, and eventually localizes to the nucleus. DS and IgH co-localize on the cell surface and in the ER. DS associates strongly with 17 ER proteins (e.g., BiP/Grp78, Grp94, Hsp90ab1, Ganab, Vcp, Canx, Kpnb1, Prkcsh, Pdia3), which points to an IgH-associated multiprotein complex in the ER. In addition, DS interacts with nuclear proteins (Ncl, Xrcc6, Prmt5, Eftud2, Supt16h) and Lck. We also discovered that DS binds GTF2I, a required gene transcription factor at the IgH locus. These findings support DS as a potential regulator of IgH in pre-B cells at protein and gene levels. We propose a (DS•autoAg)-autoBCR dual signal model in which an autoBCR is engaged by both autoAg and DS, and, once internalized, DS recruits a cascade of molecules that may help avert apoptosis and steer autoreactive B cell fate. Through its affinity with autoAgs and its control of IgH, DS emerges as a potential key player in the development of autoreactive B cells and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jung-hyun Rho
- MP Biomedicals New Zealand Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael H. Roehrl
- Department of Pathology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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29
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Lin YH, Liang Y, Wang H, Tung LT, Förster M, Subramani PG, Di Noia JM, Clare S, Langlais D, Nijnik A. Regulation of B Lymphocyte Development by Histone H2A Deubiquitinase BAP1. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626418. [PMID: 33912157 PMCID: PMC8072452 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BAP1 is a deubiquitinase (DUB) of the Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase (UCH) family that regulates gene expression and other cellular processes, via deubiquitination of histone H2AK119ub and other substrates. BAP1 is an important tumor suppressor in human, expressed and functional across many cell-types and tissues, including those of the immune system. B lymphocytes are the mediators of humoral immune response, however the role of BAP1 in B cell development and physiology remains poorly understood. Here we characterize a mouse line with a selective deletion of BAP1 within the B cell lineage (Bap1fl/fl mb1-Cre) and establish a cell intrinsic role of BAP1 in the regulation of B cell development. We demonstrate a depletion of large pre-B cells, transitional B cells, and mature B cells in Bap1fl/fl mb1-Cre mice. We characterize broad transcriptional changes in BAP1-deficient pre-B cells, map BAP1 binding across the genome, and analyze the effects of BAP1-loss on histone H2AK119ub levels and distribution. Overall, our work establishes a cell intrinsic role of BAP1 in B lymphocyte development, and suggests its contribution to the regulation of the transcriptional programs of cell cycle progression, via the deubiquitination of histone H2AK119ub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hsiao Lin
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - HanChen Wang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Genome Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lin Tze Tung
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Förster
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Poorani Ganesh Subramani
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Javier M. Di Noia
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - David Langlais
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Genome Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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30
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Zian Z, Berry SPDG, Bahmaie N, Ghotbi D, Kashif A, Madkaikar M, Bargir UA, Abdullahi H, Khan H, Azizi G. The clinical efficacy of Rituximab administration in autoimmunity disorders, primary immunodeficiency diseases and malignancies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107565. [PMID: 33773205 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rituximab (RTX), as a monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapeutic intervention targeting CD20 on B cells, has proven efficacy in the treatment of patients with some immune-mediated diseases. In the present review, we provided information on the immunobiological mechanisms of signaling for RTX and its clinical applications, according to the immune-pathophysiology involved in the microenvironment of multiple diseases. We highlighted combination therapy, dose schedules, and laboratory monitoring, as well as the associated common and rare side effects to avoid. We also discussed the efficacy and safety of RTX-based therapeutic strategies and whether RTX therapy can be used as a promising treatment regimen for autoimmune diseases, primary immunodeficiency diseases, and malignancies. Our review highlights and supports the importance of collaboration between basic medical researchers and clinical specialists when considering the use of RTX in the treatment of various immune-mediated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Zian
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Research Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Tangier, P.B. 416, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - S P Déo-Gracias Berry
- Centre de Recherches Médicales (CERMEL) de Lambaréné, B.P: 242, Gabon; Technical University of Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Nazila Bahmaie
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Health Science, Near East University (NEU), Nicosia, 99138, Northern Cyprus, Cyprus
| | - Dana Ghotbi
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Kharazmi, Tehran 14911-15719, Iran
| | - Ali Kashif
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Manisha Madkaikar
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai 400070, India
| | - Umair Ahmed Bargir
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Leukocyte Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai 400070, India
| | - Hamisu Abdullahi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, 840232, Nigeria
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149779453, Iran.
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Assi R, Masri N, Dalle IA, El-Cheikh J, Ghanem H, Bazarbachi A. Polatuzumab Vedotin: Current Role and Future Applications in the Treatment of Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Clin Hematol Int 2021; 3:21-26. [PMID: 34595463 PMCID: PMC8432323 DOI: 10.2991/chi.k.210305.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease. Despite good responses to standard of care frontline chemoimmunotherapy, the prognosis of relapsed/refractory (R/R) patients remains obscured by the possible inadequate responses to salvage therapy, eligibility for autologous transplantation, age and comorbidities. Polatuzumab vedotin is an antibody-drug conjugate formed by a CD79b antibody conjugated to the highly cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E by means of a cleavable linker. Following significant clinical efficacy in R/R DLBCL, polatuzumab vedotin was granted accelerated Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in combination with bendamustine plus rituximab for patients who have failed at least two prior therapies. Other clinical studies involving polatuzumab vedotin in combination with other therapy regimens are also under evaluation for previously untreated DLBCL patients. In this article, we review the different phases from the preclinical development of polatuzumab vedotin to studies leading to its first approval, and highlight the potential future roles of this molecule in the treatment landscape of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Assi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Lebanese American University and Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nohad Masri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Lebanese American University and Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Iman Abou Dalle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jean El-Cheikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hady Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Lebanese American University and Lebanese American University Medical Center-Rizk Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
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Khaled M, Moustafa AS, El-Khazragy N, Ahmed MI, Abd Elkhalek MA, El_Salahy EM. CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knock-out of VPREB1 gene induces a cytotoxic effect in myeloma cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245349. [PMID: 33418558 PMCID: PMC7794028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a heterogeneous, hematological neoplasm that accounts 2% of all cancers. Although, autologous stem cell transplantation and chemotherapy are currently the most effective therapy, it carries a notable hazards, in addition for being non curative. Recently, the Clustered Regular Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR-cas9) has been successfully tried at the experimental level, for the treatment of several hematological malignancies. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the in-vitro effect of CRISPR-cas9-mediated knock-out of V-set pre B-cell surrogate light chain 1"VPREB1" gene on the malignant proliferation of primary cultured myeloma cells. METHODS Bioinformatics' analysis was performed to explore the gene expression profile of MM, and the VPREB1 gene was selected as a target gene for this study. We knocked-out the VPREB1 gene in primary cultured myeloma cells using CRISPR-cas9, the VPREB1 gene editing efficacy was verified by determining VPREB1 gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels by qPCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. Furthermore, the cytotoxic effect on primary myeloma cells proliferation was evaluated using cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS There was a statistically significant reduction of both VPREB1 mRNA and protein expression levels (p<0.01). knock-out of VPREB1 gene in myeloma cell line resulted in a statistically significant reduction of myeloma cell proliferation. CONCLUSION CRISPR-cas9-mediated knock-out of VPREB1 gene is effective for inhibiting the proliferation of primary myeloma cells. This would provide a basis for a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Khaled
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr S. Moustafa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nashwa El-Khazragy
- Clinical Pathology-Hematology & AinShams Medical Research Institute (MASRI), Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Imam Ahmed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Ali Abd Elkhalek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman M. El_Salahy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Wang Z, Li Y, Lu X, Yuan J, Qiu Q, Pan C. Increased sensitivity of BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL to imatinib by releasing leukemia B cell differentiation blockage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2020; 13:2738-2745. [PMID: 33284894 PMCID: PMC7716132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In B cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL), B cells are blocked mainly at the pro/pre-B phase, making them poorly responsive to imatinib. We aimed to investigate whether it was possible to promote pro/pre-B cell maturation beyond this phase and make them sensitive to imatinib treatment by overexpressing immunoregulatory tyrosine activation motif (ITAM) with BCR-ABL in a Ph+ B-ALL mouse model. MATERIALS & METHODS Ph+ B-ALL mouse models were induced by BCR-ABL using retroviral transduction/transplantation. RESULTS Overexpression of ITAM promoted the differentiation of blocked pro/pre-B cells to B220+IgM+ and increased disease sensitivity to imatinib in mice. Btk deficiency accelerated the progression of BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL. CONCLUSION B-cell development blockage released by ITAM renders leukemia cells sensitive to imatinib treatment in BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, China
| | - Xiaokai Lu
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, China
| | - Qiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, China
| | - Cong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, China
- Chengdu eBond Biomedical Research CenterChengdu 610041, China
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Keyt BA, Baliga R, Sinclair AM, Carroll SF, Peterson MS. Structure, Function, and Therapeutic Use of IgM Antibodies. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E53. [PMID: 33066119 PMCID: PMC7709107 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies are pentameric or hexameric macro-immunoglobulins and have been highly conserved during evolution. IgMs are initially expressed during B cell ontogeny and are the first antibodies secreted following exposure to foreign antigens. The IgM multimer has either 10 (pentamer) or 12 (hexamer) antigen binding domains consisting of paired µ heavy chains with four constant domains, each with a single variable domain, paired with a corresponding light chain. Although the antigen binding affinities of natural IgM antibodies are typically lower than IgG, their polyvalency allows for high avidity binding and efficient engagement of complement to induce complement-dependent cell lysis. The high avidity of IgM antibodies renders them particularly efficient at binding antigens present at low levels, and non-protein antigens, for example, carbohydrates or lipids present on microbial surfaces. Pentameric IgM antibodies also contain a joining (J) chain that stabilizes the pentameric structure and enables binding to several receptors. One such receptor, the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR), is responsible for transcytosis from the vasculature to the mucosal surfaces of the lung and gastrointestinal tract. Several naturally occurring IgM antibodies have been explored as therapeutics in clinical trials, and a new class of molecules, engineered IgM antibodies with enhanced binding and/or additional functional properties are being evaluated in humans. Here, we review the considerable progress that has been made regarding the understanding of biology, structure, function, manufacturing, and therapeutic potential of IgM antibodies since their discovery more than 80 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A. Keyt
- IGM Biosciences Inc, 325 East Middlefield Road, Mountain View, CA 94043, USA; (R.B.); (A.M.S.); (S.F.C.); (M.S.P.)
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Guevara-Hoyer K, Ochoa-Grullón J, Fernández-Arquero M, Cárdenas M, Pérez de Diego R, Sánchez-Ramón S. Serum Free Immunoglobulins Light Chains: A Common Feature of Common Variable Immunodeficiency? Front Immunol 2020; 11:2004. [PMID: 32849664 PMCID: PMC7431983 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum free light chain (sFLC) is a recently proposed biomarker for CVID diagnosis. Most CVID patients present low or undetectable sFLC up to 10-fold lower compared to other primary antibody deficiencies. Given that κ and λ light chains are normally secreted in excess with respect to immunoglobulins, this finding points to an intrinsic defect of B cell differentiation in CVID. sFLC levels were prospectively evaluated in a cohort of 100 primary immunodeficiency (PID) patients and in 49 patients with secondary immunodeficiency to haematological malignancy (SID). CVID patients had significantly lower κ and/or λ values (mean: κ: 1.39 ± 1.7 mg/L and λ: 1.97 ± 2.24 mg/L) compared to "other PIDs" (κ: 13.97 ± 5.88 mg/L and λ: 12.92 ± 7.4 mg/L, respectively, p < 0.001 both), and SID (κ 20.9 ± 22.8 mg/L and λ 12.8 ± 8.7 mg/L, respectively, p < 0.001 both). The sum of kappa and lambda (sum κ + λ) in CVID patients (7.25 ± 7.90 mg/L) was significantly lower respect to other PIDs (26.44 ± 13.25 mg/L, p < 0.0001), and to SID patients (28.25 ± 26.24 mg/L, p = 0.0002). ROC analysis of the sum κ + λ disclosed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.894 for CVID diagnosis (SD 0.031; 95% CI: 0.83-0.95, p < 0.0001), with optimal cut-off of 16.7 mg/L, giving the highest combination of sensitivity (92%), specificity (75%) and NPV (98%). The Relative Risk (RR) for patients presenting a sum κ + λ below 16.7 mg/L was 20.35-fold higher (95%, CI: 5.630-75.93) for CVID than below this threshold. A similar behavior of the sFLC in our CVID cohort with respect to previously published studies was observed. We propose a cut-off of sum κ + λ 16.7 with diagnostic application in CVID patients, and discuss potential specific defects converging in low or undetectable sFLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kissy Guevara-Hoyer
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juliana Ochoa-Grullón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Fernández-Arquero
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariacruz Cárdenas
- Clinical Analysis Department, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Pérez de Diego
- Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain.,Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Human Diseases, IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Sánchez-Ramón
- Department of Immunology, IML and IdSSC, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Immunodeficiency Interdepartmental Group (GIID), Madrid, Spain
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McLean KC, Mandal M. It Takes Three Receptors to Raise a B Cell. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:629-642. [PMID: 32451219 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the unique source of diverse immunoglobulin repertoires, B lymphocytes are an indispensable part of humoral immunity. B cell progenitors progress through sequential and mutually exclusive states of proliferation and recombination, coordinated by cytokines and chemokines. Mutations affecting the crucial pre-B cell checkpoint result in immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and leukemia. This checkpoint was previously modeled by the signaling of two opposing receptors, IL-7R and the pre-BCR. We provide an update to this model in which three receptors, IL-7R, pre-BCR, and CXCR4, work in concert to coordinate both the proper positioning of B cell progenitors in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment and their progression through the pre-B checkpoint. Furthermore, signaling initiated by all three receptors directly instructs cell fate and developmental progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin C McLean
- Section of Rheumatology, and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Malay Mandal
- Section of Rheumatology, and Gwen Knapp Center for Lupus and Immunology Research, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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