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Velázquez J, Cruz L, Pérez-Bernal M, Valdivia O, Haidar A, Rodríguez A, Herrera F, González O, Morales A, Ulloa L, Blanco R, Pérez J, Dorta D, Luna Y, Garay HE, Abreu DD, Ramos Y, Besada V, Cabrera Y, Estrada MP, Carpio Y. Monoclonal antibody generated against Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) IgT heavy chain using a peptide-based strategy. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100093. [PMID: 37122444 PMCID: PMC10130216 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Teleost IgT/Z plays a principal role in the defense mechanisms against infectious agents in the mucosal compartments and in systemic immunity. Previously, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) IgT was discovered and characterized at transcription level. In this work, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that specifically recognized the Nile tilapia IgT. BALB/c mice were immunized with three synthetic peptides conjugated to KLH. The sequences of these peptides derived from the constant region of the Nile tilapia IgT heavy chain. ELISA and Western blotting confirmed the specificity of the polyclonal sera and the culture supernatant from a positive hybridoma clone. We observed immunoreactivity against a recombinant IgT fragment and native IgT in skin mucus. The anti-IgT mAb did not cross-react with purified tilapia IgM. Direct ELISA analysis allowed the quantification of skin mucus IgM and IgT concentrations. Flow cytometry analysis revealed differences in the percentage of IgT+ B cell populations between juveniles and adults in peripheral blood, head kidney and spleen lymphocytes and among the tissues analyzed. For further validation of the anti-IgT mAb utility, a recombinant vaccine candidate against sea lice (TT-P0 Ls) was injected into juvenile tilapia. Direct ELISA results revealed a differential secretion of skin mucus IgT and IgM after immunostimulation. In addition, the percentages of IgT+ B cells were determined at 7 days after booster and ex-vivo stimulation by flow cytometry. This mAb constitutes an important immunological tool to study the biological function and structural characteristics of tilapia IgT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Velázquez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Lynn Cruz
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Maylin Pérez-Bernal
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Onel Valdivia
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Arlette Haidar
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Alianet Rodríguez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Fidel Herrera
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Osmany González
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Lisbet Ulloa
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Reinaldo Blanco
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Joel Pérez
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Dayamí Dorta
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Yaramis Luna
- Production Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Hilda Elisa Garay
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - David Diago Abreu
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Proteomics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Vladimir Besada
- Proteomics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Yeosvany Cabrera
- Research and Development Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 83, Sancti Spíritus 60200, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba
- Corresponding authors.
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2
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Lange MD, Churchman EM, Wise AL, Bruce TJ. A recombinant 9E1 monoclonal antibody binds membrane and soluble channel catfish immunoglobulin M. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 4:100086. [PMID: 36895760 PMCID: PMC9988478 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2023.100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and validation of the recombinant 9E1 monoclonal antibody against channel catfish IgM is described. The variable heavy and light chain domains of the 9E1 hybridoma were cloned into murine IgG1 and IgK expression vectors. These expression plasmids were co-transfected into 293F cells and mature IgG was purified from culture supernatant. It is demonstrated that the recombinant 9E1 monoclonal antibody binds to soluble IgM in ELISA and ELISPOT assays and to membrane-bound IgM by immunofluorescence with different B-cell types. The recombinant 9E1 monoclonal antibody will be a valuable tool in the continued examination of the channel catfish adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles D Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Emily M Churchman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Allison L Wise
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Timothy J Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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3
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Kumwan B, Bunnoy A, Chatchaiphan S, Kayansamruaj P, Dong HT, Senapin S, Srisapoome P. First Investigation of the Optimal Timing of Vaccination of Nile Tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) Larvae against Streptococcus agalactiae. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1753. [PMID: 38140158 PMCID: PMC10747866 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate early immune responses and explore the optimal vaccination periods, Nile tilapia at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after yolk sac collapse (DAYC) were immersed in formalin-killed Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine (FKV-SA). A specific IgM was first detected via ELISA in the 21 DAYC larvae (0.108 g) at 336 h after vaccination (hav), whereas in the 28-42 DAYC larvae (0.330-0.580 g), the specific IgM could be initially detected at 24 hav. qRT-PCR analysis of the TCRβ, CD4, MHCIIα, IgHM, IgHT, and IgHD genes in 21-42 DAYC larvae immunized with the FKV-SA immersion route for 24, 168, and 336 hav revealed that the levels of most immune-related genes were significantly higher in the vaccinated larvae at all DAYCs than in the control larvae (p < 0.05) at 336 hav. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated stronger IgM signals in the gills, head kidney, and intestine tissues at 21, 28, and 35 DAYC in all vaccinated larvae compared with the control. Interestingly, at all DAYCs, FKV-SA larvae exhibited significantly higher survival rates and an increased relative percent survival (RPS) than the control after challenge with viable S. agalactiae, particularly in larvae that were immunized with FKV-SA at 168 and 336 hav (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benchawan Kumwan
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (B.K.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Anurak Bunnoy
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (B.K.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Satid Chatchaiphan
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Pattanapon Kayansamruaj
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (B.K.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ha Thanh Dong
- Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Management, Department of Food Agriculture and Bioresources, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Saengchan Senapin
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Fish Health Platform, Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Prapansak Srisapoome
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (B.K.); (A.B.); (P.K.)
- Center of Excellence in Aquatic Animal Health Management, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, 50 Paholayothin Road, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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4
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Frenette AP, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Zanuzzo F, Ramsay D, Semple SL, Soullière C, Rodríguez-Cornejo T, Heath G, McKenzie E, Iwanczyk J, Bruder M, Aucoin MG, Gamperl AK, Dixon B. Expression of Interleukin-1β protein in vitro,exvivo and in vivo salmonid models. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104767. [PMID: 37406840 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is one of the first cytokines expressed during immune responses, and its levels are affected by many factors, including stress. To date, it has only been possible to measure IL-1β transcript (mRNA) expression quantitatively in fish using qPCR. This is because previous studies that measured IL-1β protein concentrations in these taxa used western blotting, which only provides qualitative data. To advance our knowledge of fish IL-1β biology, and because post-translational processing plays a critical role in the activation of this molecule, we developed a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to accurately measure the concentration of IL-1β protein in several cell cultures and in vivo in salmonids. We compared changes in IL-1β protein levels to the expression of its mRNA. The developed ELISA was quite sensitive and has a detection limit of 12.5 pg/mL. The tools developed, and information generated through this research, will allow for a more accurate and complete understanding of IL-1β's role in the immune response of salmonids.The assay described here has the potential to significantly advance our ability to assess fish health and immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Frenette
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Fabio Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada; Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal, CEP, 14884-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Devyn Ramsay
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Shawna L Semple
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl Soullière
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - George Heath
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Emily McKenzie
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | - Mark Bruder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Marc G Aucoin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
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5
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Chen H, Zhao Y, Chen K, Wei Y, Luo H, Li Y, Liu F, Zhu Z, Hu W, Luo D. Isolation, Identification, and Investigation of Pathogenic Bacteria From Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Naturally Infected With Plesiomonas shigelloides. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872896. [PMID: 35844551 PMCID: PMC9279890 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Various bacterial diseases have caused great economic losses to the high-density and intensive aquaculture industry; however, the pathogenic mechanism underlying the large-scale challenged to caused by many bacteria remain unclear, making the prevention and treatment of these diseases difficult. In the present study, we isolated a bacterial strain from Cyprinus carpio having a typical bacterial disease and named it Cc2021. Through subsequent morphological observations, a regression challenge, biochemical identification, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, we determined Cc2021 to be Plesiomonas shigelloides. Subsequently, we comprehensively investigated the pathogenicity of P. shigelloides in C. carpio through a regression challenge and assessed the underlying the pathogenic mechanism. Mortality results revealed that P. shigelloides is highly pathogenic and infects various tissues throughout the body, resulting in edema of the liver, spleen, and body and head kidneys. Histopathological analysis revealed obvious inflammation, bleeding, and necrosis in the intestine, spleen, and head kidney. The body’s immune tissues actively produce complement C3, superoxide dismutase, and lysozyme after a challenge to resist bacterial invasion. With regard to the underlying pathogenesis of P. shigelloides, comparative transcriptome analysis revealed 876 upregulated genes and 828 downregulated genes in the intestine of C. carpio after the challenge. Analysis of differentially expressed unigenes revealed the involvement of major immune pathways, particularly the TNF signaling pathway, interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. The present study provides new valuable information on the immune system and defense mechanisms of P. shigelloides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kuangxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yulai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongrui Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Daji Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Daji Luo,
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6
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Chan JTH, Kadri S, Köllner B, Rebl A, Korytář T. RNA-Seq of Single Fish Cells – Seeking Out the Leukocytes Mediating Immunity in Teleost Fishes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:798712. [PMID: 35140719 PMCID: PMC8818700 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.798712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a complex and sophisticated biological system, spanning multiple levels of complexity, from the molecular level to that of tissue. Our current understanding of its function and complexity, of the heterogeneity of leukocytes, is a result of decades of concentrated efforts to delineate cellular markers using conventional methods of antibody screening and antigen identification. In mammalian models, this led to in-depth understanding of individual leukocyte subsets, their phenotypes, and their roles in health and disease. The field was further propelled forward by the development of single-cell (sc) RNA-seq technologies, offering an even broader and more integrated view of how cells work together to generate a particular response. Consequently, the adoption of scRNA-seq revealed the unexpected plasticity and heterogeneity of leukocyte populations and shifted several long-standing paradigms of immunology. This review article highlights the unprecedented opportunities offered by scRNA-seq technology to unveil the individual contributions of leukocyte subsets and their crosstalk in generating the overall immune responses in bony fishes. Single-cell transcriptomics allow identifying unseen relationships, and formulating novel hypotheses tailored for teleost species, without the need to rely on the limited number of fish-specific antibodies and pre-selected markers. Several recent studies on single-cell transcriptomes of fish have already identified previously unnoticed expression signatures and provided astonishing insights into the diversity of teleost leukocytes and the evolution of vertebrate immunity. Without a doubt, scRNA-seq in tandem with bioinformatics tools and state-of-the-art methods, will facilitate studying the teleost immune system by not only defining key markers, but also teaching us about lymphoid tissue organization, development/differentiation, cell-cell interactions, antigen receptor repertoires, states of health and disease, all across time and space in fishes. These advances will invite more researchers to develop the tools necessary to explore the immunology of fishes, which remain non-conventional animal models from which we have much to learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. H. Chan
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Safwen Kadri
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Alexander Rebl, ; Tomáš Korytář,
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Alexander Rebl, ; Tomáš Korytář,
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7
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Fei C, Nie L, Zhang J, Chen J. Potential Applications of Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and Droplet-Based Microfluidics in Promoting the Discovery of Specific Antibodies for Characterizations of Fish Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:771231. [PMID: 34868030 PMCID: PMC8635192 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Akin to their mammalian counterparts, teleost fish possess a complex assortment of highly specialized immune cells that are capable of unleashing potent innate immune responses to eradicate or mitigate incoming pathogens, and also differentiate into memory lymphocytes to provide long-term protection. Investigations into specific roles and functions of fish immune cells depend on the precise separation of each cell type. Commonly used techniques, for example, density gradient centrifugation, rely on immune cells to have differing sizes or densities and thus fail to separate between similar cell types (e.g. T and B lymphocytes). Furthermore, a continuously growing database of teleost genomic information has revealed an inventory of cellular markers, indicating the possible presence of immune cell subsets in teleost fish. This further complicates the interpretation of results if subsets of immune cells are not properly separated. Consequently, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against specific cellular markers are required to precisely identify and separate novel subsets of immune cells in fish. In the field of fish immunology, mAbs are largely generated using the hybridoma technology, resulting in the development of mAbs against specific cellular markers in different fish species. Nevertheless, this technology suffers from being labour-intensive, time-consuming and most importantly, the inevitable loss of diversities of antibodies during the fusion of antibody-expressing B lymphocytes and myeloma cells. In light of this, the focus of this review is to discuss the potential applications of fluorescence-activated cell sorting and droplet-based microfluidics, two emerging technologies capable of screening and identifying antigen-specific B lymphocytes in a high-throughput manner, in promoting the development of valuable reagents for fish immunology studies. Our main goal is to encourage the incorporation of alternative technologies into the field of fish immunology to promote the production of specific antibodies in a high-throughput and cost-effective way, which could better allow for the precise separation of fish immune cells and also facilitate the identification of novel immune cell subsets in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Fei
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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8
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Salinas I, Fernández-Montero Á, Ding Y, Sunyer JO. Mucosal immunoglobulins of teleost fish: A decade of advances. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 121:104079. [PMID: 33785432 PMCID: PMC8177558 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are complex glycoproteins that play critical functions in innate and adaptive immunity of all jawed vertebrates. Given the unique characteristics of mucosal barriers, secretory Igs (sIgs) have specialized to maintain homeostasis and keep pathogens at bay at mucosal tissues from fish to mammals. In teleost fish, the three main IgH isotypes, IgM, IgD and IgT/Z can be found in different proportions at the mucosal secretions of the skin, gills, gut, nasal, buccal, and pharyngeal mucosae. Similar to the role of mammalian IgA, IgT plays a predominant role in fish mucosal immunity. Recent studies in IgT have illuminated the primordial role of sIgs in both microbiota homeostasis and pathogen control at mucosal sites. Ten years ago, IgT was discovered to be an immunoglobulin class specialized in mucosal immunity. Aiming at this 10-year anniversary, the goal of this review is to summarize the current status of the field of fish Igs since that discovery, while identifying knowledge gaps and future avenues that will move the field forward in both basic and applied science areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI), Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Montero
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Oriol Sunyer
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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9
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Velázquez J, Rodríguez A, Aragón H, Haidar A, González M, Valdés R, Garay HE, Abreu DD, Ramos Y, Cabrales A, Morales A, González O, Herrera F, Estrada MP, Carpio Y. Monoclonal antibody against Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) IgM heavy chain: A valuable tool for detection and quantification of IgM and IgM + cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 110:44-54. [PMID: 33348037 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a freshwater fish, which is extensively cultivated worldwide and constitutes one of the model species for the study of fish immunology. Monoclonal antibodies are very advantageous molecular tools for studying teleost immune system. Specifically, monoclonal antibodies that react with immunoglobulins are used successfully in the study of the humoral immune response of several fish species. In the present study, we produced and characterized a monoclonal antibody against tilapia IgM heavy chain using a peptide-based strategy. The peptide sequence was selected from the surface-exposed region between CH3-CH4 domains. The specificity of the polyclonal serum and the hybridoma culture supernatant obtained by immunization with the peptide conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin were evaluated by western blotting, both showing reactivity against tilapia serum IgM. The purified mAb was able to recognize secreted IgM by western blotting and ELISA and membrane IgM by flow cytometry. We also demonstrated that the antibody doesn't cross-react with a recombinant IgT fragment. This tool allowed us to study for the first time the stimulation of mucosal immunity after Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide administration. Overall, the results demonstrated the utility of this mAb to characterize humoral immune response in O. niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Velázquez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Alianet Rodríguez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Hasel Aragón
- Monoclonal Antibodies Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Arlette Haidar
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Marcos González
- Monoclonal Antibodies Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Rodolfo Valdés
- Monoclonal Antibodies Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Hilda Elsa Garay
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - David Diago Abreu
- Peptides Synthesis Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Proteomics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Ania Cabrales
- Analytic and Purification Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Antonio Morales
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Osmany González
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Fidel Herrera
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana, 10600, Cuba.
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10
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Song L, Dixon B. Fish and shellfish immunology reports: A new open access journal. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2020; 1:100001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2020.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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11
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Nakano T, Wiegertjes G. Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E568. [PMID: 33227976 PMCID: PMC7699198 DOI: 10.3390/md18110568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be more than 100 million tons. There are two major types of carotenoids: carotene (solely hydrocarbons that contain no oxygen) and xanthophyll (contains oxygen). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments with conjugated double bonds that exhibit robust antioxidant activity. Many carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin (ASX), are known to improve the antioxidative state and immune system, resulting in providing disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish without exhibiting any cytotoxicity or side effects. ASX cooperatively and synergistically interacts with other antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione located in the lipophilic hydrophobic compartments of fish tissue. Moreover, ASX can modulate gene expression accompanying alterations in signal transduction by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Hence, carotenoids could be used as chemotherapeutic supplements for farmed fish. Carotenoids are regarded as ecologically friendly functional feed additives in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Nakano
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Geert Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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12
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Semple SL, Dixon B. Salmonid Antibacterial Immunity: An Aquaculture Perspective. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E331. [PMID: 33050557 PMCID: PMC7599743 DOI: 10.3390/biology9100331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aquaculture industry is continuously threatened by infectious diseases, including those of bacterial origin. Regardless of the disease burden, aquaculture is already the main method for producing fish protein, having displaced capture fisheries. One attractive sector within this industry is the culture of salmonids, which are (a) uniquely under pressure due to overfishing and (b) the most valuable finfish per unit of weight. There are still knowledge gaps in the understanding of fish immunity, leading to vaccines that are not as effective as in terrestrial species, thus a common method to combat bacterial disease outbreaks is the use of antibiotics. Though effective, this method increases both the prevalence and risk of generating antibiotic-resistant bacteria. To facilitate vaccine design and/or alternative treatment efforts, a deeper understanding of the teleost immune system is essential. This review highlights the current state of teleost antibacterial immunity in the context of salmonid aquaculture. Additionally, the success of current techniques/methods used to combat bacterial diseases in salmonid aquaculture will be addressed. Filling the immunology knowledge gaps highlighted here will assist in reducing aquaculture losses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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13
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Entrican G, Lunney JK, Wattegedera SR, Mwangi W, Hope JC, Hammond JA. The Veterinary Immunological Toolbox: Past, Present, and Future. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1651. [PMID: 32849568 PMCID: PMC7399100 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-recognized that research capability in veterinary species is restricted by a lack of immunological reagents relative to the extensive toolboxes for small rodent biomedical model species and humans. This creates a barrier to the strategic development of disease control solutions for livestock, companion animals and wildlife that not only affects animal health but can affect human health by increasing the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens. There have been a number of projects aimed at reducing the capability gaps in the veterinary immunological toolbox, the majority of these focusing on livestock species. Various approaches have been taken to veterinary immunological reagent development across the globe and technological advances in molecular biology and protein biochemistry have accelerated toolbox development. While short-term funding initiatives can address specific gaps in capability, they do not account for long-term sustainability of reagents and databases that requires a different funding model. We review the past, present and future of the veterinary immunological toolbox with specific reference to recent developments discussed at the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) Veterinary Immunology Committee (VIC) Immune Toolkit Workshop at the 12th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS) in Seattle, USA, 16–19 August 2019. The future availability of these reagents is critical to research for improving animal health, responses to infectious pathogens and vaccine design as well as for important analyses of zoonotic pathogens and the animal /human interface for One Health initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Entrican
- The Roslin Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, BARC, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Sean R Wattegedera
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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14
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Dhar P, Samarasinghe RM, Shigdar S. Antibodies, Nanobodies, or Aptamers-Which Is Best for Deciphering the Proteomes of Non-Model Species? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2485. [PMID: 32260091 PMCID: PMC7177290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This planet is home to countless species, some more well-known than the others. While we have developed many techniques to be able to interrogate some of the "omics", proteomics is becoming recognized as a very important part of the puzzle, given how important the protein is as a functional part of the cell. Within human health, the proteome is fairly well-established, with numerous reagents being available to decipher cellular pathways. Recent research advancements have assisted in characterizing the proteomes of some model (non-human) species, however, in many other species, we are only just touching the surface. This review considers three main reagent classes-antibodies, aptamers, and nanobodies-as a means of continuing to investigate the proteomes of non-model species without the complications of understanding the full protein signature of a species. Considerations of ease of production, potential applications, and the necessity for producing a new reagent depending on homology are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshmaal Dhar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; (P.D.); (R.M.S.)
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Rasika M. Samarasinghe
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; (P.D.); (R.M.S.)
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Sarah Shigdar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia; (P.D.); (R.M.S.)
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Road, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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15
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Petit J, Embregts CWE, Forlenza M, Wiegertjes GF. Evidence of Trained Immunity in a Fish: Conserved Features in Carp Macrophages. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:216-224. [PMID: 31127029 PMCID: PMC6571502 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Trained immunity is a form of innate immune memory best described in mice and humans. Clear evidence of the evolutionary conservation of trained immunity in teleost fish is lacking. Given the evolutionary position of teleosts as early vertebrates with a fully developed immune system, we hypothesize that teleost myeloid cells show features of trained immunity common to those observed in mammalian macrophages. These would at least include the ability of fish macrophages to mount heightened responses to a secondary stimulus in a nonspecific manner. We established an in vitro model to study trained immunity in fish by adapting a well-described culture system of head kidney-derived macrophages of common carp. A soluble NOD-specific ligand and a soluble β-glucan were used to train carp macrophages, after which cells were rested for 6 d prior to exposure to a secondary stimulus. Unstimulated trained macrophages displayed evidence of metabolic reprogramming as well as heightened phagocytosis and increased expression of the inflammatory cytokines il6 and tnf-α. Stimulated trained macrophages showed heightened production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as compared with the corresponding stimulated but untrained cells. We discuss the value of our findings for future studies on trained immunity in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Petit
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Carmen W E Embregts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands; and
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands; and
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, the Netherlands
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16
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Huang L, Zhao L, Liu W, Xu X, Su Y, Qin Y, Yan Q. Dual RNA-Seq Unveils Pseudomonas plecoglossicida htpG Gene Functions During Host-Pathogen Interactions With Epinephelus coioides. Front Immunol 2019; 10:984. [PMID: 31130962 PMCID: PMC6509204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida is a temperature-dependent opportunistic pathogen which is associated with a variety of diseases in fish. During the development of "white nodules" disease, the expression of htpG in P. plecoglossicida was found to be significantly up-regulated at its virulent temperature of 18°C. The infection of htpG-RNAi strain resulted in the onset time delay, reduction in mortality and infection symptoms in spleen of Epinephelus coioides, and affected the bacterial tissue colonization. In order to reveal the effect of htpG silencing of P. plecoglossicida on the virulence regulation in P. plecoglossicida and immune response in E. coioides, dual RNA-seq was performed and a pathogen-host integration network was constructed. Our results showed that infection induced the expression of host genes related to immune response, but attenuated the expression of bacterial virulence genes. Novel integration was found between host immune genes and bacterial virulence genes, while IL6, IL1R2, IL1B, and TLR5 played key roles in the network. Further analysis with GeneMANIA indicated that flgD and rplF might play key roles during the htpG-dependent virulence regulation, which was in accordance with the reduced biofilm production, motility and virulence in htpG-RNAi strain. Meanwhile, IL6 and IL1B were found to play key roles during the defense against P. plecoglossicida, while CELA2, TRY, CPA1, CPA2, and CPB1 were important targets for P. plecoglossicida attacking to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Ministry of Agriculture, Xiamen, China
| | - Lingmin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Ministry of Agriculture, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenjia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Ministry of Agriculture, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaojin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Ministry of Agriculture, Xiamen, China
| | - Yongquan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, China
| | - Yingxue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Ministry of Agriculture, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingpi Yan
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Ministry of Agriculture, Xiamen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Large Yellow Croaker Breeding, Ningde, China
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