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Das BK, Kumar V, Roy S, Malick RC, Bisai K, Jana AK, Dhar S. Pathological effects and immune modulation in host during Tilapia Parvovirus (TiPV) outbreak in cage and wetland Tilapia farms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:28689. [PMID: 39562638 PMCID: PMC11577022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-79089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 11/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral diseases arising in farmed fish are an ongoing challenge to the aquaculture industry, causing severe mortality and economic losses. Recently, there has been a spike in the incidence of a viral disease caused by Tilapia Parvovirus (TiPV) inflicts irreparable damage, and large-scale fish kills in the farmed tilapia species. We investigated a case of disease outbreak and severe mortality in cage and wetland farms of tilapia in West Bengal and Odisha, India. The symptomatic fish showed clinical signs, including hemorrhage, discoloration, ulcer, and redness in the body surfaces. Further analysis revealed that Tilapia Parvovirus was associated (validated by PCR, phylogenetic analysis, and cell line assay) with the infection and mortality of tilapia. The virus was detected in gill, heart, spleen, liver, and kidney samples collected from apparently healthy (asymptomatic) and symptomatic tilapia samples from cage and wetland farms. At the same time, negative results were found in the brain and skin tissue samples. The histological analysis revealed that TiPV induces severe damage invariably in almost all studied tissue, including the liver, kidney, spleen, gill, heart, and brain of tilapia samples. The viral quantification analysis showed that the viral genome was higher in the liver, spleen, and heart than in the tilapia samples' gill, kidney, or brain tissue. Furthermore, the study indicated that TiPV infection has a significant effect on the health of tilapia. The tilapia exhibited an immune reactivity toward TiPV infection (upregulation of chemokine receptors, CRs and interleukin 1β, IL-1β), the majority of the studied immune genes (interleukin 8, IL-8; Toll-like receptors 7, TLR7; tumour necrosis factor α, TNF-α; major histocompatibility complex II, MHC II and nuclear factor kappa B, NF-kB) were significantly downregulated in the kidney, spleen and liver tissue samples of symptomatic tilapia. Further, the in vivo challenge assay confirms that the isolated TiPV is a novel parvovirus pathogen that causes massive mortality in tilapia. The lessons learned from the first cellular and molecular description associated with TiPV epidemiology from wetland and cage farms of tilapia could be critical to developing the current state of the tilapia farming industry. Additionally, a holistic approach is needed to develop management measures to control the virulence and risk factors of TiPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India.
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Suvra Roy
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Ramesh Chandra Malick
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Kampan Bisai
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Asim Kumar Jana
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
| | - Souvik Dhar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, 700120, Kolkata, India
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Yang S, Zhao J, An N, Li DC, Huang MM, Fei H. Updates on infectious diseases of largemouth bass: A major review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:109976. [PMID: 39427835 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 09/12/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/22/2024]
Abstract
The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is native to North America and has now become a crucial economic species in aquaculture. With the rapid development of high-density intensive farming models, the continuous emergence and spread of diseases pose significant challenges to the sustainable development of largemouth bass aquaculture, including Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV), largemouth bass virus (LMBV), Nocardia spp. and Aeromonas spp. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research progress on common diseases of largemouth bass, including pathogen isolation and identification, pathological characteristics, morphological features, epidemiological characteristics, pathogen-host interactions, detection and diagnosis, vaccines, and other control technologies. This information will enhance a more comprehensive understanding of the occurrence of diseases in largemouth bass, and provide insights into future research directions, facilitating more effective disease prevention and control. The collaborative progress among rapid detection technology, the interaction mechanism between pathogen and host, and prevention and control techniques will be the curial to achieving green prevention and control of largemouth bass disease and healthy aquaculture in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Nan An
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Dong-Chun Li
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Meng-Meng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Das BK, Kumar V, Baitha R, Ramteke MH, Adhikari A, Bisai K, Jana AK, Das AK. The emergence of multidrug-resistant Proteus vulgaris infection in cage reared Pangasianodon hypophthalmus: Molecular characterization and host-pathogen response. Microb Pathog 2024; 197:107029. [PMID: 39426638 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.107029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 09/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/16/2024] [Indexed: 10/21/2024]
Abstract
The study investigates the causative agent responsible for massive mortality in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus cage farms. The infected pangasius were lethargic, not taking feed, and had exophthalmia, deep ulceration, and hemorrhage on the ventral body surface. Pathogens were isolated from infected pangasius tissue samples, and the strain was preliminarily identified as Proteus vulgaris based on morphology, biochemical tests, 16S rRNA PCR sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. The microbiological analysis revealed that P. vulgaris was associated with the disease outbreak and mortality of P. hypophthalmus, as confirmed by the biofilm formation, swimming activity, and survival assay results. The isolated P. vulgaris was resistant to several antibiotics, including Doxycycline, Dicloxacillin, Polymyxin B, Chloramphenicol, and Imipenem, exhibiting multiple antibiotic-resistant phenotypes. Furthermore, a host-pathogen model was developed to investigate the in vivo effect of emerging P. vulgaris infection in striped catfish. Results showed that P. vulgaris infection exhibited varying degrees of cellular changes in the kidney, liver, and gill tissues of infected P. hypophthalmus samples. The transcription analysis further highlights that P. vulgaris modulates the antioxidants, immune activation, growth regulator, homeostasis, degradation of invading DNA, and DNA damage-related gene expression in liver, kidney, spleen, skin, and gill tissue samples of infected P. hypophthalmus. The lessons learned from the study could be critical in understanding the P. vulgaris infection patterns and pathobiology necessary to enable risk assessment and develop management measures to control the bacterium's virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 700120, India.
| | - Vikash Kumar
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 700120, India
| | - Raju Baitha
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 700120, India
| | - Mitesh H Ramteke
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 700120, India
| | - Anupam Adhikari
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 700120, India
| | - Kampan Bisai
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 700120, India
| | - Asim K Jana
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 700120, India
| | - Archan Kanti Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 700120, India
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Wang F, Xiong NX, Ou J, Zhong ZR, Xie Q, Huang JF, Li KX, Huang MZ, Fang ZX, Kuang XY, Qin ZL, Luo SW. Immunometabolic interplay in Edwardsiella tarda-infected crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and in vitro identification of the antimicrobial activity of apolipoprotein D (ApoD) by utilization of multiomics analyses. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 278:134898. [PMID: 39173793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda is an intracellular pathogenic bacteria that can imperil the health of farmed fish. However, the interactive networks of immune regulation and metabolic response in E. tarda-infected fish are still unclear. In this investigation, we aimed to explore immunometabolic interplay in crucian carp after E. tarda infection by utilizing multiomics analyses. Crucian carp (Carassius auratus) receiving E. tarda infection showed increased levels of tissue damage and oxidative injury in liver. Multiomics analyses suggested that carbon and amino acid metabolism may be considered as crucial metabolic pathways in liver of crucian carp following E. tarda infection, while spaglumic acid, isocitric acid and tetrahydrocortisone were the crucial liver biomarkers. After that, a potential antimicrobial peptide (AMP) sequence called apolipoprotein D (ApoD) was identified from omics study. Then, tissue-specific analysis indicated that liver CaApoD showed the highest expression among isolated tissues. After Aeromonas hydrophila stimulated, CaApoD expressions increased sharply in immune-related tissues. Moreover, CaApoD fusion protein could mediate the in vitro binding to A. hydrophila and E. tarda, attenuate bacterial growth as well as diminish bacterial biofilm forming activity. These findings may have a comprehensive implication for understanding immunometabolic response in crucian carp upon infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Ning-Xia Xiong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jie Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Zi-Rou Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Qing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Jin-Fang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Ke-Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Ming-Zhu Huang
- National R&D Center for freshwater fish processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, PR China
| | - Zi-Xuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Xu-Ying Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Zi-Le Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Sheng-Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
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Dong Y, Huang L, Liu L. Comparative analysis of testicular fusion in Spodoptera litura (cutworm) and Bombyx mori (silkworm): Histological and transcriptomic insights. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2024; 356:114562. [PMID: 38848820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2024.114562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Spodoptera litura commonly known as the cutworm, is among the most destructive lepidopteran pests affecting over 120 plants species. The powerful destructive nature of this lepidopteran is attributable to its high reproductive capacity. The testicular fusion that occurs during metamorphosis from larvae to pupa in S.litura positively influences the reproductive success of the offspring. In contrast, Bombyx mori, the silkworm, retains separate testes throughout its life and does not undergo this fusion process. Microscopic examination reveals that during testicular fusion in S.litura, the peritoneal sheath becomes thinner and more translucent, whereas in B.mori, the analogous region thickens. The outer basement membrane in S.litura exhibits fractures, discontinuity, and uneven thickness accompanied by a significant presence of cellular secretions, large cell size, increased vesicles, liquid droplets, and a proliferation of rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. In contrast, the testicular peritoneal sheath of B.mori at comparable developmental stage exhibits minimal change. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the testicular peritoneal sheath reveals a substantial difference in gene expression between the two species. The disparity in differential expressed genes (DEGs) is linked to an enrichment of numerous transcription factors, intracellular signaling pathways involving Ca2+ and GTPase, as well as intracellular protein transport and signaling pathways. Meanwhile, structural proteins including actin, chitin-binding proteins, membrane protein fractions, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix proteins are predominantly identified. Moreover, the study highlights the enrichment of endopeptidases, serine proteases, proteolytic enzymes and matrix metalloproteins, which may play a role in the degradation of the outer membrane. Five transcription factors-Slforkhead, Slproline, Slcyclic, Slsilk, and SlD-ETS were identified, and their expression pattern were confirmed by qRT-PCR. they are candidates for participating in the regulation of testicular fusion. Our findings underscore significant morphological and trancriptomic variation in the testicular peritoneal sheath of S.litura compared to the silkworm, with substantial changes at the transcriptomic level coinciding with testicular fusion. The research provides valuable clues for understanding the complex mechanisms underlying this unique phenomenon in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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Wang F, Zhong ZR, Xie Q, Ou J, Xiong NX, Huang MZ, Li SY, Hu G, Qin ZL, Luo SW. Multiomics Analyses Explore the Immunometabolic Interplay in the Liver of White Crucian Carp (Carassius cuvieri) After Aeromonas veronii Challenge. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 26:790-809. [PMID: 39042324 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-024-10347-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Aeromonas veronii is one of the predominant pathogenic species that can imperil the survival of farmed fish. However, the interactive networks of immune regulation and metabolic response in A. veronii-infected fish are still unclear. In this investigation, we aimed to explore immunometabolic interplay in white crucian carp (WCC) after the A. veronii challenge. Elevated levels of immune-related genes were observed in various tissues after A. veronii infection, along with the sharp alteration of disease-related enzymatic activities. Besides, decreased levels of antioxidant status were observed in the liver, but most metabolic gene expressions increased dramatically. Multiomics analyses revealed that metabolic products of amino acids, such as formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU), L-glutamate (L-Glu), and 4-hydroxyhippuric acid, were considered the crucial liver biomarkers in A. veronii-infected WCC. In addition, A. veronii infection may dysregulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function to affect the metabolic process of lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids in the liver of WCC. These results may have a comprehensive implication for understanding immunometabolic response in WCC upon A. veronii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Rou Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Xia Xiong
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Zhu Huang
- National R&D Center for Freshwater Fish Processing, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Shi-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Le Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Engineering Research Center of Polyploidy Fish Reproduction and Breeding of the State Education Ministry, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, People's Republic of China.
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Jin N, Wang L, Song K, Lu K, Li X, Zhang C. Combination of Transcriptomics and Metabolomics Analyses Provides Insights into the Mechanisms of Growth Differences in Spotted Seabass ( Lateolabrax maculatus) Fed a Low-Phosphorus Diet. Metabolites 2024; 14:406. [PMID: 39195503 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14080406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To analyze the potential mechanisms of growth differences in spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus) fed a low-phosphorus diet, a total of 150 spotted seabass with an initial body weight of 4.49 ± 0.01 g were used (50 fish per tank) and fed a low-phosphorus diet for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment, five of the heaviest and five of the lightest fish were selected from each tank as fast-growing spotted seabass (FG) and slow-growing spotted seabass (SG), respectively, and their livers were analyzed by metabolomics and transcriptomics. The hepatic antioxidant capacity of the FG fed a low-phosphorus diet was significantly higher than that of the SG. A total of 431 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined in the two groups, and most of the DEGs were involved in metabolism-related pathways such as steroid biosynthesis, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and protein digestion and absorption. Substance transport-related regulators and transporters were predominantly up-regulated. Furthermore, a large number of metabolites in the liver of FG were significantly up-regulated, especially amino acids, decanoyl-L-carnitine and dehydroepiandrosterone. The integration analysis of differential metabolites and genes further revealed that the interaction between protein digestion and absorption, as well as phenylalanine metabolism pathways were significantly increased in the liver of FG compared to those of the SG. In general, FG fed a low-phosphorus diet induced an enhancement in hepatic immune response, substance transport, and amino acid metabolism. This study provides new information on genetic mechanisms and regulatory pathways underlying differential growth rate and provides a basis for the foundation of efficient utilization of low-phosphorus diets and selective breeding programs for spotted seabass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kangle Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xueshan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
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Luo W, Chi S, Wang J, Yu X, Tong J. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of brain-liver-muscle in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) with differential growth rate. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 49:101178. [PMID: 38128380 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Growth is an important economically trait for aquatic animals. The popularity of farmed channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in China has recently surged, prompting a need for research into the genetic mechanisms that drive growth and development to expedite the selection of fast-growing variants. In this study, the brain, liver and muscle transcriptomes of channel catfish between fast-growing and slow-growing groups were analyzed using RNA-Seq. Totally, 63, 110 and 86 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were from brain, liver and muscle tissues. DEGs are primarily involved in growth, development, metabolism and immunity, which are related to the growth regulation of channel catfish, such as growth hormone receptor b (ghrb), fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (fgfr4), bone morphogenetic protein 1a (bmp1a), insulin-like growth factor 2a (igf2a), collagen, type I, alpha 1a (col1a1a), acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 2 (acsl2) and caveolin 1 (cav1). This study advances our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms accounting for differences in growth rate and offers crucial gene resources for future growth-related molecular breeding programs in channel catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Luo
- Jiangsu Union Technical Institute, Yancheng Bioengineering Branch, Yancheng Aquatic Science Research Institute, Yancheng 224001, China
| | - Shuang Chi
- Jiangsu Union Technical Institute, Yancheng Bioengineering Branch, Yancheng Aquatic Science Research Institute, Yancheng 224001, China
| | - Junru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaomu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingou Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Zhou J, Yu J, Chu Q. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals potential regulatory mechanisms of genes and immune pathways following Vibrio harveyi infection in red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109386. [PMID: 38242261 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), as an important economical marine fish, has been affected by various bacterial diseases in recent years. Vibrio harveyi cause fatal vibriosis in S. ocellatus, leading to massive mortality and causing significant setbacks in aquaculture. However, the regulatory mechanisms of S. ocellatus response to V. harveyi infection are poorly understood. In this regard, we performed transcriptomic analysis with head kidney tissues of S. ocellatus after V. harveyi infection from 12 h to 48 h to reveal genes, gene expression profiles, and pathways involved in immune and inflammation responses. Specifically, a total of 9,599, 5,728, and 7144 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after V. harveyi infection at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h, respectively, and 1,848 shared DEGs have been identified from the above three comparison groups. Subsequent pathway analysis revealed that the shared DEGs following V. harveyi were involved in complement and coagulation cascades (C1R, C1QC, C3, C4, C5, C7, C8A, C8B, C8G, C9, CFB, CFH, and CFI), MAPK signaling pathway, chemokine signaling pathway (CCL19, CXCL8, CXCL12, CXCL14, CCR4, CCR7, and CXCR2), PPAR signaling pathway (PPAR-α, PPAR-γ and PPAR-β), and TNF signaling pathway. Finally, the expression patterns of DEGs in head kidney tissues and S. ocellatus macrophages were validated by qRT-PCR, suggesting the reliability of RNA sequencing for gene expression analysis. This dynamic transcriptome analyses provided insights into gene expression regulation and immune related pathways involved in S. ocellatus after V. harveyi infection, and provides useful information for further study on the immune defense mechanisms in S. ocellatus as well as other teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Zhou
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jingyao Yu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Qing Chu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.
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10
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Differential Expression Genes of the Head Kidney and Spleen in Streptococcus iniae-Infected East Asian Fourfinger Threadfin Fish ( Eleutheronema tetradactylum). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043832. [PMID: 36835242 PMCID: PMC9958670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a Gram-positive bacterium and is considered a harmful aquaculture pathogen worldwide. In this study, S. iniae strains were isolated from East Asian fourfinger threadfin fish (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) reared on a farm in Taiwan. A transcriptome analysis of the head kidney and spleen was performed in the fourfinger threadfin fish 1 day after infection using the Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 platform for RNA-seq to demonstrate the host immune mechanism against S. iniae. A total of 7333 genes based on the KEGG database were obtained after the de novo assembly of transcripts and functional annotations. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (2-fold difference) were calculated by comparing the S. iniae infection and phosphate-buffered saline control group gene expression levels in each tissue sample. We identified 1584 and 1981 differentially expressed genes in the head kidney and spleen, respectively. Based on Venn diagrams, 769 DEGs were commonly identified in both the head kidney and spleen, and 815 and 1212 DEGs were specific to the head kidney and spleen, respectively. The head-kidney-specific DEGs were enriched in ribosome biogenesis. The spleen-specific and common DEGs were found to be significantly enriched in immune-related pathways such as phagosome, Th1, and Th2 cell differentiation; complement and coagulation cascades; hematopoietic cell lineage; antigen processing and presentation; and cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, based on the KEGG database. These pathways contribute to immune responses against S. iniae infection. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-11, IL-12, IL-35, and TNF) and chemokines (CXCL8 and CXCL13) were upregulated in the head kidney and spleen. Neutrophil-related genes, including phagosomes, were upregulated post-infection in the spleen. Our results could offer a strategy for the treatment and prevention of S. iniae infection in fourfinger threadfin fish.
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11
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Immunomodulatory Potency of Eclipta alba (Bhringaraj) Leaf Extract in Heteropneustes fossilis against Oomycete Pathogen, Aphanomyces invadans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020142. [PMID: 36836257 PMCID: PMC9963822 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphanomyces invadans is an aquatic oomycete pathogen and the causative agent of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in fresh and brackish water fish, which is responsible for severe mortalities and economic losses in aquaculture. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop anti-infective strategies to control EUS. An Oomycetes, a fungus-like eukaryotic microorganism, and a susceptible species, i.e., Heteropneustes fossilis, are used to establish whether an Eclipta alba leaf extract is effective against the EUS-causing A. invadans. We found that treatment with methanolic leaf extract, at concentrations between 50-100 ppm (T4-T6), protects the H. fossilis fingerlings against A. invadans infection. These optimum concentrations induced anti-stress and antioxidative response in fish, marked by a significant decrease in cortisol and elevated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in treated animals, as compared with the controls. We further demonstrated that the A. invadans-protective effect of methanolic leaf extract was caused by its immunomodulatory effect and is linked to the enhanced survival of fingerlings. The analysis of non-specific and specific immune factors confirms that methanolic leaf extract-induced HSP70, HSP90 and IgM levels mediate the survival of H. fossilis fingerlings against A. invadans infection. Taken together, our study provides evidence that the generation of anti-stress and antioxidative responses, as well as humoral immunity, may play a role in protecting H. fossilis fingerlings against A. invadans infection. It is probable that E. alba methanolic leaf extract treatment might become part of a holistic strategy to control EUS in fish species.
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12
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Sun X, Xu X. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the immune response of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) induced by inactivated bivalent vaccine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 132:108461. [PMID: 36462744 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio species are important pathogens that affect a wide range of farmed fish. Vaccination is regarded as the most efficacious strategy for fighting bacterial infections. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, a comparative transcriptome analysis was performed on the spleens from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) induced by an inactivated bivalent vaccine (Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio harveyi, IVVah1) at 4 week and 1 day post further challenge. Strong immune responses were induced by the bivalent vaccine, besides differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with adaptive immunity, more innate immunity-related DEGs were detected. At the late stage of vaccination, immune-related molecules associated with pattern recognition receptors, inflammatory factors, complement and coagulation cascade-related components, and antigen processing and presentation were significantly regulated, and some of them were even further up-regulated after the bacterial challenge, indicating the cooperation of multiple immune processes during the vaccine immunization process. In addition to the terms or pathways associated with the immune response, enrichment analysis revealed multiple significantly enriched terms/pathways associated with the response to stimulus/stress, homeostasis, metabolism, and biosynthesis, suggesting that a defensive status was established by the bivalent vaccine. This study furnishes new insights into the internal mechanism of immunity upon a combined vaccine administrating in turbot and lays a foundation for developing highly immunogenic vaccines in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | | | - Xiangyi Sun
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiudan Xu
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
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13
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Gao S, Han C, Ye H, Chen Q, Huang J. Transcriptome analysis of the spleen provides insight into the immunoregulation of Scortum barcoo under Streptococcus agalactiae infection. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114095. [PMID: 36116237 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Jade perch (Scortum barcoo) is a freshwater fish with substantial economic value, which has been widely cultivated all over the world. However, with the intensification and expansion of farming, several bacterial and viral diseases have occurred in jade perch. To understand the immune response of jade perch against Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS), we performed a histopathological examination and transcriptome sequencing of jade perch spleen after artificial bacterial infection. GBS infection can cause structural changes and even necrosis of the jade perch spleen, which may affect the survival of infected individuals. A total of 144,458 unigenes were obtained through de novo assembly of spleen transcriptome. Among them, 1821 unigenes were identified as DEGs, including 1415 up-regulated and 406 down-regulated unigenes in the infection group. Moreover, the analysis of GO and KEGG revealed that many GO terms and pathways were involved in the host immune response, such as Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and TNF signaling pathway. In addition, according to transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis, the expression levels of many cytokines that participate in the inflammatory response changed a lot after GBS infection. Overall, this transcriptomic analysis provided valuable information for studying the immune response of jade perch against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songze Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Chong Han
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 51006, PR China.
| | - Hangyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- South China Institute of Environmental Science, MEE, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Jianrong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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14
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Kumar V, Das BK, Swain HS, Chowdhury H, Roy S, Bera AK, Das R, Parida SN, Dhar S, Jana AK, Behera BK. Outbreak of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis associated with Aeromonas hydrophila in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus: The role of turmeric oil in enhancing immunity and inducing resistance against co-infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:956478. [PMID: 36119096 PMCID: PMC9478419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.956478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated parasite causing ichthyophthiriasis (white spot disease) in freshwater fishes, results in significant economic loss to the aquaculture sector. One of the important predisposing factors for ichthyophthiriasis is low water temperature (i.e., below 20°C), which affects the health and makes freshwater fishes more susceptible to parasitic infections. During ichthyophthiriasis, fishes are stressed and acute immune reactions are compromised, which enables the aquatic bacterial pathogens to simultaneously infect the host and increase the severity of disease. In the present work, we aimed to understand the parasite–bacteria co-infection mechanism in fish. Later, Curcuma longa (turmeric) essential oil was used as a promising management strategy to improve immunity and control co-infections in fish. A natural outbreak of I. multifiliis was reported (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus from a culture facility of ICAR-CIFRI, India. The fish showed clinical signs including hemorrhage, ulcer, discoloration, and redness in the body surface. Further microbiological analysis revealed that Aeromonas hydrophila was associated (validated by 16S rRNA PCR and sequencing method) with the infection and mortality of P. hypophthalmus, confirmed by hemolysin and survival assay. This created a scenario of co-infections, where both infectious agents are active together, causing ichthyophthiriasis and motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS) in P. hypophthalmus. Interestingly, turmeric oil supplementation induced protective immunity in P. hypophthalmus against the co-infection condition. The study showed that P. hypophthalmus fingerlings supplemented with turmeric oil, at an optimum concentration (10 ppm), exhibited significantly increased survival against co-infection. The optimum concentration induced anti-stress and antioxidative response in fingerlings, marked by a significant decrease in cortisol and elevated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in treated animals as compared with the controls. Furthermore, the study indicated that supplementation of turmeric oil increases both non-specific and specific immune response, and significantly higher values of immune genes (interleukin-1β, transferrin, and C3), HSP70, HSP90, and IgM were observed in P. hypophthalmus treatment groups. Our findings suggest that C. longa (turmeric) oil modulates stress, antioxidant, and immunological responses, probably contributing to enhanced protection in P. hypophthalmus. Hence, the application of turmeric oil treatment in aquaculture might become a management strategy to control co-infections in fishes. However, this hypothesis needs further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kumar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - B. K. Das
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
- *Correspondence: B. K. Das, ; B. K. Behera,
| | - H. S. Swain
- Fisheries Enhancement and Management (FEM) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - H. Chowdhury
- Reservoir and Wetland Fisheries (RWF) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - S. Roy
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - A. K. Bera
- Fisheries Resource Assessment and Informatics (FRAI) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - R. Das
- Fisheries Enhancement and Management (FEM) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - S. N. Parida
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - S. Dhar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - A. K. Jana
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
| | - B. K. Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
- *Correspondence: B. K. Das, ; B. K. Behera,
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15
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Sundaray JK, Dixit S, Rather A, Rasal KD, Sahoo L. Aquaculture omics: An update on the current status of research and data analysis. Mar Genomics 2022; 64:100967. [PMID: 35779450 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2022.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fast-growing agricultural sector and has the ability to meet the growing demand for protein nutritional security for future population. In future aquaculture is going to be the major source of fish proteins as capture fisheries reached at its maximum. However, several challenges need to overcome such as lack of genetically improved strains/varieties, lack of species-specific feed/functional feed, round the year availability of quality fish seed, pollution of ecosystems and increased frequencies of disease occurrence etc. In recent years, the continuous development of high throughput sequencing technology has revolutionized the biological sciences and provided necessary tools. Application of 'omics' in aquaculture research have been successfully used to resolve several productive and reproductive issues and thus ensure its sustainability and profitability. To date, high quality draft genomes of over fifty fish species have been generated and successfully used to develop large number of single nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs), marker panels and other genomic resources etc in several aquaculture species. Similarly, transcriptome profiling and miRNAs analysis have been used in aquaculture research to identify key transcripts and expression analysis of candidate genes/miRNAs involved in reproduction, immunity, growth, development, stress toxicology and disease. Metagenome analysis emerged as a promising scientific tool to analyze the complex genomes contained within microbial communities. Metagenomics has been successfully used in the aquaculture sector to identify novel and potential pathogens, antibiotic resistance genes, microbial roles in microcosms, microbial communities forming biofloc, probiotics etc. In the current review, we discussed application of high-throughput technologies (NGS) in the aquaculture sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar Sundaray
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India
| | - Sangita Dixit
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Ashraf Rather
- Division of Fish Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Fisheries, Sher-e- Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology, Rangil-Ganderbal 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Kiran D Rasal
- Fish Genetics and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai 400 061, Maharastra, India
| | - Lakshman Sahoo
- ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Kausalyaganga, Bhubaneswar 751002, Odisha, India.
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16
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Zhong L, Liu H, Zhang H, Zhang W, Li M, Huang Y, Yao J, Huang X, Geng Y, Chen D, Ouyang P, Yang S, Luo W, Yin L. High Starch in Diet Leads to Disruption of Hepatic Glycogen Metabolism and Liver Fibrosis in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides), Which is Mediated by the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Front Physiol 2022; 13:880513. [PMID: 35677086 PMCID: PMC9168315 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.880513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its special flavour and cheapness, starch is a source of nutrition for humans and most animals, some of whom even prefer to consume large amounts of starchy foods. However, the use of starch by carnivorous fish is limited and excessive starch intake can lead to liver damage, but the mechanism of damage is not clear. Therefore, in this study, two isonitrogenous and isolipid semi-pure diets, Z diet (0% starch) and G diet (22% starch), were formulated, respectively. The largemouth bass (M. salmoides) cultured in fiberglass tanks were randomly divided into two groups and fed the two diets for 45 days. Blood and liver were collected on day 30 and 45 for enzymology, histopathology, ultramicropathology, flow cytometry, and transcriptomics to investigate the damage of high starch on the liver of largemouth bass and its damage mechanism. The results showed that the high starch not affect the growth performance of largemouth bass. However, high starch caused a whitening of the liver and an increase in hepatopancreas index (HSI), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum. Histopathological observations showed that high starch led to severe vacuolisation, congestion, and moderate to severe necrotizing hepatitis in the liver. The high starch intake led to a significant increase in postprandial blood glucose and insulin in serum of largemouth bass, promoting the synthesis and accumulation of large amounts of hepatic glycogen in the liver, leading to the loss of hepatocyte organelles and inducing liver fibrosis. Meanwhile, high starch induced the production of oxidative stress and promoted apoptosis and necrosis of hepatocytes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that there were 10,927 and 2,656 unique genes in the G and Z groups, respectively. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that 19 pathways were significantly enriched, including those related to glucose metabolism and cell survival. Network mapping based on enrichment pathways and differential expressing genes showed the emergence of a regulatory network dominated by PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This indicated that the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway plays a very important role in this process, regulating the liver injury caused by high starch. Our results provide a reference for the mechanism of liver injury caused by high starch, and the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway could be a potential therapeutic target for liver injury caused by high starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiqi Zhang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Minghao Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayun Yao
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiayun Yao, ; Xiaoli Huang,
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jiayun Yao, ; Xiaoli Huang,
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chendu, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chendu, China
| | - Shiyong Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chendu, China
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17
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Monteiro M, Perdiguero P, Couto A, Serra CR, Pereiro P, Novoa B, Figueras A, Ribeiro L, Pousão-Ferreira P, Tafalla C, Oliva-Teles A, Enes P, Secombes CJ, Díaz-Rosales P. Comprehensive transcriptome profiling and functional analysis of the meagre (Argyrosomus regius) immune system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:506-520. [PMID: 35351613 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Meagre (Argyrosomus regius) belongs to the family Sciaenidae and is a promising candidate for Mediterranean aquaculture diversification. As a relatively recent species in aquaculture, the physiological consequences of the immune system activation in meagre are understudied. Spleen, as a primary lymphoid organ has an essential role in meagre immune and inflammatory responses. In this study, we have evaluated the in vivo effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the spleen transcriptome of meagre by RNA-seq analysis at 4 and 24 h after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monteiro
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - P Perdiguero
- Inmunología y Patología de Peces, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, INIA-CSIC), Carretera de Algete a El Casar s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Couto
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - C R Serra
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Pereiro
- Inmunología y Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - B Novoa
- Inmunología y Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - A Figueras
- Inmunología y Genómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - L Ribeiro
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere / EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - P Pousão-Ferreira
- IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere / EPPO - Aquaculture Research Station, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa, s/n 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - C Tafalla
- Inmunología y Patología de Peces, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, INIA-CSIC), Carretera de Algete a El Casar s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Oliva-Teles
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Enes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Edifício FC4, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - C J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, AB24 2TZ Aberdeen, UK
| | - P Díaz-Rosales
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR), Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Inmunología y Patología de Peces, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA, INIA-CSIC), Carretera de Algete a El Casar s/n, 28130 Valdeolmos-Alalpardo, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals immunoregulation mechanism of lncRNA-mRNA in gill and skin of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in response to Cryptocaryon irritans infection. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:206. [PMID: 35287569 PMCID: PMC8922914 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08431-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptocaryonosis caused by Cryptocaryon irritans is one of the major diseases of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), which lead to massive economic losses annually to the aquaculture industry of L. crocea. Although there have been some studies on the pathogenesis for cryptocaryonosis, little is known about the innate defense mechanism of different immune organs of large yellow croaker. Results In order to analyze the roles of long non-coding RNAs and genes specifically expressed between immune organs during the infection of C. irritans, in this study, by comparing transcriptome data from different tissues of L. crocea, we identified tissue-specific transcripts in the gills and skin, including 507 DE lncRNAs and 1592 DEGs identified in the gills, and 110 DE lncRNAs and 1160 DEGs identified in the skin. Furthermore, we constructed transcriptome co-expression profiles of L. crocea gill and skin, including 7,503 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and 23,172 protein-coding genes. Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that the DEGs and the target genes of the DE lncRNAs in the gill were specifically enriched in several pathways related to immune such as HIF-1 signaling pathway. The target genes of DE lncRNAs and DEGs in the skin are specifically enriched in the complement and coagulation cascade pathways. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis identified 3 hub genes including NFKBIA, TNFAIP3 and CEBPB, and 5 important DE lncRNAs including MSTRG.24134.4, MSTRG.3038.5, MSTRG.27019.3, MSTRG.26559.1, and MSTRG.10983.1. The expression patterns of 6 randomly selected differentially expressed immune-related genes were validated using the quantitative real-time PCR method. Conclusions In short, our study is helpful to explore the potential interplay between lncRNAs and protein coding genes in different tissues of L. crocea post C. irritans and the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis for cryptocaryonosis. Highlights Skin and gills are important sources of pro-inflammatory molecules,
and their gene expression patterns are tissue-specific after C. irritans infection. 15 DEGs and 5 DE
lncRNAs were identified as hub regulatory elements after C. irritans infection The HIF-1 signaling
pathway and the complement and coagulation cascade pathway may be key
tissue-specific regulatory pathways in gills and skin, respectively.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08431-w.
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Fu Q, Li Y, Zhang H, Cao M, Zhang L, Gao C, Cai X, Chen D, Yang Z, Li J, Yang N, Li C. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Spleen Reveals Potential Regulation of Genes and Immune Pathways Following Administration of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida Vaccine in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar). MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:97-115. [PMID: 35084599 PMCID: PMC8792528 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-021-10089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas salmonicida is a global fish pathogen. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. masoucida (ASM) is classified as atypical A. salmonicida and caused huge losses to salmonid industry in China. Hence, it is of great significance to develop ASM vaccine and explore its protection mechanism in salmonids. In this regard, we conducted RNA-seq analysis with spleen tissue of Atlantic salmon after ASM vaccination to reveal genes, their expression patterns, and pathways involved in immune protections. In our results, a total of 441.63 million clean reads were obtained, and 389.37 million reads were mapped onto the Atlantic salmon reference genome. In addition, 1125, 2126, 1098, 820, and 1351 genes were significantly up-regulated, and 747, 2626, 818, 254, and 908 genes were significantly down-regulated post-ASM vaccination at 12 h, 24 h, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months, respectively. Subsequent pathway analysis revealed that many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) following ASM vaccination were involved in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (TNFRSF11b, IL-17RA, CCR9, and CXCL11), HTLV-I infection (MR1 and HTLV-1), MAPK signaling pathway (MAPK, IL8, and TNF-α-1), PI3K-Akt signaling pathway (PIK3R3, THBS4, and COL2A1), and TNF signaling pathway (PTGS2, TNFRSF21-l, and CXCL10). Finally, the results of qRT-PCR showed a significant correlation with RNA-seq results, suggesting the reliability of RNA-seq for gene expression analysis. This study provided insights into regulation of gene expression and their involved pathways in Atlantic salmon spleen in responses to vaccine, and set the foundation for further study on the vaccine protective mechanism in Atlantic salmon as well as other teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Min Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shandong Sinder Technology Co., Ltd, Zhucheng, 262200, China
| | - Chengbin Gao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xin Cai
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Defeng Chen
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Ziying Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Yang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Fish Hosts Responses to Nervous Necrosis Virus. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020201. [PMID: 35215144 PMCID: PMC8875540 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous necrosis virus (NNV) has been responsible for mass mortalities in the aquaculture industry worldwide, with great economic and environmental impact. The present review aims to summarize the current knowledge of gene expression responses to nervous necrosis virus infection in different fish species based on transcriptomic analysis data. Four electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS were searched, and more than 500 publications on the subject were identified. Following the application of the appropriate testing, a total of 24 articles proved eligible for this review. NNV infection of different host species, in different developmental stages and tissues, presented in the eligible publications, are described in detail, revealing and highlighting genes and pathways that are most affected by the viral infection. Those transcriptome studies of NNV infected fish are oriented in elucidating the roles of genes/biomarkers for functions of special interest, depending on each study’s specific emphasis. This review presents a first attempt to provide an overview of universal host reaction mechanisms to viral infections, which will provide us with new perspectives to overcome NNV infection to build healthier and sustainable aquaculture systems.
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Yang Q, Guo K, Zhou X, Tang X, Yu X, Yao W, Wu Z. Histopathology, antioxidant responses, transcriptome and gene expression analysis in triangle sail mussel Hyriopsis cumingii after bacterial infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 124:104175. [PMID: 34147569 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial disease outbreaks in filter feeder bivalve Hyriopsis cumingii as water contamination become more frequent in the water ecosystem, especially in intensive aquaculture habitats. To characterize host-pathogen interactions between H. cumingii and bacterial infection, we investigated the effects of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia HOP3 and Aeromonas veronii GL1 on the antioxidant response, tissue invasion and transcriptome expression of H. cumingii by infectivity trials. We showed that bacterial infections resulted in tubular necrosis of the hepatopancreas and induced the acute immune response in H. cumingii. The transcriptomic study identified a total of 5957 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) after A. veronii challenge. These DEGs were implicated in 302 KEGG pathways, notably in Apoptosis, Phagosome and Lysosome. The results showed that the relative expressions of all six immune-related DEGs were effectively stimulated with A. veronii, accompanied by tissue differences. Overall, these findings will contribute to an analysis of the immune response of H. cumingii to bacterial infection at the transcriptomic level and its genomic resource for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglin Yang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Research Center of Fishery Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Kefan Guo
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Research Center of Fishery Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xicheng Zhou
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Research Center of Fishery Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaoqi Tang
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Research Center of Fishery Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiaobo Yu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Research Center of Fishery Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Weizhi Yao
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Research Center of Fishery Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhengli Wu
- College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Research Center of Fishery Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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22
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Smith NC, Umasuthan N, Kumar S, Woldemariam NT, Andreassen R, Christian SL, Rise ML. Transcriptome Profiling of Atlantic Salmon Adherent Head Kidney Leukocytes Reveals That Macrophages Are Selectively Enriched During Culture. Front Immunol 2021; 12:709910. [PMID: 34484211 PMCID: PMC8415484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.709910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is an economically important fish, both in aquaculture and in the wild. In vertebrates, macrophages are some of the first cell types to respond to pathogen infection and disease. While macrophage biology has been characterized in mammals, less is known in fish. Our previous work identified changes in the morphology, phagocytic ability, and miRNA profile of Atlantic salmon adherent head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) from predominantly “monocyte-like” at Day 1 of in vitro culture to predominantly “macrophage-like” at Day 5 of culture. Therefore, to further characterize these two cell populations, we examined the mRNA transcriptome profile in Day 1 and Day 5 HKLs using a 44K oligonucleotide microarray. Large changes in the transcriptome were revealed, including changes in the expression of macrophage and immune-related transcripts (e.g. csf1r, arg1, tnfa, mx2), lipid-related transcripts (e.g. fasn, dhcr7, fabp6), and transcription factors involved in macrophage differentiation and function (e.g. klf2, klf9, irf7, irf8, stat1). The in silico target prediction analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using miRNAs known to change expression in Day 5 HKLs, followed by gene pathway enrichment analysis, supported that these miRNAs may be involved in macrophage maturation by targeting specific DEGs. Elucidating how immune cells, such as macrophages, develop and function is a key step in understanding the Atlantic salmon immune system. Overall, the results indicate that, without the addition of exogenous factors, the adherent HKL cell population differentiates in vitro to become macrophage-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Nardos T Woldemariam
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rune Andreassen
- Department of Life Sciences and Health, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Zuloaga R, Dettleff P, Bastias-Molina M, Meneses C, Altamirano C, Valdés JA, Molina A. RNA-Seq-Based Analysis of Cortisol-Induced Differential Gene Expression Associated with Piscirickettsia salmonis Infection in Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Myotubes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082399. [PMID: 34438856 PMCID: PMC8388646 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS) is the major infectious disease of the Chilean salmonid aquaculture industry caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis. Intensive farming conditions generate stress and increased susceptibility to diseases, being skeletal muscle mainly affected. However, the interplay between pathogen infection and stress in muscle is poorly understood. In this study, we perform an RNA-seq analysis on rainbow trout myotubes that are pretreated for 3 h with cortisol (100 ng/mL) and then infected with P. salmonis strain LF-89 for 8 h (MOI 50). Twelve libraries are constructed from RNA samples (n = 3 per group) and sequenced on Illumina HiSeq 4000. A total of 704,979,454 high-quality reads are obtained, with 70.25% mapped against the reference genome. In silico DETs include 175 total genes-124 are upregulated and 51 are downregulated. GO enrichment analysis reveals highly impacted biological processes related to apoptosis, negative regulation of cell proliferation, and innate immune response. These results are validated by RT-qPCR of nine candidate transcripts. Furthermore, cortisol pretreatment significantly stimulated bacterial gene expression of ahpC and 23s compared to infection. In conclusion, for the first time, we describe a transcriptomic response of trout myotubes infected with P. salmonis by inducing apoptosis, downregulating cell proliferation, and intrinsic immune-like response that is differentially regulated by cortisol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (R.Z.); (P.D.); (J.A.V.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
| | - Phillip Dettleff
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (R.Z.); (P.D.); (J.A.V.)
| | - Macarena Bastias-Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (M.B.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (M.B.-M.); (C.M.)
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362803, Chile;
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (R.Z.); (P.D.); (J.A.V.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370186, Chile; (R.Z.); (P.D.); (J.A.V.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-227703067
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24
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Li X, Fan K, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu PF. Administration of a recombinant ALDH7A1 (rA7) indicates potential regulation of the metabolite and immunology pathways in Atlantic salmon infected with Aeromonas salmonicida. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:961-977. [PMID: 33645734 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida is the pathogen responsible for furunculosis, which is a serious disease of salmonids. This disease has a significant economic impact on the economic benefits of the global salmon farming industry. However, the pathogenesis of this disease in fish is still unknown. Members of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene (ALDH) superfamily play a key role in the enzyme detoxification of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes. In this study, we obtained a recombinant aldehyde dehydrogenase 7A1 (ALDH7A1) protein to find its functions on Atlantic salmon infected by A. salmonicida. The transcriptional response in the liver of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) with differing levels of A. salmonicida infection was analysed and compared in order to reveal mechanisms by which ALDH7A1 may confer infection resistance. With the addition of ALDH7A1 protein, it was found that a total of 13,369 genes were annotated with one or more KEGG and localized to 360 KEGG pathways in the high concentration infection group. The differential expression genes were more enriched in immune signalling pathways such as the Toll-like receptor signalling pathway, NF-kappa B signalling pathway and TNF signalling pathway. On the other hand, at low concentrations of infection, KEGG enriched a smaller number of differential expression genes. However, these differential genes were more concentrated in immune signalling pathways such as the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, JAK-STAT signalling pathway and complement and coagulation cascades. In addition, several known immune-related genes including HSP90α, HSP70, DNA damage-inducible transcript 4, integrin alpha 5 and microtubule-associated protein 2 were among the differentially expressed transcripts. These data provide the first insights into the host-ALDH7A1 vaccine interactome. The results of this study contribute to identifying the potential resistance mechanisms of Atlantic salmon to A. salmonicida infection and determining future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohao Li
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Kunpeng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yafang Liu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
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25
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PET-CT and RNA sequencing reveal novel targets for acupuncture-induced lowering of blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10973. [PMID: 34040073 PMCID: PMC8155206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90467-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Manual acupuncture (MA) can be used to manage high blood pressure; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. To explore the mechanism of acupuncture in the treatment of hypertension, Wistar Kyoto rats (WKYs) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) were subjected to either MA stimulation or the corresponding sham procedure as a negative control (Sham-MA) for 1 week. PET-CT scans, transcriptomics and molecular biology were used to evaluate the effect of MA. The results show that MA can regulate blood pressure in SHRs, change the glucose metabolism of the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH), and affect the mRNA and protein expression levels of differentially expressed genes in the PVH. These genes may lower blood pressure by regulating angiotensin, endothelial function and inflammation. These findings reveal that MA regulates multiple biological processes and genes/proteins of the PVH, and provide a solid theoretical basis for exploring the mechanisms by which MA regulates hypertension.
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Feng J, Han T, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Huang D, Wang T, Yang J. Molecular characterization and biological function of CXCR1 in Nocardia seriolae-infected largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Tissue Cell 2021; 72:101551. [PMID: 33932879 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8), a pro-inflammatory chemokine secreted by a variety of cell types, plays a critical role in the development of various immune diseases. Interactions between IL-8 and its receptor CXC receptor 1/2 (CXCR1/2) are known to promote chemotaxis and phagocytosis in many immune responses. In this study, we report the molecular characteristics and pharmacological activity of CXCR1 (MsCXCR1) in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and evaluated the functional involvement of MsCXCR1 in individuals infected with the pathogen Nocardia seriolae. MsCXCR1 was cloned into the pEGFP-N1 plasmid and the subcellular localization of MsCXCR1 on the cell membrane was verified in MsCXCR1-EGFP-expressing HEK293 cells. Following observation of receptor internalization and intracellular signaling detection, we further determined the functional interaction of secreted interleukin-8 (LcIL-8, the ligand for CXCR1 in large yellow croaker) and MsCXCR1 was further determined, and the ERK phosphorylation signal activation mediated by MsCXCR1 was demonstrated. Quantitative real-time PCR assays were conducted to analyze the transcriptional distribution of MsCXCR1 in various tissues of healthy and diseased largemouth bass. These results illustrate the significant elevation of MsCXCR1 expression in the head kidney, spleen and liver of M. salmoides, suggesting that MsCXCR1 was involved in the immune response in N. seriolae-infected largemouth bass and potentially affects the digestive function of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Feng
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Han
- Department of Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexiang Huang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, 316022, People's Republic of China.
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Maekawa S, Pulpipat T, Wang PC, Chen SC. Transcriptome analysis of immune- and iron-related genes after Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:36-48. [PMID: 33444737 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno) is a gram-negative intracellular bacterium identified in many fish species worldwide, including cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Taiwan. To investigate the gene expression responses to Fno infection, we performed transcriptome analysis of the head kidney and spleen in Nile tilapia using RNA-seq. Total RNA was extracted from the head kidney and spleen of infected (Fno-injected) and uninfected (control) tilapia at 1-day and 2-days post-infection, and RNA-seq was performed using the Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 platform. After de novo assembly, a total of 106,534 transcripts were detected. These transcripts were annotated and categorized into a total of 7171 genes based on the KEGG pathway database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly (2-fold difference comparing Fno and PBS groups at each time point) enriched in the immune-related pathways, including the following: complement and coagulation cascades, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, hematopoietic cell lineage, lysosome, phagosome. We identified the upregulation of inflammatory cytokine-, apoptosis-, and neutrophil-related genes, and downregulation of complement- and lymphocyte-related genes. Additionally, we found the induction of natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1 (NRAMP1) and heme responsive gene-1 (HRG1). Anemia of inflammation, caused by intracellular iron storage in spleen after Fno infection, was also observed. This study provides natural disease control strategies against Fno infection in tilapia. It is suggested that intercellular iron storage is a host protection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Maekawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; General Research Service Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Theeraporn Pulpipat
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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28
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Zhou X, Zhang GR, Ji W, Shi ZC, Ma XF, Luo ZL, Wei KJ. The Dynamic Immune Response of Yellow Catfish ( Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) Infected With Edwardsiella ictaluri Presenting the Inflammation Process. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625928. [PMID: 33732247 PMCID: PMC7959794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Edwardsiella ictaluri is a highly destructive pathogen in cultured yellow catfish, thus it was very necessary to study the immune response of yellow catfish against bacterial infection. In this study, RNA-Seq technology was used to study the immune response in two distinct tissues of yellow catfish at eight different time points (h) after E. ictaluri infection. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spleen and liver was low at 3 h and 6 h post-infection, respectively. Afterwards, the most number of DEGs in the spleen was detected at 72 h, while the number of DEGs in the liver maintained a high level from 24 h to 120 h. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of DEGs at different time points uncovered that cytokines were continuously transcribed at 6 h to 120 h; whereas the liver is the main organ that secretes the components of the complement system, and metabolic regulation was activated from 12 h to 120 h. Moreover, an overview of the inflammation response of yellow catfish was exhibited including pattern-recognition receptors, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, complements, and inflammation-related signal pathways. The similar expression tendency of nine genes by qRT-PCR validated the accuracy of transcriptome analyses. The different transcriptomic profiles obtained from the spleen and liver will help to better understand the dynamic immune response of fish against bacterial infection, and will provide basic information for establishing effective measures to prevent and control diseases in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Rong Zhang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ji
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Chao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu-Fa Ma
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zun-Lan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai-Jian Wei
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Aquaculture Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Attaya A, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Effective isolation of GALT cells: Insights into the intestine immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to different bacterin vaccine preparations. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:378-392. [PMID: 32615166 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The teleost gut is a multifunction complex structure that plays a pivotal immunological role in homeostasis and the maintenance of health, in addition to digestion of food and/or nutrient absorption. In vitro examination of the intestine leucocyte repertoire has the potential to aid our understanding of gut immune competence and allows a rapid screen of host-microorganism interactions in different immunological contexts. To explore this possibility, in the present study we investigated the response of isolated gut leucocytes to 4 bacterins of Aeromonas salmonicida, prepared from different strains, combinations and strains grown in different environments, in comparison to a Yersinia ruckeri bacterin for which a commercial/effective oral booster vaccine has been developed. To aid this study we also optimized further our method of GALT cell isolation from rainbow trout, so as to avoid mechanical clearance of the intestine contents. This drastically increased the cell yield from ~12 × 106 to ~210 × 106/fish with no change in the percent cell viability over time or presence of transcripts typical of the key leucocyte types needed for the study of immune modulation (i.e. T- and B-cells, dendritic cells and macrophages). A wide array of immune transcripts were modulated by the bacterins, demonstrating the diversity of GALT cell responses to bacterial stimulation. Indeed, the GALT leucocyte responses were sensitive enough to distinguish the different bacterial species, strains and membrane proteins, as seen by distinct kinetics of immune gene expression. However, the response of the GALT cells was often relatively slow and of a low magnitude compared to those of PBL. These results enhance our knowledge of the gut biocapacity and help validate the use of this model for screening of oral vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Attaya
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Maekawa S, Wang YT, Yoshida T, Wang PC, Chen SC. Group C Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection in fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:963-970. [PMID: 32662090 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae (GCSD) is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacterium and mostly non-β-haemolytic with Lancefield group C antigen. GCSD infection has been identified in various vertebrates. From 2002 to the present, GCSD infection of fish has been reported to cause severe economic losses in aquaculture farms around the world. Moreover, GCSD isolates from teleosts have been identified in patients with ascending upper limb cellulitis. Therefore, the economic and clinical significance of GCSD has increased in aquaculture, livestock and human health. Many studies have been presented, from the first report of isolated GCSD in fish, to the pathogenesis, characterization, immune responses and vaccine development. In this review, we present the current knowledge of GCSD in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Maekawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- General Research Service Centre, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Terutoyo Yoshida
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Mastrochirico-Filho VA, Hata ME, Kuradomi RY, de Freitas MV, Ariede RB, Pinheiro DG, Robledo D, Houston R, Hashimoto DT. Transcriptome Profiling of Pacu ( Piaractus mesopotamicus) Challenged With Pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila: Inference on Immune Gene Response. Front Genet 2020; 11:604. [PMID: 32582300 PMCID: PMC7295981 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is a Neotropical fish of major importance for South American aquaculture. Septicemia caused by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria is currently considered a substantial threat for pacu aquaculture that have provoked infectious disease outbreaks with high economic losses. The understanding of molecular aspects on progress of A. hydrophila infection and pacu immune response is scarce, which have limited the development of genomic selection for resistance to this infection. The present study aimed to generate information on transcriptome of pacu in face of A. hydrophila infection, and compare the transcriptomic responses between two groups of time-series belonging to a disease resistance challenge, peak mortality (HM) and mortality plateau (PM) groups of individuals. Nine RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) libraries were prepared from liver tissue of challenged individuals, generating ∼160 million 150 bp pair-end reads. After quality trimming/cleanup, these reads were assembled de novo generating 211,259 contigs. When the expression of genes from individuals of HM group were compared to individuals from control group, a total of 4,413 differentially expressed transcripts were found (2,000 upregulated and 2,413 downregulated candidate genes). Additionally, 433 transcripts were differentially expressed when individuals from MP group were compared with those in the control group (155 upregulated and 278 downregulated candidate genes). The resulting differentially expressed transcripts were clustered into the following functional categories: cytokines and signaling, epithelial protection, antigen processing and presentation, apoptosis, phagocytosis, complement system cascades and pattern recognition receptors. The proposed results revealing relevant differential gene expression on HM and PM groups which will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular defense mechanisms during A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milene Elissa Hata
- Aquaculture Center, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Guariz Pinheiro
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Diego Robledo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Houston
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Elicitation of integrated immunity in mice by a novel pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine conjugated with HBV surface antigen. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6470. [PMID: 32286332 PMCID: PMC7156719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The conjugation of polysaccharides with an effective carrier protein is critical for the development of effective bacterial polysaccharide vaccines. Therefore, the identification and optimization of carrier proteins to induce an effective immune response is necessary for developing a combined vaccine. In the current study, we utilized hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) as a novel carrier protein combined with a capsular polysaccharide molecule to develop a new pneumococcal conjugated vaccine. The specific antibodies and T cell immune response against the capsular polysaccharide and HBsAg in the mice immunized with this conjugated vaccine were evaluated. In addition, the unique gene profiles of immune cells induced by this conjugated vaccine in the immunized mice were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that the vaccine consisting of pneumonia type 33 F capsular polysaccharide (Pn33Fps) conjugated with HBsAg can induce strong specific immune responses against both antigens in vivo in immunized mice. Furthermore, the conjugated vaccine induced higher expression of genes related to the activation of immunity and higher antibody titers against Pn33Fps and HBsAg in mice than those obtained via vaccination with a single antigen. Analyses of the dynamic expression changes in immunity-related genes in mice immunized with Pn33Fps_HBs, Pn33Fps, or HBsAg indicated the potent immunogenicity of the conjugated vaccine. In addition, a pathological evaluation of the organs from immunized mice further suggested that the conjugated vaccine is safe. Together, these results indicate that a conjugated vaccine consisting of Pn33Fps with HBsAg is a novel and effective vaccine.
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Yu J, Wang H, Yue X, Liu B. Dynamic immune and metabolism response of clam Meretrix petechialis to Vibrio challenge revealed by a time series of transcriptome analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:17-26. [PMID: 31465871 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Meretrix petechialis is an important commercial aquaculture species in China. During the clam culture period, mass mortality events often occurred due to the Vibrio infection. In this paper, M. petechialis were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus immersion to simulate a natural infection, and the infection process were divided into four phases including latency, prodrome, onset and recovery phases based on the clam mortality data. Then, the dynamic response of clams to Vibrio infection at different infection phases were investigated by transcriptome analysis. A total of 38,067 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at different infection phases. DEG annotations showed that immune-related and metabolism-related signaling pathways were enriched, indicating that immune defense and metabolism process play key roles during bacterial infection. Three kinds of expression pattern were classified by cluster analysis, including U-shape, L-shape and inverted V-shape. Anabolism and cellular growth proliferation related signaling pathways were repressed (long-lasting or transient) during bacterial infection. However, the immune related signaling pathways with different immune functions showed induction expression or repression expression against bacterial infection, which indicated that immune system take different strategies against bacterial infection. Furthermore, some signaling pathways such as PI3K-Akt signaling pathway both involved in immune defense and cell metabolism. This study provides a sight that the dynamic immunity and metabolic responses may be integrated to improve the host survival and shift more energy for immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xin Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Baozhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Early IgG Response to Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Formulated with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040143. [PMID: 31600943 PMCID: PMC6963984 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated soybean oil (SO) containing vitamin E (VE) and ginseng saponins (GS) (SO-VE-GS) for their adjuvant effect on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. Since mineral oil ISA 206 is a common adjuvant used in the FMD vaccine, it was used as a control adjuvant in this study. VE and GS were found to have a synergistic adjuvant effect. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine emulsified in SO with VE and GS, significantly higher serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were found than VE and GS used alone. SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 behaved differently in adjuvant activities. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with SO-VE-GS, significantly higher and earlier production of serum IgG was found than that adjuvanted with ISA 206. Although both adjuvants significantly increased the number of bone marrow plasma cells, a stimulation index of lymphocytes (SI) as well as the production of IL-4 and IL-6, SO-VE-GS promoted significantly higher SI and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells with production of increased IFN-γ and decreased TGF-β1 as compared with the ISA 206 group. The data suggested that SO-VE-GS activated Th1/Th2 immune responses. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs), immune-related gene ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were significantly enriched in the SO-VE-GS group. Therefore, the potent adjuvant effect of SO-VE-GS on the FMD vaccine may be attributed to the immune-related gene profile expressed in lymphocytes. Due to its plant origin and due to being much cheaper than imported mineral oil ISA 206, SO-VE-GS deserves further study in relation to vaccines used in food animals.
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Maekawa S, Wang PC, Chen SC. Differential expression of immune-related genes in head kidney and spleen of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) having Streptococcus dysgalactiae infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:842-850. [PMID: 31284046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus dysgalactiae is a gram-positive bacterium and a harmful aquaculture pathogen. To investigate the immune response against S. dysgalactiae, we performed transcriptome analysis of the head kidney and spleen of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) using RNA-seq. Total RNA was extracted from the head kidney and spleen of cobia, 1 and 2 days after treatment with S. dysgalactiae or control PBS. After RNA purification and cDNA library generation, sequencing was performed using the Illumina HiSeq™ 4000 platform. The filtering and de novo assembling transcripts were annotated using several databases. To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the S. dysgalactiae and PBS groups, the mapped values of fragments per kilobase of transcripts per million fragments were calculated. After de novo assembly, a total of 106,984 transcripts were detected, with an N50 of 3020 bp. These transcripts were annotated and categorised into a total of 7608 genes based on the KEGG pathway database. DEGs (2-fold difference) were calculated by comparing the S. dysgalactiae and PBS control group gene expression levels at each time point. The DEGs were mainly annotated into signal transduction and immune system categories, based on the KEGG database. The DEGs were significantly enriched in the immune-related pathways - "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction", "complement and coagulation cascades", and "hematopoietic cell linage". In this study, immune-related genes responding to S. dysgalactiae were detected, and several immune system pathways were categorized. We identified the IL17C-related pathway for inducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-1β, IL-6, and IFNγ). Additionally, neutrophil-related genes (CSF3, CD121, and CD114) were induced in the spleen after S. dysgalactiae infection. It was suggested that these pathways contribute to immune responses against S. dysgalactiae infection. The data revealed in this study may offer improved strategies against S. dysgalactiae infection in cobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Maekawa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Research Center for Fish Vaccines and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Disease Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Research Center for Fish Vaccines and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Southern Taiwan Fish Disease Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Research Center for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan; Research Center for Fish Vaccines and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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Cao Y, Wang D, Li S, Zhao J, Xu L, Liu H, Lu T, Mou Z. A transcriptome analysis focusing on splenic immune-related mciroRNAs of rainbow trout upon Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:350-357. [PMID: 31128295 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that can regulate the immune responses during pathogen infection. Aeromonas salmonicida (A. salmonicida) subsp. salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis in salmon and trout. To identify the miRNAs and investigate the specific miRNAs in rainbow trout upon A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida infection, we performed high throughput sequencing using the spleens of rainbow trout infected with and without an A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida clinical isolate. A total of 381 known miRNAs and 926 novel miRNAs were identified. Eleven known and 16 novel miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed upon infection. The results of Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated that the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were closely associated with immune responses and biological regulations. Additionally, over- and suppressed expression of miR-155-5p significantly enhanced and reduced the IL-2 and IL-1β expressions in RTG-2 cells induced by A. salmonicida, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental study on the miRNAs of rainbow trout upon A. salmonicida infection. The results here might lay a foundation for the further understanding of the roles of miRNAs in the immune responses during A. salmonicida infection in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Cao
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Aquaculture, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Songfa Street No. 43, Daoli District, Harbin, 150070, China; Institute of Fisheries Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, 130 Jinzhu West Road, Lhasa, 850002, Tibet, China.
| | - Di Wang
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Aquaculture, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Songfa Street No. 43, Daoli District, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Shaowu Li
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Aquaculture, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Songfa Street No. 43, Daoli District, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Jingzhuang Zhao
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Aquaculture, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Songfa Street No. 43, Daoli District, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Liming Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Aquaculture, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Songfa Street No. 43, Daoli District, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Hongbai Liu
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Aquaculture, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Songfa Street No. 43, Daoli District, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Tongyan Lu
- Laboratory of Fish Diseases, Department of Aquaculture, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Songfa Street No. 43, Daoli District, Harbin, 150070, China.
| | - Zhenbo Mou
- Institute of Fisheries Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, 130 Jinzhu West Road, Lhasa, 850002, Tibet, China.
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Wang Z, Lyu Z, Pan L, Zeng G, Randhawa P. Defining housekeeping genes suitable for RNA-seq analysis of the human allograft kidney biopsy tissue. BMC Med Genomics 2019; 12:86. [PMID: 31208411 PMCID: PMC6580566 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-019-0538-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA-seq is poised to play a major role in the management of kidney transplant patients. Rigorous definition of housekeeping genes (HKG) is essential for further progress in this field. Using single genes or a limited set HKG is inherently problematic since their expression might be altered by specific diseases in the patients being studied. METHODS To generate a HKG set specific for kidney transplantation, we performed RNA-sequencing from renal allograft biopsies collected in a variety of clinical settings. Various normalization methods were applied to identify transcripts that had a coefficient of variation of expression that was below the 2nd percentile across all samples, and the corresponding genes were designated as housekeeping genes. Comparison with transcriptomic data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, pathway analysis and molecular biological functions were utilized to validate the housekeeping genes set. RESULTS We have developed a bioinformatics solution to this problem by using nine different normalization methods to derive large HKG gene sets from a RNA-seq data set of 47,611 transcripts derived from 30 biopsies. These biopsies were collected in a variety of clinical settings, including normal function, acute rejection, interstitial nephritis, interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy and polyomavirus nephropathy. Transcripts with coefficient of variation below the 2nd percentile were designated as HKG, and validated by showing their virtual absence in diseased allograft derived transcriptomic data sets available in the GEO. Pathway analysis indicated a role for these genes in maintenance of cell morphology, pyrimidine metabolism, and intracellular protein signaling. CONCLUSIONS Utilization of these objectively defined HKG data sets will guard against errors resulting from focusing on individual genes like 18S RNA, actin & tubulin, which do not maintain constant expression across the known spectrum of renal allograft pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijie Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Zili Lyu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Ling Pan
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021 China
| | - Gang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E737 UPMC-Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Parmjeet Randhawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, E737 UPMC-Montefiore Hospital, 3459 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Solbakken MH, Jentoft S, Reitan T, Mikkelsen H, Gregers TF, Bakke O, Jakobsen KS, Seppola M. Disentangling the immune response and host-pathogen interactions in Francisella noatunensis infected Atlantic cod. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2019; 30:333-346. [PMID: 31054474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The genetic repertoire underlying teleost immunity has been shown to be highly variable. A rare example is Atlantic cod and its relatives Gadiformes that lacks a hallmark of vertebrate immunity: Major Histocompatibility Complex class II. No immunological studies so far have fully unraveled the functionality of this particular immune system. Through global transcriptomic profiling, we investigate the immune response and host-pathogen interaction of Atlantic cod infected with the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella noatunensis. We find that Atlantic cod displays an overall classic innate immune response with inflammation, acute-phase proteins and cell recruitment through up-regulation of e.g. IL1B, fibrinogen, cathelicidin, hepcidin and several chemotactic cytokines such as the neutrophil attractants CXCL1 and CXCL8. In terms of adaptive immunity, we observe up-regulation of interferon gamma followed by up-regulation of several MHCI transcripts and genes related to antigen transport and loading. Finally, we find up-regulation of immunoglobulins and down-regulation of T-cell and NK-like cell markers. Our analyses also uncover some contradictory transcriptional findings such as up-regulation of anti-inflammatory IL10 as well as down-regulation of the NADPH oxidase complex and myeloperoxidase. This we interpret as the result of host-pathogen interactions where F. noatunensis modulates the immune response. In summary, our results suggest that Atlantic cod mounts a classic innate immune response as well as a neutrophil-driven response. In terms of adaptive immunity, both endogenous and exogenous antigens are being presented on MHCI and antibody production is likely enabled through direct B-cell stimulation with possible neutrophil help. Collectively, we have obtained novel insight in the orchestration of the Atlantic cod immune system and determined likely targets of F. noatunensis host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Hongrø Solbakken
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Jentoft
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trond Reitan
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Tone F Gregers
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetill S Jakobsen
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Seppola
- Department of Medical Biology, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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