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Zhao Y, Tan M, Yin Y, Zhang J, Song Y, Li H, Yan L, Jin Y, Wu Z, Yang T, Jiang T, Li H. Comprehensive macro and micro views on immune cells in ischemic heart disease. Cell Prolif 2024:e13725. [PMID: 39087342 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a prevalent cardiovascular condition that remains the primary cause of death due to its adverse ventricular remodelling and pathological changes in end-stage heart failure. As a complex pathologic condition, it involves intricate regulatory processes at the cellular and molecular levels. The immune system and cardiovascular system are closely interconnected, with immune cells playing a crucial role in maintaining cardiac health and influencing disease progression. Consequently, alterations in the cardiac microenvironment are influenced and controlled by various immune cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils, and T-lymphocytes, along with the cytokines they produce. Furthermore, studies have revealed that Gata6+ pericardial cavity macrophages play a key role in regulating immune cell migration and subsequent myocardial tissue repair post IHD onset. This review outlines the role of immune cells in orchestrating inflammatory responses and facilitating myocardial repair following IHD, considering both macro and micro views. It also discusses innovative immune cell-based therapeutic strategies, offering new insights for further research on the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease and immune cell-targeted therapy for IHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingyue Tan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yunfei Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiyi Song
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hang Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifeng Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyue Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianke Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Ruel Y, Moawad F, Alsarraf J, Pichette A, Legault J, Brambilla D, Pouliot R. Antiproliferative and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Polyphenols Phloretin and Balsacone C in a Coculture of T Cells and Psoriatic Keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5639. [PMID: 38891824 PMCID: PMC11171971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Plaque psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease causing red inflamed lesions covered by scales. Leukocytes, including dendritic cells and T cells, participate in the inflammation of the skin by producing multiple cytokines, thus contributing to the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. Lack of effectiveness and toxic side effects are the main concerns with conventional treatments, and research involving new antipsoriatic molecules is essential. In this study, the anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects of two natural polyphenols, phloretin and balsacone C, were investigated using the coculture of T cells and psoriatic keratinocytes. Phloretin exerted antiproliferative activity by regulating the expression of antigen Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). These effects were comparable to those of methotrexate, a reference treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis. With balsacone C, the expression of Ki67 was also reduced. Additionally, phloretin decreased the levels of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The increased interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels with phloretin and methotrexate also represented anti-inflammatory activity. Balsacone C and methotrexate decreased the levels of IL-1α and IL-1β, but methotrexate exerted a higher reduction. In summary, the anti-inflammatory effects of phloretin were more pronounced than those of methotrexate and balsacone C. In addition, the expression of lymphocyte common antigen (CD45) was more similar to that of the healthy condition after using phloretin or methotrexate. Finally, phloretin stood out from the other compounds and appears promising for psoriasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Ruel
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1401 18e Rue, Quebec City, QC G1J 2Z4, Canada;
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Fatma Moawad
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940, chemin de la Polytechnique, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (F.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Jérôme Alsarraf
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et de Séparation des Essences Végétales (LASEVE), Centre de Recherche sur la boréalie (CREB), Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada; (J.A.); (A.P.); (J.L.)
| | - André Pichette
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et de Séparation des Essences Végétales (LASEVE), Centre de Recherche sur la boréalie (CREB), Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada; (J.A.); (A.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Jean Legault
- Laboratoire d’Analyse et de Séparation des Essences Végétales (LASEVE), Centre de Recherche sur la boréalie (CREB), Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555 boulevard de l’Université, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada; (J.A.); (A.P.); (J.L.)
| | - Davide Brambilla
- Faculté de pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940, chemin de la Polytechnique, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada; (F.M.); (D.B.)
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 1401 18e Rue, Quebec City, QC G1J 2Z4, Canada;
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, 1050 avenue de la Médecine, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Okano M, Miyamae J, Sakurai K, Yamaguchi T, Uehara R, Katakura F, Moritomo T. Subgenomic T cell receptor alpha and delta (TRA/TRD) loci in common carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109421. [PMID: 38325591 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
In jawed vertebrates, the T cell receptor alpha (TRA) and delta (TRD) genes, which encode the TRα and TRδ chains, respectively, are located as a nested structure on a single chromosome. To date, no animal has been reported to harbor multiple TRA/TRD loci on different chromosomes. Therefore, herein, we describe the first full annotation of the TRA/TRD genomic regions of common carp, an allo-tetraploid fish species that experiences cyprinid-specific whole-genome duplication (WGD) in evolution. Fine genomic maps of TRA/TRD genomic regions 1 and 2, on LG30 and LG22, respectively, were constructed using the annotations of complete sets of TRA and TRD genes, including TRA/TRD variable (V), TRA junction (J), and constant (C), TRD diversity (D), and the J and C genes. The structure and synteny of the TRA/TRD genomic regions were highly conserved in zebrafish, indicating that these regions are on individual chromosomes. Furthermore, analysis of the variable regions of the TRA and TRD genes in a monoclonal T cell line revealed that both subgenomic regions 1 and 2 were indeed rearranged. Although carp TRAV and TRDV genes were phylogenetically divided into different lineages, they were mixed and organized into the TRA/TRD V gene clusters on the genome, similar to that in other vertebrates. Notably, 285 potential TRA/TRD V genes were detected in the TRA/TRD genomic regions, which is the most abundant number of genes in vertebrates and approximately two-fold that in zebrafish. The recombination signal sequences (RSSs) at the end of each V gene differed between TRAV and TRDV, suggesting that RSS variations might separate each V gene into a TRα or TRδ chain. This study is the first to describe subgenomic TRA/TRD loci in animals. Our findings provide fundamental insights to elucidate the impact of WGD on the evolution of immune repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Okano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Kanda-Surugadai 1-8-13, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Kohei Sakurai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Ren Uehara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Gouife M, Wang F, Ban Z, Yue X, Jiang J, Xie J. Molecular and functional characterization of two granulocyte colony stimulating factors in goldfish (Carassius auratus L.). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 268:110879. [PMID: 37490965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) is a member of the hematopoietic growth factor family that acts primarily on neutrophils and neutrophilic precursors to promote cell proliferation and differentiation. Although multiple GCSF genes have been found in teleosts, knowledge of their functions during fish hematopoietic development is still limited. Here, we report for the first time the molecular and functional characterization of two goldfish GCSFs (gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b). The open reading frame (ORF) of the gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b cDNA transcript consisted respectively of 624 bp and 678 bp with its ORF encoding 207 and 225 amino acids (aa), with a 17 aa signal peptide for each gene and a conserved domain of the IL-6 superfamily. Treatment of goldfish head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) with LPS increased gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b mRNA expression levels, also exposure of HKLs to either heat-killed or live A. hydrophila, induced transcriptional upregulation of gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b levels. Recombinant gfGCSF-a and gfGCSF-b protein (rgGCSF-a and rgGCSF-b) induced a dose-dependent production of TNFα and IL-1β from goldfish neutrophils. In vitro experiments showed rgGCSF-a and rgGCSF-b differentially promoted the proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes in goldfish. Furthermore, treatment of HKLs with rgGCSF-a showed significant upregulation of mRNA levels of the hematopoietic transcription factor GATA2, Runx1, MafB, and cMyb, while gfGCSF-b induces not only all four transcriptional factors mentioned above but also CEBPα. Our results indicate that goldfish GCSF-a and GCSF-b are important regulators of neutrophil proliferation and differentiation, which could stimulate different stages and lineages of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Gouife
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China. https://twitter.com/Mouskharim
| | - Feiyang Wang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Ziqi Ban
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Xinyuan Yue
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jianhu Jiang
- Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313001, China.
| | - Jiasong Xie
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China; Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China.
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Monteiro JM, Reis Ramos JI, Teixeira e Sousa I, Bighetti-Trevisan RL, Ribas Filho JM, Isolan GR. Identification of CD114 Membrane Receptors as a Molecular Target in Medulloblastomas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065331. [PMID: 36982406 PMCID: PMC10048885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastomas are the most common solid tumors in children, accounting for 8–30% of pediatric brain cancers. It is a high-grade tumor with aggressive behavior and a typically b poor prognosis. Its treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, and presents high morbidity. Significant clinical, genetic, and prognostic differences exist between its four molecular subgroups: WNT, SHH, Group 3, and Group 4. Many studies seek to develop new chemotherapeutic agents for medulloblastomas through the identification of genes whose expressions are new molecular targets for drugs, such as membrane receptors associated with cell replication. This study aimed to assess the association of CD114 expression with mortality in patients with medulloblastoma. Databases from the Medulloblastoma Advanced Genomics International Consortium (MAGIC) were analyzed, focusing on the expression of the CD114 membrane receptor in different molecular types and its possible association with mortality. Our findings showed different CD114 expressions between Group 3 and other molecular groups, as well as between the molecular subtypes SHH γ and Group 3 α and Group 3 β. There was no statistically significant difference between the other groups and subtypes. Regarding mortality, this study did not find statistical significance in the association between low and high CD114 expressions and mortality. Medulloblastoma is a heterogeneous disease with many subtype variations of its genetic and intracellular signaling pathways. Similarly to this study, which could not demonstrate different CD114 membrane receptor expression patterns between groups, others who sought to associate CD114 expression with mortality in other types of cancer failed to establish a direct association. Since many indications point to the relation of this gene with cancer stem cells (CSCs), it may be part of a more extensive cellular signaling pathway with an eventual association with tumor recurrence. This study found no direct relationship between CD114 expression and mortality in patients with medulloblastoma. Further studies are needed on the intracellular signaling pathways associated with this receptor and its gene (the CSF3R).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jander Moreira Monteiro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Advanced Neurology and Neurosurgery (CEANNE), Porto Alegre 90560-010, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program, Mackenzie Evangelical College of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | | | - Ian Teixeira e Sousa
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Conceição Children’s Hospital, Porto Alegre 90560-010, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gustavo Rassier Isolan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Advanced Neurology and Neurosurgery (CEANNE), Porto Alegre 90560-010, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program, Mackenzie Evangelical College of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Yu X, Zhu L, Liang X, Yuan B, Li M, Hu S, Ding P, Du L, Guo J, Jin Y. A wearable gamma radiation-responsive granulocyte colony-stimulating factor microneedle system protecting against ionizing radiation-induced injury. Acta Biomater 2022; 146:197-210. [PMID: 35487423 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to a nuclear accident or a radiological attack may cause serious death events due to ionizing radiation-induced injury and acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is now used for the treatment of ARS. However, the current injection formulation might not ensure treatment as early as possible after a nuclear accident, resulting in a decrease in therapeutic efficiency. In the present study, we have developed a G-CSF wearable system (GWS) consisting of a commercial microchip, a temperature sensor, a gamma-ray detection sensor, a flexible heater, and a G-CSF temperature-sensitive microneedle (GTSMN) patch. G-CSF-containing hyaluronic acid solutions were cast into the mold to obtain G-CSF microneedles (GMNs), which were coated with a temperature-sensitive layer of dodecanoic acid-cetylamine salt to obtain GTSMNs. The flexible heater was prepared by jet printing Ag nanoparticle inks. The GWS and its components are explored and optimized in the aspects of electronics, mechanics, heat transfer and drug diffusion. The γ radiation signal is sensitively monitored by the GWS. The wearable G-CSF system immediately releases G-CSF into the body in response to signal feedback and provides maximal protection against ionizing radiation-induced injury. Therefore, the GWS is a promising wearable system against emergent ionizing radiation injury. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Ionizing radiation-induced injury is always the very important public health problem all the global people care. Some medicines have been applied to protect the body from the injury. Unfortunately, sometimes the injuries accidently happen and the medicines cannot be administered in time, leading to serious acute radiation syndrome. Here, we design a wearable system loading G-CSF that has been approved by FDA to protect the body from ionizing radiation-induced injury. This system consists of a commercial microchip, a temperature sensor, a Gamma-ray detection sensor, a flexible heater, and a G-CSF temperature-sensitive microneedle patch. It can monitor γ radiation and immediately release G-CSF into the body to protect the body to the maximal extent. Therefore, the system is a promising wearable medical device against emergent ionizing radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaohui Liang
- Support Center for Scientific Research, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bochuan Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Minshu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shen Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Pingtian Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lina Du
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Junwang Guo
- Department of Radiation Protection and Health Physics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yiguang Jin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Reece MD, Taylor RR, Song C, Gavegnano C. Targeting Macrophage Dysregulation for Viral Infections: Novel Targets for Immunomodulators. Front Immunol 2021; 12:768695. [PMID: 34790202 PMCID: PMC8591232 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major barrier to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) cure is the latent viral reservoir, which persists despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), including across the non-dividing myeloid reservoir which is found systemically in sanctuary sites across tissues and the central nervous system (CNS). Unlike activated CD4+ T cells that undergo rapid cell death during initial infection (due to rapid viral replication kinetics), viral replication kinetics are delayed in non-dividing myeloid cells, resulting in long-lived survival of infected macrophages and macrophage-like cells. Simultaneously, persistent inflammation in macrophages confers immune dysregulation that is a key driver of co-morbidities including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and neurological deficits in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH). Macrophage activation and dysregulation is also a key driver of disease progression across other viral infections including SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and chikungunya viruses, underscoring the interplay between macrophages and disease progression, pathogenesis, and comorbidity in the viral infection setting. This review discusses the role of macrophages in persistence and pathogenesis of HIV-1 and related comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. A special focus is given to novel immunomodulatory targets for key events driving myeloid cell dysregulation and reservoir maintenance across a diverse array of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Reece
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ruby R Taylor
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Colin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Christina Gavegnano
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Kyung Lee M, Armstrong DA, Hazlett HF, Dessaint JA, Mellinger DL, Aridgides DS, Christensen BC, Ashare A. Exposure to extracellular vesicles from Pseudomonas aeruginosa result in loss of DNA methylation at enhancer and DNase hypersensitive site regions in lung macrophages. Epigenetics 2021; 16:1187-1200. [PMID: 33380271 PMCID: PMC8813072 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1853318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Various pathogens use differing strategies to evade host immune response including modulating the host's epigenome. Here, we investigate if EVs secreted from P. aeruginosa alter DNA methylation in human lung macrophages, thereby potentially contributing to a dysfunctional innate immune response. Using a genome-wide DNA methylation approach, we demonstrate that P. aeruginosa EVs alter certain host cell DNA methylation patterns. We identified 1,185 differentially methylated CpGs (FDR < 0.05), which were significantly enriched for distal DNA regulatory elements including enhancer regions and DNase hypersensitive sites. Notably, all but one of the 1,185 differentially methylated CpGs were hypomethylated in association with EV exposure. Significantly hypomethylated CpGs tracked to genes including AXL, CFB and CCL23. Gene expression analysis identified 310 genes exhibiting significantly altered expression 48 hours post P. aeruginosa EV treatment, with 75 different genes upregulated and 235 genes downregulated. Some CpGs associated with cytokines such as CSF3 displayed strong negative correlations between DNA methylation and gene expression. Our infection model illustrates how secreted products (EVs) from bacteria can alter DNA methylation of the host epigenome. Changes in DNA methylation in distal DNA regulatory regions in turn can modulate cellular gene expression and potential downstream cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - David A. Armstrong
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Haley F. Hazlett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - John A. Dessaint
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Diane L. Mellinger
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - Brock C. Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alix Ashare
- Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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Socha M, Szczygieł J, Brzuska E, Sokołowska-Mikołajczyk M, Stonawski B, Grzesiak M. The effect of Roundup on embryonic development, early foxr1 and hsp70 gene expression and hatching of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Theriogenology 2021; 175:163-169. [PMID: 34592515 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of herbicide Roundup (based on glyphosate) on the embryonic development, survival and hatching of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) larvae and alteration in foxr1 and hsp70 gene expression were determined. The eggs (obtained from 6 females) were fertilised and incubated in water containing 0; 1 or 10 μl L-1 of Roundup formulation. During early embryonic development (24 and 48 h post-fertilisation - hpf), Roundup caused a statistically important decrease in the embryonic survival rate of common carp. Moreover, retardation of the hatching rate was observed in the group treated with the higher concentration of Roundup at 81 to 99 hpf. At the end of the experiment (99 hpf), an important increase in number of deformed larvae was observed in both groups treated with Roundup in comparison to the control group (52.06; 16.02 and 5.08%, respectively). Significant differences in transcript of the gene foxr1 were found in Roundup-intoxicated groups in comparison to the controls. In the case of hsp70 transcripts, no important changes in exposed groups were observed. These results showed that even small, environmentally relevant amount of Roundup present in the aquatic environment is able to affect the early life stages of common carp and change the transcripts of foxr1, which may have an adverse effect on the later proper development of the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Socha
- Department of Animal Physiology and Endocrinology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - J Szczygieł
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zaborze, Kalinowa 2, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - E Brzuska
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zaborze, Kalinowa 2, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - M Sokołowska-Mikołajczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - B Stonawski
- Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Zaborze, Kalinowa 2, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - M Grzesiak
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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10
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Sreejit G, Johnson J, Jaggers RM, Dahdah A, Murphy AJ, Hanssen NMJ, Nagareddy PR. Neutrophils in cardiovascular disease: warmongers, peacemakers, or both? Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2596-2609. [PMID: 34534269 PMCID: PMC9890471 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant of all leucocytes and the first cells to arrive at the sites of sterile inflammation/injury act as a double-edged sword. On one hand, they inflict a significant collateral damage to the tissues and on the other hand, they help facilitate wound healing by a number of mechanisms. Recent studies have drastically changed the perception of neutrophils from being simple one-dimensional cells with an unrestrained mode of action to a cell type that display maturity and complex behaviour. It is now recognized that neutrophils are transcriptionally active and respond to plethora of signals by deploying a wide variety of cargo to influence the activity of other cells in the vicinity. Neutrophils can regulate macrophage behaviour, display innate immune memory, and play a major role in the resolution of inflammation in a context-dependent manner. In this review, we provide an update on the factors that regulate neutrophil production and the emerging dichotomous role of neutrophils in the context of cardiovascular diseases, particularly in atherosclerosis and the ensuing complications, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Deciphering the complex behaviour of neutrophils during inflammation and resolution may provide novel insights and in turn facilitate the development of potential therapeutic strategies to manage cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalkrishna Sreejit
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jillian Johnson
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert M Jaggers
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Albert Dahdah
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, 473 W, 12th Ave, DHLRI 611A, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Division of Immunometabolism, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Nordin M J Hanssen
- Amsterdam Diabetes Centrum, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Location Academic Medical Centre Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Li W, Guan X, Sun B, Sun L. A Novel microRNA of Japanese Flounder Regulates Antimicrobial Immunity Involving a Bacteria-Binding CSF3. Front Immunol 2021; 12:723401. [PMID: 34489973 PMCID: PMC8417112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.723401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate diverse biological processes including immunity. In a previous high-throughput RNA sequencing study, a novel miRNA, pol-miR-novel_642, was identified from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), a farmed fish species with important economic value. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanism and the function of pol-miR-novel_642 and its target gene. We found that pol-miR-novel_642 targeted, in a sequence-specific manner, a flounder gene encoding an uncharacterized protein that is a structural homologue of murine granulocyte colony stimulating factor 3 (CSF3). The expression of pol-miR-novel_642 and its target gene (named PoCSF3-1) was regulated, in different manners, by the bacterial pathogen Edwardsiella tarda and the viral pathogen megalocytivirus. Overexpression of pol-miR-novel_642 or interference with PoCSF3-1 expression in flounder cells strongly potentiated E. tarda infection. Consistently, in vivo knockdown of PoCSF3-1 enhanced bacterial dissemination in flounder tissues but blocked viral replication, whereas in vivo overexpression of PoCSF3-1 inhibited bacterial dissemination and facilitated viral infection. Overexpression/knockdown of PoCSF3-1 and pol-miR-novel_642 also affected the activation of autophagy. Recombinant PoCSF3-1 (rPoCSF3-1) interacted with and inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria in a manner relying on a PoCSF3-1-characteristic structural motif that is absent in mouse CSF3. rPoCSF3-1 also regulated the proliferation, inflammatory response, and immune defense of flounder head kidney leukocytes in a structure-dependent fashion. Together, these results reveal the function of a novel miRNA-CSF3 regulatory system of flounder, and add new insights into the role and mechanism of fish miRNA and CSF3 in antimicrobial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Guan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,College of Marine Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Szczygieł J, Kamińska-Gibas T, Petit J, Jurecka P, Wiegertjes G, Irnazarow I. Re-evaluation of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) housekeeping genes for gene expression studies - considering duplicated genes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 115:58-69. [PMID: 34033909 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR is one of the most widely used techniques for measuring changes in the expression of target transcripts due to its sensitivity, specificity, and cost-effectiveness. However, the essential step that determines appropriate and correct data interpretation is the selection of proper endogenous control genes. Identifying useful reference genes with stable expression is critical for accurate normalization and precise results. Functional divergence of duplicated genes in tetraploid species, like common carp, can complicate the choice for a proper reference gene. In the present study, we determined the expression stability of duplicated genes of 40s, b2m, ef1α, gapdh, g6pd, and odc1 in different tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Gene expression analysis comprised healthy control fish, fish under bacterial and parasitic infections, and across the early stage of common carp development. Obtained data were compared with the actb gene, which is used widely as a reference in RT-qPCR analysis. The application of the three different algorithms - geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, allowed comparative evaluation of the expression stability of the tested genes. Subsequently, the RefFinder, a web-based tool, was used to rank the examined housekeeping genes comprehensively. We demonstrate variable transcription stability levels in the examined mRNAs as well as differences in expression between paralog gene copies. The 40s, b2m, ef1α and actb genes showed the most stable expression across all physiological conditions and tissues. The gapdh, odc1, and g6pd gene variants demonstrated lower stability. Differences in expression patterns between duplicated genes underline the possibility of functional divergence between them. This aspect should be considered in polyploid species before selecting the reference gene(s). Our study also points on the importance of choice for a reference gene (paralog) when expressing newly identified genes and the spatial expression profile is performed. SUBJECTS: Aquaculture, Molecular Biology, Fish Science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczygieł
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Golysz, Kalinowa 2, Zaborze, 43-520 Chybie, Poland
| | - Teresa Kamińska-Gibas
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Golysz, Kalinowa 2, Zaborze, 43-520 Chybie, Poland
| | - Jules Petit
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrycja Jurecka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Golysz, Kalinowa 2, Zaborze, 43-520 Chybie, Poland
| | - Geert Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Golysz, Kalinowa 2, Zaborze, 43-520 Chybie, Poland.
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13
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Seibel H, Baßmann B, Rebl A. Blood Will Tell: What Hematological Analyses Can Reveal About Fish Welfare. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:616955. [PMID: 33860003 PMCID: PMC8042153 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.616955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood analyses provide substantial information about the physiological aspects of animal welfare assessment, including the activation status of the neuroendocrine and immune system, acute and long-term impacts due to adverse husbandry conditions, potential diseases, and genetic predispositions. However, fish blood is still not routinely analyzed in research or aquaculture for the assessment of health and/or welfare. Over the years, the investigative techniques have evolved from antibody-based or PCR-based single-parameter analyses to now include transcriptomic, metabolomic, and proteomic approaches and from hematological observations to fluorescence-activated blood cell sorting in high-throughput modes. The range of testing techniques established for blood is now broader than for any other biogenic test material. Evaluation of the particular characteristics of fish blood, such as its cell composition, the nucleation of distinct blood cells, or the multiple isoforms of certain immune factors, requires adapted protocols and careful attention to the experimental designs and interpretation of the data. Analyses of fish blood can provide an integrated picture of the endocrine, immunological, reproductive, and genetic functions under defined environmental conditions and treatments. Therefore, the scarcity of high-throughput approaches using fish blood as a test material for fish physiology studies is surprising. This review summarizes the wide range of techniques that allow monitoring of informative fish blood parameters that are modulated by different stressors, conditions, and/or treatments. We provide a compact overview of several simple plasma tests and of multiparametric analyses of fish blood, and we discuss their potential use in the assessment of fish welfare and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike Seibel
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
- Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH (GMA), Büsum, Germany
| | - Björn Baßmann
- Department of Aquaculture and Sea-Ranching, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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14
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Colony Stimulating Factors in Early Feline Infectious Peritonitis Virus Infection of Monocytes and in End Stage Feline Infectious Peritonitis; A Combined In Vivo And In Vitro Approach. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9110893. [PMID: 33121170 PMCID: PMC7692899 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection initiates monocyte-associated viremia and viral persistence. Virus-infected, -activated monocytes also trigger feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a fatal systemic disease of felids typified by granulomatous (peri)phlebitis. Currently, the exact mechanisms inducing monocyte activation and FIP are unknown. This study attempted to identify the potential immediate effect of virulent FCoV on colony-stimulating factor (CSF) (granulocyte (G)-CSF, monocyte (M)-CSF and granulocyte-monocyte (GM)-CSF levels through in vitro assessment, alongside prototypical pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators (interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-12p40, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-10); this was assessed alongside the in vivo situation in the hemolymphatic tissues of cats euthanized with natural end-stage FIP. For the in vitro work, isolated monocytes from SPF cats were cultured short-term and infected with the FIP virus (FIPV) strain DF2. Mediator transcription was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3, 6 and 9 h post infection (hpi), and in the post-mortem samples of bone marrow, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of cats with FIP. We observed limited and transient changes in cytokine transcription in monocytes after infection, i.e., a significant increase of IL-6 at 3 hpi and of GM-CSF over the 3 and 6 hpi period, whereas M-CSF was significantly decreased at 9 hpi, with a limited effect of age. The findings indicate that the infection induces expansion of the monocyte/macrophage population, which would ensure the sufficient supply of cells for consistent viral replication. In natural disease, the only upregulation was of G-CSF in the MLN, suggesting either immune exhaustion or an active downregulation by the host as part of its viral response.
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15
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Nishiya K, Sawada M, Dijkstra JM, Miyamae J, Okano M, Katakura F, Moritomo T. A fish cytokine related to human IL-3, IL-5, and GM-CSF, induces development of eosinophil/basophil/mast-cell type (EBM) granulocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 108:103671. [PMID: 32147469 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are related cytokines that signal through receptors possessing the β common (βc) chain. As a family, these cytokines combine rather non-specific hematopoietic growth factor properties with a special importance for eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. In fish the cytokines of this family are called IL-5fam, and the present study, using carp, constitutes their first functional analysis. Carp il-5fam expression was enhanced by stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and killed bacteria. Reminiscent of mammalian IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF family members, recombinant carp IL-5fam (rcIL-5fam) induced activation of transcription factor STAT5 and efficiently promoted proliferation and colony-formation of eosinophil/basophil/mast-cell type (EBM) granulocytes. Upon addition of recombinant carp βc the growth effect of rcIL-5fam was reduced, suggesting βc participation in the signaling route. In summary, despite differences in individual cytokines and cell populations, fish and mammalian IL-3/IL-5/GM-CSF family members share growth factor functions for non-neutrophil granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nishiya
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Mai Sawada
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengakugakubo 1-98, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ikoino-oka 1-3, Imabari, Ehime, 794-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Okano
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
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