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Yang S, Bai Y, Tao J, Tu C, Chen B, Huang X, Zhang L, Liu L, Li L, Qin Z. Exploration of the immune response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) erythrocytes during bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109526. [PMID: 38554743 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In teleost blood, red blood cells (RBCs) are the most common type of cell, and they differ from mammalian RBCs in having a nucleus and other organelles. As nucleated cells, teleost RBCs contribute to the immune response against pathogens, but their antibacterial mechanism remains unclear. Here, we utilized RNA-Seq to analyze gene expression patterns of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) RBCs (GcRBCs) stimulated by Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Our transcriptomic data showed that bacterial stimulation generated many differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, several inflammatory pathways responded to bacterial activation, and the TLR, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways were significantly activated based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Furthermore, the findings of qRT-PCR showed markedly elevated expression of various cytokines, including IL-1β, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL12, and TNFα, in GcRBCs after incubation with bacteria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in GcRBCs was markedly increased after the cells were stimulated with the three bacteria, and the expression of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, was altered. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the apoptosis rate of GcRBCs was enhanced after stimulation with the three bacteria for different times. In summary, our findings reveal that bacterial stimulation activates the immune response of GcRBCs by regulating ROS release, cytokine expression, and the antioxidant system, leading to apoptosis of GcRBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Yanhan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Junjie Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Chengming Tu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xiaoman Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Linpeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Lihan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
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Caballero-Solares A, Eslamloo K, Hall JR, Katan T, Emam M, Xue X, Taylor RG, Balder R, Parrish CC, Rise ML. Vegetable omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids differentially modulate the antiviral and antibacterial immune responses of Atlantic salmon. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10947. [PMID: 38740811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61144-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory effects of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are a crucial subject of investigation for sustainable fish aquaculture, as fish oil is increasingly replaced by terrestrial vegetable oils in aquafeeds. Unlike previous research focusing on fish oil replacement with vegetable alternatives, our study explored how the omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio in low-fish oil aquafeeds influences Atlantic salmon's antiviral and antibacterial immune responses. Atlantic salmon were fed aquafeeds rich in soy oil (high in omega-6) or linseed oil (high in omega-3) for 12 weeks and then challenged with bacterial (formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida) or viral-like (polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid) antigens. The head kidneys of salmon fed high dietary omega-3 levels exhibited a more anti-inflammatory fatty acid profile and a restrained induction of pro-inflammatory and neutrophil-related genes during the immune challenges. The high-omega-3 diet also promoted a higher expression of genes associated with the interferon-mediated signaling pathway, potentially enhancing antiviral immunity. This research highlights the capacity of vegetable oils with different omega-6 to omega-3 PUFA ratios to modulate specific components of fish immune responses, offering insights for future research on the intricate lipid nutrition-immunity interplay and the development of novel sustainable low-fish oil clinical aquaculture feeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khalil Eslamloo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Centre for Marine Applied Research, Dartmouth, NS, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Tomer Katan
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
- Stantec Inc., St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Mohamed Emam
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | | | - Rachel Balder
- Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health, Elk River, MN, USA
| | - Christopher C Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Tsoulia T, Sundaram AYM, Braaen S, Jørgensen JB, Rimstad E, Wessel Ø, Dahle MK. Transcriptomics of early responses to purified Piscine orthoreovirus-1 in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) red blood cells compared to non-susceptible cell lines. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1359552. [PMID: 38420125 PMCID: PMC10899339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1359552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Piscine red blood cells (RBC) are nucleated and have been characterized as mediators of immune responses in addition to their role in gas exchange. Salmonid RBC are major target cells of Piscine orthoreovirus-1 (PRV-1), the etiological agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). PRV-1 replicates in RBC ex vivo, but no viral amplification has been possible in available A. salmon cell lines. To compare RBC basal transcripts and transcriptional responses to PRV-1 in the early phase of infection with non-susceptible cells, we exposed A. salmon RBC, Atlantic salmon kidney cells (ASK) and Salmon head kidney cells (SHK-1) to PRV-1 for 24 h. The RNA-seq analysis of RBC supported their previous characterization as pluripotent cells, as they expressed a wide repertoire of genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), cytokine receptors, and genes implicated in antiviral activities. The comparison of RBC to ASK and SHK-1 revealed immune cell features exclusively expressed in RBC, such as genes involved in chemotactic activity in response to inflammation. Differential expression analysis of RBC exposed to PRV-1 showed 46 significantly induced genes (≥ 2-fold upregulation) linked to the antiviral response pathway, including RNA-specific PRRs and interferon (IFN) response factors. In SHK-1, PRV induced a more potent or faster antiviral response (213 genes induced). ASK cells showed a differential response pattern (12 genes induced, 18 suppressed) less characterized by the dsRNA-induced antiviral pathway. Despite these differences, the RIG-I-like receptor 3 (RLR3) in the family of cytosolic dsRNA receptors was significantly induced in all PRV-1 exposed cells. IFN regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) was significantly induced in RBC only, in contrast to IRF3/IRF7 induced in SHK-1. Differences in IRF expression and activity may potentially affect viral propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomais Tsoulia
- Departments of Aquatic Animal Health and Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology, Fisheries and Economy, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Arvind Y. M. Sundaram
- Departments of Aquatic Animal Health and Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Braaen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorunn B. Jørgensen
- Department of Biotechnology, Fisheries and Economy, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Espen Rimstad
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Øystein Wessel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Maria K. Dahle
- Departments of Aquatic Animal Health and Analysis and Diagnostics, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ås, Norway
- Department of Biotechnology, Fisheries and Economy, UiT Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Puente-Marin S, Cazorla D, Chico V, Coll J, Ortega-Villaizan M. Innate immune response of rainbow trout erythrocytes to spinycterins expressing a downsized viral fragment of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus. AQUACULTURE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 568:739303. [PMID: 38533126 PMCID: PMC10961846 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2023.739303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported on the importance of RBCs in fish responses to viral infections and DNA vaccines. Surface-displaying recombinant bacterins (spinycterins) are a safe and adaptable prototype for viral vaccination of fish and represent an alternative method of aquaculture prophylaxis, since have been reported to enhance fish immune response. We evaluated the innate immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) red blood cells (RBCs), head kidney, and spleen to spinycterins expressing a fragment of the glycoprotein G of viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), one of the most devastating world-wide diseases in farmed salmonids. We first selected an immunorelevant downsized viral fragment of VHSV glycoprotein G (frg16252-450). Then, spinycterins expressing frg16252-450 fused to Nmistic anchor-motif (Nmistic+frg16252-450) were compared to spinycterins expressing frg16252-450 internally without the anchor motif. Nmistic+frg16252-450 spinycterins showed increased attachment to RBCs in vitro and modulated the expression of interferon- and antigen presentation-related genes in RBCs in vitro and in vivo, after intravenous injection. In contrast, the head kidney and spleen of fish injected with frg16252-450, but not Nmistic+frg16252-450, spinycterins demonstrated upregulation of interferon and antigen-presenting genes. Intravenous injection of Nmistic+frg16252-450 spinycterins resulted in a higher innate immune response in RBCs while frg16252-450 spinycterins increased the immune response in head kidney and spleen. Although more studies are required to evaluate the practicality of using spinycterins as fish viral vaccines, these results highlight the important contribution of RBCs to the fish innate immune response to antiviral prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH), Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - D. Cazorla
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH), Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - V. Chico
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH), Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - J. Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agrarias y Alimentarias, Dpto. Biotecnología. INIA, crt.Coruña km 7, 20040 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Ortega-Villaizan
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández (IBMC-UMH), Elche, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
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Siniperca chuatsi Rhabdovirus (SCRV)-Induced Key Pathways and Major Antiviral Genes in Fish Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122464. [PMID: 36557717 PMCID: PMC9788611 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish rhabdoviruses, including Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), are epidemic pathogens that harm fish aquaculture. To clarify the interactions between SCRV and its host and explore antiviral targets, the present study performed transcriptome analysis in a cultured S. chuatsi skin cell line (SCSC) after SCRV infection at 3, 12, 24, and 36 h post-infection (hpi). Comparison with control obtained 38, 353, 896, and 1452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the detected time points, respectively. Further analysis of the Go terms and KEGG pathways revealed the key pathways "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" and "interferon related pathways" in SCSC cells responding to SCRV infection. The significantly up-regulated genes in the pathways were also verified by qPCR. Furthermore, gene cloning and overexpression revealed that five interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) IFI4407, IFI35, Viperin, IFIT1, and IFIT5 had the ability to inhibit SCRV replication in FHM (Fathead minnow) cells, especially an inhibition efficiency more than 50% was observed in IFI35 overexpressed cells. In summary, current study revealed the main innate immune pathways in S. chuatsi cells induced by SCRV infection and the major ISGs of S. chuatsi in controlling SCRV replication.
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Immunomodulatory Lectin-like Peptides for Fish Erythrocytes-Targeting as Potential Antiviral Drug Delivery Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111821. [PMID: 34769254 PMCID: PMC8584011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges of science in disease prevention is optimizing drug and vaccine delivery. Until now, many strategies have been employed in this sector, but most are quite complex and labile. To overcome these limitations, great efforts are directed to coupling drugs to carriers, either of natural or synthetic origin. Among the most studied cell carriers are antigen-presenting cells (APCs), however, red blood cells (RBCs) are positioned as attractive carriers in drug delivery due to their abundance and availability in the body. Furthermore, fish RBCs have a nucleus and have been shown to have a strong involvement in modulating the immune response. In this study, we evaluated the binding of three peptides to rainbow trout RBCs, two lectin-like peptides and another derived from Plasmodium falciparum membrane protein, in order to take advantage of this peptide-RBCs binding to generate tools to improve the specificity, efficacy, immunostimulatory effect, and safety of the antiviral therapeutic or prophylactic administration systems currently used.
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Antiviral Function of NKEF against VHSV in Rainbow Trout. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10101045. [PMID: 34681144 PMCID: PMC8533630 DOI: 10.3390/biology10101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary An antioxidant protein has been identified in a sample of erythrocytes exposed to a fish virus. We evaluated the role of this protein as an antiviral molecule in fish. Through silencing and overexpression assays we determined the antiviral effect of this protein in the infectivity of the virus. In conclusion, this antioxidant protein may be a potential target for new therapeutic strategies against viral infections. Abstract Natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF) belongs to the peroxiredoxin family of proteins, a group of antioxidants that has been extensively studied in mammals. Recently, we identified NKEF in the immunoprecipitated proteome of rainbow trout red blood cells (RBCs) exposed to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). In the present study, we evaluated the role of NKEF in the antiviral response of rainbow trout against VHSV by examining the expression profile of NKEF in VHSV-exposed RBCs and rainbow trout gonad-2 (RTG-2) cell line. We found an in vitro correlation between decreased VHSV replication and increased NKEF expression after RBCs were exposed to VHSV, however this was not found in RTG-2 cells where the infection highly increased and nkef transcripts remained almost unchanged. In addition, siRNA silencing of the nkef gene in rainbow trout RBCs and RTG-2 cells resulted in increased VHSV replication. We also found a correlation between nkef gene silencing and a decrease in the expression of genes related to type 1 interferon (IFN1) pathway. These findings indicated that NKEF is involved in the antiviral mechanisms of rainbow trout RBCs against VHSV and thus support its antiviral role and implication in the modulation of their immune response. Finally, overexpression of NKEF in an EPC cell line significantly reduced VHSV infectivity and was coupled to an increment in IFN1-related genes. In conclusion, NKEF may be a potential target for new therapeutic strategies against viral infections.
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Bacillus subtilis Inhibits Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Infection in Olive Flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2020; 13:v13010028. [PMID: 33375689 PMCID: PMC7823535 DOI: 10.3390/v13010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a highly pathogenic virus that infects a wide range of host fish species causing high economic losses in aquaculture. Epithelial cells in mucosal organs are target sites for VHSV entry into fish. To protect fish against VHSV infection, there is a need to develop antiviral compounds able to prevent establishment of infection at portals of virus entry into fish. Bacillus subtilis is a probiotic with excellent antiviral properties, of which one of its secretions, surfactin, has been shown to inhibit viral infections in mammals. Herein, we demonstrate its ability to prevent VHSV infection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and infection in internal organs. Our findings show inhibition of VHSV infection in IECs by B. subtilis and surfactin. In addition, our findings showed inhibition of VHSV in Epithelioma Papulosum Cyprini (EPC) cells inoculated with intestinal homogenates from the fish pretreated with B. subtilis by oral exposure, while the untreated fish had cytopathic effects (CPE) caused by VHSV infection in the intestines at 48 h after the VHSV challenge. At 96 h post-challenge, samples from the untreated fish had CPE from head kidney and spleen homogenates and no CPE were observed in the intestinal homogenates, while the B. subtilis-pretreated fish had no CPE in all organs. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of VHSV infection at portals of virus entry in the intestines culminated in prevention of infection in internal organs. In summary, our results show that B. subtilis has the potential to prevent VHSV infection in fish and that its use as a probiotic in aquaculture has the potential to serve as an antiviral therapeutic agent against different viral infections.
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Bela-Ong DB, Greiner-Tollersrud L, Andreas van der Wal Y, Jensen I, Seternes OM, Jørgensen JB. Infection and microbial molecular motifs modulate transcription of the interferon-inducible gene ifit5 in a teleost fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 111:103746. [PMID: 32445651 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) are involved in antiviral defense. Members of this protein family contain distinctive multiple structural motifs comprising tetratricopeptides that are tandemly arrayed or dispersed along the polypeptide. IFIT-encoding genes are upregulated by type I interferons (IFNs) and other stimuli. IFIT proteins inhibit virus replication by binding to and regulating the functions of cellular and viral RNA and proteins. In teleost fish, knowledge about genes and functions of IFITs is currently limited. In the present work, we describe an IFIT5 orthologue in Atlantic salmon (SsaIFIT5) with characteristic tetratricopeptide repeat motifs. We show here that the gene encoding SsaIFIT5 (SsaIfit5) was ubiquitously expressed in various salmon tissues, while bacterial and viral challenge of live fish and in vitro stimulation of cells with recombinant IFNs and pathogen mimics triggered its transcription. The profound expression in response to various immune stimulation could be ascribed to the identified IFN response elements and binding sites for various immune-relevant transcription factors in the putative promoter of the SsaIfit5 gene. Our results establish SsaIfit5 as an IFN-stimulated gene in A. salmon and strongly suggest a phylogenetically conserved role of the IFIT5 protein in antimicrobial responses in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Berbulla Bela-Ong
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Linn Greiner-Tollersrud
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yorick Andreas van der Wal
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway; Vaxxinova Research &Development GmBH, Münster, Germany
| | - Ingvill Jensen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ole Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn B Jørgensen
- The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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10
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Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin in Human Atherosclerosis and Related Arterial Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186756. [PMID: 32942605 PMCID: PMC7554753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As the main particulate component of the circulating blood, RBCs play major roles in physiological hemodynamics and impact all arterial wall pathologies. RBCs are the main determinant of blood viscosity, defining the frictional forces exerted by the blood on the arterial wall. This function is used in phylogeny and ontogeny of the cardiovascular (CV) system, allowing the acquisition of vasomotricity adapted to local metabolic demands, and systemic arterial pressure after birth. In pathology, RBCs collide with the arterial wall, inducing both local retention of their membranous lipids and local hemolysis, releasing heme-Fe++ with a high toxicity for arterial cells: endothelial and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) cardiomyocytes, neurons, etc. Specifically, overloading of cells by Fe++ promotes cell death. This local hemolysis is an event associated with early and advanced stages of human atherosclerosis. Similarly, the permanent renewal of mural RBC clotting is the major support of oxidation in abdominal aortic aneurysm. In parallel, calcifications promote intramural hemorrhages, and hemorrhages promote an osteoblastic phenotypic shift of arterial wall cells. Different plasma or tissue systems are able, at least in part, to limit this injury by acting at the different levels of this system.
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Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła J, Deptuła W. Immune Functions of Erythrocytes in Osteichthyes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1914. [PMID: 33072066 PMCID: PMC7533606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs)—erythrocytes—of Osteichthyes are primarily known for their involvement in the process of gas exchange and respiration. Currently, physiological properties of RCBs in fish should also include their ability to participate in defense processes as part of the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. In response to viruses, bacteria, and fungi or recombinant nanoparticles, they can modulate expression of genes responsible for immune reactions, influence activity of leukocytes, and produce cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and paracrine intercellular signaling molecules. Via the complement system (CR1 receptor) and owing to their phagocytic properties (erythrophagocytosis), RBCs of Osteichthyes can eliminate pathogens. In addition, they are probably involved in the immune response as antigen-presenting cells via major histocompatibility complex class II antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra Góra, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Deptuła
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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12
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Brunner SR, Varga JFA, Dixon B. Antimicrobial Peptides of Salmonid Fish: From Form to Function. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E233. [PMID: 32824728 PMCID: PMC7464209 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, usually cationic, and amphiphilic molecules that play a crucial role in molecular and cellular host defense against pathogens, tissue damage, and infection. AMPs are present in all metazoans and several have been discovered in teleosts. Some teleosts, such as salmonids, have undergone whole genome duplication events and retained a diverse AMP repertoire. Salmonid AMPs have also been shown to possess diverse and potent antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic activity and are induced by a variety of factors, including dietary components and specific molecules also known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which may activate downstream signals to initiate transcription of AMP genes. Moreover, a multitude of cell lines have been established from various salmonid species, making it possible to study host-pathogen interactions in vitro, and several of these cell lines have been shown to express various AMPs. In this review, the structure, function, transcriptional regulation, and immunomodulatory role of salmonid AMPs are highlighted in health and disease. It is important to characterize and understand how salmonid AMPs function as this may lead to a better understanding of host-pathogen interactions with implications for aquaculture and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha R. Brunner
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.R.B.); (J.F.A.V.)
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph F. A. Varga
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.R.B.); (J.F.A.V.)
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (S.R.B.); (J.F.A.V.)
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Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Red Blood Cells from Rainbow Trout Challenged with VHSV Point Towards Novel Immunomodulant Targets. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7030063. [PMID: 31324030 PMCID: PMC6789484 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are nucleated and therefore can propagate cellular responses to exogenous stimuli. RBCs can mount an immune response against a variety of fish viruses, including the viral septicemia hemorrhagic virus (VHSV), which is one of the most prevalent fish viruses resulting in aquaculture losses. In this work, RBCs from blood and head kidney samples of rainbow trout challenged with VHSV were analyzed via transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. We detected an overrepresentation of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to the type I interferon response and signaling in RBCs from the head kidney and related to complement activation in RBCs from blood. Antigen processing and presentation of peptide antigen was overrepresented in RBCs from both tissues. DEGs shared by both tissues showed an opposite expression profile. In summary, this work has demonstrated that teleost RBCs can modulate the immune response during an in vivo viral infection, thus implicating RBCs as cell targets for the development of novel immunomodulants.
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Nombela I, Requena-Platek R, Morales-Lange B, Chico V, Puente-Marin S, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Coll J, Perez L, Mercado L, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Rainbow Trout Red Blood Cells Exposed to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Up-Regulate Antigen-Processing Mechanisms and MHC I&II, CD86, and CD83 Antigen-presenting Cell Markers. Cells 2019; 8:E386. [PMID: 31035565 PMCID: PMC6562805 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleated teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are known to express molecules from the major histocompatibility complex and peptide-generating processes such as autophagy and proteasomes, but the role of RBCs in antigen presentation of viruses have not been studied yet. In this study, RBCs exposed ex vivo to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) were evaluated by means of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Genes and proteins related to antigen presentation molecules, proteasome degradation, and autophagy were up-regulated. VHSV induced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in ex vivo VHSV-exposed RBCs and showed at the same time a decrease of proteasome activity. Furthermore, induction of autophagy was detected by evaluating LC3 protein levels. Sequestosome-1/p62 underwent degradation early after VHSV exposure, and it may be a link between ubiquitination and autophagy activation. Inhibition of autophagosome degradation with niclosamide resulted in intracellular detection of N protein of VHSV (NVHSV) and p62 accumulation. In addition, antigen presentation cell markers, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I & II, CD83, and CD86, increased at the transcriptional and translational level in rainbow trout RBCs exposed to VHSV. In summary, we show that nucleated rainbow trout RBCs can degrade VHSV while displaying an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-like profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Requena-Platek
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, 2373223 Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - Veronica Chico
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Sara Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB- CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB- CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, 2373223 Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
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