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Galli TT, de Campos EC, do Nascimento Camargo L, Fukuzaki S, Dos Santos TM, Hamaguchi SSS, Bezerra SKM, Silva FJA, Rezende BG, Dos Santos Lopes FTQ, Olivo CR, Saraiva-Romanholo BM, Prado CM, Leick EA, Bourotte CLM, Benseñor IJM, Lotufo PA, Righetti RF, Tibério IFLC. Effects of environmental exposure to iron powder on healthy and elastase-exposed mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9134. [PMID: 38644380 PMCID: PMC11033283 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to iron powder and other mineral dusts can threaten the health of individuals, especially those with COPD. The goal of this study was to determine how environmental exposure to metal dust from two different mining centers in Brazil affects lung mechanics, inflammation, remodeling and oxidative stress responses in healthy and elastase-exposed mice. This study divided 72 male C57Bl/6 mice into two groups, the summer group and the winter group. These groups were further divided into six groups: control, nonexposed (SAL); nonexposed, given elastase (ELA); exposed to metal powder at a mining company (SAL-L1 and ELA-L1); and exposed to a location three miles away from the mining company (SAL-L2 and ELA-L2) for four weeks. On the 29th day of the protocol, the researchers assessed lung mechanics, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), inflammation, remodeling, oxidative stress, macrophage iron and alveolar wall alterations (mean linear intercept-Lm). The Lm was increased in the ELA, ELA-L1 and ELA-L2 groups compared to the SAL group (p < 0.05). There was an increase in the total number of cells and macrophages in the ELA-L1 and ELA-L2 groups compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). Compared to the ELA and SAL groups, the exposed groups (ELA-L1, ELA-L2, SAL-L1, and SAL-L2) exhibited increased expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, neutrophil elastase, TIMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-12, TGF-β, collagen fibers, MUC5AC, iNOS, Gp91phox, NFkB and iron positive macrophages (p < 0.05). Although we did not find differences in lung mechanics across all groups, there were low to moderate correlations between inflammation remodeling, oxidative stress and NFkB with elastance, resistance of lung tissue and iron positive macrophages (p < 0.05). Environmental exposure to iron, confirmed by evaluation of iron in alveolar macrophages and in air, exacerbated inflammation, initiated remodeling, and induced oxidative stress responses in exposed mice with and without emphysema. Activation of the iNOS, Gp91phox and NFkB pathways play a role in these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Silvia Fukuzaki
- Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Renato Fraga Righetti
- Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iolanda Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério
- Faculdade de Medicina (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.
- University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246-903 - Laboratory LIM20, Brazil.
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Ray JL, Postma B, Kendall RL, Ngo MD, Foo CX, Saunders B, Ronacher K, Gowdy KM, Holian A. Estrogen contributes to sex differences in M2a macrophages during multi-walled carbon nanotube-induced respiratory inflammation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23350. [PMID: 38071600 PMCID: PMC10752389 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301571rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Lung diseases characterized by type 2 inflammation are reported to occur with a female bias in prevalence/severity in both humans and mice. This includes previous work examining multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-induced eosinophilic inflammation, in which a more exaggerated M2a phenotype was observed in female alveolar macrophages (AMs) compared to males. The mechanisms responsible for this sex difference in AM phenotype are still unclear, but estrogen receptor (ER) signaling is a likely contributor. Accordingly, male AMs downregulated ERα expression after MWCNT exposure while female AMs did not. Thus, ER antagonist Fulvestrant was administered prior to MWCNT instillation. In females, Fulvestrant significantly attenuated MWCNT-induced M2a gene expression and eosinophilia without affecting IL-33. In males, Fulvestrant did not affect eosinophil recruitment but reduced IL-33 and M2a genes compared to controls. Regulation of cholesterol efflux and oxysterol synthesis is a potential mechanism through which estrogen promotes the M2a phenotype. Levels of oxysterols 25-OHC and 7α,25-OHC were higher in the airways of MWCNT-exposed males compared to MWCNT-females, which corresponds with the lower IL-1β production and greater macrophage recruitment previously observed in males. Sex-based changes in cholesterol efflux transporters Abca1 and Abcg1 were also observed after MWCNT exposure with or without Fulvestrant. In vitro culture with estrogen decreased cellular cholesterol and increased the M2a response in female AMs, but did not affect cholesterol content in male AMs and reduced M2a polarization. These results reveal the modulation of (oxy)sterols as a potential mechanism through which estrogen signaling may regulate AM phenotype resulting in sex differences in downstream respiratory inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Ray
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Britten Postma
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Rebekah L. Kendall
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Minh Dao Ngo
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cheng Xiang Foo
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brett Saunders
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kymberly M. Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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3
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Kim J, Ham J, Kang HR, Bae YS, Kim T, Kim HY. JAK3 inhibitor suppresses multipotent ILC2s and attenuates steroid-resistant asthma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi3770. [PMID: 38117887 PMCID: PMC10732531 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are the standard treatment for allergic airway inflammation in asthma, but steroid-refractory asthma poses a challenge. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), such as T helper 2 (TH2) cells, produce key asthma-related type 2 cytokines. Recent insights from mouse and human studies indicate a potential connection between ILC2s and steroid-resistant asthma. Here, we highlight that lung ILC2s, rather than TH2 cells, can develop steroid resistance, allowing them to persist and maintain their disease-driving activity even during steroid treatment. The emergence of multipotent IL-5+IL-13+IL-17A+ ILC2s is associated with steroid-resistant ILC2s. The Janus kinase 3 (JAK3)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, 5, and 6 pathways contribute to the acquisition of steroid-resistant ILC2s. The JAK3 inhibitor reduces ILC2 survival, proliferation, and cytokine production in vitro and ameliorates ILC2-driven Alternaria-induced asthma. Furthermore, combining a JAK3 inhibitor with steroids results in the inhibition of steroid-resistant asthma. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic approach for addressing this challenging condition in chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jongho Ham
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRC Center for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organs, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryun Kang
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRC Center for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organs, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - TaeSoo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Multitasking Macrophage Research Center, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hye Young Kim
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, SRC Center for Immune Research on Non-lymphoid Organs, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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4
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Usmani K, Jain SK, Yadav S. Mechanism of action of certain medicinal plants for the treatment of asthma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116828. [PMID: 37369335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Asthma is often treated and prevented using the pharmacological properties of traditional medicinal plants. These healthcare systems are among the most well-known, conveniently accessible, and economically priced in India and several other Asian countries. Traditional Indian Ayurvedic plants have the potential to be used as phyto-therapeutics, to create novel anti-asthmatic drugs, and as a cost-effective source of pharmaceuticals. Current conventional therapies have drawbacks, including serious side effects and expensive costs that interfere with treatment compliance and affect the patient's quality of life. The primary objective of the article is to comprehensively evaluate the advancement of research on the protective phytochemicals of traditional plants that target immune responses and signaling cascades in inflammatory experimental asthma models. The study would assist in paving the way for the creation of natural phytomedicines that are protective, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory against asthma, which may then be used in individualized asthma therapy. AIM OF THE STUDY The study demonstrates the mechanisms of action of phytochemicals present in traditional medicinal plants, diminish pulmonary disorder in both in vivo and in vitro models of asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive review of the literature on conventional plant-based asthma therapies was performed from 2006 to 2022. The study uses authoritative scientific sources such as PubMed, PubChem Compound, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Google Scholar to collect information on potential phytochemicals and their mechanisms of action. World Flora Online (http://www.worldfloraonline.org) and Plants of the World Online (https://wcsp.science.kew.org) databases were used for the scientific names of medicinal plants. RESULTS The study outlines the phytochemical mechanisms of some traditional Ayurveda botanicals used to treat asthma. Active phytochemicals including curcumin, withaferin-A, piperine, glabridin, glycyrrhizin, 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, α-hederin, thymoquinone, eugenol, [6]-shogoal, and gingerol may treat asthma by controlling inflammation and airway remodeling. The study concluded that certain Ayurvedic plants' phytochemicals have the ability to reduce inflammation and modulate the immune system, that can effectively cure asthma. CONCLUSION Plants used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine have been utilized for millennia, advocating phyto-therapy as a treatment for a variety of illnesses. A theoretical foundation for the use of cutting-edge asthma treatments has been built with the growth of experimental research on traditional phytochemicals. In-depth phytochemical research for the treatment of asthma using Indian Traditional Ayurvedic herbs is compiled in the study. The approach for preventative therapeutics and cutting-edge alternatives to battle the molecular pathways in the pathophysiology of asthma are the key themes of the study. The phytochemical mechanism of action of traditional Ayurvedic herbs is explained to get the attention of the pharmaceutical industry so they can make future anti-asthma drugs for personalized asthma care in the community. The study develops strategies for customized phyto-therapeutics, concentrating on low-cost, side-effect-free approaches that employ bioactive phytochemicals from plants as the major source of effective anti-asthmatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Usmani
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India.
| | - Subodh Kumar Jain
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India.
| | - Shweta Yadav
- Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India.
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Kanj AN, Kottom TJ, Schaefbauer KJ, Choudhury M, Limper AH, Skalski JH. Dysbiosis of the intestinal fungal microbiota increases lung resident group 2 innate lymphoid cells and is associated with enhanced asthma severity in mice and humans. Respir Res 2023; 24:144. [PMID: 37259076 PMCID: PMC10230676 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02422-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut-lung axis is the concept that alterations of gut microbiota communities can influence immune function in the lungs. While studies have explored the relationship between intestinal bacterial dysbiosis and asthma development, less is understood about the impact of commensal intestinal fungi on asthma severity and control and underlying mechanisms by which this occurs. METHODS Wild-type mice were treated with Cefoperazone to deplete gut bacteria and administered Candida albicans or water through gavage. Mice were then sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) and their lungs were analyzed for changes in immune response. Humans with asthma were recruited and stool samples were analyzed for Candida abundance and associations with asthma severity and control. RESULTS Mice with intestinal Candida dysbiosis had enhanced Th2 response after airway sensitization with HDM, manifesting with greater total white cell and eosinophil counts in the airway, and total IgE concentrations in the serum. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) were more abundant in the lungs of mice with Candida gut dysbiosis, even when not sensitized to HDM, suggesting that ILC2 may be important mediators of the enhanced Th2 response. These effects occurred with no detectable increased Candida in the lung by culture or rtPCR suggesting gut-lung axis interactions were responsible. In humans with asthma, enhanced intestinal Candida burden was associated with the risk of severe asthma exacerbation in the past year, independent of systemic antibiotic and glucocorticoid use. CONCLUSIONS Candida gut dysbiosis may worsen asthma control and enhance allergic airway inflammation, potentially mediated by ILC2. Further studies are necessary to examine whether microbial dysbiosis can drive difficult-to-control asthma in humans and to better understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad N Kanj
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Theodore J Kottom
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyle J Schaefbauer
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Malay Choudhury
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrew H Limper
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph H Skalski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
- Thoracic Disease Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Liu Z, Li Y, Li N, Wang Y, Li Q, Ge D, Peng G, Zhou M. Dachengqi Decoction alleviates intestinal inflammation in ovalbumin-induced asthma by reducing group 2 innate lymphoid cells in a microbiota-dependent manner. J Tradit Complement Med 2023; 13:183-192. [PMID: 36970460 PMCID: PMC10037070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Dachengqi Decoction (DCQD) as a classic traditional Chinese medicine has been reported to be effective in treating asthma, but its mechanism remains unknown. This study aimed to reveal the mechanisms of DCQD on the intestinal complications of asthma mediated by group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and intestinal microbiota. Experimental procedure Ovalbumin (OVA) was used to construct asthmatic murine models. IgE, cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-5), fecal water content, colonic length, histopathologic appearance, and gut microbiota were evaluated in asthmatic mice treated with DCQD. Finally, we administered DCQD to antibiotic-treated asthmatic mice to measure the ILC2 in the small intestine and colon. Results and conclusion DCQD decreased pulmonary IgE, IL-4, and IL-5 levels in asthmatic mice. The fecal water content, the colonic length weight loss, and the epithelial damage of jejunum, ileum, and colon of asthmatic mice were ameliorated by DCQD. Meanwhile, DCQD greatly improved intestinal dysbiosis by enriching Allobaculum, Romboutsia and Turicibacter in the whole intestine, and Lactobacillus gasseri only in the colon. However, DCQD caused less abundant Faecalibaculum and Lactobacillus vaginalis in the small intestine of asthmatic mice. A higher ILC2 proportion in different gut segments of asthmatic mice was reversed by DCQD. Finally, significant correlations appeared between DCQD-mediated specific bacteria and cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-5) or ILC2. These findings indicate that DCQD alleviated the concurrent intestinal inflammation in OVA-induced asthma by decreasing the excessive accumulation of intestinal ILC2 in a microbiota-dependent manner across different gut locations.
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7
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Fritz JH, Stoiber D. Editorial: Innate lymphocytes in tumor surveillance. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1093318. [PMID: 36505415 PMCID: PMC9727408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1093318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg H. Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University Research Center on Complex Traits (MRCCT), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Jörg H. Fritz, ; Dagmar Stoiber,
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Division Pharmacology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria,*Correspondence: Jörg H. Fritz, ; Dagmar Stoiber,
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8
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Tomiaki C, Miyauchi K, Ki S, Suzuki Y, Suzuki N, Morimoto H, Mukoyama Y, Kubo M. Role of FK506-sensitive signals in asthmatic lung inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1014462. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1014462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is airway inflammatory diseases caused by the activation of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and type 2 helper T (TH2) cells. Cysteine proteases allergen cause tissue damage to airway epithelial cells and activate ILC2-mediated type 2 airway inflammation. FK506 is an immunosuppressive agent against calcium-dependent NFAT activation that is also effective against asthmatic inflammation. However, the effects of FK506 on cysteine protease allergen-mediated airway inflammation remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effects of FK506 on airway inflammation. FK506 had a partial inhibitory effect on ILC2-dependent eosinophil inflammation and a robust inhibitory effect on T cell-dependent eosinophil inflammation in a cysteine protease-induced mouse asthma model. The infiltration of T1/ST2+ CD4 T cells in the lungs contributed to the persistence of eosinophil infiltration in the airway; FK506 completely inhibited the infiltration of T1/ST2+ CD4 T cells. In the initial phase, FK506 treatment targeted lung ILC2 activation induced by leukotriene B4 (LTB4)-mediated calcium signaling, but not IL-33 signaling. FK506 also inhibited the IL-13-dependent accumulation of T1/ST2+ CD4 T cells in the lungs of the later responses. These results indicated that FK506 potently suppressed airway inflammation by targeting ILC2 activation and T1/ST2+ CD4 T cell accumulation.
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Joglekar MM, Nizamoglu M, Fan Y, Nemani SSP, Weckmann M, Pouwels SD, Heijink IH, Melgert BN, Pillay J, Burgess JK. Highway to heal: Influence of altered extracellular matrix on infiltrating immune cells during acute and chronic lung diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:995051. [PMID: 36408219 PMCID: PMC9669433 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.995051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental insults including respiratory infections, in combination with genetic predisposition, may lead to lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung fibrosis, asthma, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Common characteristics of these diseases are infiltration and activation of inflammatory cells and abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, leading to tissue damage and impairments in lung function. The ECM provides three-dimensional (3D) architectural support to the lung and crucial biochemical and biophysical cues to the cells, directing cellular processes. As immune cells travel to reach any site of injury, they encounter the composition and various mechanical features of the ECM. Emerging evidence demonstrates the crucial role played by the local environment in recruiting immune cells and their function in lung diseases. Moreover, recent developments in the field have elucidated considerable differences in responses of immune cells in two-dimensional versus 3D modeling systems. Examining the effect of individual parameters of the ECM to study their effect independently and collectively in a 3D microenvironment will help in better understanding disease pathobiology. In this article, we discuss the importance of investigating cellular migration and recent advances in this field. Moreover, we summarize changes in the ECM in lung diseases and the potential impacts on infiltrating immune cell migration in these diseases. There has been compelling progress in this field that encourages further developments, such as advanced in vitro 3D modeling using native ECM-based models, patient-derived materials, and bioprinting. We conclude with an overview of these state-of-the-art methodologies, followed by a discussion on developing novel and innovative models and the practical challenges envisaged in implementing and utilizing these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha M. Joglekar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mehmet Nizamoglu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - YiWen Fan
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sai Sneha Priya Nemani
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology &Allergology, University Children’s Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
- Epigenetics of Chronic Lung Disease, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases; Leibniz Lung Research Center Borstel; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Markus Weckmann
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology &Allergology, University Children’s Hospital, Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
- Epigenetics of Chronic Lung Disease, Priority Research Area Chronic Lung Diseases; Leibniz Lung Research Center Borstel; Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Germany
| | - Simon D. Pouwels
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Irene H. Heijink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Barbro N. Melgert
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Janesh Pillay
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Critical Care, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Janette K. Burgess
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Materials Science-FB41, Groningen, Netherlands
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Márquez-Sánchez AC, Koltsova EK. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Front Immunol 2022; 13:989933. [PMID: 36275758 PMCID: PMC9583679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.989933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease. Immune-mediated infiltration and a destruction of the aortic wall during AAA development plays significant role in the pathogenesis of this disease. While various immune cells had been found in AAA, the mechanisms of their activation and function are still far from being understood. A better understanding of mechanisms regulating the development of aberrant immune cell activation in AAA is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the role of immune cells in AAA and discuss how pathogenic immune cell activation is regulated in this disease.
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11
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Gazi U, Bahceciler NN. Immune mechanisms induced by sublingual immunotherapy in allergic respiratory diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:262-269. [PMID: 35975953 PMCID: PMC9521660 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic respiratory diseases (ARDs) are still a major burden on global public health. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is a mode of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) which involves administration of the allergen under the tongue, and benefits from tolerogenic properties of the oral mucosa. Studies revealed reduced levels of eosinophilia and eosinophil-dominated inflammation in airways of both animals and humans after SLIT. SLIT was also suggested to lower basophil responsiveness and innate lymphoid cell-2 function in blood samples collected from patients with ARD. Moreover, apart from shifting pathogenic type 2 (TH2) to a type 1 (TH1) and protective regulatory (Treg) polarization of helper T-cell immune response, antibody isotype switch from IgE to IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 and IgA was also reported in patients with ARD receiving SLIT. Today, the literature on SLIT-mediated activities is still scarce and more studies are required to further enlighten the mechanisms utilized by SLIT for the induction of tolerance. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the immune-regulatory mechanisms induced by SLIT against ARDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nerin Nadir Bahceciler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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12
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Matsuyama T, Matsuyama H, Dotake Y, Takagi K, Machida K, Inoue H. The Therapeutic Potential for Targeting Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Asthma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:930862. [PMID: 35911708 PMCID: PMC9327784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.930862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T helper type 2 cells (Th2 cells) and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma, including airway eosinophilic inflammation. ILC2s are activated by epithelial-derived cytokines [interleukin-25 (IL-25), IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP)] from airway epithelial cells, leading to the release of high amounts of type 2 cytokines, such as IL-5 and IL-13. ILC2s induce airway inflammation in an antigen-independent manner, and ILC2s are considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma exacerbation. Furthermore, ILC2 activation might also confer steroid resistance. Many recent studies in humans and mice are increasingly demonstrating that the function of ILC2s is regulated not just by epithelial-derived cytokines but by a variety of cytokines and mediators derived from innate immune cells. Furthermore, the biologics targeting these cytokines and/or their receptors have been shown to reduce asthma exacerbations and improve lung function and quality of life in asthmatics. This article reviews the current treatment landscape for type 2 airway inflammation in asthma and discusses the therapeutic potential for targeting ILC2s.
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13
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Tone K, Ogawa H, Gochi M, Nagano Y, Furube A, Inaki S, Takagi M, Makimura K, Kuwano K. Allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis associated with a novel pathogen: Bjerkandera adusta. Allergol Int 2022; 71:542-544. [PMID: 35717377 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tone
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Ogawa
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mina Gochi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuko Nagano
- Clinical Central Laboratory, The Jikei University School of Medicine Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsuki Furube
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Inaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takagi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine Kashiwa Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Teikyo University Institute of Medical Mycology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kuwano
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Jin J, Sunusi S, Lu H. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are important in typical type 2 immune-mediated diseases and an essential therapeutic target. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605211053156. [PMID: 35048721 PMCID: PMC8796086 DOI: 10.1177/03000605211053156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence rate of allergic diseases, such as asthma, atopic rhinitis (AR), and atopic dermatitis (AD), has been significantly increasing over the years because of environmental changes. Type 2 immunity is mediated by allergic inflammation initiated by an innate immune response. This response is orchestrated by type 2 cytokines (interleukin [IL]-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13) together with other cells. The dendritic cell [DC]-T helper 2 (Th2) cell axis is the conventional type 2 immune pathway, and is currently known as the group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2)-DC-Th2 axis that mediates type 2 inflammation. ILC2s strongly mediate type 2 inflammation in allergic diseases. ILC2s are activated by epithelial cell-derived cytokines, such as IL-25 and IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Additionally, ILC2s are activated by mast cell lipid inflammatory mediators, such as cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2. ILC2s produce a large amount of type 2 cytokines. The important role of ILC2s in the pathogenesis of type 2-mediated disease has resulted in ILC2-derived cytokines being a target for therapeutic development. In this review, we discuss type 2 immunity, mainly the ILC2-DC-Th2 axis, and other immune cells, the dominant role of ILC2s in asthma, AR, and AD, and therapeutic targets against type 2 cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sadik Sunusi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongyan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, China
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15
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Exploring the Role of Innate Lymphocytes in the Immune System of Bats and Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010150. [PMID: 35062356 PMCID: PMC8781337 DOI: 10.3390/v14010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoirs of a large number of viruses of global public health significance, including the ancestral virus for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although bats are natural carriers of multiple pathogenic viruses, they rarely display signs of disease. Recent insights suggest that bats have a more balanced host defense and tolerance system to viral infections that may be linked to the evolutionary adaptation to powered flight. Therefore, a deeper understanding of bat immune system may provide intervention strategies to prevent zoonotic disease transmission and to identify new therapeutic targets. Similar to other eutherian mammals, bats have both innate and adaptive immune systems that have evolved to detect and respond to invading pathogens. Bridging these two systems are innate lymphocytes, which are highly abundant within circulation and barrier tissues. These cells share the characteristics of both innate and adaptive immune cells and are poised to mount rapid effector responses. They are ideally suited as the first line of defense against early stages of viral infections. Here, we will focus on the current knowledge of innate lymphocytes in bats, their function, and their potential role in host–pathogen interactions. Moreover, given that studies into bat immune systems are often hindered by a lack of bat-specific research tools, we will discuss strategies that may aid future research in bat immunity, including the potential use of organoid models to delineate the interplay between innate lymphocytes, bat viruses, and host tolerance.
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16
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and nonspecific intestinal inflammatory condition with high relapse rate. Its pathogenesis has been linked to dysbacteriosis, genetic and environmental factors. In recent years, a new type of lymphocytes, termed innate lymphoid cells, has been described and classified into three subtypes of innate lymphoid cells-group 1, group 2 and group 3. An imbalance among these subsets' interaction with gut microbiome, and other immune cells affects intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Understanding the role of innate lymphoid cells may provide ideas for developing novel and targeted approaches for treatment of IBD.
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Helou DG, Shafiei-Jahani P, Hurrell BP, Painter JD, Quach C, Howard E, Akbari O. LAIR-1 acts as an immune checkpoint on activated ILC2s and regulates the induction of airway hyperreactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:223-236.e6. [PMID: 34144112 PMCID: PMC8674385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are relevant players in type 2 asthma. They initiate eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperreactivity (AHR) through cytokine secretion. Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LAIR-1) is an inhibitory receptor considered to be an immune checkpoint in different inflammatory diseases. OBJECTIVE Our aim here was to investigate the expression of LAIR-1 and assess its role in human and murine ILC2s. METHODS Wild-type and LAIR-1 knockout mice were intranasally challenged with IL-33, and pulmonary ILC2s were sorted to perform an ex vivo comparative study based on RNA sequencing and flow cytometry. We next studied the impact of LAIR-1 deficiency on AHR and lung inflammation by using knockout mice and adoptive transfer experiments in Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- mice. Knockdown antisense strategies and humanized mice were used to assess the role of LAIR-1 in human ILC2s. RESULTS We have demonstrated that LAIR-1 is inducible on activated ILC2s and downregulates cytokine secretion and effector function. LAIR-1 signaling in ILC2s was mediated via inhibitory pathways, including SHP1/PI3K/AKT, and LAIR-1 deficiency led to exacerbated ILC2-dependent AHR in IL-33 and Alternaria alternata models. In adoptive transfer experiments, we confirmed the LAIR-1-mediated regulation of ILC2s in vivo. Interestingly, LAIR-1 was expressed and inducible in human ILC2s, and knockdown approaches of Lair1 resulted in higher cytokine production. Finally, engagement of LAIR-1 by physiologic ligand C1q significantly reduced ILC2-dependent AHR in a humanized ILC2 murine model. CONCLUSION Our results unravel a novel regulatory axis in ILC2s with the capacity to reduce allergic AHR and lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doumet Georges Helou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Pedram Shafiei-Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Jacob D Painter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Christine Quach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Emily Howard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
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18
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Ray JL, Shaw PK, Postma B, Beamer CA, Holian A. Nanoparticle-Induced Airway Eosinophilia Is Independent of ILC2 Signaling but Associated With Sex Differences in Macrophage Phenotype Development. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:110-120. [PMID: 34819391 PMCID: PMC8702462 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of lung diseases occur with a sex bias in terms of prevalence and/or severity. Previous studies demonstrated that, compared with males, female mice develop greater eosinophilic inflammation in the airways after multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) exposure. However, the mechanism by which this sex bias occurs is unknown. Two immune cells that could account for the sex bias are type II innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and alveolar macrophages (AMs). In order to determine which immune cell type was responsible for MWCNT-induced airway eosinophil recruitment and subsequent sex differences in inflammation and disease, male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to MWCNTs (2 mg/kg) via oropharyngeal aspiration, and the respiratory immune response was assessed 7 d later. Greater eosinophilia and eotaxin 2 levels were observed in MWCNT-treated females and corresponded with greater changes in airway hyperresponsiveness than those in MWCNT-treated males. In MWCNT-treated females, there was a significant increase in the frequency of ILC2s within the lungs compared with control animals. However, depletion of ILC2s via α-CD90.2 administration did not decrease eosinophil recruitment 24 h and 7 d after MWCNT exposure. AMs isolated from control and MWCNT-treated animals demonstrated that M2a macrophage phenotype gene expression, ex vivo cytokine production, and activation of (p)STAT6 were upregulated to a significantly greater degree in MWCNT-treated females than in males. Our findings suggest that sex differences in AM phenotype development, not ILC2 signaling, are responsible for the observed female bias in eosinophilic inflammation after MWCNT inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Ray
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Pam K. Shaw
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Britten Postma
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Celine A. Beamer
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT
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Vélez-del-Burgo A, Sánchez P, Suñen E, Martínez J, Postigo I. Purified Native and Recombinant Major Alternaria alternata Allergen (Alt a 1) Induces Allergic Asthma in the Murine Model. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110896. [PMID: 34829186 PMCID: PMC8624818 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeroallergens such us the spores of Alternaria alternata are described as the most important agents associated with respiratory allergies and severe asthma. Various experimental models of asthma have been developed using A. alternata extracts to study the pathogenesis of asthma, establishing the main parameters that trigger the asthmatic response. In this study, we describe a mouse model of asthma induced only by Alt a 1. To induce the allergic response, mice were challenged intranasally with the major allergen of A. alternata, Alt a 1. The presence of eosinophils in the lungs, elevated concentrations of Th2 family cytokines, lymphocyte proliferation and elevated IgE total serum levels indicated that the sensitisation and challenge with Alt a 1 induced the development of airway inflammation. Histological studies showed an eosinophilic cellular infiltrate in the lung tissue of mice instilled with Alt a 1. We demonstrate that Alt a 1 alone is capable of inducing a lung inflammatory response with an increase in IgE serum levels mimicking the allergic asthma immunoresponse when it is administered into BALB/c mice. This model will allow the evaluation of the immunoregulatory or immunotolerant capacity of several molecules that can be used in targeted immunotherapy for fungal allergic asthma.
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20
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Adiponectin and Asthma: Knowns, Unknowns and Controversies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168971. [PMID: 34445677 PMCID: PMC8396527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipokine associated with the healthy obese phenotype. Adiponectin increases insulin sensitivity and has cardio and vascular protection actions. Studies related to adiponectin, a modulator of the innate and acquired immunity response, have suggested a role of this molecule in asthma. Studies based on various asthma animal models and on the key cells involved in the allergic response have provided important insights about this relation. Some of them indicated protection and others reversed the balance towards negative effects. Many of them described the cellular pathways activated by adiponectin, which are potentially beneficial for asthma prevention or for reduction in the risk of exacerbations. However, conclusive proofs about their efficiency still need to be provided. In this article, we will, briefly, present the general actions of adiponectin and the epidemiological studies supporting the relation with asthma. The main focus of the current review is on the mechanisms of adiponectin and the impact on the pathobiology of asthma. From this perspective, we will provide arguments for and against the positive influence of this molecule in asthma, also indicating the controversies and sketching out the potential directions of research to complete the picture.
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21
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Hovhannisyan L, Czechowska E, Gutowska-Owsiak D. The Role of Non-Immune Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Allergy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702381. [PMID: 34489951 PMCID: PMC8417238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), and especially exosomes, have been shown to mediate information exchange between distant cells; this process directly affects the biological characteristics and functionality of the recipient cell. As such, EVs significantly contribute to the shaping of immune responses in both physiology and disease states. While vesicles secreted by immune cells are often implicated in the allergic process, growing evidence indicates that EVs from non-immune cells, produced in the stroma or epithelia of the organs directly affected by inflammation may also play a significant role. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms of allergy to which those EVs contribute, with a particular focus on small EVs (sEVs). Finally, we also give a clinical perspective regarding the utilization of the EV-mediated communication route for the benefit of allergic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Hovhannisyan
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of in vitro Studies, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ewa Czechowska
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Gutowska-Owsiak
- University of Gdansk, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Komlósi ZI, van de Veen W, Kovács N, Szűcs G, Sokolowska M, O'Mahony L, Akdis M, Akdis CA. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic asthma. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 85:100995. [PMID: 34364680 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, which affects more than 350 million people worldwide. It is the most common chronic disease in children, affecting at least 30 million children and young adults in Europe. Asthma is a complex, partially heritable disease with a marked heterogeneity. Its development is influenced both by genetic and environmental factors. The most common, as well as the most well characterized subtype of asthma is allergic eosinophilic asthma, which is characterized by a type 2 airway inflammation. The prevalence of asthma has substantially increased in industrialized countries during the last 60 years. The mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon are incompletely understood, however increased exposure to various environmental pollutants probably plays a role. Disease inception is thought to be enabled by a disadvantageous shift in the balance between protective and harmful lifestyle and environmental factors, including exposure to protective commensal microbes versus infection with pathogens, collectively leading to airway epithelial cell damage and disrupted barrier integrity. Epithelial cell-derived cytokines are one of the main drivers of the type 2 immune response against innocuous allergens, ultimately leading to infiltration of lung tissue with type 2 T helper (TH2) cells, type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), M2 macrophages and eosinophils. This review outlines the mechanisms responsible for the orchestration of type 2 inflammation and summarizes the novel findings, including but not limited to dysregulated epithelial barrier integrity, alarmin release and innate lymphoid cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt I Komlósi
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Nóra Kovács
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Lung Health Hospital, Munkácsy Mihály Str. 70, 2045, Törökbálint, Hungary
| | - Gergő Szűcs
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad Sqr. 4, 1089, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Tömő Str. 25-29, 1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Department of Medicine and School of Microbiology, APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Hermann-Burchard Strasse 9, CH7265, Davos Wolfgand, Switzerland; Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos, Switzerland
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Saez A, Gomez-Bris R, Herrero-Fernandez B, Mingorance C, Rius C, Gonzalez-Granado JM. Innate Lymphoid Cells in Intestinal Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147618. [PMID: 34299236 PMCID: PMC8307624 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneous state of chronic intestinal inflammation of unknown cause encompassing Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD has been linked to genetic and environmental factors, microbiota dysbiosis, exacerbated innate and adaptive immunity and epithelial intestinal barrier dysfunction. IBD is classically associated with gut accumulation of proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 cells accompanied by insufficient Treg numbers and Tr1 immune suppression. Inflammatory T cells guide innate cells to perpetuate a constant hypersensitivity to microbial antigens, tissue injury and chronic intestinal inflammation. Recent studies of intestinal mucosal homeostasis and IBD suggest involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). These lymphoid-origin cells are innate counterparts of T cells but lack the antigen receptors expressed on B and T cells. ILCs play important roles in the first line of antimicrobial defense and contribute to organ development, tissue protection and regeneration, and mucosal homeostasis by maintaining the balance between antipathogen immunity and commensal tolerance. Intestinal homeostasis requires strict regulation of the quantity and activity of local ILC subpopulations. Recent studies demonstrated that changes to ILCs during IBD contribute to disease development. A better understanding of ILC behavior in gastrointestinal homeostasis and inflammation will provide valuable insights into new approaches to IBD treatment. This review summarizes recent research into ILCs in intestinal homeostasis and the latest advances in the understanding of the role of ILCs in IBD, with particular emphasis on the interaction between microbiota and ILC populations and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Saez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gomez-Bris
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Herrero-Fernandez
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Mingorance
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
| | - Cristina Rius
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid (UEM), Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Gonzalez-Granado
- LamImSys Lab, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain; (A.S.); (R.G.-B.); (B.H.-F.); (C.M.)
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913908766
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Matsubara K, Kunimura K, Yamane N, Aihara R, Sakurai T, Sakata D, Uruno T, Fukui Y. DOCK8 deficiency causes a skewing to type 2 immunity in the gut with expansion of group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 559:135-140. [PMID: 33940384 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Cdc42. In humans, homozygous or compound heterozygous deletions in DOCK8 cause a combined immunodeficiency characterized by various allergic diseases including food allergies. Although group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to the development of allergic inflammation by producing interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, the role of ILC2s in DOCK8 deficiency has not been fully explored. With the use of cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF), we performed high-dimensional phenotyping of intestinal immune cells and found that DOCK8-deficient (Dock8-/-) mice exhibited expansion of ILC2s and other leukocytes associated with type 2 immunity in the small intestine. Moreover, IL-5- and IL-13-producing cells markedly increased in Dock8-/- mice, and the majority of them were lineage-negative cells, most likely ILC2s. Intestinal ILC2s expanded when DOCK8 expression was selectively deleted in hematopoietic cells. Importantly, intestinal ILC2 expansion was also observed in Dock8VAGR mice having mutations in the catalytic center of DOCK8, thereby failing to activate Cdc42. Our findings indicate that DOCK8 is a negative regulator of intestinal ILC2s to inhibit their expansion via Cdc42 activation, and that deletion of DOCK8 causes a skewing to type 2 immunity in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Matsubara
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Kunimura
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Nana Yamane
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Aihara
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakurai
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daiji Sakata
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takehito Uruno
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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25
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Jakubczyk D, Górska S. Impact of Probiotic Bacteria on Respiratory Allergy Disorders. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:688137. [PMID: 34234762 PMCID: PMC8256161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.688137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory allergy is a common disease with an increased prevalence worldwide. The effective remedy is still unknown, and a new therapeutic approach is highly desirable. The review elaborates the influence of probiotic bacteria on respiratory allergy prevention and treatment with particular emphasis on the impact of the current methods of their administration – oral and intranasal. The background of the respiratory allergy is complex thus, we focused on the usefulness of probiotics in the alleviation of different allergy factors, in particular involved in pathomechanism, local hypersensitive evidence and the importance of epithelial barrier. In this review, we have shown that (1) probiotic strains may vary in modulatory potential in respiratory allergy, (2) probiotic bacteria are beneficial in oral and intranasal administration, (3) recombinant probiotic bacteria can modulate the course of respiratory allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Jakubczyk
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sabina Górska
- Laboratory of Microbiome Immunobiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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26
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Zheng H, Zhang Y, Pan J, Liu N, Qin Y, Qiu L, Liu M, Wang T. The Role of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells in Allergic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:586078. [PMID: 34177881 PMCID: PMC8220221 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.586078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are significant diseases that affect many patients worldwide. In the past few decades, the incidence of allergic diseases has increased significantly due to environmental changes and social development, which has posed a substantial public health burden and even led to premature death. The understanding of the mechanism underlying allergic diseases has been substantially advanced, and the occurrence of allergic diseases and changes in the immune system state are known to be correlated. With the identification and in-depth understanding of innate lymphoid cells, researchers have gradually revealed that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play important roles in many allergic diseases. However, our current studies of ILC2s are limited, and their status in allergic diseases remains unclear. This article provides an overview of the common phenotypes and activation pathways of ILC2s in different allergic diseases as well as potential research directions to improve the understanding of their roles in different allergic diseases and ultimately find new treatments for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachuang Pan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Linghui Qiu
- Journal Press of Global Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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27
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Kwon EK, Choi Y, Yoon IH, Won HK, Sim S, Lee HR, Kim HS, Ye YM, Shin YS, Park HS, Ban GY. Oleoylethanolamide induces eosinophilic airway inflammation in bronchial asthma. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:1036-1045. [PMID: 34079051 PMCID: PMC8257664 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic eosinophilic inflammatory disease with an increasing prevalence worldwide. Endocannabinoids are known to have immunomodulatory biological effects. However, the contribution of oleoylethanolamide (OEA) to airway inflammation remains to be elucidated. To investigate the effect of OEA, the expression of proinflammatory cytokines was measured by RT-qPCR and ELISA in airway epithelial (A549) cells. The numbers of airway inflammatory cells and cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, airway hyperresponsiveness, and type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) were examined in BALB/c mice after 4 days of OEA treatment. Furthermore, eosinophil activation after OEA treatment was evaluated by measuring cellular CD69 levels in eosinophils from human peripheral eosinophils using flow cytometry. OEA induced type 2 inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. OEA increased the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and IL-33, in A549 cells. In addition, it also induced eosinophilic inflammation, the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and airway hyperresponsiveness. OEA increased the numbers of IL-5- or IL-13-producing ILC2s in a mouse model. Finally, we confirmed that OEA increased CD69 expression (an eosinophil activation marker) on purified eosinophils from patients with asthma compared to those from healthy controls. OEA may play a role in the pathogenesis of asthma by activating ILC2s and eosinophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Il-Hee Yoon
- VHS Veterans Medical Research Institute, VHS Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Kyeong Won
- Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoon Sim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Hyoung Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ga-Young Ban
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. .,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Dongtan, Korea.
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28
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Poonpanichakul T, Chan-In W, Opasawatchai A, Loison F, Matangkasombut O, Charoensawan V, Matangkasombut P. Innate Lymphoid Cells Activation and Transcriptomic Changes in Response to Human Dengue Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:599805. [PMID: 34079535 PMCID: PMC8165392 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.599805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) infection has a global impact on public health. The clinical outcomes (of DENV) can vary from a flu-like illness called dengue fever (DF), to a more severe form, known as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The underlying innate immune mechanisms leading to protective or detrimental outcomes have not been fully elucidated. Helper innate lymphoid cells (hILCs), an innate lymphocyte recently discovered, functionally resemble T-helper cells and are important in inflammation and homeostasis. However, the role of hILCs in DENV infection had been unexplored. Methods We performed flow cytometry to investigate the frequency and phenotype of hILCs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from DENV-infected patients of different disease severities (DF and DHF), and at different phases (febrile and convalescence) of infection. Intracellular cytokine staining of hILCs from DF and DHF were also evaluated by flow cytometry after ex vivo stimulation. Further, the hILCs were sorted and subjected to transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing. Differential gene expression analysis was performed to compare the febrile and convalescent phase samples in DF and DHF. Selected differentially expressed genes were then validated by quantitative PCR. Results Phenotypic analysis showed marked activation of all three hILC subsets during the febrile phase as shown by higher CD69 expression when compared to paired convalescent samples, although the frequency of hILCs remained unchanged. Upon ex vivo stimulation, hILCs from febrile phase DHF produced significantly higher IFN-γ and IL-4 when compared to those of DF. Transcriptomic analysis showed unique hILCs gene expression in DF and DHF, suggesting that divergent functions of hILCs may be associated with different disease severities. Differential gene expression analysis indicated that hILCs function both in cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity during the febrile phase of DENV infection. Conclusions Helper ILCs are activated in the febrile phase of DENV infection and display unique transcriptomic changes as well as cytokine production that correlate with severity. Targeting hILCs during early innate response to DENV might help shape subsequent immune responses and potentially lessen the disease severity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiraput Poonpanichakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Chan-In
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Anunya Opasawatchai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fabien Loison
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varodom Charoensawan
- Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Integrative Computational BioScience Center (ICBS), Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ponpan Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Systems Biology of Diseases Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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29
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Mirpuri J. The emerging role of group 3 innate lymphoid cells in the neonate: interaction with the maternal and neonatal microbiome. OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 2:iqab009. [PMID: 34151271 PMCID: PMC8208228 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical for host defense and are notably important in the context of the newborn when adaptive immunity is immature. There is an increasing evidence that development and function of group 3 ILCs (ILC3) can be modulated by the maternal and neonatal microbiome and is involved in neonatal disease pathogenesis. In this review, we explore the evidence that supports a critical role for ILC3 in resistance to infection and disease pathogenesis in the newborn, with a focus on microbial factors that modulate ILC3 function. We then briefly explore opportunities for research that are focused on the fetus and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mirpuri
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Suite F3.302, Dallas, TX 75390-9063, USA
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30
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Horowitz NB, Mohammad I, Moreno-Nieves UY, Koliesnik I, Tran Q, Sunwoo JB. Humanized Mouse Models for the Advancement of Innate Lymphoid Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:648580. [PMID: 33968039 PMCID: PMC8100438 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.648580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are a branch of the immune system that consists of diverse circulating and tissue-resident cells, which carry out functions including homeostasis and antitumor immunity. The development and behavior of human natural killer (NK) cells and other ILCs in the context of cancer is still incompletely understood. Since NK cells and Group 1 and 2 ILCs are known to be important for mediating antitumor immune responses, a clearer understanding of these processes is critical for improving cancer treatments and understanding tumor immunology as a whole. Unfortunately, there are some major differences in ILC differentiation and effector function pathways between humans and mice. To this end, mice bearing patient-derived xenografts or human cell line-derived tumors alongside human genes or human immune cells represent an excellent tool for studying these pathways in vivo. Recent advancements in humanized mice enable unparalleled insights into complex tumor-ILC interactions. In this review, we discuss ILC behavior in the context of cancer, the humanized mouse models that are most commonly employed in cancer research and their optimization for studying ILCs, current approaches to manipulating human ILCs for antitumor activity, and the relative utility of various mouse models for the development and assessment of these ILC-related immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina B Horowitz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Imran Mohammad
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Uriel Y Moreno-Nieves
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Quan Tran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John B Sunwoo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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31
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Wanka L, Jappe U. Trained immunity and allergy: State of the art and future perspectives. Allergy 2021; 76:1265-1267. [PMID: 33037616 DOI: 10.1111/all.14617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizzy Wanka
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology Research Center Borstel ‐ Leibniz Lung CenterPriority Area Asthma and AllergyAirway Research Center North (ARCN)German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Borstel Germany
| | - Uta Jappe
- Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology Research Center Borstel ‐ Leibniz Lung CenterPriority Area Asthma and AllergyAirway Research Center North (ARCN)German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Borstel Germany
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, MK III Airway Research Center North (ARCN)German Center for Lung Research (DZL)University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany
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32
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Ren X, Wang Z. High chemokine ligand 11 levels in nasal lavage fluid: A potential predictor of and therapeutic target for murine eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis. Life Sci 2021; 271:119218. [PMID: 33592198 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to discover whether group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) and cytokines in nasal lavage fluid could be used to predict eosinophilic infiltration in mice with eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS). METHODS Ten mice were divided into two groups. The ECRS group received an intranasal challenge of Aspergillus oryzae protease (AP) and ovalbumin (OVA) to establish disease. A control group received intranasal phosphate-buffered saline. Histopathology of nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses, and cytokine and ILC2s levels in nasal lavage fluid were analyzed and compared between the ECRS and control mouse groups. KEY FINDINGS ILC2s numbers were not significantly higher in the nasal lavage fluid of the ECRS group mice compared with those of the control group. Eotaxin/chemokine (CC motif) ligand 11 (CCL11) levels were significantly higher in the nasal lavage fluid of mice in the ECRS group compared with those in the control group. However, no statistical differences were seen in the classic proinflammatory cytokines, IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal thymopoietin (TSLP), or the classic type 2 cytokines, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 between groups. SIGNIFICANCE Eotaxin/CCL11 levels in nasal lavage fluid rather than that of ILC2s and classic proinflammatory and type 2 cytokines were significantly higher in ECRS mice compared with control ones. Eotaxin/CCL11 showed diagnostic and therapeutic value; however, more studies are needed to test and verify its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ren
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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33
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Jafari D, Mousavi MJ, Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Jafarzadeh L, Tahmasebi S, Spoor J, Esmaeilzadeh A. E3 ubiquitin ligase Casitas B lineage lymphoma-b and its potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:14-31. [PMID: 33306199 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The distinction of self from non-self is crucial to prevent autoreactivity and ensure protection from infectious agents and tumors. Maintaining the balance between immunity and tolerance of immune cells is strongly controlled by several sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of the immune system. Among these, the E3 ligase ubiquitin Casitas B cell lymphoma-b (Cbl-b) is a newly identified component in the ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system, which is thought to be an important negative regulator of immune cells. An update on the current knowledge and new concepts of the relevant immune homeostasis program co-ordinated by Cbl-b in different cell populations could pave the way for future immunomodulatory therapies of various diseases, such as autoimmune and allergic diseases, infections, cancers and other immunopathological conditions. In the present review, the latest findings are comprehensively summarized on the molecular structural basis of Cbl-b and the suppressive signaling mechanisms of Cbl-b in physiological and pathological immune responses, as well as its emerging potential therapeutic implications for immunotherapy in animal models and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jafari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - M J Mousavi
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - L Jafarzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Tahmasebi
- Department of Immunology, School of public health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - J Spoor
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A Esmaeilzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Immunotherapy Research and Technology Group, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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34
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Akama Y, Satoh-Takayama N, Kawamoto E, Ito A, Gaowa A, Park EJ, Imai H, Shimaoka M. The Role of Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Regulation of Immune Homeostasis in Sepsis-Mediated Lung Inflammation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10100808. [PMID: 33053762 PMCID: PMC7600279 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic shock/severe sepsis is a deregulated host immune system response to infection that leads to life-threatening organ dysfunction. Lung inflammation as a form of acute lung injury (ALI) is often induced in septic shock. Whereas macrophages and neutrophils have been implicated as the principal immune cells regulating lung inflammation, group two innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have recently been identified as a new player regulating immune homeostasis. ILC2 is one of the three major ILC subsets (ILC1s, ILC2s, and ILC3s) comprised of newly identified innate immune cells. These cells are characterized by their ability to rapidly produce type 2 cytokines. ILC2s are predominant resident ILCs and, thereby, have the ability to respond to signals from damaged tissues. ILC2s regulate the immune response, and ILC2-derived type 2 cytokines may exert protective roles against sepsis-induced lung injury. This focused review not only provides readers with new insights into the signaling mechanisms by which ILC2s modulate sepsis-induced lung inflammation, but also proposes ILC2 as a novel therapeutic target for sepsis-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Akama
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Faculty, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
- Correspondence: (Y.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Naoko Satoh-Takayama
- Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan;
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Eiji Kawamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Faculty, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Ito
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Arong Gaowa
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Eun Jeong Park
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
| | - Hiroshi Imai
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Faculty, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan;
| | - Motomu Shimaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology and Cell Adhesion Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu City, Mie 514-8507, Japan; (E.K.); (A.I.); (A.G.); (E.J.P.)
- Correspondence: (Y.A.); (M.S.)
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Trained immunity and tolerance in innate lymphoid cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells during allergen-specific immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:1865-1877. [PMID: 33039478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), the role of trained immunity and tolerance in this process has not been elucidated. OBJECTIVE Here, we have performed a comprehensive longitudinal analysis of the systemic innate immune cell repertoire during the course of AIT. METHODS Patients with allergy received standard preseasonal subcutaneous AIT with allergoids to birch and/or grass. Healthy controls were monitored without any intervention. Flow cytometry of innate lymphoid cell (ILC), natural killer cell, monocyte cell, and dendritic cell (DC) subsets was performed at baseline, 3 months (birch season), 6 months (grass seasons), and 12 months after the therapy in patients or at similar seasonal time points in controls. Additional analyses were performed in the third-year birch and grass season. RESULTS We observed a durable decrease in group 2 ILCs and an increase of group 1 ILCs after AIT, with dynamic changes in their composition. We found that an expansion of CD127+CD25++ clusters caused observed shifts in the heterogeneity of group 1 ILCs. In addition, we observed development of CD127+CD25++c-Kit+ group 3 ILC clusters. Moreover, we found an increase in the number of intermediate monocytes in parallel with a reduction in nonclassical monocytes during the first year after AIT. Classical and intermediate monocytes presented significant heterogeneity in patients with allergy, but AIT reduced the HLA-DR++ clusters. Finally, an increase in plasmacytoid DCs and CD141+ myeloid DCs was observed in individuals with allergy, whereas the number of CD1c+ myeloid DCs was reduced during the first year of AIT. CONCLUSION AIT induces changes in the composition and heterogeneity of circulating innate immune cells and brings them to the level observed in healthy individuals. Monitoring of ILCs, monocytes, and DCs during AIT might serve as a novel biomarker strategy.
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Luo X, Zeng Q, Yan S, Liu W, Luo R. MicroRNA-375-mediated regulation of ILC2 cells through TSLP in allergic rhinitis. World Allergy Organ J 2020; 13:100451. [PMID: 32802247 PMCID: PMC7419668 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown that the number and function of type II innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) in peripheral blood of allergic rhinitis (AR) children increased significantly. This study aims to evaluate the role of miR-375 in the regulation of the differentiation and function of ILC2 through both in vivo and in vitro studies. Methods The expression of miR-375, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) and the frequency of ILC2 were detected and compared between AR children and controls by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometry, respectively. The miR-375 mimics or inhibitors were transfected into human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs), and the production of TSLP was detected by ELISA. HNECs and ILC2s were co-cultured to explore the role of miR-375 on ILC2s. AR mice models were established to prove the effect of miR-375 on ILC2s in vivo. Results The expression of TSLP, miR-375, and the frequency of ILC2 were significantly higher in AR compared with controls. We found that the TSLP expression by HNECs were significantly higher when transfected with miR-375 mimics than in those transfected with miR-control and miR-375 inhibitor. In the coculture system, HNECs transfected with miR-375 mimics promote the type II cytokines production by ILC2, and this effect was blocked by anti-TSLP. Our results also showed that the miR-375 inhibitors attenuate allergic symptoms and production of type II cytokines in AR mice. Conclusions Our findings suggest that miR-375-mediated regulation of ILC2 cells through TSLP, providing new potential treatment target for AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingxiang Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengbao Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renzhong Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Choi Y, Sim S, Park HS. Distinct functions of eosinophils in severe asthma with type 2 phenotype: clinical implications. Korean J Intern Med 2020; 35:823-833. [PMID: 32460456 PMCID: PMC7373972 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2020.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is commonly recognized as a heterogeneous condition with a complex pathophysiology. With advances in the development of multiple medications for patients with asthma, most asthma symptoms are well managed. Nevertheless, 5% to 10% of adult asthmatic patients (called severe asthma) are in uncontrolled or partially controlled status despite intensive treatment. Especially, severe eosinophilic asthma is one of the severe asthma phenotypes characterized by eosinophilia in sputum/blood driven by type 2 immune responses. Eosinophils have been widely accepted as a central effector cell in the lungs. Some evidence has demonstrated that persistent eosinophilia in upper and lower airway mucosa contributes to asthma severity by producing various mediators including cytokines, chemokines and granule proteins. Moreover, extracellular traps released from eosinophils have been revealed to enhance type 2 inflammation in patients with severe asthma. These novel molecules have the ability to induce airway inf lammation and hyperresponsiveness through enhancing innate and type 2 immune responses. In this review, we highlight recent insight into the function of eosinophil extracellular traps in patients with severe asthma. In addition, the role of eosinophil extracellular vesicles in severe asthma is also proposed. Finally, current biologics are suggested as a potential strategy for effective management of severe eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Soyoon Sim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Correspondence to Hae-Sim Park, M.D. Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtonggu, Suwon 16499, Korea Tel: +82-31-219-5196, Fax: +82-31-219-5154, E-mail:
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Schulz-Kuhnt A, Wirtz S, Neurath MF, Atreya I. Regulation of Human Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Context of Mucosal Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1062. [PMID: 32655549 PMCID: PMC7324478 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their identification as a unique cell population, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have revolutionized our understanding of immune responses, leaving their impact on multiple inflammatory and fibrotic pathologies without doubt. Thus, a tightly controlled regulation of local ILC numbers and their activity is of crucial importance. Even though this has been extensively studied in murine ILCs in the last few years, our knowledge of human ILCs is still lagging behind. Our review article will therefore summarize recent insights into the function of human ILCs and will particularly focus on their regulation under inflammatory conditions. The quality and intensity of ILC involvement into local immune responses at mucosal sites of the human body can potentially be modulated via three different axes: (1) activation of tissue-resident mature ILCs, (2) plasticity and local transdifferentiation of specific ILC subsets, and (3) tissue migration and accumulation of peripheral ILCs. Despite a still ongoing scientific effort in this field, already existing data on the fate of human ILCs under different pathologic conditions clearly indicate that all three of these mechanisms are of relevance for the clinical course of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and might likewise provide new target structures for future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells and the House Dust Mite-Induced Asthma Mouse Model. Cells 2020; 9:cells9051178. [PMID: 32397396 PMCID: PMC7290734 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an important issue not only in health but also in economics worldwide. Therefore, asthma animal models have been frequently used to understand the pathogenesis of asthma. Recently, in addition to acquired immunity, innate immunity has also been thought to be involved in asthma. Among innate immune cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have been considered to be crucial for eosinophilic airway inflammation by releasing T helper 2 cytokines. Moreover, house dust mites (HDMs) belonging to group 1 act on airway epithelial cells not only as allergens but also as cysteine proteases. The production of interleukin-25 (IL-25), IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from airway epithelial cells was induced by the protease activity of HDMs. These cytokines activate ILC2s, and activated ILC2s produce IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and amphiregulin. Hence, the HDM-induced asthma mouse model greatly contributes to understanding asthma pathogenesis. In this review, we highlight the relationship between ILC2s and the HDM in the asthma mouse model to help researchers and clinicians not only choose a proper asthma mouse model but also to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying HDM-induced asthma.
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Liu J, Jiang X, Li L, Liu H, Zhang X, Liu K, Yang C. Iloprost inhibits acute allergic nasal inflammation by GATA3 -ILC2 pathway in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 276:103364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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