The Role of Calcium-Calcineurin-NFAT Signaling Pathway in Health and Autoimmune Diseases

Targeting CD8+ T cells with natural products for tumor therapy: Revealing insights into the mechanisms

BACKGROUND

Despite significant advances in cancer immunotherapy over the past decades, such as T cell-engaging chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), therapeutic failure resulting from various factors remains prevalent. Therefore, developing combinational immunotherapeutic strategies is of great significance for improving the clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapy. Natural products are substances that naturally exist in various living organisms with multiple pharmacological or biological activities, and some of them have been found to have anti-tumor potential. Notably, emerging evidences have suggested that several natural compounds may boost the anti-tumor effects through activating immune response of hosts, in which CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role.

METHODS

The data of this review come from PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and ClinicalTrials (https://clinicaltrials.gov/) with the keywords "CD8+ T cell", "anti-tumor", "immunity", "signal 1", "signal 2", "signal 3", "natural products", "T cell receptor (TCR)", "co-stimulation", "co-inhibition", "immune checkpoint", "inflammatory cytokine", "hesperidin", "ginsenoside", "quercetin", "curcumin", "apigenin", "dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DOPS)", "luteolin", "shikonin", "licochalcone A", "erianin", "resveratrol", "procyanidin", "berberine", "usnic acid", "naringenin", "6-gingerol", "ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GL-PS)", "neem leaf glycoprotein (NLGP)", "paclitaxel", "source", "pharmacological activities", and "toxicity". These literatures were published between 1993 and 2023.

RESULTS

Natural products have considerable advantages as anti-tumor drugs based on the various species, wide distribution, low price, and few side effects. This review summarized the effects and mechanisms of some natural products that exhibit anti-tumor effects via targeting CD8+ T cells, mainly focused on the three signals that activate CD8+ T cells: TCR, co-stimulation, and inflammatory cytokines.

CONCLUSION

Clarifying the role and underlying mechanism of natural products in cancer immunotherapy may provide more options for combinational treatment strategies and benefit cancer therapy, to shed light on identifying potential natural compounds for improving the clinical outcome in cancer immunotherapy.

How calcineurin inhibitors affect cognition

AIMS

With a focus on the discrepancy between preclinical and clinical findings, this review will gather comprehensive information about the effects of calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) on cognitive function and related brain pathology from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. We also summarize the potential mechanisms that underlie the pathways related to CNI-induced cognitive impairment.

METHODS

We systematically searched articles in PubMed using keywords 'calcineurin inhibitor*' and 'cognition' to identify related articles, which the final list pertaining to underlying mechanisms of CNI on cognition.

RESULTS

Several studies have reported an association between calcineurin and the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the most common neurocognitive disorder associated with amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, leading to cognitive impairment. CNI, including tacrolimus and cyclosporin A, are commonly prescribed for patients with transplantation of solid organs such as kidney, liver, or heart, those drugs are currently being used as long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Although preclinical models emphasize the favorable effects of CNI on the restoration of brain pathology due to the impacts of calcineurin on the alleviation of amyloid-beta deposition and tau hyperphosphorylation, or rescuing synaptic and mitochondrial functions, treatment-related neurotoxicity, resulting in cognitive dysfunctions has been observed in clinical settings of patients who received CNI.

CONCLUSION

Inconsistent results of CNI on cognition from clinical studies have been observed due to impairment of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation mediated by reactive oxygen species, and alteration in mitochondrial fission, and extended research is required to confirm its promising use in cognitive impairment.

PLC-CN-NFAT1 signaling-mediated Aβ and IL-1β crosstalk synergistically promotes hippocampal neuronal damage

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Neuronal calcium overload plays an important role in Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation, which are strongly associated with AD. However, the specific mechanisms by which calcium overload contributes to neuroinflammation and AD and the relationship between them have not been elucidated. Phospholipase C (PLC) is involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis, and CN-NFAT1 signaling is dependent on intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) to regulate transcription of genes. Therefore, we hypothesized that the PLC-CN-NFAT1 signaling might mediate the interaction between Aβ and inflammation to promote neuronal injury in AD. In this experiment, the results showed that the levels of Aβ, IL-1β and [Ca2+]i in the hippocampal primary neurons of APP/PS1 mice (APP neurons) were significantly increased. IL-1β exposure also significantly increased Aβ and [Ca2+]i in HT22 cells, suggesting a close association between Aβ and IL-1β in the development of AD. Furthermore, PLC activation induced significant calcium homeostasis imbalance, cell apoptosis, Aβ and ROS production, and significantly increased expressions of CN and NFAT1, while PLC inhibitor significantly reversed these changes in APP neurons and IL-1β-induced HT22 cells. Further results indicated that PLC activation significantly increased the expressions of NOX2, APP, BACE1, and NCSTN, which were inhibited by PLC inhibitor in APP neurons and IL-1β-induced HT22 cells. All indications point to a synergistic interaction between Aβ and IL-1β by activating the PLC-CN-NFAT1 signal, ultimately causing a vicious cycle, resulting in neuronal damage in AD. The study may provide a new idea and target for treatment of AD.

The role of regulatory T cells in vitiligo and therapeutic advances: a mini-review

BACKGROUND

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play vital roles in controlling immune reactions and maintaining immune tolerance in the body. The targeted destruction of epidermal melanocytes by activated CD8+T cells is a key event in the development of vitiligo. However, Tregs may exert immunosuppressive effects on CD8+T cells, which could be beneficial in treating vitiligo.

METHODS

A comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science was conducted to gather information on Tregs and vitiligo.

RESULTS

In vitiligo, there is a decrease in Treg numbers and impaired Treg functions, along with potential damage to Treg-related signaling pathways. Increasing Treg numbers and enhancing Treg function could lead to immunosuppressive effects on CD8+T cells. Recent research progress on Tregs in vitiligo has been summarized, highlighting various Treg-related therapies being investigated for clinical use. The current status of Treg-related therapeutic strategies and potential future directions for vitiligo treatment are also discussed.

CONCLUSIONS

A deeper understanding of Tregs will be crucial for advancing Treg-related drug discovery and treatment development in vitiligo.

Quercetin and Kaempferol inhibit HMC-1 activation via SOCE/NFATc2 signaling and suppress hippocampal mast cell activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive mice

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN

Mast cells (MCs), as the fastest immune responders, play a critical role in the progression of neuroinflammation-related diseases, especially in depression. Quercetin (Que) and kaempferol (Kae), as two major diet-derived flavonoids, inhibit MC activation and exhibit significant antidepressant effect due to their anti-inflammatory capacity. The study aimed to explore the mechanisms of inhibitory effect of Que and Kae on MC activation, and whether Que and Kae suppress hippocampal mast cell activation in LPS-induced depressive mice.

SUBJECTS AND TREATMENT

In vitro assays, human mast cells (HMC-1) were pretreated with Que or Kae for 1 h, then stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and 2,5-di-t-butyl-1,4-benzohydroquinone (tBHQ) for 3 h or 12 h. In vivo assays, Que or Kae was administered by oral gavage once daily for 14 days and then lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally injection to induce depressive behaviors.

METHODS

The secretion and expression of TNF-α were determined by ELISA and Western blotting. The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcriptional activity was measured in HMC-1 stably expressing NFAT luciferase reporter gene. Nuclear translocation of NFATc2 was detected by nuclear protein extraction and also was fluorescently detected in HMC-1 stably expressing eGFP-NFATc2. We used Ca2+ imaging to evaluate changes of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in HMC-1 stably expressing fluorescent Ca2+ indicator jGCamP7s. Molecular docking was used to assess interaction between the Que or Kae and calcium release-activated calcium modulator (ORAI). The  hippocampal mast cell accumulation and activation  were detected by toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemistry with β-tryptase.

RESULTS

In vitro assays of HMC-1 activated by PtBHQ (PMA and tBHQ), Que and Kae significantly decreased expression and secretion of TNF-α. Moreover, NFAT transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of NFATc2 were remarkably inhibited by Que and Kae. In addition, the Ca2+ influx mediated by SOCE was suppressed by Que, Kae and the YM58483 (ORAI inhibitor), respectively. Importantly, the combination of YM58483 with Que or Kae had no additive effect on the inhibition of SOCE. The molecular docking also showed that Que and Kae both exhibit high binding affinities with ORAI at the same binding site as YM58483. In vivo assays, Que and Kae significantly reversed LPS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, and inhibited hippocampal mast cell activation  in LPS-induced depressive mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicated that suppression of SOCE/NFATc2 pathway-mediated by ORAI channels may be the mechanism of inhibitory effect of Que and Kae on MC activation, and also suggested Que and Kae may exert the antidepressant effect through suppressing hippocampal mast cell activation.

Why cells need iron: a compendium of iron utilisation

Iron deficiency is globally prevalent, causing an array of developmental, haematological, immunological, neurological, and cardiometabolic impairments, and is associated with symptoms ranging from chronic fatigue to hair loss. Within cells, iron is utilised in a variety of ways by hundreds of different proteins. Here, we review links between molecular activities regulated by iron and the pathophysiological effects of iron deficiency. We identify specific enzyme groups, biochemical pathways, cellular functions, and cell lineages that are particularly iron dependent. We provide examples of how iron deprivation influences multiple key systems and tissues, including immunity, hormone synthesis, and cholesterol metabolism. We propose that greater mechanistic understanding of how cellular iron influences physiological processes may lead to new therapeutic opportunities across a range of diseases.

Biophysical Mechanisms of Vaginal Smooth Muscle Contraction: The Role of the Membrane Potential and Ion Channels

The vagina is an essential component of the female reproductive system and is responsible for providing female sexual satisfaction. Vaginal smooth muscle contraction plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including sexual arousal, childbirth, and urinary continence. In pathophysiological conditions, such as pelvic floor disorders, aberrations in vaginal smooth muscle function can lead to urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. A set of cellular and sub-cellular physiological mechanisms regulates the contractile properties of the vaginal smooth muscle cells. Calcium influx is a crucial determinant of smooth muscle contraction, facilitated through voltage-dependent calcium channels and calcium release from intracellular stores. Comprehensive reviews on smooth muscle biophysics are relatively scarce within the scientific literature, likely due to the complexity and specialized nature of the topic. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of alterations in the cellular physiology of vaginal smooth muscle contraction. The benefit associated with this particular approach is that conducting a comprehensive examination of the cellular mechanisms underlying contractile activation will enable the creation of more targeted therapeutic agents to control vaginal contraction disorders.

Leishmania exploits host cAMP/EPAC/calcineurin signaling to induce an IL-33-mediated anti-inflammatory environment for the establishment of infection

Host anti-inflammatory responses are critical for the progression of visceral leishmaniasis, and the pleiotropic cytokine interleukin (IL)-33 was found to be upregulated in infection. Here, we documented that IL-33 induction is a consequence of elevated cAMP-mediated exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC)/calcineurin-dependent signaling and essential for the sustenance of infection. Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages showed upregulation of IL-33 and its neutralization resulted in decreased parasite survival and increased inflammatory responses. Infection-induced cAMP was involved in IL-33 production and of its downstream effectors PKA and EPAC, only the latter was responsible for elevated IL-33 level. EPAC initiated Rap-dependent phospholipase C activation, which triggered the release of intracellular calcium followed by calcium/calmodulin complex formation. Screening of calmodulin-dependent enzymes affirmed involvement of the phosphatase calcineurin in cAMP/EPAC/calcium/calmodulin signaling-induced IL-33 production and parasite survival. Activated calcineurin ensured nuclear localization of the transcription factors, nuclear factor of activated T cell 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha required for IL-33 transcription, and we further confirmed this by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Administering specific inhibitors of nuclear factor of activated T cell 1 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in BALB/c mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis decreased liver and spleen parasite burden along with reduction in IL-33 level. Splenocyte supernatants of inhibitor-treated infected mice further documented an increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-12 level with simultaneous decrease of IL-10, thereby indicating an overall disease-escalating effect of IL-33. Thus, this study demonstrates that cAMP/EPAC/calcineurin signaling is crucial for the activation of IL-33 and in effect creates anti-inflammatory responses, essential for infection.

Regulation of T Lymphocyte Functions through Calcium Signaling Modulation by Nootkatone

Recent advancements in understanding the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying immunological responses have underscored the critical involvement of ion channels in regulating calcium influx, particularly in inflammation. Nootkatone, a natural sesquiterpenoid found in Alpinia oxyphylla and various citrus species, has gained attention for its diverse pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to elucidate the potential of nootkatone in modulating ion channels associated with calcium signaling, particularly CRAC, KV1.3, and KCa3.1 channels, which play pivotal roles in immune cell activation and proliferation. Using electrophysiological techniques, we demonstrated the inhibitory effects of nootkatone on CRAC, KV1.3, and KCa3.1 channels in HEK293T cells overexpressing respective channel proteins. Nootkatone exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of channel currents, with IC50 values determined for each channel. Nootkatone treatment did not significantly affect cell viability, indicating its potential safety for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we observed that nootkatone treatment attenuated calcium influx through activated CRAC channels and showed anti-proliferative effects, suggesting its role in regulating inflammatory T cell activation. These findings highlight the potential of nootkatone as a natural compound for modulating calcium signaling pathways by targeting related key ion channels and it holds promise as a novel therapeutic agent for inflammatory disorders.

Assembled/Disassembled Modular Scaffolds for Multicellular Tissue Engineering

The behavior of tissue resident cells can be influenced by the spatial arrangement of cellular interactions. Therefore, it is of significance to precisely control the spatial organization of various cells within multicellular constructs. It remains challenging to construct a versatile multicellular scaffold with ordered spatial organization of multiple cell types. Herein, a modular multicellular tissue engineering scaffold with ordered spatial distribution of different cell types is constructed by assembling varying cell-laden modules. Interestingly, the modular scaffolds can be disassembled into individual modules to evaluate the specific contribution of each cell type in the system. Through assembling cell-laden modules, the macrophage-mesenchymal stem cell (MSC), endothelial cell-MSC, and chondrocyte-MSC co-culture models are successfully established. The in vitro results indicate that the intercellular cross-talk can promote the proliferation and differentiation of each cell type in the system. Moreover, MSCs in the modular scaffolds may regulate the behavior of chondrocytes through the nuclear factor of activated T-Cells (NFAT) signaling pathway. Furthermore, the modular scaffolds loaded with co-cultured chondrocyte-MSC exhibit enhanced regeneration ability of osteochondral tissue, compared with other groups. Overall, this work offers a promising strategy to construct a multicellular tissue engineering scaffold for the systematic investigation of intercellular cross-talk and complex tissue engineering.

Nsp1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 replication through calcineurin-NFAT signaling

SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, has been intensely studied in search of effective antiviral treatments. The immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CsA) has been suggested to be a pan-coronavirus inhibitor, yet its underlying mechanism remained largely unknown. Here, we found that non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) of SARS-CoV-2 usurped CsA-suppressed nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling to drive the expression of cellular DEAD-box helicase 5 (DDX5), which facilitates viral replication. Nsp1 interacted with calcineurin A (CnA) to displace the regulatory protein regulator of calcineurin 3 (RCAN3) of CnA for NFAT activation. The influence of NFAT activation on SARS-CoV-2 replication was also validated by using the Nsp1-deficient mutant virus. Calcineurin inhibitors, such as CsA and VIVIT, inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication and exhibited synergistic antiviral effects when used in combination with nirmatrelvir. Our study delineated the molecular mechanism of CsA-mediated inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 replication and the anti-SARS-CoV-2 action of calcineurin inhibitors.

IMPORTANCE

Cyclosporine A (CsA), commonly used to inhibit immune responses, is also known to have anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, but its mode of action remains elusive. Here, we provide a model to explain how CsA antagonizes SARS-CoV-2 through three critical proteins: DDX5, NFAT1, and Nsp1. DDX5 is a cellular facilitator of SARS-CoV-2 replication, and NFAT1 controls the production of DDX5. Nsp1 is a viral protein absent from the mature viral particle and capable of activating the function of NFAT1 and DDX5. CsA and similar agents suppress Nsp1, NFAT1, and DDX5 to exert their anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity either alone or in combination with Paxlovid.

Profiling the compendium of changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to mutations that alter availability of the main methyl donor S-Adenosylmethionine

The SAM1 and SAM2 genes encode for S-Adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) synthetase enzymes, with AdoMet serving as the main cellular methyl donor. We have previously shown that independent deletion of these genes alters chromosome stability and AdoMet concentrations in opposite ways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To characterize other changes occurring in these mutants, we grew wildtype, sam1Δ/sam1Δ, and sam2Δ/sam2Δ strains in 15 different Phenotypic Microarray plates with different components and measured growth variations. RNA-Sequencing was also carried out on these strains and differential gene expression determined for each mutant. We explored how the phenotypic growth differences are linked to the altered gene expression, and hypothesize mechanisms by which loss of the SAM genes and subsequent AdoMet level changes, impact pathways and processes. We present 6 stories, discussing changes in sensitivity or resistance to azoles, cisplatin, oxidative stress, arginine biosynthesis perturbations, DNA synthesis inhibitors, and tamoxifen, to demonstrate the power of this novel methodology to broadly profile changes due to gene mutations. The large number of conditions that result in altered growth, as well as the large number of differentially expressed genes with wide-ranging functionality, speaks to the broad array of impacts that altering methyl donor abundance can impart. Our findings demonstrate that some cellular changes are directly related to AdoMet-dependent methyltransferases and AdoMet availability, some are directly linked to the methyl cycle and its role in production of several important cellular components, and others reveal impacts of SAM gene mutations on previously unconnected pathways.

Clathrin controls bidirectional communication between T cells and antigen presenting cells

In circulation, T cells are spherical with selectin enriched dynamic microvilli protruding from the surface. Following extravasation, these microvilli serve another role, continuously surveying their environment for antigen in the form of peptide-MHC (pMHC) expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs). Upon recognition of their cognate pMHC, the microvilli are initially stabilized and then flatten into F-actin dependent microclusters as the T cell spreads over the APC. Within 1-5 min, clathrin is recruited by the ESCRT-0 component Hrs to mediate release of T cell receptor (TCR) loaded vesicles directly from the plasma membrane by clathrin and ESCRT-mediated ectocytosis (CEME). After 5-10 min, Hrs is displaced by the endocytic clathrin adaptor epsin-1 to induce clathrin-mediated trans-endocytosis (CMTE) of TCR-pMHC conjugates. Here we discuss some of the functional properties of the clathrin machinery which enables it to control these topologically opposite modes of membrane transfer at the immunological synapse, and how this might be regulated during T cell activation.

Identification of candidate genes affecting the tibia quality in Nonghua duck

The skeleton is a vital organ providing structural support in poultry. Weakness in bone structure can lead to deformities, osteoporosis, cage fatigue, and fractures, resulting in economic losses. Research has substantiated that genetic factors play a significant role in influencing bone quality. The discovery of genetic markers associated with bone quality holds paramount importance for enhancing genetic traits related to the skeletal system in poultry. This study analyzed nine phenotypic indicators of tibia quality in 120-day-old ducks. The phenotypic correlation revealed a high correlation among diameter, Perimeter, and weight (0.69-0.78), and a strong correlation was observed between toughness and breaking strength (0.62). Then, we conducted a genome-wide association analysis of the phenotypic indicators to elucidate the genetic basis of tibial quality in Nonghua ducks. Among the 11 candidate genes that were annotated, TAPT1, BST1, and STIM2 were related to the diameter indicator, ZNF652, IGF2BP1, CASK, and GREB1L were associated with the weight and toughness indicators. RFX8, GLP1R, and DNAAF5 were identified for ash, calcium, and phosphorus content, respectively. Finally, KEGG and GO analysis for annotated genes were performed. STIM2 and BST1 were enriched into the Calcium signalling pathway and Niacin and nicotinamide metabolic pathway, which may be key candidate genes affecting bone quality phenotypes. Gene expression analysis of the candidate genes, such as STIM2, BST1, TAPT1, and CASK showed higher expression levels in bones compared to other tissues. The obtained results can contribute to new insights into tibial quality and provide new genetic biomarkers that can be employed in duck breeding.

Select EZH2 inhibitors enhance viral mimicry effects of DNMT inhibition through a mechanism involving NFAT:AP-1 signaling

DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) efficacy in solid tumors is limited. Colon cancer cells exposed to DNMTi accumulate lysine-27 trimethylation on histone H3 (H3K27me3). We propose this Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2)-dependent repressive modification limits DNMTi efficacy. Here, we show that low-dose DNMTi treatment sensitizes colon cancer cells to select EZH2 inhibitors (EZH2is). Integrative epigenomic analysis reveals that DNMTi-induced H3K27me3 accumulates at genomic regions poised with EZH2. Notably, combined EZH2i and DNMTi alters the epigenomic landscape to transcriptionally up-regulate the calcium-induced nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT):activating protein 1 (AP-1) signaling pathway. Blocking this pathway limits transcriptional activating effects of these drugs, including transposable element and innate immune response gene expression involved in viral defense. Analysis of primary human colon cancer specimens reveals positive correlations between DNMTi-, innate immune response-, and calcium signaling-associated transcription profiles. Collectively, we show that compensatory EZH2 activity limits DNMTi efficacy in colon cancer and link NFAT:AP-1 signaling to epigenetic therapy-induced viral mimicry.

Immunomodulation through Nutrition Should Be a Key Trend in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

An organism's ability to function properly depends not solely on its diet but also on the intake of nutrients and non-nutritive bioactive compounds that exert immunomodulatory effects. This principle applies both to healthy individuals and, in particular, to those with concomitant chronic conditions, such as type 2 diabetes. However, the current food industry and the widespread use of highly processed foods often lead to nutritional deficiencies. Numerous studies have confirmed the occurrence of immune system dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. This article elucidates the impact of specific nutrients on the immune system function, which maintains homeostasis of the organism, with a particular emphasis on type 2 diabetes. The role of macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, and selected substances, such as omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, and alpha-lipoic acid, was taken into consideration, which outlined the minimum range of tests that ought to be performed on patients in order to either directly or indirectly determine the severity of malnutrition in this group of patients.

Multi-omics analysis revealed the regulation mode of intratumor microorganisms and microbial signatures in gastrointestinal cancer

OBJECTIVE

Gastrointestinal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, and its incidence rate is always high. In recent years, research has shown that microorganisms may play a broad role in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of cancer.

METHODS

In this study, samples were first classified according to the microbial expression data of Gastrointestinal cancer, followed by functional enrichment and Immunoassay. In order to better understand the role of intratumor microorganisms in the prognosis, we screened gene signatures and constructed risk model through univariate cox and lasso regression and multivariable cox, then screened microbial signatures using zero-inflated model regression model and constructed risk index (RI), and finally predicted the immunotherapeutic effect of the risk model.

RESULTS

The results indicate that the composition of tumor microorganisms in the C3 subtype is closely related to tumor angiogenesis, and there is a significant difference in the proportion of innate and acquired immune cells between the C2 and C1 subtypes, as well as differences in the physiological functions of immune cells. There are significant differences in the expression of microbial signatures between high and low risk subtypes, with 9 microbial signatures upregulated in high risk subtypes and 15 microbial signatures upregulated in low risk subtypes. These microbial signatures were significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients. The results of immunotherapy indicate that immunotherapy for high-risk subtypes is more effective.

CONCLUSION

Overall, we analyze from the perspective of microorganisms within tumors, pointing out new directions for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

The TRPV6 Calcium Channel and Its Relationship with Cancer

Transient receptor potential vanilloid-6 (TRPV6) is a cation channel belonging to the TRP superfamily, specifically the vanilloid subfamily, and is the sixth member of this subfamily. Its presence in the body is primarily limited to the skin, ovaries, kidney, testes, and digestive tract epithelium. The body maintains calcium homeostasis using the TRPV6 channel, which has a greater calcium selectivity than the other TRP channels. Several pieces of evidence suggest that it is upregulated in the advanced stages of thyroid, ovarian, breast, colon, and prostate cancers. The function of TRPV6 in regulating calcium signaling in cancer will be covered in this review, along with its potential applications as a cancer treatment target.

G protein subunit alpha i2's pivotal role in angiogenesis

Here we explored the potential role of Gαi2 (G protein subunit alpha i2) in endothelial cell function and angiogenesis. Methods: Genetic methodologies such as shRNA, CRISPR/Cas9, dominant negative mutation, and overexpression were utilized to modify Gαi2 expression or regulate its function. Their effects on endothelial cell functions were assessed in vitro. In vivo, the endothelial-specific Gαi2 shRNA adeno-associated virus (AAV) was utilized to silence Gαi2 expression. The impact of this suppression on retinal angiogenesis in control mice and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR) mice was analyzed. Results: Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing data revealed Gαi2 (GNAI2) was predominantly expressed in retinal endothelial cells and expression was increased in retinal endothelial cells following oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) in mice. Moreover, transcriptome analysis linking Gαi2 to angiogenesis-related processes/pathways, supported by increased Gαi2 expression in experimental OIR mouse retinas, highlighted its possible role in angiogenesis. In various endothelial cell types, shRNA-induced silencing and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of Gαi2 resulted in substantial reductions in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary tube formation. Conversely, Gαi2 over-expression in endothelial cells induced pro-angiogenic activities, enhancing cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary tube formation. Furthermore, our investigation revealed a crucial role of Gαi2 in NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) activation, as evidenced by the down-regulation of NFAT-luciferase reporter activity and pro-angiogenesis NFAT-targeted genes (Egr3, CXCR7, and RND1) in Gαi2-silenced or -KO HUVECs, which were up-regulated in Gαi2-overexpressing endothelial cells. Expression of a dominant negative Gαi2 mutation (S48C) also down-regulated NFAT-targeted genes, slowing proliferation, migration, invasion, and capillary tube formation in HUVECs. Importantly, in vivo experiments revealed that endothelial Gαi2 knockdown inhibited retinal angiogenesis in mice, with a concomitant down-regulation of NFAT-targeted genes in mouse retinal tissue. In contrast, Gαi2 over-expression in endothelial cells enhanced retinal angiogenesis in mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing data confirmed increased levels of Gαi2 specifically in retinal endothelial cells of mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic retinopathy (DR). Importantly, endothelial Gαi2 silencing ameliorated retinal pathological angiogenesis in DR mice. Conclusion: Our study highlights a critical role for Gαi2 in NFAT activation, endothelial cell activation and angiogenesis, offering valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for modulating these processes.

Upregulation of TRPC1 in microglia promotes neutrophil infiltration after ischemic stroke

Neutrophil infiltration has been linked to worse clinical outcomes after ischemic stroke. Microglia, a key type of immune-competent cell, engage in cross-talk with the infiltrating immune cells in the inflamed brain area, yet the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of how canonical transient receptor potential 1 (TRPC1) modulated neutrophil infiltration in male mouse cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury (CIRI) models. Our findings revealed a notable upregulation of TRPC1 in microglia within both middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion (MCAO/R) and in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/regeneration (OGD/R) model. Conditional Trpc1 knockdown in microglia markedly reduced infarct volumes and alleviated neurological deficits. Microglia conditional Trpc1 knockdown mice displayed less neutrophil infiltration in peri-infarct area. Trpc1 knockdown microglia exhibited a reduced primed proinflammatory phenotype with less secretion of CC-Chemokines ligand (CCL) 5 and CCL2 after MCAO/R. Blocking CCL5/2 significantly mitigated neutrophil infiltration in microglia/neutrophil transwell co-culture system upon OGD/R condition. Trpc1 knockdown markedly reduced store-operated calcium entry and nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 (NFATc1) level in OGD/R treated microglia. Overexpression of Nfatc1 reversed the CCL5/2 reducing effect of Trpc1 knockdown, which is mediated by small interfering RNA in BV2 cells upon OGD/R. Our data indicate that upregulation of TRPC1 in microglia stimulates the production of CCL5/2 through the Ca2+/NFATc1 pathway. Upregulated CCL5/2 leads to an increase in neutrophil infiltration into the brain, thereby aggravating reperfusion injury. Our results demonstrate the importance of TRPC1 in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and suggest a potential means for reducing CIRI induced neurological injury.

In vitro ischemic preconditioning mediates the Ca2+/CaN/NFAT pathway to protect against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cellular damage and inflammatory responses

Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) is a critical model for studying hypoxic-ischemic cerebrovascular disease in vitro. This paper is to investigate the protection of OGD-induced cellular damage and inflammatory responses by OGD preconditioning in vitro, to provide a theoretical basis for OGD preconditioning to improve the prevention and prognosis of ischemic stroke. OGD or OGD preconditioning model was established by culturing the PC12 cell line in vitro, followed by further adding A23187 (calcium ion carrier) or CsA (calcium ion antagonist). Cell viability was detected by MTT, apoptosis by Hoechst 33,258 staining, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA by RT-qPCR and ELISA, and the levels of CaN, NFAT, COX-2 by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Cell viability was decreased, and apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, and CaN, NFAT, and COX-2 levels were notably increased upon OGD, while OGD pretreatment significantly increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis, inflammation, and the Ca2+/CaN/NFAT pathway. Treatment with A23187 decreased cell viability, promoted apoptosis, and significantly increased TNF-α, IL-1β, CaN, NFAT, and COX-2 levels, while CsA treatment reduced the opposite results. In vitro OGD preconditioning mediates the Ca2+/CaN/NFAT pathway to protect against OGD-induced cellular damage and inflammatory responses.

Intracellular calcium links milk stasis to lysosome-dependent cell death during early mammary gland involution

Involution of the mammary gland after lactation is a dramatic example of coordinated cell death. Weaning causes distension of the alveolar structures due to the accumulation of milk, which, in turn, activates STAT3 and initiates a caspase-independent but lysosome-dependent cell death (LDCD) pathway. Although the importance of STAT3 and LDCD in early mammary involution is well established, it has not been entirely clear how milk stasis activates STAT3. In this report, we demonstrate that protein levels of the PMCA2 calcium pump are significantly downregulated within 2-4 h of experimental milk stasis. Reductions in PMCA2 expression correlate with an increase in cytoplasmic calcium in vivo as measured by multiphoton intravital imaging of GCaMP6f fluorescence. These events occur concomitant with the appearance of nuclear pSTAT3 expression but prior to significant activation of LDCD or its previously implicated mediators such as LIF, IL6, and TGFβ3, all of which appear to be upregulated by increased intracellular calcium. We further demonstrate that increased intracellular calcium activates STAT3 by inducing degradation of its negative regulator, SOCS3. We also observed that milk stasis, loss of PMCA2 expression and increased intracellular calcium levels activate TFEB, an important regulator of lysosome biogenesis through a process involving inhibition of CDK4/6 and cell cycle progression. In summary, these data suggest that intracellular calcium serves as an important proximal biochemical signal linking milk stasis to STAT3 activation, increased lysosomal biogenesis, and lysosome-mediated cell death.

A decade of USFDA-approved small molecules as anti-inflammatory agents: Recent trends and Commentaries on the "industrial" perspective

Inflammation is the human body's defence process against various pathogens, toxic substances, irradiation, and physically injured cells that have been damaged. Inflammation is characterized by swelling, pain, redness, heat, as well as diminished tissue function. Multiple important inflammatory markers determine the prognosis of inflammatory processes, which include likes of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are controlled by nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway, all of which are activated in response to the stimulation of specific receptors. Besides these, the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme family also plays a significant role in inflammation. The current review is kept forth to compile a summary of small molecules-based drugs approved by the USFDA during the study period of 2013-2023. A thorough discussion has also been made to focus on biologics, macromolecules, and small chemical entities approved during this study period and their greener synthetic routes with a brief discussion on the chemical spacing parameters of anti-inflammatory drugs. The compilation is expected to assist the medicinal chemist and the scientist actively engaged in drug discovery and development of anti-inflammatory agents from newer perspectives during the current years.

Development of chemical tools based on GSK-7975A to study store-operated calcium entry in cells

Many physiological functions, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission and fertilisation, are regulated by changes of Ca2+ levels. The major Ca2+ store in cells is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Certain cellular processes induce ER store depletion, e.g. by activating IP3 receptors, that in turn induces a store refilling process known as store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). This refilling process entails protein-protein interactions between Ca2+ sensing stromal interaction molecules (STIM) in the ER membrane and Orai proteins in the plasma membrane. Fully assembled STIM/Orai complexes then form highly selective Ca2+ channels called Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ Channels (CRAC) through which Ca2+ ions flow into the cytosol and subsequently are pumped into the ER by the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA). Abnormal SOCE has been associated with numerous human diseases and cancers, and therefore key players STIM and Orai have attracted significant therapeutic interest. Several potent experimental and clinical candidate compounds have been developed and have helped to study SOCE in various cell types. We have synthesized multiple novel small-molecule probes based on the known SOCE inhibitor GSK-7975A. Here we present GSK-7975A derivatives, which feature photo-caging, photo-crosslinking, biotin and clickable moieties, and also contain deuterium labels. Evaluation of these GSK-7975A probes using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR)-Tetra-based Ca2+ imaging assay showed that most synthetic modifications did not have a detrimental impact on the SOCE inhibitory activity. The photo-caged GSK-7975A was also used in patch-clamp electrophysiology experiments. In summary, we have developed a number of active, GSK-7975A-based molecular probes that have interesting properties and therefore are useful experimental tools to study SOCE in various cells and settings.

LncRNA AP000842.3 Triggers the Malignant Progression of Prostate Cancer by Regulating Cuproptosis Related Gene NFAT5

OBJECTIVES

Prostate cancer (PRAD) is a highly malignant disease with poor prognosis, and its development is regulated by a complex network of genes and signaling pathways. LncRNAs and miRNAs have significant regulatory roles in PRAD through the ceRNA network. Cuproptosis is a unique form of programmed cell death that is involved in various signaling pathways and biological processes related to tumor development. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5), a transcription factor that activates T cells, has been implicated in cuproptosis. However, the regulatory mechanism by which NFAT5 is involved in the ceRNA network in PRAD remains unclear.

METHODS

Through bioinformatics analysis, we found the ceRNA axis that regulates cuproptosis. By performing ROS assay and copper ion concentration assay, we demonstrated that inhibiting NFAT5 can increase the sensitivity of PRAD to cuproptosis inducers. By using luciferase assay, we discovered that AP000842.3 acts as the ceRNA of miR-206 to regulate the expression of NFAT5.

RESULTS

In this study, we found that lncRNA AP000842.3, as a ceRNA of miR-206, was involved in the regulation of levels of the transcription factor NFAT5 associated with cuproptosis in PRAD. First, knocking down NFAT5 can increase the sensitivity of PRAD to cuproptosis inducers. Meanwhile, changes in the expression of AP000842.3 and miR-206 could affect the proliferation of PRAD by regulating NFAT5. Mechanistically, AP000842.3 acts as the ceRNA of miR-206 to regulate the expression of NFAT5. In addition, the effects of lncRNA AP000842.3 on malignant progression of PRAD and NFAT5 were partially dependent on miR-206.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our study reveals a key ceRNA regulatory network in PRAD and can be regarded as a new potential target for PRAD diagnosis and treatment.

VDR and PDIA3 Are Essential for Activation of Calcium Signaling and Membrane Response to 1,25(OH)2D3 in Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells

The genomic activity of 1,25(OH)2D3 is mediated by vitamin D receptor (VDR), whilst non-genomic is associated with protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 (PDIA3). Interestingly, our recent studies documented that PDIA3 is also involved, directly or indirectly, in the modulation of genomic response to 1,25(OH)2D3. Moreover, PDIA3 was also shown to regulate cellular bioenergetics, possibly through the modulation of STAT signaling. Here, the role of VDR and PDIA3 proteins in membrane response to 1,25(OH)2D3 and calcium signaling was investigated in squamous cell carcinoma A431 cell line with or without the deletion of VDR and PDIA3 genes. Calcium influx was assayed by Fura-2AM or Fluo-4AM, while calcium-regulated element (NFAT) activation was measured using a dual luciferase assay. Further, the levels of proteins involved in membrane response to 1,25(OH)2D3 in A431 cell lines were analyzed via Western blot analysis. The deletion of either PDIA3 or VDR resulted in the decreased baseline levels of Ca2+ and its responsiveness to 1,25(OH)2D3; however, the effect was more pronounced in A431∆PDIA3. Furthermore, the knockout of either of these genes disrupted 1,25(OH)2D3-elicited membrane signaling. The data presented here indicated that the VDR is essential for the activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha (CAMK2A), while PDIA3 is required for 1,25(OH)2D3-induced calcium mobilization in A431 cells. Taken together, those results suggest that both VDR and PDIA3 are essential for non-genomic response to this powerful secosteroid.

The functions of EF-hand proteins from host and zoonotic pathogens

EF-hand proteins not only regulate biological processes, but also influence immunity and infection. In this review, we summarize EF-hand proteins' functions in host and zoonotic pathogens, with details in structures, Ca2+ affinity, downstream targets and functional mechanisms. Studies entitled as EF-hand-related but with less solid features were also discussed. We believe it could raise cautions and facilitate proper research strategy for researchers.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Alphitolic Acid Isolated from Agrimonia coreana Nakai Extracts Are Mediated via the Inhibition of ICRAC Activity in T Cells

Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb., an important medicinal herb in traditional East Asian medicine, is primarily used to treat abdominal pain, dysentery, and hemostasis. There are ten other reported species of Agrimonia plants, including Agrimonia coreana Nakai-a naturally growing species in South Korea-and Agrimonia eupatoria Linn. Although recent studies have isolated numerous active constituents and investigated their effects, the medicinal utility of this herb is not yet fully explored. Through patch-clamp recording, a previous study reported that Agrimonia plant extracts inhibit the function of Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ channels (CRACs). Herein, we aimed to identify and isolate the main compounds in A. coreana responsible for CRAC inhibition while assessing the anti-inflammatory effects mediated by this inhibition. We demonstrated for the first time that alphitolic acid isolated from A. coreana has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on CRAC activity and, thus, an inhibitory effect on intracellular calcium increase. Furthermore, analysis of human CD4+ T cell proliferation via the carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester method revealed that alphitolic acid inhibited T cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for the potential therapeutic use of alphitolic acid in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Astrocyte Involvement in Blood-Brain Barrier Function: A Critical Update Highlighting Novel, Complex, Neurovascular Interactions

Neurological disorders have been linked to a defective blood-brain barrier (BBB), with dysfunctions triggered by stage-specific disease mechanisms, some of these being generated through interactions in the neurovascular unit (NVU). Advanced knowledge of molecular and signaling mechanisms in the NVU and the emergence of improved experimental models allow BBB permeability prediction and the development of new brain-targeted therapies. As NVU constituents, astrocytes are the most numerous glial cells, characterized by a heterogeneity that occurs as a result of developmental and context-based gene expression profiles and the differential expression of non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs). Due to their heterogeneity and dynamic responses to different signals, astrocytes may have a beneficial or detrimental role in the BBB's barrier function, with deep effects on the pathophysiology of (and on the progression of) central nervous system diseases. The implication of astrocytic-derived extracellular vesicles in pathological mechanisms, due to their ability to pass the BBB, must also be considered. The molecular mechanisms of astrocytes' interaction with endothelial cells at the BBB level are considered promising therapeutic targets in different neurological conditions. Nevertheless, a personalized and well-founded approach must be addressed, due to the temporal and spatial heterogeneity of reactive astrogliosis states during disease.

Ligustrazine improves the compensative effect of Akt survival signaling to protect liver Kupffer cells in trauma-hemorrhagic shock rats

Trauma-hemorrhagic shock (THS) is a medical emergency that is encountered by physicians in the emergency department. Chuan Xiong is a traditional Chinese medicine and ligustrazine is a natural compound from it. Ligustrazine improves coronary blood flow and reduces cardiac ischemia in animals through Ca2+ and ATP-dependent vascular relaxation. It also decreases the platelets' bioactivity and reduces reactive oxygen species formation. We hypothesized that ligustrazine could protect liver by decreasing the inflammation response, protein production, and apoptosis in THS rats. Ligustrazine at doses of 100 and 1000 μg/mL was administrated in Kupffer cells isolated from THS rats. The protein expressions were detected via western blot. The THS showed increased inflammation response proteins, mitochondria-dependent apoptosis proteins, and had a compensation effect on the Akt pathway. After ligustrazine treatment, the hemorrhagic shock Kupffer cells decreased inflammatory response and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and promoted a more compensative effect of the Akt pathway. It suggests ligustrazine reduces inflammation response and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis induced by THS in liver Kupffer cells and promotes more survival effects by elevating the Akt pathway. These findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of ligustrazine against THS-induced hepatic injury, and ligustrazine could be a potential medication to treat the liver injury caused by THS.

Inhibition of calcium imbalance protects hepatocytes from vanadium exposure-induced inflammation by mediating mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes in ducks

Vanadium (V) is an essential mineral element in animals, but excessive V can lead to many diseases, affecting the health of humans and animals. However, the molecular crosstalk between mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) and inflammation under V exposure is still at the exploratory stage. This study was conducted to determine the molecular crosstalk between MAMs and inflammation under V exposure in ducks. In this study, duck hepatocytes were treated with NaVO3 (0 μM, 100 μM, and 200 μM) and 2-aminoethyl diphenyl borate (2-APB) (IP3R inhibitor) alone or in combination for 24 h. The data showed that V exposure-induced cell vacuolization, enlarged intercellular space, and decreased density and viability. Meanwhile, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malonaldehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were upregulated under V treatment. In addition, excessive V could lead to a marked reduction in the MAMs structure, destruction of the membrane structure and overload of intracellular Ca2+ and mitochondrial Ca2+. Moreover, V treatment resulted in notable upregulation of the levels of MAMs-relevant factors (IP3R, Mfn2, Grp75, MCU, VDAC1) but downregulated the levels of IL-18, IL-1β, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell supernatant. Additionally, it also significantly elevated the levels of inflammation-relevant factors (NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, MAVS, IL-18, IL-1β, and TXNIP). However, the inhibition of IP3R expression attenuated the V-induced variations in the above indicators. Collectively, our results revealed that the maintenance of calcium homeostasis could protect duck hepatocytes from V-induced inflammation injury via MAMs.

Protein kinases: drug targets for immunological disorders

Protein kinases play a major role in cellular activation processes, including signal transduction by diverse immunoreceptors. Given their roles in cell growth and death and in the production of inflammatory mediators, targeting kinases has proven to be an effective treatment strategy, initially as anticancer therapies, but shortly thereafter in immune-mediated diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of the status of small molecule inhibitors specifically generated to target protein kinases relevant to immune cell function, with an emphasis on those approved for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. The development of inhibitors of Janus kinases that target cytokine receptor signalling has been a particularly active area, with Janus kinase inhibitors being approved for the treatment of multiple autoimmune and allergic diseases as well as COVID-19. In addition, TEC family kinase inhibitors (including Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitors) targeting antigen receptor signalling have been approved for haematological malignancies and graft versus host disease. This experience provides multiple important lessons regarding the importance (or not) of selectivity and the limits to which genetic information informs efficacy and safety. Many new agents are being generated, along with new approaches for targeting kinases.

The role of NFATc1 in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer: A review on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways

A common type of cancer among men is the prostate cancer that kills many people every year. The multistage of this disease and the involvement of the vital organs of the body have reduced the life span and quality of life of the people involved and turned the treatment process into a complex one. NFATc1 biomarker contributes significantly in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease by increasing its expression in prostate cancer and helping the proliferation, differentiation, and invasion of cancer cells through different signaling pathways. NFATc1 is also able to target the metabolism of cancer cells by inserting specific oncogene molecules such as c-myc that it causes cell growth and proliferation. Bone is a common tissue where prostate cancer cells metastasize. In this regard, the activity of NFATc1, through the regulation of different signaling cascades, including the RANKL/RANK signaling pathway, in turn, increases the activity of osteoclasts, and as a result, bone tissue is gradually ruined. Using Silibinin as a medicinal plant extract can inhibit the activity of osteoclasts related to prostate cancer by targeting NFATc. Undoubtedly, NFATc1 is one of the effective oncogenes related to prostate cancer, which has the potential to put this cancer on the path of progression and metastasis. In this review, we will highlight the role of NFATc1 in the progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. Furthermore, we will summarize signaling pathways and molecular mechanism, through which NFATc1 regulates the process of prostate cancer.

Calcineurin inhibitors in the management of recurrent miscarriage and recurrent implantation failure: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) affects up to 2.5% of couples of reproductive age. Up to 10% of couples using assisted reproductive technology experience recurrent implantation failure (RIF). Immunosuppressive drugs, such as calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs), has been proposed for RM and RIF management. This systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CNIs in RM and RIF treatment. We searched in the three databases. Review Manager 5.4.1 was used for statistical analysis. This review included 8 studies involving 1042 women (485 women in the CNIs group and 557 women in the control group). CNI treatment (cyclosporine [CsA] and tacrolimus [TAC]) increases live birth rate (LBR, odds ratio [OR]: 2.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.93-3.28, p < 0.00001) and clinical pregnancy rate (OR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.54-4.40, p < 0.0001) and decreases miscarriage rate (OR: 0.45 95% CI: 0.32-0.63, p < 0.00001) when compared to the control. Side effects and obstetric and neonatal complications was similar in both groups. In conclusion, CNIs increased LBR in women with RM and RIF but there is a moderate risk of bias. Subgroup analysis revealed that CNIs improved LBR in women with RM with a low risk of bias. However, in women with RIF, with moderate to high risk of bias. The use of CsA and TAC, in low doses and for a short period, for managing reproductive failures in women seems to be safe, not causing serious side effects nor increasing the risk of obstetric and neonatal complications.

Elucidation of GPR55-Associated Signaling behind THC and LPI Reducing Effects on Ki67-Immunoreactive Nuclei in Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cells

GPR55 is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In cancer, GPR55 has been described to show accelerating and decelerating effects in tumor progression resulting from distinct intracellular signaling pathways. GPR55 becomes activated by LPI and various plant-derived, endogenous, and synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabinoids such as THC exerted antitumor effects by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation or inducing apoptosis. Besides its effects through CB1 and CB2 receptors, THC modulates cellular responses among others via GPR55. Previously, we reported a reduction in Ki67-immunoreactive nuclei of human glioblastoma cells after GPR55 activation in general by THC and in particular by LPI. In the present study, we investigated intracellular mechanisms leading to an altered number of Ki67+ nuclei after stimulation of GPR55 by LPI and THC. Pharmacological analyses revealed a strongly involved PLC-IP3 signaling and cell-type-specific differences in Gα-, Gβγ-, RhoA-ROCK, and calcineurin signaling. Furthermore, immunochemical visualization of the calcineurin-dependent transcription factor NFAT revealed an unchanged subcellular localization after THC or LPI treatment. The data underline the cell-type-specific diversity of GPR55-associated signaling pathways in coupling to intracellular G proteins. Furthermore, this diversity might determine the outcome and the individual responsiveness of tumor cells to GPR55 stimulation by cannabin oids.

Generation of reporter mice for detecting the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a transcription factor essential for immunological and other biological responses. To develop analyzing system for NFAT activity in vitro and in vivo, we generated reporter mouse lines introduced with NFAT-driven enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expressing gene construct. Six tandem repeats of -286 to -265 of the human IL2 gene to which NFAT binds in association with its co-transcription factor, activator protein (AP)-1, was conjunct with thymidine kinase minimum promoter and following EGFP coding sequence. Upon introduction of the resulting reporter cassette into C57BL/6 fertilized eggs, the transgenic mice were obtained. Among 7 transgene-positive mice in 110 mice bone, 2 mice showed the designated reporter mouse character. Thus, the EGFP fluorescence of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in these mice was enhanced by stimulation through CD3 and CD28. Each of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin (IOM) stimulation weakly but their combined stimulation strongly enhanced EGFP expression. The stimulation-induced EGFP upregulation was also observed following T cell subset differentiation in a different manner. The EGFP induction by PMA + IOM stimulation was more potent than that by CD3/CD28 stimulation in helper T (Th)1, Th2, Th9, and regulatory T cells, while both stimulation conditions displayed the equivalent EGFP induction in Th17 cells. Our NFAT reporter mouse lines are useful for analyzing stimulation-induced transcriptional activation mediated by NFAT in cooperation with AP-1 in T cells.

Tacrolimus reverses pemphigus vulgaris serum-induced depletion of desmoglein in HaCaT cells via inhibition of heat shock protein 27 phosphorylation

BACKGROUND

Glucocorticoids are the first-line treatment for Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), but its serious side effects can be life-threatening for PV patients. Tacrolimus (FK506) has been reported to have an adjuvant treatment effect against PV. However, the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of FK506 on PV-IgG-induced acantholysis is unclear.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to explore the effect of FK506 on desmoglein (Dsg) expression and cell adhesion in an immortalized human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT cells) stimulated with PV sera.

METHODS

A cell culture model of PV was established by stimulating HaCaT cells with 5% PV sera with or without FK506 and clobetasol propionate (CP) treatment. The effects of PV sera on intercellular junctions and protein levels of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), and Dsg were assayed using western blot analysis, immunofluorescence staining, and a keratinocyte dissociation assay.

RESULTS

PV sera-induced downregulation of Dsg3 was observed in HaCaT cells and was blocked by FK506 and/or CP. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that linear deposits of Dsg3 on the surface of HaCaT cells in the PV sera group disappeared and were replaced by granular and agglomerated fluorescent particles on the cell surface; however, this effect was reversed by FK506 and/or CP treatment. Furthermore, cell dissociation assays showed that FK506 alone or in combination with CP increased cell adhesion in HaCaT cells and ameliorated loss of cell adhesion induced by PV sera. Additionally, FK506 noticeably decreased the PV serum-induced phosphorylation of HSP 27, but had no effect on p38MAPK phosphorylation.

CONCLUSION

FK506 reverses PV-IgG induced-Dsg depletion and desmosomal dissociation in HaCaT cells, and this effect may be obtained by inhibiting HSP27 phosphorylation.

A novel Glycyrrhiza glabra extract liquiritin targeting NFATc1 activity and ROS levels to counteract ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis and bone loss in murine model

Osteoporosis, a prevalent osteolytic condition worldwide, necessitates effective strategies to inhibit excessive bone resorption by curbing osteoclast hyperactivation. Liquiritin (LIQ), an flavanone derivative employed in acute lung injury and rheumatoid arthritis treatment, possesses an unclear role in addressing excessive bone resorption. In this investigation, we found that LIQ demonstrates the ability to inhibit osteoclast formation and the bone-resorbing activity induced by RANKL. At a specific concentration, LIQ significantly attenuated NF-κB-Luc activity induced by RANKL and curtailed NF-κB activation in RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, resulting in reduced IκB-α breakdown and diminished nuclear NF-κB levels. Furthermore, LIQ markedly inhibited RANKL-induced NFATc1 activation, as evidenced by diminished NFATc1 luciferase activity, reduced NFATc1 mRNA levels, and decreased nuclear NFATc1 protein levels. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that LIQ effectively restrained the RANKL-induced elevation of intracellular calcium as well as reactive oxygen species. Additionally, LIQ exhibited a downregulating effect on the expression of osteoclast-specific genes, which include Acp5, Cathepsin K, Atp6v0d2, Nfatc1, c-Fos, and Mmp9. Notably, our findings revealed the potential of LIQ to counteract decreased bone density in mice that underwent ovariectomy. Collectively, the data indicate that LIQ impedes osteoclast formation triggered by RANKL and the subsequent reduction in bone mass by mitigating ROS levels and suppressing the Ca2+/MAPK-NFATc1 signaling pathway, suggesting its promising candidacy as a therapeutic agent for RANKL-mediated osteoporosis.

In silico discovery of novel calcineurin inhibitors using ligand-based 3-D pharmacophore modelling and molecular dynamics simulation

Calcineurin is a serine-threonine protein phosphatase that is activated with the binding of calmodulin in the presence of increased calcium concentration and has a major role in various signaling pathways. Its role in regulating homeostasis, developmental processes, and different disease progression has already been reported. The dysregulated Ca2+/calcineurin/NFAT1-4 pathway is observed in Autoimmune disorders and hence the use of Calcineurin inhibitors like Cyclosporin A (CsA) and Tacrolimus (FK506) is widely done in such cases. Recent studies indicate the uncontrolled overexpression of the Calcineurin protein in the pathophysiological pathway of neurodegenerative diseases. The in vitro and animal model studies with standard calcineurin inhibitors (CnIs), which are widely labeled as immunosuppressant drugs, have shown a significant reduction of neurodegeneration in respective models. These results compel the identification of novel calcineurin inhibitors against neurodegenerative diseases. With this scenario, the present work focuses on the computer-aided identification of novel CnIs via ligand-based 3-D pharmacophore modelling. Known CnIs, CsA, and FK506, were used to build the pharmacophore models which were validated and screened against external databases to retrieve possible hits. Docking investigations, pharmacokinetic properties, and molecular dynamics simulations along with toxicity predictions were performed on the hits that were obtained. According to the study, a total of 5 molecules ILB 162, ILB 005, ILB 439, ILB 390, and ILB 198, were found to be the best calcineurin inhibitors with binding affinity in the range of -9.7 to -9.0 Kcal/mol with 1MF8 (PDB). The stability of interactions of these molecules was further validated via Molecular dynamics simulation studies to confirm these to be the potential calcineurin-inhibiting molecules. HIGHLIGHTSCalcineurin inhibitors can be a novel therapeutic candidate against neurodegenerative diseases.The identification of novel Calcineurin inhibitors was done in silico using ligand-based 3-D pharmacophore modelling using Ligand Scout Essential 4.4. software.The model could identify 440 hits from various external databases like PubChem (2432 molecules), ChemSpider, MayBridge, DrugBank, and e-Drug 3D by Cheminformatic Tools and Databases for Pharmacology.Out of which 5 molecules: ILB 162, ILB 005, ILB 439, ILB 390, and ILB 198, were found to be the best calcineurin inhibitors with binding affinity in the range of -9.7 to -9.0 Kcal/mol with 1MF8 (PDB) which were further confirmed to be the best CnI candidates via Molecular dynamics simulation studies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

The role of intracellular calcium-store-mediated calcium signals in in vivo sensor and effector functions of microglia

Under physiological conditions microglia, the immune sentinels of the brain, constantly monitor their microenvironment. In the case of danger, damage or cell/tissue dyshomeostasis, they react with changes in process motility, polarization, directed process movement, morphology and gene expression profile; release pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators; proliferate; and clean brain parenchyma by means of phagocytosis. Based on recent transcriptomic and in vivo Ca2+ imaging data, we argue that the local cell/tissue dyshomeostasis is sensed by microglia via intracellular Ca2+ signals, many of which are mediated by Ca2+ release from the intracellular Ca2+ stores. These signals encode the strength, duration and spatiotemporal pattern of the stimulus and, at the same time, relay this information further to trigger the respective Ca2+ -dependent effector pathways. We also point to the fact that microglial Ca2+ signalling is sexually dimorphic and undergoes profound changes across the organism's lifespan. Interestingly, the first changes in microglial Ca2+ signalling are visible already in 9- to 11-month-old mice, roughly corresponding to 40-year-old humans.

Chaperone-mediated autophagy: Molecular mechanisms, biological functions, and diseases

Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) is a lysosomal degradation pathway that eliminates substrate proteins through heat-shock cognate protein 70 recognition and lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A-assisted translocation. It is distinct from macroautophagy and microautophagy. In recent years, the regulatory mechanisms of CMA have been gradually enriched, including the newly discovered NRF2 and p38-TFEB signaling, as positive and negative regulatory pathways of CMA, respectively. Normal CMA activity is involved in the regulation of metabolism, aging, immunity, cell cycle, and other physiological processes, while CMA dysfunction may be involved in the occurrence of neurodegenerative disorders, tumors, intestinal disorders, atherosclerosis, and so on, which provides potential targets for the treatment and prediction of related diseases. This article describes the general process of CMA and its role in physiological activities and summarizes the connection between CMA and macroautophagy. In addition, human diseases that concern the dysfunction or protective role of CMA are discussed. Our review deepens the understanding of the mechanisms and physiological functions of CMA and provides a summary of past CMA research and a vision of future directions.

Appraising causal risk and protective factors for rheumatoid arthritis

Aims

Mendelian randomization (MR) is considered to overcome the bias of observational studies, but there is no current meta-analysis of MR studies on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to summarize the relationship between potential pathogenic factors and RA risk based on existing MR studies.

Methods

PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase were searched for MR studies on influencing factors in relation to RA up to October 2022. Meta-analyses of MR studies assessing correlations between various potential pathogenic factors and RA were conducted. Random-effect and fixed-effect models were used to synthesize the odds ratios of various pathogenic factors and RA. The quality of the study was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology using Mendelian Randomization (STROBE-MR) guidelines.

Results

A total of 517 potentially relevant articles were screened, 35 studies were included in the systematic review, and 19 studies were eligible to be included in the meta-analysis. Pooled estimates of 19 included studies (causality between 15 different risk factors and RA) revealed that obesity, smoking, coffee intake, lower education attainment, and Graves' disease (GD) were related to the increased risk of RA. In contrast, the causality contribution from serum mineral levels (calcium, iron, copper, zinc, magnesium, selenium), alcohol intake, and chronic periodontitis to RA is not significant.

Conclusion

Obesity, smoking, education attainment, and GD have real causal effects on the occurrence and development of RA. These results may provide insights into the genetic susceptibility and potential biological pathways of RA.

Calcineurin Is a Universal Regulator of Vessel Function-Focus on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Calcineurin, a serine/threonine phosphatase regulating transcription factors like NFaT and CREB, is well known for its immune modulatory effects and role in cardiac hypertrophy. Results from experiments with calcineurin knockout animals and calcineurin inhibitors indicate that calcineurin also plays a crucial role in vascular function, especially in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In the aorta, calcineurin stimulates the proliferation and migration of VSMCs in response to vascular injury or angiotensin II administration, leading to pathological vessel wall thickening. In the heart, calcineurin mediates coronary artery formation and VSMC differentiation, which are crucial for proper heart development. In pulmonary VSMCs, calcineurin/NFaT signaling regulates the release of Ca2+, resulting in increased vascular tone followed by pulmonary arterial hypertension. In renal VSMCs, calcineurin regulates extracellular matrix secretion promoting fibrosis development. In the mesenteric and cerebral arteries, calcineurin mediates a phenotypic switch of VSMCs leading to altered cell function. Gaining deeper insights into the underlying mechanisms of calcineurin signaling will help researchers to understand developmental and pathogenetical aspects of the vasculature. In this review, we provide an overview of the physiological function and pathophysiology of calcineurin in the vascular system with a focus on vascular smooth muscle cells in different organs. Overall, there are indications that under certain pathological settings reduced calcineurin activity seems to be beneficial for cardiovascular health.

Tacrolimus Improves Therapeutic Efficacy of Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Diabetic Retinopathy by Suppressing DRP1-Mediated Mitochondrial Fission

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness in diabetic patients. Umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) are emerging as a promising new drug for degenerative disease associated with diabetes. Recent studies have shown that high glucose-increased excessive calcium levels are a major risk factor for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) accumulation and apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the role of high glucose-induced NFATC1 signaling in mitochondrial oxidative stress-stimulated apoptosis and the effect of tacrolimus on the therapeutic efficacy of subconjunctival transplantation of UCB-MSCs in a DR rat model. High glucose increased mtROS and cleaved caspase-9 expression in UCB-MSCs. High glucose conditions increased O-GlcNAcylated protein expression and nuclear translocation of NFATC1. Tacrolimus pretreatment recovered high glucose-induced mtROS levels and apoptosis. In the DR rat model, subconjunctival transplantation of tacrolimus-pretreated MSCs improved retinal vessel formation, retinal function, and uveitis. In high glucose conditions, tacrolimus pretreatment reduced protein and mRNA expression levels of DRP1 and inhibited mitochondrial fission. In conclusion, we demonstrated that high glucose-induced O-GlcNAcylation activates NFATC1 signaling, which is important for DRP1-mediated mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial apoptosis. Finally, we proposed NFATC1 suppression by tacrolimus as a promising therapeutic strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of UCB-MSC transplantation for DR treatment.

Microglial LRRK2-mediated NFATc1 attenuates α-synuclein immunotoxicity in association with CX3CR1-induced migration and the lysosome-initiated degradation

Synucleinopathies refer to a range of neurodegenerative diseases caused by abnormal α-synuclein (α-Syn) deposition, including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Their pathogenesis is strongly linked to microglial dysfunction and neuroinflammation, which involves the leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)-regulated nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT). Of the NFAT family, NFATc1 has been found to be increasingly translocated into the nucleus in α-syn stimulation. However, the specific role of NFATc1-mediated intracellular signaling in PD remains elusive in regulating microglial functions. In the current study, we crossbred LRRK2 or NFATc1 conditional knockout mice with Lyz2Cre mice to generate mice with microglia-specific deletion of LRRK2 or NFATc1, and by stereotactic injection of fibrillary α-Syn, we generated PD models in these mice. We found that LRRK2 deficiency enhanced microglial phagocytosis in the mice after α-Syn exposure and that genetic inhibition of NFATc1 markedly diminished phagocytosis and α-Syn elimination. We further demonstrated that LRRK2 negatively regulated NFATc1 in α-Syn-treated microglia, in which microglial LRRK2-deficiency facilitated NFATc1 nuclear translocation, CX3CR1 upregulation, and microglia migration. Additionally, NFATc1 translocation upregulated the expression of Rab7 and promoted the formation of late lysosomes, resulting in α-Syn degradation. In contrast, the microglial NFATc1 deficiency impaired CX3CR1 upregulation and the formation of Rab7-mediated late lysosomes. These findings highlight the critical role of NFATc1 in modulating microglial migration and phagocytosis, in which the LRRK2-NFATc1 signaling pathway regulates the expression of microglial CX3CR1 and endocytic degradative Rab7 to attenuate α-synuclein immunotoxicity.

Mechanisms of the Wnt Pathways as a Potential Target Pathway in Atherosclerosis

The proteins of the Wnt family are involved in a variety of physiological processes by means of several canonical and noncanonical signaling pathways. Wnt signaling has been recently identified as a major player in atherogenesis. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge on the influence of various components of the Wnt signaling pathways on the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and associated conditions. We used the PubMed database to search for recent papers on the involvement of the Wnt pathways in atherosclerosis. We used the combination of "Wnt" and "atherosclerosis" keywords to find the initial papers, and chose papers published after 2018. In the first section of the paper, we describe the general mechanisms of the Wnt signaling pathways and their components. The next section is dedicated to existing studies assessing the implication of Wnt signaling elements in different atherogenic processes, such as cholesterol retention, endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerotic calcification of the vessels. Lastly, various therapeutic strategies based on interference with the Wnt signaling pathways are considered. We also compare the efficacy and availability of the proposed treatment methods. Wnt signaling can be considered a potential target in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis. Therefore, in this review, we reviewed evidences showing that wnt signaling is an important signal for developing appropriate treatment strategies for atherosclerosis.

Novel role for linear ubiquitination in regulating NFAT1 stability

Linear ubiquitination is an important post-translational modification regulating the activation of numerous proinflammatory signalling mediators. Deregulated linear ubiquitination has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this issue, Miao et al. have identified a novel role for linear ubiquitination in the stabilisation of the NFAT1 transcription factor, leading to enhanced NFAT1-mediated gene expression, which might have functional implications in patients with Kawasaki disease.

Mercury intoxication disrupts tonic signaling in B cells, and may promote autoimmunity due to abnormal phosphorylation of STIM-1 and other autoimmunity risk associated phosphoproteins involved in BCR signaling

Epidemiological studies link exposure to mercury with autoimmune disease. Unfortunately, in spite of considerable effort, no generally accepted mechanistic understanding of how mercury functions with respect to the etiology of autoimmune disease is currently available. Nevertheless, autoimmune disease often arises because of defective B cell signaling. Because B cell signaling is dependent on phosphorylation cascades, in this report, we have focused on how mercury intoxication alters phosphorylation of B cell proteins in antigen-non stimulated (tonic) mouse (BALB/c) splenic B cells. Specifically, we utilized mass spectrometric techniques to conduct a comprehensive unbiased global analysis of the effect of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) on the entire B cell phosphoproteome. We found that the effects were pleotropic in the sense that large numbers of pathways were impacted. However, confirming our earlier work, we found that the B cell signaling pathway stood out from the rest, in that phosphoproteins which had sites which were affected by Hg2+, exhibited a much higher degree of connectivity, than components of other pathways. Further analysis showed that many of these BCR pathway proteins had been previously linked to autoimmune disease. Finally, dose response analysis of these BCR pathway proteins showed STIM1_S575, and NFAT2_S259 are the two most Hg2+ sensitive of these sites. Because STIM1_S575 controls the ability of STIM1 to regulate internal Ca2+, we speculate that STIM1 may be the initial point of disruption, where Hg2+ interferes with B cell signaling leading to systemic autoimmunity, with the molecular effects pleiotropically propagated throughout the cell by virtue of Ca2+ dysregulation.

The causal relationship between autoimmune diseases and osteoporosis: a study based on Mendelian randomization

Objective

The relationship between different autoimmune diseases and bone mineral density (BMD) and fractures has been reported in epidemiological studies. This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between autoimmune diseases and BMD, falls, and fractures using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods

The instrumental variables were selected from the aggregated statistical data of these diseases from the largest genome-wide association study in Europe. Specifically, 12 common autoimmune diseases were selected as exposure. Outcome variables included BMD, falls, and fractures. Multiple analysis methods were utilized to comprehensively evaluate the causal relationship between autoimmune diseases and BMD, falls, and fractures. Additionally, sensitivity analyses, including Cochran's Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, and one analysis, were conducted to verify the result's reliability.

Results

Strong evidence was provided in the results of the negatively association of ulcerative colitis (UC) with forearm BMD. UC also had a negatively association with the total body BMD, while inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) depicted a negatively association with the total body BMD at the age of 45-60 years. Horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity was not detected through sensitivity analysis, indicating that the causal estimation was reliable.

Conclusion

This study shows a negative causal relationship between UC and forearm and total body BMD, and between IBD and total body BMD at the age of 45-60 years. These results should be considered in future research and when public health measures and osteoporosis prevention strategies are formulated.

The Developmental Implications of Muscle-Targeted Magnetic Mitohormesis: A Human Health and Longevity Perspective

Muscle function reflects muscular mitochondrial status, which, in turn, is an adaptive response to physical activity, representing improvements in energy production for de novo biosynthesis or metabolic efficiency. Differences in muscle performance are manifestations of the expression of distinct contractile-protein isoforms and of mitochondrial-energy substrate utilization. Powerful contractures require immediate energy production from carbohydrates outside the mitochondria that exhaust rapidly. Sustained muscle contractions require aerobic energy production from fatty acids by the mitochondria that is slower and produces less force. These two patterns of muscle force generation are broadly classified as glycolytic or oxidative, respectively, and require disparate levels of increased contractile or mitochondrial protein production, respectively, to be effectively executed. Glycolytic muscle, hence, tends towards fibre hypertrophy, whereas oxidative fibres are more disposed towards increased mitochondrial content and efficiency, rather than hypertrophy. Although developmentally predetermined muscle classes exist, a degree of functional plasticity persists across all muscles post-birth that can be modulated by exercise and generally results in an increase in the oxidative character of muscle. Oxidative muscle is most strongly correlated with organismal metabolic balance and longevity because of the propensity of oxidative muscle for fatty-acid oxidation and associated anti-inflammatory ramifications which occur at the expense of glycolytic-muscle development and hypertrophy. This muscle-class size disparity is often at odds with common expectations that muscle mass should scale positively with improved health and longevity. Brief magnetic-field activation of the muscle mitochondrial pool has been shown to recapitulate key aspects of the oxidative-muscle phenotype with similar metabolic hallmarks. This review discusses the common genetic cascades invoked by endurance exercise and magnetic-field therapy and the potential physiological differences with regards to human health and longevity. Future human studies examining the physiological consequences of magnetic-field therapy are warranted.