1
|
Stieger A, Huber M, Yu Z, Kessler BM, Fischer R, Andereggen L, Kobel B, Stueber F, Luedi MM, Filipovic MG. Association of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Activity with Outcome after Cardiac Surgery in Adult Patients. Metabolites 2024; 14:334. [PMID: 38921469 PMCID: PMC11205801 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO) plays an important role in the catabolism of the amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophan and its metabolites are key immune modulators. Increased IDO activity has been observed in various diseases and is associated with worse clinical outcomes. However, comprehensive research regarding its role in cardiac surgery remains limited. Therefore, we aimed to investigate perioperative changes in IDO activity and pathway metabolites, along with their impact on clinical outcomes in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. As an observational cohort study conducted at the Inselspital in Bern from January to December 2019, we retrospectively analyzed the data of prospectively collected biobank samples of patients undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. IDO pathway metabolite analysis was conducted by mass spectrometry. Perioperative dynamics were descriptively assessed and associated with pre-defined clinical outcome measures (30-day mortality, 1-year mortality, incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction, and length of hospital stay) through a multi-step exploratory regression analysis. A cohort of 192 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass were included (median age 67.0, IQR 60.0-73.0, 75.5% male). A significant perioperative decrease in the kynurenine/tryptophan (Kyn/Trp) ratio (-2.298, 95% CI -4.028 to -596, p = 0.009) and significant perioperative dynamics in the associated metabolites was observed. No association of perioperative changes in IDO activity and pathway metabolites with clinical outcomes was found. A significant decrease in the Kyn/Trp ratio among adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery indicates a perioperative downregulation of IDO, which stands in contrast to other pro-inflammatory conditions. Further studies are needed to investigate IDO in the setting of perioperative immunomodulation, which is a key driver of postoperative complications in cardiac surgery patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stieger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
| | - Markus Huber
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.H.); (B.K.); (F.S.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Zhanru Yu
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; (Z.Y.); (B.M.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Benedikt M. Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; (Z.Y.); (B.M.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; (Z.Y.); (B.M.K.); (R.F.)
| | - Lukas Andereggen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cantonal Hospital of Aarau, 5000 Aarau, Switzerland;
| | - Beatrice Kobel
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.H.); (B.K.); (F.S.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Frank Stueber
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.H.); (B.K.); (F.S.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Markus M. Luedi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland;
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.H.); (B.K.); (F.S.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Mark G. Filipovic
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (M.H.); (B.K.); (F.S.); (M.G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mirgaux M, Leherte L, Wouters J. Human indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 cofactor lability and low substrate affinity explained by homology modeling, molecular dynamics and molecular docking. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4475-4488. [PMID: 37301605 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2220830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The human indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 2 (hIDO2) protein is growing of interest as it is increasingly implicated in multiple diseases (cancer, autoimmune diseases, COVID-19). However, it is only poorly reported in the literature. Its mode of action remains unknown because it does not seem to catalyze the reaction for which it is attributed: the degradation of the L-Tryptophan into N-formyl-kynurenine. This contrasts with its paralog, the human indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (hIDO1), which has been extensively studied in the literature and for which several inhibitors are already in clinical trials. Yet, the recent failure of one of the most advanced hIDO1 inhibitors, the Epacadostat, could be caused by a still unknown interaction between hIDO1 and hIDO2. In order to better understand the mechanism of hIDO2, and in the absence of experimental structural data, a computational study mixing homology modeling, Molecular Dynamics, and molecular docking was conducted. The present article highlights an exacerbated lability of the cofactor as well as an inadequate positioning of the substrate in the active site of hIDO2, which might bring part of an answer to its lack of activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Mirgaux
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Laurence Leherte
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Johan Wouters
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique Structurale (CBS), Namur Institute of Structured Matter (NISM), Namur Research Institute for Life Science (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Summers BS, Thomas Broome S, Pang TWR, Mundell HD, Koh Belic N, Tom NC, Ng ML, Yap M, Sen MK, Sedaghat S, Weible MW, Castorina A, Lim CK, Lovelace MD, Brew BJ. A Review of the Evidence for Tryptophan and the Kynurenine Pathway as a Regulator of Stem Cell Niches in Health and Disease. Int J Tryptophan Res 2024; 17:11786469241248287. [PMID: 38757094 PMCID: PMC11097742 DOI: 10.1177/11786469241248287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are ubiquitously found in various tissues and organs in the body, and underpin the body's ability to repair itself following injury or disease initiation, though repair can sometimes be compromised. Understanding how stem cells are produced, and functional signaling systems between different niches is critical to understanding the potential use of stem cells in regenerative medicine. In this context, this review considers kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolism in multipotent adult progenitor cells, embryonic, haematopoietic, neural, cancer, cardiac and induced pluripotent stem cells, endothelial progenitor cells, and mesenchymal stromal cells. The KP is the major enzymatic pathway for sequentially catabolising the essential amino acid tryptophan (TRP), resulting in key metabolites including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, and quinolinic acid (QUIN). QUIN metabolism transitions into the adjoining de novo pathway for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) production, a critical cofactor in many fundamental cellular biochemical pathways. How stem cells uptake and utilise TRP varies between different species and stem cell types, because of their expression of transporters and responses to inflammatory cytokines. Several KP metabolites are physiologically active, with either beneficial or detrimental outcomes, and evidence of this is presented relating to several stem cell types, which is important as they may exert a significant impact on surrounding differentiated cells, particularly if they metabolise or secrete metabolites differently. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in mesenchymal stromal cells, for instance, highly upregulates rate-limiting enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), initiating TRP depletion and production of metabolites including kynurenine/kynurenic acid, known agonists of the Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) transcription factor. AhR transcriptionally regulates an immunosuppressive phenotype, making them attractive for regenerative therapy. We also draw attention to important gaps in knowledge for future studies, which will underpin future application for stem cell-based cellular therapies or optimising drugs which can modulate the KP in innate stem cell populations, for disease treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Sebastian Summers
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Thomas Broome
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hamish D Mundell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, New South Wales Brain Tissue Resource Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Naomi Koh Belic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole C Tom
- Formerly of the Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mei Li Ng
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maylin Yap
- Formerly of the Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Monokesh K Sen
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Sedaghat
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael W Weible
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chai K Lim
- Faculty of Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael D Lovelace
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce J Brew
- Applied Neurosciences Program, Peter Duncan Neurosciences Research Unit, St. Vincent’s Centre for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suvieri C, De Marchis F, Mandarano M, Ambrosino S, Rossini S, Mondanelli G, Gargaro M, Panfili E, Orabona C, Pallotta MT, Belladonna ML, Volpi C. Membrane Localization and Phosphorylation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) in A549 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells: First Steps in Exploring Its Signaling Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16236. [PMID: 38003426 PMCID: PMC10671178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is a paralog of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a tryptophan-degrading enzyme producing immunomodulatory molecules. However, the two proteins are unlikely to carry out the same functions. IDO2 shows little or no tryptophan catabolic activity and exerts contrasting immunomodulatory roles in a context-dependent manner in cancer and autoimmune diseases. The recently described potential non-enzymatic activity of IDO2 has suggested its possible involvement in alternative pathways, resulting in either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects in different models. In a previous study on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues, we found that IDO2 expression revealed at the plasma membrane level of tumor cells was significantly associated with poor prognosis. In this study, the A549 human cell line, basally expressing IDO2, was used as an in vitro model of human lung adenocarcinoma to gain more insights into a possible alternative function of IDO2 different from the catalytic one. In these cells, immunocytochemistry and isopycnic sucrose gradient analyses confirmed the IDO2 protein localization in the cell membrane compartment, and the immunoprecipitation of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins revealed that kinase activities can target IDO2. The different localization from the cytosolic one and the phosphorylation state are the first indications for the signaling function of IDO2, suggesting that the IDO2 non-enzymatic role in cancer cells is worthy of deeper understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Suvieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Francesca De Marchis
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Research Division of Perugia, National Research Council (CNR), 06128 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Sara Ambrosino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Giada Mondanelli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Marco Gargaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Eleonora Panfili
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Teresa Pallotta
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Maria Laura Belladonna
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (S.R.); (G.M.); (M.G.); (E.P.); (C.O.); (M.T.P.); (M.L.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu C, Spector SA, Theodoropoulos G, Nguyen DJM, Kim EY, Garcia A, Savaraj N, Lim DC, Paul A, Feun LG, Bickerdike M, Wangpaichitr M. Dual inhibition of IDO1/TDO2 enhances anti-tumor immunity in platinum-resistant non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Metab 2023; 11:7. [PMID: 37226257 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-023-00307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) metabolism on the immune microenvironment is not well understood within platinum resistance. We have identified crucial metabolic differences between cisplatin-resistant (CR) and cisplatin-sensitive (CS) NSCLC cells with elevated indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) activity in CR, recognized by increased kynurenine (KYN) production. METHODS Co-culture, syngeneic, and humanize mice models were utilized. C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with either Lewis lung carcinoma mouse cells (LLC) or their platinum-resistant counterpart (LLC-CR) cells. Humanized mice were inoculated with either A (human CS cells) or ALC (human CR cells). Mice were treated with either IDO1 inhibitor or TDO2 (tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase-2) inhibitor at 200 mg/kg P.O. once a day for 15 days; or with a new-in-class, IDO1/TDO2 dual inhibitor AT-0174 at 170 mg/kg P.O. once a day for 15 days with and without anti-PD1 antibody (10 mg/kg, every 3 days). Immune profiles and KYN and tryptophan (TRP) production were evaluated. RESULTS CR tumors exhibited a more highly immunosuppressive environment that debilitated robust anti-tumor immune responses. IDO1-mediated KYN production from CR cells suppressed NKG2D on immune effector natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells and enhanced immunosuppressive populations of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Importantly, while selective IDO1 inhibition attenuated CR tumor growth, it concomitantly upregulated the TDO2 enzyme. To overcome the compensatory induction of TDO2 activity, we employed the IDO1/TDO2 dual inhibitor, AT-0174. Dual inhibition of IDO1/TDO2 in CR mice suppressed tumor growth to a greater degree than IDO1 inhibition alone. Significant enhancement in NKG2D frequency on NK and CD8+ T cells and a reduction in Tregs and MDSCs were observed following AT-1074 treatment. PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand-1) expression was increased in CR cells; therefore, we assessed dual inhibition + PD1 (programmed cell death protein-1) blocking and report profound anti-tumor growth and improved immunity in CR tumors which in turn extended overall survival in mice. CONCLUSION Our study reports the presence of platinum-resistant lung tumors that utilize both IDO1/TDO2 enzymes for survival, and to escape immune surveillance as a consequence of KYN metabolites. We also report early in vivo data in support of the potential therapeutic efficacy of the dual IDO1/TDO2 inhibitor AT-0174 as a part of immuno-therapeutic treatment that disrupts tumor metabolism and enhances anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjing Wu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sydney A Spector
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Dan J M Nguyen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Emily Y Kim
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ashley Garcia
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Diane C Lim
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ankita Paul
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lynn G Feun
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Azimnasab-Sorkhabi P, Soltani-Asl M, Yoshinaga TT, Zaidan Dagli ML, Massoco CDO, Kfoury Junior JR. Indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase: a fate-changer of the tumor microenvironment. Mol Biol Rep 2023:10.1007/s11033-023-08469-3. [PMID: 37217614 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase is a rate-limiting enzyme in the tryptophan catabolism in kynurenine pathways that has an immunosuppressive effect and supports cancer cells to evade the immune system in different cancer types. Diverse cytokines and pathways upregulate the production of indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase enzymes in the tumor microenvironment and cause more production and activity of this enzyme. Ultimately, this situation results in anti-tumor immune suppression which is in favor of tumor growth. Several inhibitors such as 1-methyl-tryptophan have been introduced for indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase enzyme and some of them are widely utilized in pre-clinical and clinical trials. Importantly at the molecular level, indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase is positioned in a series of intricate signaling and molecular networks. Here, the main objective is to provide a focused view of indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase enhancer pathways and propose further studies to cover the gap in available information on the function of indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase enzyme in the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Azimnasab-Sorkhabi
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maryam Soltani-Asl
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Túlio Teruo Yoshinaga
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Zaidan Dagli
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina de Oliveira Massoco
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Roberto Kfoury Junior
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guo D, Wang Y, Wu X, Gao Y, Wang A, Zhang Z, Zhao K, Wang X, Liu M, Zhang Y, Li M, Chen R, Sun J, Zhang Y. Expression of Tryptophan Metabolism Enzymes in Patients with Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma and NK/T-cell Lymphoma. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37148546 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolites of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism in the tumor microenvironment play crucial immunosuppressive roles in various cancers. However, the role of Trp metabolism in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) or natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NK/TCL) remains unelucidated. METHODS We investigated the potential role of Trp metabolism in a cohort of 43 patients with DLBCL and 23 with NK/TCL. We constructed tissue microarrays and performed in situ staining of Trp-catabolizing enzymes and PD-L1 using immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS We observed 14.0% positive staining of IDO1 in DCBCL and 60.9% in NK/TCL; 55.8% of IDO2 in DCBCL and 95.7% in NK/TCL; 79.1% of TDO2 in DCBCL and 43.5% in NK/TCL; 29.7% of IL4I1 in DCBCL and 39.1% in NK/TCL. However, IDO1, IDO2, TDO2, and IL4I1 positivity did not significantly differ between PD-L1+ and PD-L1- biopsy tissue samples of NK/TCL; nonetheless, a positive correlation of IDO1 (r = 0.87, p < 0.001), IDO2 (r = 0.70, p < 0.001), TDO2 (r = 0.63, p < 0.001), and IL4I1 (r = 0.53, p < 0.05) with PD-L1 expression was observed in the TCGA-DLBCL dataset. Finally, immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis revealed the lack of superior prognostic effect with higher expression of Trp enzymes in DLBCL and NK/TCL. Furthermore, IDO1, IDO2, TDO2, and IL4I1 expression, as well as survival rates, did not significantly differ across all groups in the TCGA-DLBCL cohort. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the enzymes involved in Trp metabolism in DLBCL and NK/TCL and their association with PD-L1 expression, which offers potential strategies to combine Trp-metabolism enzyme inhibitors with anti-PD-L1 or other immunotherapeutic strategies in clinical DLBCL or NK/TCL treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Guo
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuming Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xunyao Wu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yike Gao
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxi Wang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyu Liu
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yaran Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu M, Zhu F, Yin Q, Yin H, Fang S, Luo G, Huang J, Huang W, Liu F, Zhong M, Deng X. Serum Response Factor-Regulated IDO1/Kyn-Ahr Pathway Promotes Tumorigenesis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041319. [PMID: 36831659 PMCID: PMC9954402 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum response factor (SRF) regulates pro-carcinogenic genes in various cancers, but its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. SRF expression in 70 OSCC samples was detected via immunohistochemistry. Abundant SRF expressed in OSCC tissues was closely associated with tumor metastasis. SRF-overexpressing OSCC cells were constructed to evaluate how SRF affects OSCC cell tumorigenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and in vivo. Overexpressed SRF increased OSCC cell migration and invasion in vitro and tumor growth and invasion in vivo. This promoted EMT, characterized by decreased and increased expression of E- and N-cadherin, respectively. Furthermore, an analysis of RNA sequences of transcriptional targets of SRF showed that SRF transactivated the indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)/kynurenine-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Kyn-AhR) signaling pathway in OSCC cell lines. Direct SRF binding to the IDO1 gene promoter upregulated transcription, which was detected through chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase reporter assays. Inhibiting IDO1 or AhR impaired SRF-induced migration and invasion and prevented EMT in OSCC cells. Our results demonstrated that SRF is a critical regulator of the IDO1/Kyn-AhR signaling pathway. This in turn increases OSCC cell migration and invasion by modulating EMT, which, consequently, favors OSCC cell growth and metastasis. We revealed a novel molecular mechanism through which SRF modulates OSCC metastasis. This should provide potential targets or biomarkers for OSCC diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Xu
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College & Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Feixiang Zhu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Qi Yin
- Department of Stomatology of Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Hao Yin
- Department of Stomatology of Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Shaobin Fang
- Department of Stomatology of Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Gongwei Luo
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Wenxia Huang
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College & Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361008, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Implantology, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College & Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361008, China
- Department of Stomatology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0592-2185363
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The exploitation of enzyme-based cancer immunotherapy. Hum Cell 2023; 36:98-120. [PMID: 36334180 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-022-00821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy utilizes the immune system and its wide-ranging components to deliver anti-tumor responses. In immune escape mechanisms, tumor microenvironment-associated soluble factors and cell surface-bound molecules are mainly accountable for the dysfunctional activity of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) and stromal cells. The myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), are also key tumor-promoting immune cells. These potent immunosuppressive networks avert tumor rejection at various stages, affecting immunotherapies' outcomes. Numerous clinical trials have elucidated that disruption of immunosuppression could be achieved via checkpoint inhibitors. Another approach utilizes enzymes that can restore the body's potential to counter cancer by triggering the immune system inhibited by the tumor microenvironment. These immunotherapeutic enzymes can catalyze an immunostimulatory signal and modulate the tumor microenvironment via effector molecules. Herein, we have discussed the immuno-metabolic roles of various enzymes like ATP-dephosphorylating ectoenzymes, inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, phenylamine, tryptophan, and arginine catabolizing enzymes in cancer immunotherapy. Understanding the detailed molecular mechanisms of the enzymes involved in modulating the tumor microenvironment may help find new opportunities for cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
|
10
|
Gu P, Ling B, Ma W, Zhang J, Zhang W, Zeng Y, Liu Y, Chi J, Ruan X, Zheng X, Wei S, Gao M. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 immunohistochemical expression in medullary thyroid carcinoma: implications in prognosis and immunomodulatory effects. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1116. [PMID: 36319978 PMCID: PMC9624013 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The linkage between IDO2 expression and cancer progression is still unclear, particularly in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Our purpose is to unveil the potential correlations between IDO2 status, clinical-pathological parameters, patients' prognosis, and the possible immunomodulatory functions in MTC. METHODS Immunohistochemical expression levels of IDO2 were evaluated in the resected MTC surgical specimens and corresponding lymph nodes. CD4 + T cell infiltration was also evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis in the MTC tissues. The association of the IDO2 expression level with clinicopathologic characteristics, overall survival (OS)/recurrence-free survival (RFS), and CD4 + T cell infiltration were retrospectively investigated. RESULTS High expression of IDO2 is closely associated with more aggressive clinicopathological features, such as multifocality, ETE, a higher pT stage and especially a higher pN stage. Moreover, a significant difference in RFS was observed between the IDO2-high and IDO2-low groups. IDO2 expression of lymph node tissues was significantly related to the metastasis status. Furthermore, we found that IDO2 expression is negatively correlated with CD4 + T cell infiltrations in MTC tissues. CONCLUSION The expression level of IDO2 is associated with aggressive characteristics and is predictive of poor prognosis in patients with MTC. Also, an interesting observation is that IDO2 involvement in MTC showed a moderate sexual dimorphism, of which female patients tend to be more affected by IDO2 status. Moreover, our results showed the potential immunomodulatory functions of IDO2. The close relationship between IDO2 and CD4 + T cell infiltration in the MTC microenvironment, together with its potential prognostic implications, makes it possible for IDO2 to serve as an alternative drug target in cancer immunotherapy and as a new prognostic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Gu
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Ling
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Cancer Precision Medicine Center, Tianjin Cancer Hospital Airport Hospital, Tianjin, China ,grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Center For Precision Cancer Medicine & Translational Research, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Weike Ma
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Jinming Zhang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Liu
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Jiadong Chi
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Xianhui Ruan
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangqian Zheng
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Songfeng Wei
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Gao
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Thyroid and Neck Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, 300060 Tianjin, China ,grid.417031.00000 0004 1799 2675Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China ,grid.417031.00000 0004 1799 2675Tianjin Key Laboratory of General Surgery in construction, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121 Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pallotta MT, Rossini S, Suvieri C, Coletti A, Orabona C, Macchiarulo A, Volpi C, Grohmann U. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1): an up-to-date overview of an eclectic immunoregulatory enzyme. FEBS J 2022; 289:6099-6118. [PMID: 34145969 PMCID: PMC9786828 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the initial rate-limiting step in the degradation of the essential amino acid tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway. When discovered more than 50 years ago, IDO1 was thought to be an effector molecule capable of mediating a survival strategy based on the deprivation of bacteria and tumor cells of the essential amino acid tryptophan. Since 1998, when tryptophan catabolism was discovered to be crucially involved in the maintenance of maternal T-cell tolerance, IDO1 has become the focus of several laboratories around the world. Indeed, IDO1 is now considered as an authentic immune regulator not only in pregnancy, but also in autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammation, and tumor immunity. However, in the last years, a bulk of new information-including structural, biological, and functional evidence-on IDO1 has come to light. For instance, we now know that IDO1 has a peculiar conformational plasticity and, in addition to a complex and highly regulated catalytic activity, is capable of performing a nonenzymic function that reprograms the expression profile of immune cells toward a highly immunoregulatory phenotype. With this state-of-the-art review, we aimed at gathering the most recent information obtained for this eclectic protein as well as at highlighting the major unresolved questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia Rossini
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Chiara Suvieri
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | | | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PerugiaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu L, Wang D, Chen Y, Qian M, Xu X, Zhang T, Bi N, Wang L. Dynamic change of IDO1 activity predicts survival in patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC and chemoradiotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906815. [PMID: 36032151 PMCID: PMC9399602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveHigh activity of Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase1 (IDO1) in lung cancer patients converts tryptophan (Trp), which is the essential amino acid for T-cell metabolism, to kynurenine (Kyn) and consequently suppresses anti-tumor immune responses. We aimed to track the dynamics of IDO1 activity in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who received first-line radiotherapy (RT) and explore its association with survival outcomes.Materials and methodsSystemic IDO1 activity was calculated by Kyn : Trp ratio. Plasma levels of Kyn and Trp in 113 thoracic RT-received stage III NSCLC patients were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography before the initiation of RT. The dynamic change of IDO1 activity was followed in 24 patients by measuring the Kyn : Trp ratio before, during, and after RT administration.ResultsIn 24 patients with dynamic tracking of plasma IDO1 activity, there were no significant alterations observed among the three time points (Friedman test, p = 0.13). The changing pattern of the Kyn : Trp ratio was divided into four groups: decreased consistently during RT, first increased, then decreased, increased consistently, first decreased then increased. Patients whose Kyn : Trp ratio kept decreasing or first increased then decreased were defined as the good-change group. The good-change status was identified as an independent positive factor for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p = 0.04; p = 0.01) in multivariate analysis among evaluated parameters. Patients with good change showed significantly superior local control than the bad-change group (p = 0.01, HR = 0.22). In 113 stage III NSCLC patients with pre-radiation Kyn : Trp ratio, a trend that high baseline IDO1 activity was associated with short OS was observed (p = 0.079).ConclusionFavorable change in IDO1 activity during RT was associated with superior OS, PFS, and local control. IDO1 activity is a promising biomarker for prognosis in stage III NSCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linfang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Daquan Wang
- Department of radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Mingmin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Imaging and Metabolomics (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Bi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Bi, ; Luhua Wang,
| | - Luhua Wang
- Department of radiation Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Nan Bi, ; Luhua Wang,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Dual-target inhibitors of indoleamine 2, 3 dioxygenase 1 (Ido1): A promising direction in cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114524. [PMID: 35696861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway of tryptophan metabolism in the first step, and the kynurenine pathway plays a fundamental role in immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, researchers are vigorously developing IDO1 inhibitors, hoping to apply them to cancer immunotherapy. Nowadays, there have been 11 kinds of IDO1 inhibitors entering clinical trials, among which many inhibitors have shown good tumor inhibitory effect in phase I/II clinical trials. But the phase III study of the most promising IDO1 inhibitor compound 29 (Epacadostat) failed in 2018, which may be caused by the compensation effect offered by tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), the mismatched drug combination strategies, or other reasons. Luckily, dual-target inhibitors show great potential and advantages in solving these problems. In recent years, many studies have linked IDO1 to popular targets and selected many IDO1 dual-target inhibitors through pharmacophore fusion strategy and library construction, which enhance the tumor inhibitory effect and reduce side effects. Currently, three kinds of IDO1/TDO dual-target inhibitors have entered clinical trials, and extensive studies have been developing on IDO1 dual-target inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the IDO1 dual-target inhibitors developed in recent years and focus on the structure optimization process, structure-activity relationship, and the efficacy of in vitro and in vivo experiments, shedding a light on the pivotal significance of IDO1 dual-target inhibitors in the treatment of cancer, providing inspiration for the development of new IDO1 dual-target inhibitors.
Collapse
|
14
|
The Kynurenine Pathway and Cancer: Why Keep It Simple When You Can Make It Complicated. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112793. [PMID: 35681770 PMCID: PMC9179486 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The kynurenine pathway has two main physiological roles: (i) it protects specific organs such as the eyes and placenta from strong immune reactions and (ii) it additionally generate in the liver and kidney a metabolite essential to all cells of human body. Abnormal activation of this pathway is recurrently observed in numerous cancer types. Its two functions are hijacked to promote tumor growth and cancer cell dissemination through multiple mechanisms. Clinical assays including administration of inhibitors of this pathway have not yet been successful. The complex regulation of this pathway is likely the reason behind this failure. In this review, we try to give an overview of the current knowledge about this pathway, to point out the next challenges, and to propose alternative therapeutic routes. Abstract The kynurenine pathway has been highlighted as a gatekeeper of immune-privileged sites through its ability to generate from tryptophan a set of immunosuppressive metabolic intermediates. It additionally constitutes an important source of cellular NAD+ for the organism. Hijacking of its immunosuppressive functions, as recurrently observed in multiple cancers, facilitates immune evasion and promotes tumor development. Based on these observations, researchers have focused on characterizing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1), the main enzyme catalyzing the first and limiting step of the pathway, and on developing therapies targeting it. Unfortunately, clinical trials studying IDO1 inhibitors have thus far not met expectations, highlighting the need to unravel this complex signaling pathway further. Recent advances demonstrate that these metabolites additionally promote tumor growth, metastatic dissemination and chemoresistance by a combination of paracrine and autocrine effects. Production of NAD+ also contributes to cancer progression by providing cancer cells with enhanced plasticity, invasive properties and chemoresistance. A comprehensive survey of this complexity is challenging but necessary to achieve medical success.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yuasa HJ. Inhibitory effect of ascorbate on tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. J Biochem 2022; 171:653-661. [PMID: 35244712 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) catalyze the same reaction, oxidative cleavage of L-tryptophan (L-Trp) to N-formyl-kynurenine. In both enzymes, the ferric (FeIII) form is inactive, and ascorbate (Asc) is frequently used as a reductant in in vitro assays to activate the enzymes by reducing the heme iron. Recently, it has been reported that Asc activates IDO2 by acting as a reductant, however, it is also a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme. Here, the effect of Asc on human TDO (hTDO) is investigated. Similar to its interaction with IDO2, Asc acts as both a reductant and a competitive inhibitor of hTDO in the absence of catalase, and its inhibitory effect was enhanced by the addition of H2O2. Interestingly, however, no inhibitory effect of Asc was observed in the presence of catalase. TDO is known to be activated by H2O2 and a ferryl-oxo (FeIV=O) intermediate (Compound II) is generated during the activation process. The observation that Asc acts as a competitive inhibitor of hTDO only in the absence of catalase can be explained by assuming that the target of Asc is Compound II. Asc seems to compete with L-Trp in an unusual manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Julie Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University Corporation Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Song X, Si Q, Qi R, Liu W, Li M, Guo M, Wei L, Yao Z. Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1: A Promising Therapeutic Target in Malignant Tumor. Front Immunol 2022; 12:800630. [PMID: 35003126 PMCID: PMC8733291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.800630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex multifactorial and multistep process in which tumors can utilize a diverse repertoire of immunosuppressive mechanisms to evade host immune attacks. The degradation of tryptophan into immunosuppressive kynurenine is considered an important immunosuppressive mechanism in the tumor microenvironment. There are three enzymes, namely, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2), involved in the metabolism of tryptophan. IDO1 has a wider distribution and higher activity in catalyzing tryptophan than the other two; therefore, it has been studied most extensively. IDO1 is a cytosolic monomeric, heme-containing enzyme, which is now considered an authentic immune regulator and represents one of the promising drug targets for tumor immunotherapy. Collectively, this review highlights the regulation of IDO1 gene expression and the ambivalent mechanisms of IDO1 on the antitumoral immune response. Further, new therapeutic targets via the regulation of IDO1 are discussed. A comprehensive analysis of the expression and biological function of IDO1 can help us to understand the therapeutic strategies of the inhibitors targeting IDO1 in malignant tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qianqian Si
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rui Qi
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weidan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Hospital, Pingxiang County, Xingtai, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengyue Guo
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiyan Yao
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
He X, He G, Chu Z, Wu H, Wang J, Ge Y, Shen H, Zhang S, Shan J, Peng K, Wei Z, Zou Y, Xu Y, Zhu Q. Discovery of the First Potent IDO1/IDO2 Dual Inhibitors: A Promising Strategy for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:17950-17968. [PMID: 34854662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) plays an important role in tumor immune escape. However, unsatisfactory clinical efficacies of selective IDO1 inhibitors have impeded their further development, suggesting that they do not exert sufficient antitumor effects by selectively inhibiting IDO1. IDO2, an isoenzyme of IDO1, is overexpressed in some human tumors, and emerging evidence suggests that concomitant inhibition of IDO1/2 may have synergistic effects in cancer treatment, revealing a promising cancer immunotherapeutic strategy. Herein, we describe the discovery of compound 4t, the first inhibitor targeting both IDO1/2 that has excellent in vitro inhibitory activity (IDO1 IC50 = 28 nM and IDO2 IC50 = 144 nM). Notably, 4t (TGI = 69.7%) exhibited significantly stronger in vivo antitumor potency than epacadostat (TGI = 49.4%) in CT26 xenograft mouse models, highlighting the advantages of IDO1/2 dual inhibitors for tumor immunotherapy. Preliminary mechanistic studies in vivo further identified that 4t exerts its antitumor effect by inhibiting IDO1/2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Guangchao He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhaoxing Chu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Huanhuan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yiran Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jinxi Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kewen Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Zhifeng Wei
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yungen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Qihua Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bello C, Heinisch PP, Mihalj M, Carrel T, Luedi MM. Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase as a Perioperative Marker of the Immune System. Front Physiol 2021; 12:766511. [PMID: 34819875 PMCID: PMC8606526 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.766511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the “rate-limiting” enzyme in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway of the tryptophan (Trp) catabolism. By its immune-modulatory effect, IDO initiates changes to the physiologically balanced immune state and plays a key role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, as well as in the perioperative setting during surgery. In autoimmune processes, highly malignant cancers such as glioblastoma or organ transplantation, IDO’s involvement has been studied extensively. However, in severe systemic infections, as present in sepsis, it is not yet completely understood. Hereafter, in this narrative review, we present the current knowledge of IDO’s implication on such complex immune-related processes. Moreover, we address the role of IDO as a predictive biomarker as well as a therapeutic target for immune-mediated diseases. Finally, we discuss IDO in the setting of surgical trauma-induced stress and highlight its promising use as a biomarker in the pre-operative setting for all disciplines involved in the decision-making process and treatment of patients undergoing surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Bello
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Spital Grabs, Grabs, Switzerland.,Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Philipp Heinisch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Congenital and Pediatric Heart Surgery, German Heart Center Munich, Technical University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maks Mihalj
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Carrel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus M Luedi
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Bern University Hospital (Inselspital), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Involvement of Kynurenine Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205180. [PMID: 34680327 PMCID: PMC8533819 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a biochemical pathway that synthesizes the vital coenzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). In cancer, the KP is significantly activated, leading to tryptophan depletion and the production of downstream metabolites, which skews the immune response towards tumour tolerance. More specifically, advanced stage cancers that readily metastasize evidence the most dysregulation in KP enzymes, providing a clear link between the KP and cancer morbidity. Consequently, this provides the rationale for an attractive new drug discovery opportunity for adjuvant therapeutics targeting KP-mediated immune tolerance, which would greatly complement current pharmacological interventions. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the roles of the KP and clinical trials examining KP inhibition in liver cancer. Abstract As the second and third leading cancer-related death in men and the world, respectively, primary liver cancer remains a major concern to human health. Despite advances in diagnostic technology, patients with primary liver cancer are often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Treatment options for patients with advanced hepatocarcinoma (HCC) are limited to systemic treatment with multikinase inhibitors and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the 5-year survival rate for these late-stage HCC patients is approximately 12% worldwide. There is an unmet need to identify novel treatment options and/or sensitive blood-based biomarker(s) to detect this cancer at an early stage. Given that the liver harbours the largest proportion of immune cells in the human body, understanding the tumour–immune microenvironment has gained increasing attention as a potential target to treat cancer. The kynurenine pathway (KP) has been proposed to be one of the key mechanisms used by the tumour cells to escape immune surveillance for proliferation and metastasis. In an inflammatory environment such as cancer, the KP is elevated, suppressing local immune cell populations and enhancing tumour growth. In this review, we collectively describe the roles of the KP in cancer and provide information on the latest research into the KP in primary liver cancer.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ramprasath T, Han YM, Zhang D, Yu CJ, Zou MH. Tryptophan Catabolism and Inflammation: A Novel Therapeutic Target For Aortic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:731701. [PMID: 34630411 PMCID: PMC8496902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic diseases are the primary public health concern. As asymptomatic diseases, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and atherosclerosis are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The inflammatory process constitutes an essential part of a pathogenic cascade of aortic diseases, including atherosclerosis and aortic aneurysms. Inflammation on various vascular beds, including endothelium, smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, and inflammatory cell infiltration (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, etc.), play critical roles in the initiation and progression of aortic diseases. The tryptophan (Trp) metabolism or kynurenine pathway (KP) is the primary way of degrading Trp in most mammalian cells, disturbed by cytokines under various stress. KP generates several bioactive catabolites, such as kynurenine (Kyn), kynurenic acid (KA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), etc. Depends on the cell types, these metabolites can elicit both hyper- and anti-inflammatory effects. Accumulating evidence obtained from various animal disease models indicates that KP contributes to the inflammatory process during the development of vascular disease, notably atherosclerosis and aneurysm development. This review outlines current insights into how perturbed Trp metabolism instigates aortic inflammation and aortic disease phenotypes. We also briefly highlight how targeting Trp metabolic pathways should be considered for treating aortic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tharmarajan Ramprasath
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Young-Min Han
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Donghong Zhang
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chang-Jiang Yu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li C, Zhao H. Tryptophan and Its Metabolites in Lung Cancer: Basic Functions and Clinical Significance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:707277. [PMID: 34422661 PMCID: PMC8377361 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.707277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most lethal malignancy worldwide. Recently, it has been recognized that metabolic reprogramming is a complex and multifaceted factor, contributing to the process of lung cancer. Tryptophan (Try) is an essential amino acid, and Try and its metabolites can regulate the progression of lung cancer. Here, we review the pleiotropic functions of the Try metabolic pathway, its metabolites, and key enzymes in the pathogenic process of lung cancer, including modulating the tumor environment, promoting immune suppression, and drug resistance. We summarize the recent advance in therapeutic drugs targeting the Try metabolism and kynurenine pathway and their clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenwei Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Health Examination Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kwiatkowska I, Hermanowicz JM, Przybyszewska-Podstawka A, Pawlak D. Not Only Immune Escape-The Confusing Role of the TRP Metabolic Pathway in Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2667. [PMID: 34071442 PMCID: PMC8198784 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recently discovered phenomenon that cancer cells can avoid immune response has gained scientists' interest. One of the pathways involved in this process is tryptophan (TRP) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP). Individual components involved in TRP conversion seem to contribute to cancerogenesis both through a direct impact on cancer cells and the modulation of immune cell functionality. Due to this fact, this pathway may serve as a target for immunotherapy and attempts are being made to create novel compounds effective in cancer treatment. However, the results obtained from clinical trials are not satisfactory, which raises questions about the exact role of KP elements in tumorigenesis. An increasing number of experiments reveal that TRP metabolites may either be tumor promoters and suppressors and this is why further research in this field is highly needed. The aim of this study is to present KP as a modulator of cancer development through multiple mechanisms and to point to its ambiguity, which may be a reason for failures in treatment based on the inhibition of tryptophan metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Kwiatkowska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Justyna Magdalena Hermanowicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (D.P.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland; (J.M.H.); (D.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mondanelli G, Mandarano M, Belladonna ML, Suvieri C, Pelliccia C, Bellezza G, Sidoni A, Carvalho A, Grohmann U, Volpi C. Current Challenges for IDO2 as Target in Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:679953. [PMID: 33968089 PMCID: PMC8097162 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.679953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the clinical approach of untreatable tumors and brought a breath of fresh air in cancer immunotherapy. However, the therapeutic effects of these drugs only cover a minority of patients and alternative immunotherapeutic targets are required. Metabolism of l-tryptophan (Trp) via the kynurenine pathway represents an important immune checkpoint mechanism that controls adaptive immunity and dampens exaggerated inflammation. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the enzyme catalyzing the first, rate–limiting step of the pathway, is expressed in several human tumors and IDO1 catalytic inhibitors have reached phase III clinical trials, unfortunately with disappointing results. Although much less studied, the IDO1 paralog IDO2 may represent a valid alternative as drug target in cancer immunotherapy. Accumulating evidence indicates that IDO2 is much less effective than IDO1 in metabolizing Trp and its functions are rather the consequence of interaction with other, still undefined proteins that may vary in distinct inflammatory and neoplastic contexts. As a matter of fact, the expression of IDO2 gene variants is protective in PDAC but increases the risk of developing tumor in NSCLC patients. Therefore, the definition of the IDO2 interactome and function in distinct neoplasia may open innovative avenues of therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giada Mondanelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Belladonna
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Suvieri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Pelliccia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guido Bellezza
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angelo Sidoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Volpi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Pharmacology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yuasa HJ, Stocker R. Methylene blue and ascorbate interfere with the accurate determination of the kinetic properties of IDO2. FEBS J 2021; 288:4892-4904. [PMID: 33686747 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenases (IDOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of L-tryptophan (Trp) to N-formylkynurenine. Two IDOs, IDO1 and IDO2, are present in vertebrates. IDO1 is a high-affinity Trp-degrading enzyme involved in several physiological processes. By comparison, IDO2 generally has been reported to have low affinity (high Km -value) for Trp, and the enzyme's in vivo function remains unclear. Using IDOs from different species, we show that compared with ferrous-oxy (Fe2+ -O2 ) IDO1, Fe2+ -O2 IDO2 is substantially more stable and engages in multiple turnovers of the reaction in the absence of a reductant. Without reductant, Fe2+ -O2 IDO2 showed Km -values in the range of 80-356 μM, that is, values substantially lower than reported previously and close to the physiological concentrations of Trp. Methylene blue and ascorbate (Asc), used commonly as the reducing system for IDO activity determination, significantly affected the enzymatic activity of IDO2: In combination, the two reductants increased the apparent Km - and kcat -values 8- to 117-fold and 2-fold, respectively. Asc alone both activated and inhibited IDO2 by acting as a source of electrons and as a weak competitive inhibitor, respectively. In addition, ferric (Fe3+ ) IDO1 and IDO2 exhibited weak dioxygenase activity, similar to tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. Our results shed new light in the enzymatic activity of IDO2, and they support the view that this isoform of IDO also participates in the metabolism of Trp in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime J Yuasa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University Corporation Kochi University, Japan
| | - Roland Stocker
- Arterial Inflammation and Redox Biology Group, Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
High PD-L1/IDO-2 and PD-L2/IDO-1 Co-Expression Levels Are Associated with Worse Overall Survival in Resected Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020273. [PMID: 33671892 PMCID: PMC7918978 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression is a predictive biomarker of the success of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but its role as a prognostic marker for early-stage resectable NSCLC remains unclear. We studied gene expression levels of immune-related genes PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, IDO-1, IDO-2 and INFγ in tumor tissue of surgically resected NSCLC and correlated the finding with clinicopathological features and patient outcomes. A total of 191 consecutive early-stage NSCLC patients who underwent curative pulmonary resection were studied. The mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using RT2 Profiler PCR Arrays (Qiagen). PD-1, PD-L2 and IDO-2 gene expression levels were significantly higher in patients with squamous histology (p = 0.001, p = 0.021 and p < 0.001; respectively). PD-1, PD-L1 and IDO-2 gene expression levels were significantly higher in patients with higher stage (p = 0.005, p = 0.048 and p = 0.002, respectively). The univariate analysis for recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) showed that patients with higher levels of three-genes (PD-L1/PD-L2/INFγ) (hazard ratio (HR)) 1.90 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13–3.21), p = 0.015) were associated with a worse RFS, while patients with higher levels of both genes (PD-L1/IDO-2) or (PD-L2/IDO-1) were associated with a worse OS (HR 1.63 95% CI, 1.06–2.51, p = 0.024; HR 1.54 95% CI, 1.02–2.33, p = 0.04; respectively). The multivariate interaction model adjusted for histology and stage confirmed that higher levels of three genes (PD-L1/PD-L2/INFγ) were significantly associated with worse RFS (HR 1.98, p = 0.031) and higher levels of both genes (PD-L1/IDO-2) and (PD-L2/IDO-1) with worse OS (HR 1.98, p = 0.042, HR 1.92, p = 0.022). PD-L1/IDO-2 and PD-L2/IDO-1 co-expression high levels are independent negative prognostic factors for survival in early NSCLC. These features may have important implications for future immune-checkpoint therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
26
|
Li P, Xu W, Liu F, Zhu H, Zhang L, Ding Z, Liang H, Song J. The emerging roles of IDO2 in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111295. [PMID: 33550042 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past decades, tryptophan metabolism disorder was discovered to play a vital and complex role in the development of cancer. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 2 (IDO2) is one of the initial and rate-limiting enzymes of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan catabolism. Increasing evidence indicates that IDO2 is upregulated in some tumors and plays a role in the development of cancer. In spite of the growing body of research, few reviews focused on the role of IDO2 in cancer. Here, we review the emerging knowledge on the roles of IDO2 in cancer and its potential as a therapeutic target. Firstly, the main biological features and regulatory mechanisms are reviewed, after which we focus on the expression and roles of IDO2 in cancer. Finally, we discuss the potential of IDO2 as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Furong Liu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - He Zhu
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeyang Ding
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Huifang Liang
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jia Song
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|