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Yi XM, Lei YL, Li M, Zhong L, Li S. The monkeypox virus-host interplays. CELL INSIGHT 2024; 3:100185. [PMID: 39144256 PMCID: PMC11321328 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a DNA virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family which can cause a zoonotic infection. The unexpected non-endemic outbreak of mpox in 2022 is considered as a new global threat. It is imperative to take proactive measures, including enhancing our understanding of MPXV's biology and pathogenesis, and developing novel antiviral strategies. The host immune responses play critical roles in defensing against MPXV infection while the virus has also evolved multiple strategies for immune escape. This review summarizes the biological features, antiviral immunity, immune evasion mechanisms, pathogenicity, and prevention strategies for MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ya-Li Lei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases (2019RU063), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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2
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Alissa M, Alzahrani KJ, Alsuwat MA. Neurological Implications of Poxvirus Infections: Pathogenesis, Neurotropism, and Clinical Manifestations. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2581. [PMID: 39243203 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Poxviridae is a diverse family of double-stranded DNA viruses, historically significant for diseases like smallpox caused by variola virus (VARV). These viruses exhibit unique cytoplasmic replication strategies, large genomes encoding numerous proteins, and the ability to cause severe cutaneous and systemic diseases. Recent attention has focused on their neurotropic potential, including mechanisms of CNS invasion, immune-mediated damage, and clinical manifestations such as encephalitis and myelitis. This review synthesises current knowledge on poxvirus neurotropism, highlighting pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshari A Alsuwat
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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Fang D, Liu Y, Dou D, Su B. The unique immune evasion mechanisms of the mpox virus and their implication for developing new vaccines and immunotherapies. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00135-4. [PMID: 39181538 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mpox is an infectious and contagious zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. Since 2022, MPXV has posed a significant threat to global public health. The emergence of thousands of cases across the Western Hemisphere prompted the World Health Organization to declare an emergency. The extensive coevolutionary history of poxviruses with humans has enabled these viruses to develop sophisticated mechanisms to counter the human immune system. Specifically, MPXV employs unique immune evasion strategies against a wide range of immunological elements, presenting a considerable challenge for treatment, especially following the discontinuation of routine smallpox vaccination among the general population. In this review, we start by discussing the entry of the mpox virus and the onset of early infection, followed by an introduction to the mechanisms by which the mpox virus can evade the innate and adaptive immune responses. Two caspase-1 inhibitory proteins and a PKR escape-related protein have been identified as phylogenomic hubs involved in modulating the immune environment during the MPXV infection. With respect to adaptive immunity, mpox viruses exhibit unique and exceptional T-cell inhibition capabilities, thereby comprehensively remodeling the host immune environment. The viral envelope also poses challenges for the neutralizing effects of antibodies and the complement system. The unique immune evasion mechanisms employed by MPXV make novel multi-epitope and nucleic acid-based vaccines highly promising research directions worth investigating. Finally, we briefly discuss the impact of MPXV infection on immunosuppressed patients and the current status of MPXV vaccine development. This review may provide valuable information for the development of new immunological treatments for mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fang
- Department of Health Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Dou Dou
- Department of Health Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Health Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China; Central Laboratory, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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4
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Bao HF, She CH, Hou CC, Ji DN, Hu D, Zou J, Shen Y, Jian LL, Cai JF, Ye JF, Luo D, Ma HF, Guan JL. PLK1-activating IFI16-STING-TBK1 pathway induces apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in patients with intestinal Behçet's syndrome. FEBS J 2024; 291:3432-3453. [PMID: 38676954 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory signals from immunological cells may cause damage to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), resulting in intestinal inflammation and tissue impairment. Interferon-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) was reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of Behçet's syndrome (BS). This study aimed to investigate how inflammatory cytokines released by immunological cells and IFI16 participate in the pathogenesis of intestinal BS. RNA sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that the positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of intestinal BS patients may be related to the upregulation of polo like kinase 1 (PLK1) in PBMCs (P = 0.012). The plasma TNF-α protein level in intestinal BS was significantly higher than in healthy controls (HCs; P = 0.009). PBMCs of intestinal BS patients and HCs were co-cultured with human normal IECs (NCM460) to explore the interaction between immunological cells and IECs. Using IFI16 knockdown, PBMC-NCM460 co-culture, TNF-α neutralizing monoclonal antibody (mAb), stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist 2'3'-cGAMP, and the PLK1 inhibitor SBE 13 HCL, we found that PLK1 promotes the secretion of TNF-α from PBMCs of intestinal BS patients, which causes overexpression of IFI16 and induces apoptosis of IECs via the STING-TBK1 pathway. The expressions of IFI16, TNF-α, cleaved caspase 3, phosphorylated STING (pSTING) and phosphorylated tank binding kinase 1 (pTBK1) in the intestinal ulcer tissue of BS patients were significantly higher than that of HCs (all P < 0.05). PLK1 in PBMCs of intestinal BS patients increased TNF-α secretion, inducing IEC apoptosis via activation of the IFI16-STING-TBK1 pathway. PLK1 and the IFI16-STING-TBK1 pathway may be new therapeutic targets for intestinal BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Fang Bao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Hui She
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Hou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Da-Nian Ji
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei-Lei Jian
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Fei Cai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Fen Ye
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Fen Ma
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Long Guan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Krause M, Samolej J, Yakimovich A, Kriston-Vizi J, Huttunen M, Lara-Reyna S, Frickel EM, Mercer J. Vaccinia virus subverts xenophagy through phosphorylation and nuclear targeting of p62. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202104129. [PMID: 38709216 PMCID: PMC11076808 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential degradation program required for cell homeostasis. Among its functions is the engulfment and destruction of cytosolic pathogens, termed xenophagy. Not surprisingly, many pathogens use various strategies to circumvent or co-opt autophagic degradation. For poxviruses, it is known that infection activates autophagy, which however is not required for successful replication. Even though these complex viruses replicate exclusively in the cytoplasm, autophagy-mediated control of poxvirus infection has not been extensively explored. Using the prototypic poxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV), we show that overexpression of the xenophagy receptors p62, NDP52, and Tax1Bp1 restricts poxvirus infection. While NDP52 and Tax1Bp1 were degraded, p62 initially targeted cytoplasmic virions before being shunted to the nucleus. Nuclear translocation of p62 was dependent upon p62 NLS2 and correlated with VACV kinase mediated phosphorylation of p62 T269/S272. This suggests that VACV targets p62 during the early stages of infection to avoid destruction and further implies that poxviruses exhibit multi-layered control of autophagy to facilitate cytoplasmic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Krause
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jerzy Samolej
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Artur Yakimovich
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Moona Huttunen
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel Lara-Reyna
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eva-Maria Frickel
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Bhattacharjee A, Ahammad I, Chowdhury ZM, Das KC, Keya CA, Salimullah M. Proteome-Based Investigation Identified Potential Drug Repurposable Small Molecules Against Monkeypox Disease. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:626-640. [PMID: 36357534 PMCID: PMC9648865 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-022-00595-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox Virus (MPXV), the causative agent of Monkeypox (MPX) disease, is an emerging zoonotic pathogen spreading in different endemic and non-endemic nations and creating outbreaks. MPX treatment mainly includes Cidofovir and Tecovirimat but they have several side effects and solely depending on these drugs may promote the emergence of drug-resistant variants. Hence, new drugs are required to control the spread of the disease. In this study, we explored the MPXV proteome to suggest repurposable drugs. DrugBank screening revealed drugs such as Brinzolamide, Dorzolamide, Methazolamide, Zidovudine, Gemcitabine, Hydroxyurea, Fludarabine, and Tecovirimat as controls. Structural analogs of these compounds were extracted from ChEMBL Database. After Molecular docking and Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity (ADMET)-based screening, we identified Zidovudine (binding affinity-5.9 kcal/mol) and a Harmala alkaloid (2S,4R)-4-(9H-Pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)-1,2,4-butanetriol (binding affinity - 6.6 kcal/mol) against L2R receptor (Thymidine Kinase). Moreover, Fludarabine (binding affinity - 6.4 kcal/mol) and 5'-Dehydroadenosine (binding affinity - 6.4 kcal/mol) can strongly interact with the I4L receptor (Ribonucleotide reductase large subunit R1). Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations suggest all of these compounds can change the C-alpha backbone, residue mobility, compactness, and solvent accessible surface area of L2R and I4L. Our results strongly suggest that these drug repurposing small molecules are worth exploring in vivo and in vitro for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arittra Bhattacharjee
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Ishtiaque Ahammad
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Zeshan Mahmud Chowdhury
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Keshob Chandra Das
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh.
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Thornhill JP, Gandhi M, Orkin C. Mpox: The Reemergence of an Old Disease and Inequities. Annu Rev Med 2024; 75:159-175. [PMID: 37788486 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-080122-030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Mpox, previously known as monkeypox, is caused by an Orthopoxvirus related to the variola virus that causes smallpox. Prior to 2022, mpox was considered a zoonotic disease endemic to central and west Africa. Since May 2022, more than 86,000 cases of mpox from 110 countries have been identified across the world, predominantly in men who have sex with men, most often acquired through close physical contact or during sexual activity. The classical clinical presentation of mpox is a prodrome including fever, lethargy, and lymphadenopathy followed by a characteristic vesiculopustular rash. The recent 2022 outbreak included novel presentations of mpox with a predominance of anogenital lesions, mucosal lesions, and other features such as anorectal pain, proctitis, oropharyngeal lesions, tonsillitis, and multiphasic skin lesions. We describe the demographics and clinical spectrum of classical and novel mpox, outlining the potential complications and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Thornhill
- SHARE Research Collaborative, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - M Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - C Orkin
- SHARE Research Collaborative, The Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom;
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Al-Eitan L, Haddad M, Mihyar A. Poxviruses from the Concept of One Health. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:21-33. [PMID: 38801569 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In the last 4 years, the world has experienced two pandemics of bat-borne viruses. Firstly, in 2019 the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started and has been causing millions of deaths around the world. In 2022, a Monkeypox pandemic rose in various countries of the world. Those pandemics have witnessed movements and initiatives from healthcare and research institutions to establish a worldwide understanding to battle any future pandemics and biological threats. One Health concept is a modern, comprehensive, unifying ways to improve humans, animals, and ecosystems' health. This concept shows how much they are intertwined and related to one another, whether it is an environmental, or a pathological relation. This review aims to describe Poxviridae and its impact on the One Health concept, by studying the underlying causes of how poxviruses can affect the health of animals, humans, and environments. Reviewing the effect of disease transmission between animal to human, human to human, and animal to animal with pox viruses as a third party to achieve a total understanding of infection and viral transmission. Thus, contributing to enhance detection, diagnosis, research, and treatments regarding the application of One Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Al-Eitan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Mountaser Haddad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmad Mihyar
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Malik S, Ahmed A, Ahsan O, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Monkeypox Virus: A Comprehensive Overview of Viral Pathology, Immune Response, and Antiviral Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1345. [PMID: 37631913 PMCID: PMC10459537 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The years 2022-2023 witnessed a monkeypox virus (mpox) outbreak in some countries worldwide, where it exists in an endemic form. However, the number of infectious cases is continuously on the rise, and there has been an unexpected, drastic increase in cases that result from sustained transmission in non-endemic regions of the world. Under this scenario, it is pertinent for the world to be aware of healthcare threats to mpox infection. This review aimed to compile advanced data regarding the different aspects of mpox disease. METHODS A comprehensive strategy for the compilation of recent data was adopted to add data regarding mpox, biology, viral pathology, immune response, and brief details on the antiviral strategies under trial; the search was limited to 2016-2023. The aim is to make the scientific community aware of diverse aspects of mpox. RESULTS Consequently, detailed insights have been drawn with regard to the nature, epidemiology, etiology, and biological nature of mpox. Additionally, its host interaction and viral infectious cycle and immune interventions have been briefly elaborated. This comprehensively drawn literature review delivers brief insights into the biological nature, immune responses, and clinical developments in the form of therapeutics against mpox. This study will help scientists understand the biological nature and responses in hosts, which will further help clinicians with therapeutic handling, diagnosis, and treatment options. CONCLUSIONS This study will provide updated information on mpox's pathology, immune responses, and antiviral strategies. Moreover, it will also help the public to become educated on the healthcare-associated threat and take timely mitigation measures against expected mpox outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
| | - Amna Ahmed
- Department of Oncology, Jinnah Hospital, Lahore 54550, Pakistan;
| | - Omar Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Foundation University Medical College, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
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Qudus MS, Cui X, Tian M, Afaq U, Sajid M, Qureshi S, Liu S, Ma J, Wang G, Faraz M, Sadia H, Wu K, Zhu C. The prospective outcome of the monkeypox outbreak in 2022 and characterization of monkeypox disease immunobiology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1196699. [PMID: 37533932 PMCID: PMC10391643 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1196699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new threat to global health re-emerged with monkeypox's advent in early 2022. As of November 10, 2022, nearly 80,000 confirmed cases had been reported worldwide, with most of them coming from places where the disease is not common. There were 53 fatalities, with 40 occurring in areas that had never before recorded monkeypox and the remaining 13 appearing in the regions that had previously reported the disease. Preliminary genetic data suggest that the 2022 monkeypox virus is part of the West African clade; the virus can be transmitted from person to person through direct interaction with lesions during sexual activity. It is still unknown if monkeypox can be transmitted via sexual contact or, more particularly, through infected body fluids. This most recent epidemic's reservoir host, or principal carrier, is still a mystery. Rodents found in Africa can be the possible intermediate host. Instead, the CDC has confirmed that there are currently no particular treatments for monkeypox virus infection in 2022; however, antivirals already in the market that are successful against smallpox may mitigate the spread of monkeypox. To protect against the disease, the JYNNEOS (Imvamune or Imvanex) smallpox vaccine can be given. The spread of monkeypox can be slowed through measures such as post-exposure immunization, contact tracing, and improved case diagnosis and isolation. Final Thoughts: The latest monkeypox epidemic is a new hazard during the COVID-19 epidemic. The prevailing condition of the monkeypox epidemic along with coinfection with COVID-19 could pose a serious condition for clinicians that could lead to the global epidemic community in the form of coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suhaib Qudus
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingfu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Uzair Afaq
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, Chan Medical School, University of Massachusetts Worcester, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Sonia Qureshi
- Krembil Research Institute, University of Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Siyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - June Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guolei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Muhammad Faraz
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-I- Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Haleema Sadia
- Department of Biotechnology, Baluchistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Kailang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Saadh MJ, Ghadimkhani T, Soltani N, Abbassioun A, Daniel Cosme Pecho R, Taha A, Jwad Kazem T, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O. Progress and prospects on vaccine development against monkeypox infection. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106156. [PMID: 37201635 PMCID: PMC10186953 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPOX) is an uncommon zoonotic illness brought on by an orthopoxvirus (OPXV). MPOX can occur with symptoms similar to smallpox. Since April 25, 2023, 110 nations have reported 87,113 confirmed cases and 111 fatalities. Moreover, the outspread prevalence of MPOX in Africa and a current outbreak of MPOX in the U.S. have made it clear that naturally occurring zoonotic OPXV infections remain a public health concern. Existing vaccines, though they provide cross-protection to MPOX, are not specific for the causative virus, and their effectiveness in the light of the current multi-country outbreak is still to be verified. Furthermore, as a sequel of the eradication and cessation of smallpox vaccination for four decades, MPOX found a possibility to re-emerge, but with distinct characteristics. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggested that nations use affordable MPOX vaccines within a framework of coordinated clinical effectiveness and safety evaluations. Vaccines administered in the smallpox control program and conferred immunity against MPOX. Currently, vaccines approved by WHO for use against MPOX are replicating (ACAM2000), low replicating (LC16m8), and non-replicating (MVA-BN). Although vaccines are accessible, investigations have demonstrated that smallpox vaccination is approximately 85% efficient in inhibiting MPOX. In addition, developing new vaccine methods against MPOX can help prevent this infection. To recognize the most efficient vaccine, it is essential to assess effects, including reactogenicity, safety, cytotoxicity effect, and vaccine-associated side effects, especially for high-risk and vulnerable people. Recently, several orthopoxvirus vaccines have been produced and are being evaluated. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of the efforts dedicated to several types of vaccine candidates with different strategies for MPOX, including inactivated, live-attenuated, virus-like particles (VLPs), recombinant protein, nucleic acid, and nanoparticle-based vaccines, which are being developed and launched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Narges Soltani
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Abbassioun
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Taha
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Iraq
| | - Tareq Jwad Kazem
- Scientific Affairs Department, Al-Mustaqbal University, 51001, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Omid Gholizadeh
- Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Phelan T, Lawler C, Pichlmair A, Little MA, Bowie AG, Brady G. Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Protein MC008 Targets NF-κB Activation by Inhibiting Ubiquitination of NEMO. J Virol 2023; 97:e0010823. [PMID: 36916940 PMCID: PMC10062130 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00108-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a human-adapted poxvirus that causes a common and persistent yet mild infection characterized by distinct, contagious, papular skin lesions. These lesions are notable for having little or no inflammation associated with them and can persist for long periods without an effective clearance response from the host. Like all poxviruses, MCV encodes potent immunosuppressive proteins that perturb innate immune pathways involved in virus sensing, the interferon response, and inflammation, which collectively orchestrate antiviral immunity and clearance, with several of these pathways converging at common signaling nodes. One such node is the regulator of canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation, NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). Here, we report that the MCV protein MC008 specifically inhibits NF-κB through its interaction with NEMO, disrupting its early ubiquitin-mediated activation and subsequent downstream signaling. MC008 is the third NEMO-targeting inhibitor to be described in MCV to date, with each inhibiting NEMO activation in distinct ways, highlighting strong selective pressure to evolve multiple ways of disabling this key signaling protein. IMPORTANCE Inflammation lies at the heart of most human diseases. Understanding the pathways that drive this response is the key to new anti-inflammatory therapies. Viruses evolve to target inflammation; thus, understanding how they do this reveals how inflammation is controlled and, potentially, how to disable it when it drives disease. Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) has specifically evolved to infect humans and displays an unprecedented ability to suppress inflammation in our tissue. We have identified a novel inhibitor of human innate signaling from MCV, MC008, which targets NEMO, a core regulator of proinflammatory signaling. Furthermore, MC008 appears to inhibit early ubiquitination, thus interrupting later events in NEMO activation, thereby validating current models of IκB kinase (IKK) complex regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Phelan
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’ Hospital Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clara Lawler
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’ Hospital Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Mark A. Little
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’ Hospital Campus, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew G. Bowie
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gareth Brady
- Trinity Health Kidney Centre, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’ Hospital Campus, Dublin, Ireland
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13
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Orthopoxvirus Zoonoses—Do We Still Remember and Are Ready to Fight? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030363. [PMID: 36986285 PMCID: PMC10052541 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The eradication of smallpox was an enormous achievement due to the global vaccination program launched by World Health Organization. The cessation of the vaccination program led to steadily declining herd immunity against smallpox, causing a health emergency of global concern. The smallpox vaccines induced strong, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses, protecting for decades after immunization, not only against smallpox but also against other zoonotic orthopoxviruses that now represent a significant threat to public health. Here we review the major aspects regarding orthopoxviruses’ zoonotic infections, factors responsible for viral transmissions, as well as the emerging problem of the increased number of monkeypox cases recently reported. The development of prophylactic measures against poxvirus infections, especially the current threat caused by the monkeypox virus, requires a profound understanding of poxvirus immunobiology. The utilization of animal and cell line models has provided good insight into host antiviral defenses as well as orthopoxvirus evasion mechanisms. To survive within a host, orthopoxviruses encode a large number of proteins that subvert inflammatory and immune pathways. The circumvention of viral evasion strategies and the enhancement of major host defenses are key in designing novel, safer vaccines, and should become the targets of antiviral therapies in treating poxvirus infections.
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14
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Zandi M, Shafaati M, Shapshak P, Hashemnia SMR. Monkeypox virus replication underlying circadian rhythm networks. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:1-7. [PMID: 36719593 PMCID: PMC9888333 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01118-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian brain has an endogenous central circadian clock that regulates central and peripheral cellular activities. At the molecular level, this day-night cycle induces the expression of upstream and downstream transcription factors that influence the immune system and the severity of viral infections over time. In addition, there are also circadian effects on host tolerance pathways. This stimulates adaptation to normal changes in environmental conditions and requirements (including light and food). These rhythms influence the pharmacokinetics and efficacy of therapeutic drugs and vaccines. The importance of circadian systems in regulating viral infections and the host response to viruses is currently of great importance for clinical management. With the knowledge gained from the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to address any outbreak of viral infection that could become endemic and to quickly focus research on any knowledge gaps. For example, responses to booster vaccination COVID-19 may have different time-dependent patterns during circadian cycles. There may be a link between reactivation of latently infected viruses and regulation of circadian rhythms. In addition, mammals may show different seasonal antiviral responses in winter and summer. This article discusses the importance of the host circadian clock during monkeypox infection and immune system interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Shafaati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty Science, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Paul Shapshak
- Global Disease Institute, Tampa General Hospital, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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15
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Van Bressem MF, Van Waerebeek K, Duignan PJ. Tattoo Skin Disease in Cetacea: A Review, with New Cases for the Northeast Pacific. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243581. [PMID: 36552501 PMCID: PMC9774126 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tattoo skin disease (TSD) is a poxviral dermatopathy diagnosed in cetaceans. We review the literature on TSD aetiology, clinical characteristics, pathology and epidemiology and evaluate immune responses against the virus. In addition, necropsy reports for fifty-five harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), twenty-two Delphinidae and four Kogiidae stranded in northern California in 2018-2021 were checked for diagnostic tattoo lesions. TSD occurs in the Mediterranean, North and Barents Seas, as well as in the Atlantic, eastern Pacific and Indian Oceans in at least 21 cetacean species, with varying prevalence. Two cetacean poxvirus (CePV) clades are recognised: CePV-1 in odontocetes and CePV-2 in mysticetes. CePV-1 isolates were recovered from six Delphinidae and one Phocoenidae in the Americas, Europe and Hong Kong. Strains from Delphinidae are closely related. Among Phocoenidae, poxviruses were sampled only in harbour porpoises around the British Isles. CePV-2 isolates were obtained from southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) and a bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus). In healthy animals, an immune response develops over time, with young calves protected by maternal immunity. Salinity and sea surface temperature do not seem to influence TSD prevalence in free-ranging cetaceans. High concentrations of immunotoxic halogenated organochlorines may cause a more severe clinical disease. Substitution and loss of genes involved in anti-viral immunity may favour CePV entry, replication and persistence in the epidermis. Off California, Delphinidae were less often (26.3%) affected by TSD than harbour porpoises (43.6%). Male porpoises were significantly more prone (58.1%) to show clinical disease than females (25%). Among males, TSD affected a high proportion of juveniles and subadults. TSD was not detected in the Kogiidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Françoise Van Bressem
- Cetacean Conservation Medicine Group, Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research, Museo de Delfines, Lima 20, Peru
- Correspondence:
| | - Koen Van Waerebeek
- Cetacean Conservation Medicine Group, Peruvian Centre for Cetacean Research, Museo de Delfines, Lima 20, Peru
- ProDelphinus, Miraflores, Lima 18, Peru
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16
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Murphy H, Ly H. The potential risks posed by inter- and intraspecies transmissions of monkeypox virus. Virulence 2022; 13:1681-1683. [PMID: 36152027 PMCID: PMC9518996 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2127199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Murphy
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA,
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17
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Ophinni Y, Frediansyah A, Sirinam S, Megawati D, Stoian AM, Enitan SS, Akele RY, Sah R, Pongpirul K, Abdeen Z, Aghayeva S, Ikram A, Kebede Y, Wollina U, Subbaram K, Koyanagi A, Al Serouri A, Blaise Nguendo-Yongsi H, Edwards J, Sallam DE, Khader Y, Viveiros-Rosa SG, Memish ZA, Amir-Behghadami M, Vento S, Rademaker M, Sallam M. Monkeypox: Immune response, vaccination and preventive efforts. NARRA J 2022; 2:e90. [PMID: 38449905 PMCID: PMC10914130 DOI: 10.52225/narra.v2i3.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infectious threats to humans are continuously emerging. The 2022 worldwide monkeypox outbreak is the latest of these threats with the virus rapidly spreading to 106 countries by the end of September 2022. The burden of the ongoing monkeypox outbreak is manifested by 68,000 cumulative confirmed cases and 26 deaths. Although monkeypox is usually a self-limited disease, patients can suffer from extremely painful skin lesions and complications can occur with reported mortalities. The antigenic similarity between the smallpox virus (variola virus) and monkeypox virus can be utilized to prevent monkeypox using smallpox vaccines; treatment is also based on antivirals initially designed to treat smallpox. However, further studies are needed to fully decipher the immune response to monkeypox virus and the immune evasion mechanisms. In this review we provide an up-to-date discussion of the current state of knowledge regarding monkeypox virus with a special focus on innate immune response, immune evasion mechanisms and vaccination against the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youdiil Ophinni
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andri Frediansyah
- PRTPP-National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Salin Sirinam
- Department of Tropical Pediatrics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dewi Megawati
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Universitas Warmadewa, Bali, Indonesia
| | - Ana M. Stoian
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, CA, United States
| | - Seyi S. Enitan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
| | - Richard Y. Akele
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Applied Science, University of Brighton, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Krit Pongpirul
- Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Bumrungrad International Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem
| | - Sevda Aghayeva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Baku Medical Plaza Hospital, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institute of Heath, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kannan Subbaram
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University, Maldives
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - H. Blaise Nguendo-Yongsi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jeffrey Edwards
- Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad
| | - Dina E. Sallam
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yousef Khader
- The Center of Excellence for Applied Epidemiology, The Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network (EMPHNET), Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Ziad A. Memish
- Research & Innovation Centre, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, AlFaisal University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehrdad Amir-Behghadami
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, Department of Health Service Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sandro Vento
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Marius Rademaker
- Clinical Trial New Zealand, Waikato Hospital Campus, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Malik Sallam
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Clinical Laboratories and Forensic Medicine, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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18
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109364. [PMID: 36283221 PMCID: PMC9598838 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses (PXVs) are mostly known for the variola virus, being the cause of smallpox; however, re-emerging PXVs have also shown a great capacity to develop outbreaks of pox-like infections in humans. The situation is alarming; PXV outbreaks have been involving both endemic and non-endemic areas in recent decades. Stopped smallpox vaccination is a reason offered mainly for this changing epidemiology that implies the protective role of immunity in the pathology of PXV infections. The immune system recognizes PXVs and elicits responses, but PXVs can antagonize these responses. Here, we briefly review the immunology of PXV infections, with emphasis on the role of pattern-recognition receptors, macrophages, and natural killer cells in the early response to PXV infections and PXVs’ strategies influencing these responses, as well as taking a glance at other immune cells, which discussion over them mainly occurs in association with PXV immunization rather than PXV infection. Throughout the review, numerous evasion mechanisms are highlighted, which might have implications for designing specific immunotherapies for PXV in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Al-Musa A, Chou J, LaBere B. The resurgence of a neglected orthopoxvirus: Immunologic and clinical aspects of monkeypox virus infections over the past six decades. Clin Immunol 2022; 243:109108. [PMID: 36067982 PMCID: PMC9628774 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2022.109108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic Orthopoxvirus which has predominantly affected humans living in western and central Africa since the 1970s. Type I and II interferon signaling, NK cell function, and serologic immunity are critical for host immunity against monkeypox. Monkeypox can evade host viral recognition and block interferon signaling, leading to overall case fatality rates of up to 11%. The incidence of monkeypox has increased since cessation of smallpox vaccination. In 2022, a global outbreak emerged, predominantly affecting males, with exclusive human-to-human transmission and more phenotypic variability than earlier outbreaks. Available vaccines are safe and effective tools for prevention of severe disease, but supply is limited. Now considered a public health emergency, more studies are needed to better characterize at-risk populations and to develop new anti-viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Al-Musa
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Janet Chou
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA..
| | - Brenna LaBere
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA..
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20
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Abstract
Alphaviruses contain many human and animal pathogens, such as CHIKV, SINV, and VEEV. Accumulating evidence indicates that innate immunity plays an important role in response to alphaviruses infection. In parallel, alphaviruses have evolved many strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity. In the current review, we focus on the underlying mechanisms employed by alphaviruses to evade cGAS-STING, IFN, transcriptional host shutoff, translational host shutoff, and RNAi. Dissecting the detailed antiviral immune evasion mechanisms by alphaviruses will enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of alphaviruses and may provide more effective strategies to control alphaviruses infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Yupei Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Leiliang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Clinical and Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Leiliang Zhang,
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21
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Farahat RA, Sah R, El-Sakka AA, Benmelouka AY, Kundu M, Labieb F, Shaheen RS, Abdelaal A, Abdelazeem B, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Franco-Paredes C, Henao-Martinez AF, Garout MA, León-Figueroa DA, Pachar M, Suárez JA, Ramirez JD, Paniz-Mondolfi A, Rabaan AA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Nishiura H, Ortiz-Martínez Y, Garcia-Robledo JE, Cimerman S, Barbosa AN, Pagliano P, Zambrano-Sanchez G, Cardona-Ospina JA, Bížová B, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Human monkeypox disease (MPX). LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2022; 30:372-391. [PMID: 36148174 PMCID: PMC9448318 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a rare viral infection, endemic in many central and western African countries. The last international outbreak of monkeypox reported outside Africa occurred back in 2003. However, monkeypox has reemerged at a global scale with numerous confirmed cases across the globe in 2022. The rapid spread of cases through different countries has raised serious concerns among public health officials worldwide prompting accelerated investigations aimed to identify the origins and cause of the rapid expansion of cases. The current situation is reminiscent of the very early stages of the still ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Overlapping features between these, two seemingly alike viral entities include the possibility for airborne transmission and the currently unexplained and rapid spread across borders. Early recognition of cases and timely intervention of potential transmission chains are necessary to contain further outbreaks. Measures should include rapid and accurate diagnosis of cases meeting case definitions, active surveillance efforts, and appropriate containment of confirmed cases. Governments and health policymakers must apply lessons learned from previous outbreaks and start taking active steps toward limiting the recent global spread of monkeypox. Herein, we discuss the status of the current monkeypox outbreaks worldwide, the epidemiological and public health situation at a global scale and what can be done to keep at bay its further expansion and future global implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Amro A. El-Sakka
- Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41511, Egypt
| | | | - Mrinmoy Kundu
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar 751003, India
| | - Fatma Labieb
- Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef Univesity, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | | | - Abdelaziz Abdelaal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Boston University, MA 02215, USA
- Tanta University Hospitals, 31516 Egypt
| | - Basel Abdelazeem
- Department of Internal Medicine, McLaren Health Care, Flint, Michigan 48532, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA
| | - D. Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Latin American Network on MOnkeypox VIrus research (LAMOVI), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | | | | | - Mohammed A. Garout
- Community Medicine and Pilgrims Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Darwin A. León-Figueroa
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Chiclayo, Peru
- Emerge, Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Emergentes y Cambio Climático, Facultad de Salud Pública y Administración, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Monica Pachar
- Medicine Department-Infectious Diseases Service, Hospital Santo Tomas, Panama City, Panama
| | - José Antonio Suárez
- Investigador SNI Senacyt Panamá, Clinical Research Deparment, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panama City, Panama
| | - Juan David Ramirez
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi
- Department of Pathology, Molecular, and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, 22610, Pakistan
| | - Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq
- Specialty Internal Medicine and Quality Department, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nishiura
- Kyoto University School of Public Health, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyoku, Kyoto City 6068501, Japan
| | - Yeimer Ortiz-Martínez
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | | | - Sergio Cimerman
- Instituto de Infectologia Emílio Ribas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Brazilian Society for Infectious Diseases, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Naime Barbosa
- Infectious Diseases Department, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP Brazilian Society for Infectious Diseases, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pasquale Pagliano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Jaime A. Cardona-Ospina
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, 660003, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
| | - Beatrice Bížová
- Department of Dermatovenerology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, University Hospital Bulovka, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Latin American Network on MOnkeypox VIrus research (LAMOVI), Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, 660003, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia
- Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, 4861, Peru
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22
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Malikov V, Meade N, Simons LM, Hultquist JF, Naghavi MH. FEZ1 phosphorylation regulates HSPA8 localization and interferon-stimulated gene expression. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110396. [PMID: 35172151 PMCID: PMC8900055 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciculation and elongation protein zeta-1 (FEZ1) is a multifunctional kinesin adaptor involved in processes ranging from neurodegeneration to retrovirus and polyomavirus infection. Here, we show that, although modulating FEZ1 expression also impacts infection by large DNA viruses in human microglia, macrophages, and fibroblasts, this broad antiviral phenotype is associated with the pre-induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in a STING-independent manner. We further reveal that S58, a key phosphorylation site in FEZ1's kinesin regulatory domain, controls both binding to, and the nuclear-cytoplasmic localization of, heat shock protein 8 (HSPA8), as well as ISG expression. FEZ1- and HSPA8-induced changes in ISG expression further involved changes in DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) accumulation in the nucleus. Moreover, phosphorylation of endogenous FEZ1 at S58 was reduced and HSPA8 and DNA-PK translocated to the nucleus in cells stimulated with DNA, suggesting that FEZ1 is a regulatory component of the recently identified HSPA8/DNA-PK innate immune pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viacheslav Malikov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Nathan Meade
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lacy M Simons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Judd F Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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23
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Kumar V. The Trinity of cGAS, TLR9, and ALRs Guardians of the Cellular Galaxy Against Host-Derived Self-DNA. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624597. [PMID: 33643304 PMCID: PMC7905024 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect the host from the pathogens and allergens surrounding their environment. The immune system develops in such a way to recognize self and non-self and develops self-tolerance against self-proteins, nucleic acids, and other larger molecules. However, the broken immunological self-tolerance leads to the development of autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases. Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) are expressed by immunological cells on their cell membrane and in the cytosol. Different Toll-like receptors (TLRs), Nod-like receptors (NLRs) and absent in melanoma-2 (AIM-2)-like receptors (ALRs) forming inflammasomes in the cytosol, RIG (retinoic acid-inducible gene)-1-like receptors (RLRs), and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are some of the PRRs. The DNA-sensing receptor cyclic GMP–AMP synthase (cGAS) is another PRR present in the cytosol and the nucleus. The present review describes the role of ALRs (AIM2), TLR9, and cGAS in recognizing the host cell DNA as a potent damage/danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), which moves out to the cytosol from its housing organelles (nucleus and mitochondria). The introduction opens with the concept that the immune system has evolved to recognize pathogens, the idea of horror autotoxicus, and its failure due to the emergence of autoimmune diseases (ADs), and the discovery of PRRs revolutionizing immunology. The second section describes the cGAS-STING signaling pathway mediated cytosolic self-DNA recognition, its evolution, characteristics of self-DNAs activating it, and its role in different inflammatory conditions. The third section describes the role of TLR9 in recognizing self-DNA in the endolysosomes during infections depending on the self-DNA characteristics and various inflammatory diseases. The fourth section discusses about AIM2 (an ALR), which also binds cytosolic self-DNA (with 80–300 base pairs or bp) that inhibits cGAS-STING-dependent type 1 IFN generation but induces inflammation and pyroptosis during different inflammatory conditions. Hence, this trinity of PRRs has evolved to recognize self-DNA as a potential DAMP and comes into action to guard the cellular galaxy. However, their dysregulation proves dangerous to the host and leads to several inflammatory conditions, including sterile-inflammatory conditions autoinflammatory and ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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24
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Struzik J, Szulc-Dąbrowska L. NF-κB as an Important Factor in Optimizing Poxvirus-Based Vaccines against Viral Infections. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121001. [PMID: 33260450 PMCID: PMC7760304 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poxviruses are large dsDNA viruses that are regarded as good candidates for vaccine vectors. Because the members of the Poxviridae family encode numerous immunomodulatory proteins in their genomes, it is necessary to carry out certain modifications in poxviral candidates for vaccine vectors to improve the vaccine. Currently, several poxvirus-based vaccines targeted at viral infections are under development. One of the important aspects of the influence of poxviruses on the immune system is that they encode a large array of inhibitors of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), which is the key element of both innate and adaptive immunity. Importantly, the NF-κB transcription factor induces the mechanisms associated with adaptive immunological memory involving the activation of effector and memory T cells upon vaccination. Since poxviruses encode various NF-κB inhibitor proteins, before the use of poxviral vaccine vectors, modifications that influence NF-κB activation and consequently affect the immunogenicity of the vaccine should be carried out. This review focuses on NF-κB as an essential factor in the optimization of poxviral vaccines against viral infections.
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