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Wu X, Wang Q, Lu W, Wang Y, Han Z, Liang L, Gao S, Ma H, Luo X. The PCV3 Cap Virus-like Particle Vaccine with the Chimeric PCV2-Neutralizing Epitope Gene Is Effective in Mice. Vet Sci 2024; 11:264. [PMID: 38922011 PMCID: PMC11209062 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) infection can cause symptoms similar to those of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection, and coinfections with both PCV2 and PCV3 are observed in the swine industry. Consequently, developing chimeric vaccines is essential to prevent and control porcine circovirus infections. In this study, we used both E. coli and mammalian expression systems to express PCV3 Cap (Cap3) and a chimeric gene containing the PCV2-neutralizing epitope within the PCV3 Cap (Cap3-Cap2E), which were assembled into virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. We found that Cap3 lacking nuclear localization signal (NLS) could not form VLPs, while Cap3 with a His-tag successfully assembled into VLPs. Additionally, the chimeric of PCV2-neutralizing epitopes did not interfere with the assembly process of VLPs. Various immunization approaches revealed that pCap3-Cap2E VLP vaccines were capable of activating high PCV3 Cap-specific antibody levels and effectively neutralizing both PCV3 and PCV2. Furthermore, pCap3-Cap2E VLPs demonstrated a potent ability to activate cellular immunity, protecting against PCV3 infection and preventing lung damage in mice. In conclusion, this study successfully developed a PCV3 Cap VLP vaccine incorporating chimeric PCV2-neutralizing epitope genes, providing new perspectives for PCV3 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Qikai Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Wang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Zehao Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Libin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Shimin Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Haili Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
| | - Xiaomao Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China; (X.W.)
- Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030012, China
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2
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Tang J, Fu M, Xu C, Xue B, Zhou A, Chen S, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Chen J, Yang Q, Chen X. Development of a novel virus-like particle-based vaccine for preventing tick-borne encephalitis virus infection. Virol Sin 2023; 38:767-777. [PMID: 37328107 PMCID: PMC10590693 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is an important tick-borne pathogen that poses as a serious public health concern. The coverage and immunogenicity of the currently available vaccines against TBEV are relatively low; therefore, it is crucial to develop novel and effective vaccines against TBEV. The present study describes a novel strategy for the assembly of virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expressing the structural (core/prM/E) and non-structural (NS2B/NS3Pro) proteins of TBEV. The efficacy of the VLPs was subsequently evaluated in C57BL/6 mice, and the resultant IgG serum could neutralize both Far-Eastern and European subtypes of TBEV. These findings indicated that the VLP-based vaccine elicited the production of cross-subtype reactive antibodies. The VLPs provided protection to mice lacking the type I interferon receptor (IFNAR-/-) against lethal TBEV challenge, with undetectable viral load in brain and intestinal tissues. Furthermore, the group that received the VLP vaccine did not exhibit significant pathological changes and the inflammatory factors were significantly suppressed compared to the control group. Immunization with the VLP vaccine induced the production of multiple-cytokine-producing antiviral CD4+ T cells in vivo, including TNF-α+, IL-2+, and IFN-γ+ T cells. Altogether, the findings suggest that noninfectious VLPs can serve as a potentially safe and effective vaccine candidate against diverse subtypes of TBEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Tang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Muqing Fu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Chonghui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Bao Xue
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Anqi Zhou
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Sijie Chen
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - He Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jizheng Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xinwen Chen
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
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3
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Huang Z, Zhang Y, Li H, Zhu J, Song W, Chen K, Zhang Y, Lou Y. Vaccine development for mosquito-borne viral diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1161149. [PMID: 37251387 PMCID: PMC10213220 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne viral diseases are a group of viral illnesses that are predominantly transmitted by mosquitoes, including viruses from the Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families. In recent years, outbreaks caused by Dengue and Zika viruses from the Flaviviridae family, and Chikungunya virus from the Togaviridae family, have raised significant concerns for public health. However, there are currently no safe and effective vaccines available for these viruses, except for CYD-TDV, which has been licensed for Dengue virus. Efforts to control the transmission of COVID-19, such as home quarantine and travel restrictions, have somewhat limited the spread of mosquito-borne viral diseases. Several vaccine platforms, including inactivated vaccines, viral-vector vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, protein vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines, are being developed to combat these viruses. This review analyzes the various vaccine platforms against Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses and provides valuable insights for responding to potential outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Huang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajie Zhu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanchen Song
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keda Chen
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongliang Lou
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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4
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Chen J, Huang B, Deng Y, Wang W, Zhai C, Han D, Wang N, Zhao Y, Zhai D, Tan W. Synergistic Immunity and Protection in Mice by Co-Immunization with DNA Vaccines Encoding the Spike Protein and Other Structural Proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020243. [PMID: 36851120 PMCID: PMC9967269 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has generated recurring worldwide infection outbreaks. These highly mutated variants reduce the effectiveness of current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, which are designed to target only the spike (S) protein of the original virus. Except for the S of SARS-CoV-2, the immunoprotective potential of other structural proteins (nucleocapsid, N; envelope, E; membrane, M) as vaccine target antigens is still unclear and worthy of investigation. In this study, synthetic DNA vaccines encoding four SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (pS, pN, pE, and pM) were developed, and mice were immunized with three doses via intramuscular injection and electroporation. Notably, co-immunization with two DNA vaccines that expressed the S and N proteins induced higher neutralizing antibodies and was more effective in reducing the SARS-CoV-2 viral load than the S protein alone in mice. In addition, pS co-immunization with either pN or pE + pM induced a higher S protein-specific cellular immunity after three immunizations and caused milder histopathological changes than pS alone post-challenge. The role of the conserved structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including the N/E/M proteins, should be investigated further for their applications in vaccine design, such as mRNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Chen
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yao Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Di Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Na Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Desheng Zhai
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (W.T.)
| | - Wenjie Tan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (W.T.)
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5
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Cai L, Hu X, Liu S, Wang L, Lu H, Tu H, Huang X, Tong Y. The research progress of Chikungunya fever. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1095549. [PMID: 36699921 PMCID: PMC9870324 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1095549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya fever, an acute infectious disease caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, with fever, rash, and joint pain as the main features. 1952, the first outbreak of Chikungunya fever was in Tanzania, Africa, and the virus was isolated in 1953. The epidemic has expanded from Africa to South Asia, the Indian Ocean islands and the Americas, and is now present in more than 100 countries and territories worldwide, causing approximately 1 million infections worldwide each year. In addition, fatal cases have been reported, making CHIKV a relevant public health disease. The evolution of the virus, globalization, and climate change may have contributed to the spread of CHIKV. 2005-2006 saw the most severe outbreak on Reunion Island, affecting nearly 35% of the population. Since 2005, cases of Chikungunya fever have spread mainly in tropical and subtropical regions, eventually reaching the Americas through the Caribbean island. Today, CHIKV is widely spread worldwide and is a global public health problem. In addition, the lack of a preventive vaccine and approved antiviral treatment makes CHIKV a major global health threat. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of CHIKV, focusing on the atypical disease manifestations. We also provide an updated review of the current development of CHIKV vaccines. Overall, these aspects represent some of the most recent advances in our understanding of CHIKV pathogenesis and also provide important insights into the current development of CHIKV and potential CHIKV vaccines for current development and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cai
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China,School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Global Study Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Economic Management, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Tu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xibao Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China,Xibao Huang ✉
| | - Yeqing Tong
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Yeqing Tong ✉
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6
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Colunga-Saucedo M, Rubio-Hernandez EI, Coronado-Ipiña MA, Rosales-Mendoza S, Castillo CG, Comas-Garcia M. Construction of a Chikungunya Virus, Replicon, and Helper Plasmids for Transfection of Mammalian Cells. Viruses 2022; 15:132. [PMID: 36680173 PMCID: PMC9864538 DOI: 10.3390/v15010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The genome of Alphaviruses can be modified to produce self-replicating RNAs and virus-like particles, which are useful virological tools. In this work, we generated three plasmids for the transfection of mammalian cells: an infectious clone of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), one that codes for the structural proteins (helper plasmid), and another one that codes nonstructural proteins (replicon plasmid). All of these plasmids contain a reporter gene (mKate2). The reporter gene in the replicon RNA and the infectious clone are synthesized from subgenomic RNA. Co-transfection with the helper and replicon plasmids has biotechnological/biomedical applications because they allow for the delivery of self-replicating RNA for the transient expression of one or more genes to the target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Colunga-Saucedo
- Sección de Genómica Médica, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Edson I. Rubio-Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales Humanas, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Coronado-Ipiña
- Sección de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Claudia G. Castillo
- Laboratorio de Células Troncales Humanas, Coordinación para la Innovación y Aplicación de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Comas-Garcia
- Sección de Genómica Médica, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Sección de Microscopía de Alta Resolución, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78295, Mexico
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7
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Tsai SK, Hsu YL, Chiao DJ, Shu PY, Lin HT, Chang SF, Lin HC, Huang SH, Wang CH, Hsiung CC, Lin CC, Wu TY, Kuo SC. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of chikungunya virus-like particles from mosquito cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:219-232. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12280-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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A Review on Chikungunya Virus Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Current Vaccine Development. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050969. [PMID: 35632709 PMCID: PMC9147731 DOI: 10.3390/v14050969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that recently re-emerged in many parts of the world causing large-scale outbreaks. CHIKV infection presents as a febrile illness known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF). Infection is self-limited and characterized mainly by severe joint pain and myalgia that can last for weeks or months; however, severe disease presentation can also occur in a minor proportion of infections. Among the atypical CHIKV manifestations that have been described, severe arthralgia and neurological complications, such as encephalitis, meningitis, and Guillain–Barré Syndrome, are now reported in many outbreaks. Moreover, death cases were also reported, placing CHIKV as a relevant public health disease. Virus evolution, globalization, and climate change may have contributed to CHIKV spread. In addition to this, the lack of preventive vaccines and approved antiviral treatments is turning CHIKV into a major global health threat. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about CHIKV pathogenesis, with a focus on atypical disease manifestations, such as persistent arthralgia and neurologic disease presentation. We also bring an up-to-date review of the current CHIKV vaccine development. Altogether, these topics highlight some of the most recent advances in our understanding of CHIKV pathogenesis and also provide important insights into the current development and clinical trials of CHIKV potential vaccine candidates.
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9
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Chen J, Deng Y, Huang B, Han D, Wang W, Huang M, Zhai C, Zhao Z, Yang R, Zhao Y, Wang W, Zhai D, Tan W. DNA Vaccines Expressing the Envelope and Membrane Proteins Provide Partial Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 in Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827605. [PMID: 35281016 PMCID: PMC8907653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a public health emergency of international concern, and an effective vaccine is urgently needed to control the pandemic. Envelope (E) and membrane (M) proteins are highly conserved structural proteins among SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV and have been proposed as potential targets for the development of cross-protective vaccines. Here, synthetic DNA vaccines encoding SARS-CoV-2 E/M proteins (called p-SARS-CoV-2-E/M) were developed, and mice were immunised with three doses via intramuscular injection and electroporation. Significant cellular immune responses were elicited, whereas no robust humoral immunity was detected. In addition, novel H-2d-restricted T-cell epitopes were identified. Notably, although no drop in lung tissue virus titre was detected in DNA-vaccinated mice post-challenge with SARS-CoV-2, immunisation with either p-SARS-CoV-2-E or p-SARS-CoV-2-M provided minor protection and co-immunisation with p-SARS-CoV-2-E+M increased protection. Therefore, E/M proteins should be considered as vaccine candidates as they may be valuable in the optimisation of vaccination strategies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Chen
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Deng
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Di Han
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.,Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Wen Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjing Huang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.,Basic Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhai
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.,School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Zhimin Zhao
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Ren Yang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
| | - Desheng Zhai
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China
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